769:(for example, gulls, terns, and waders) which can infect the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract without affecting the health of the host. They can then be carried by the bird over large distances, especially during annual migration. Infected birds can shed avian influenza A viruses in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces; susceptible birds become infected when they have contact with the virus as it is shed by infected birds. The virus can survive for long periods in water and at low temperatures, and can be spread from one farm to another on farm equipment. Domesticated birds (chickens, turkeys, ducks, etc.) may become infected with avian influenza A viruses through direct contact with infected waterfowl or other infected poultry, or through contact with contaminated feces or surfaces.
921:
1102:
702:
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905:- Several "candidate vaccines" are available in case of an avian virus acquires the ability to infect and transmit among humans. There are strategic stockpiles of vaccines against the H5N1 subtype which is considered the biggest risk. A vaccine against the H7N9 subtype, which has also infected humans, has undergone a limited amount of testing. In the event of an outbreak, the "candidate" vaccine would be rapidly tested for safety as well as efficacy against the zoonotic strain, and then authorised and distributed to vaccine manufacturers.
418:(LPAI). This classification system has since been modified to take into account the structure of the virus' haemagglutinin protein. Other species of birds, especially water birds, can become infected with HPAI virus without experiencing severe symptoms and can spread the infection over large distances; the exact symptoms depend on the species of bird and the strain of virus. Classification of an avian virus strain as HPAI or LPAI does not predict how serious the disease might be if it infects humans or other mammals.
515:
1130:
against avian influenza in poultry. Since then, the number of outbreaks in poultry, as well as the number of human cases, dropped significantly. In humans, symptoms and mortality for both LPAI and HPAI strains have been similar. Although no human H7N9 infections have been reported since
February 2019, the virus is still circulating in poultry, particularly in laying hens. It has demonstrated antigenic drift to evade vaccines, and remains a potential threat to the poultry industry and public health.
506:" designates an influenza A subtype that has a type-5 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type-1 neuraminidase (N) protein. The subtyping scheme only takes into account the two envelope proteins, not the other proteins coded by the virus' RNA. Almost all possible combinations of H (1 thru 16) and N (1 thru 11) have been isolated from wild birds. Further variations exist within the subtypes and can lead to very significant differences in the virus's ability to infect and cause disease.
440:
47:
659:. This can occur if a host is infected simultaneously with two different strains of influenza virus; then it is possible for the viruses to interchange genetic material as they reproduce in the host cells. Thus, an avian influenza virus can acquire characteristics, such as the ability to infect humans, from a different virus strain. The presence of both alpha 2,3 and alpha 2,6 sialic acid receptors in
773:
outbreaks. Because of this, international regulations state that any detection of H5 or H7 subtypes (regardless of their pathogenicity) must be notified to the appropriate authority. It is also possible that avian influenza viruses could be transmitted to humans and other animals which have been exposed to infected birds, causing infection with unpredictable but sometimes fatal consequences.
3493:
1218:, and the Global Early Warning System for major animal diseases. After the 2003 outbreak, WHO member states have also recognized the need for more transparent and equitable sharing of vaccines and other benefits from these networks. Cooperative measures created in response to HPAI have served as a basis for programs related to other emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.
461:, RNA segmented genome that encodes for 11 viral genes. The virus particle (also called the virion) is 80β120 nanometers in diameter and elliptical or filamentous in shape. There is evidence that the virus can survive for long periods in freshwater after being excreted in feces by its avian host, and can withstand prolonged freezing.
1251:
or less. The loss of food security for vulnerable households can be seen in the stunting of children under five in Egypt. Women are another population at risk as in most regions of the world, small flocks are tended to by women. Widespread culling also resulted in the decreased enrollment of girls in school in Turkey.
1235:
with humans, though HPAI spread in intensively raised flocks was greater due to high density rearing and genetic homogeneity. Asian culture itself was blamed as the reason why certain interventions, such as those that only looked at placed-based interventions, would fail without looking for multifaceted solutions.
1250:
As poultry serves as a source of food security and liquid assets, the most vulnerable populations were poor small scale farmers. The loss of birds due to HPAI and culling in
Vietnam led to an average loss of 2.3 months of production and US$ 69β108 for households where many have an income of $ 2 a day
1234:
Backyard poultry production was viewed as "traditional Asian" agricultural practices that contrasted with modern commercial poultry production and seen as a threat to biosecurity. Backyard production appeared to hold greater risk than commercial production due to lack of biosecurity and close contact
1200:
Avian influenza was detected in dairy cows in several US states during April 2024. In late April 2024, the United States FDA, or Food and Drug
Administration, announced that fragments of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) have been found in pasteurized milk. These fragments cannot cause disease
1190:
exhibit symptoms that can result in death. The viruses cats may get include H5N1 or H7N2, which are subtypes of avian influenza. In order to get the virus, cats need to be in contact with waterfowl, poultry, or uncooked poultry that are infected. Two of the main organs that the virus affects are the
1117:
A significant outbreak of influenza A virus subtype H7N9 (A/H7N9) started in March 2013 when severe influenza affected 18 humans in China; six subsequently died. It was discovered that a low pathogenic strain of A/H7N9 was circulating among chickens, and that all the affected people had been exposed
787:
Avian flu viruses, both HPAI and LPAI, can infect humans who are in close, unprotected contact with infected poultry. Incidents of cross-species transmission are rare, with symptoms ranging in severity from no symptoms or mild illness, to severe disease that resulted in death. As of
February, 2024
772:
Avian influenza outbreaks in domesticated birds are of concern for several reasons. There is potential for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAI) to evolve into strains which are high pathogenic to poultry (HPAI), and subsequent potential for significant illness and death among poultry during
612:
enables researchers to determine the order of its nucleotides. Comparison of the genome of a virus with that of a different virus can reveal differences between the two viruses. Genetic variations are important because they can change amino acids that make up the influenza virusβ proteins, resulting
392:
Humans and other mammals can only become infected with avian influenza after prolonged close contact with infected birds. In mammals including humans, infection with avian influenza (whether LPAI or HPAI) is rare. Symptoms of infection vary from mild to severe, including fever, diarrhoea, and cough.
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If an avian virus mutates or reassorts and gains the ability to bind to Ξ±2,6 linked sialic acids, it might cross the species barrier and infect humans. Swine tissues express both forms of sialic acid and can be coinfected with human and avian viruses. Thus, pigs serve as a melting vessel for human,
1129:
Infections among humans and poultry continued during the next few years, again with peaks around the new year. In 2016 a virus strain emerged which was highly pathogenic to chickens. In order to contain the HPAI outbreak, the
Chinese authorities in 2017 initiated a large scale vaccination campaign
1072:
in 1997, when there was an outbreak of 18 human cases resulting in 6 deaths. It was determined that all the infected people had been exposed to infected birds in poultry markets. As the disease continued to spread among poultry flocks in the territory, the decision was made to cull all 1.6 million
692:
Between 1959 and 1995, there were 15 recorded outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry, with losses varying from a few birds on a single farm to many millions. Between 1996 and 2008, HPAI outbreaks in poultry have been recorded at least 11 times and 4 of these outbreaks have
640:
receptors, which are present in the respiratory tract and intestines of avian species, while human influenza HA binds to alpha-2,6 sialic acid receptors, which are present in the human upper respiratory tract. Other factors include the ability to replicate the viral RNA genome within the host cell
409:
Because of the impact of avian influenza on economically important chicken farms, a classification system was devised in 1981 which divided avian virus strains as either highly pathogenic (and therefore potentially requiring vigorous control measures) or low pathogenic. The test for this is based
396:
Influenza A virus is shed in the saliva, mucus, and feces of infected birds; other infected animals may shed bird flu viruses in respiratory secretions and other body fluids (e.g., cow milk). The virus can spread rapidly through poultry flocks and among wild birds. A particularly virulent strain,
1213:
was announced in order to elevate the importance of avian flu, coordinate efforts, and improve disease reporting and surveillance in order to better respond to future pandemics. New networks of laboratories have emerged to detect and respond to avian flu, such as the Crisis
Management Center for
1137:
Between
February 2013 and February 2019 there were 1,568 confirmed human cases and 616 deaths associated with the outbreak in China. The majority of human cases have reported contact with poultry in markets or farms. Transmission between humans remains limited with some evidence of small family
380:
Symptoms of avian influenza vary according to both the strain of virus underlying the infection, and on the species of bird or mammal affected. Classification of a virus strain as either low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is based on the severity of
799:
In order to avoid infection, the general public are advised to avoid contact with sick birds or potentially contaminated material such as carcasses or feces. People working with birds, such as conservationists or poultry workers, are advised to wear appropriate personal protection equipment.
1060:
A/H5N1 has killed millions of poultry in a growing number of countries throughout Asia, Europe, and Africa. Health experts are concerned that the coexistence of human flu viruses and avian flu viruses (especially H5N1) will provide an opportunity for genetic material to be exchanged between
1133:
Genetic and evolutionary analyses have shown that the A(H7) viruses in the
Chinese outbreak probably transferred from domestic duck to chicken populations in China and then reassorted with poultry influenza A(H9N2) to generate the influenza A(H7N9) strain that affected humans. The genetic
1134:
characteristics of A(H7N9) virus are of concern because of their pandemic potential, e.g. their potential to recognise human and avian influenza virus receptors which affects the ability to cause sustained human-to-human transmission, or the ability to replicate in the human host.
835:
in hosts who become infected with two different strains of influenza viruses at the same time. With reassortment between strains, an avian strain which does not affect humans may acquire characteristics from a different strain which enable it to infect and pass between humans - a
883:
with influenza control information and to inform vaccine development. Several millions of specimens are tested by the GISRS network annually through a network of laboratories in 127 countries. As well as human viruses, GISRS monitors avian, swine, and other potentially
468:
on the surface of the viral envelope; hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. These are the major antigens of the virus against which neutralizing antibodies are produced. Influenza virus epidemics and epizootics are associated with changes in their antigenic structure.
684:
in 1878 when it was differentiated from other diseases that caused high mortality rates in birds; in 1955 it was established that the fowl plague virus was closely related to human influenza. In 1972 it became evident that many subtypes of avian flu were
693:
resulted in the death or culling of millions of birds. Since then, several virus strains (both LPAI and HPAI) have become endemic among wild birds with increasingly frequent outbreaks among domestic poultry, especially of the H5 and H7 subtypes.
1141:
During early 2017, outbreaks of avian influenza A(H7N9) occurred in poultry in the USA. The strain in these outbreaks was of North
American origin and is unrelated to the Asian lineage H7N9 which is associated with human infections in China.
632:
Rarely, humans can become infected by the avian flu if they are in close contact with infected birds. Symptoms vary from mild to severe (including death), but these instances have not sustained transmission from one person to another.
844:
among humans since the 1900s originated from strains circulating in wild aquatic birds through reassortment with other influenza strains. It is possible (though not certain) that pigs may act as an intermediate host for reassortment.
1226:, used HPAI control to accelerate the industrialization of livestock production for export by proposing to increase the portion of large-scale commercial farms and reducing the number of poultry keepers from 8 to 2 million by 2010.
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1221:
HPAI control has also been used for political ends. In
Indonesia, negotiations with global response networks were used to recentralize power and funding to the Ministry of Health. In Vietnam policymakers, with the support of the
652:. Over time, mutation may lead to a change in antigenic properties such that host antibodies (acquired through vaccination or prior infection) do not provide effective protection, causing a fresh outbreak of disease.
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infected animals and those nearby in an effort to rapidly contain, control and eradicate the disease. This is done together with movement restrictions, improved hygiene and biosecurity, and enhanced surveillance.
1166:
Attempts are made in the United States to minimize the presence of HPAI in poultry through routine surveillance of poultry flocks in commercial poultry operations. Detection of a HPAI virus may result in immediate
810:
have been affected by avian flu, generally due to eating birds which had been infected. There have been instances where transmission of the disease between mammals, including seals and cows, may have occurred.
389:, whereas HPAI causes serious breathing difficulties, significant drop in egg production, and sudden death. Domestic poultry may potentially be protected from specific strains of the virus by vaccination.
899:- it is possible to vaccinate poultry against specific strains of HPAI influenza. Vaccination should be combined with other control measures such as infection monitoring, early detection and biosecurity.
788:
there have been very few instances of human-to-human transmission, and each outbreak has been limited to a few people. All subtypes of avian Influenza A have potential to cross the species barrier, with
2832:
4541:
Seeger RM, Hagerman AD, Johnson KK, Pendell DL, Marsh TL (July 2021). "When poultry take a sick leave: Response costs for the 2014β2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic in the USA".
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7812:
636:
There are a number of factors that generally prevent the avian flu from causing epidemics in humans or other mammals. One of them is that the HA protein of avian influenza binds to alpha-2,3
490:
which facilitates the release of progeny viruses from infected cells. There are 18 known types of hemagglutinin, of which H1 thru H16 have been found in birds, and 11 types of neuraminidase.
613:
in structural changes to the proteins, and thereby altering properties of the virus. Some of these properties include the ability to evade immunity and the ability to cause severe disease.
1087:
has recorded 907 cases of confirmed H5N1 influenza, leading to 464 deaths. The true fatality rate may be lower because some cases with mild symptoms may not have been identified as H5N1.
3717:"Recommendations for Worker Protection and Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to Reduce Exposure to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5 Viruses : Avian Influenza (Flu)"
1247:
totalled economic losses caused by avian influenza in South East Asia up to 2005 around US$ 10 billion. This had the greatest impact on small scale commercial and backyard producers.
663:
tissues allows for co-infection by avian influenza and human influenza viruses. This susceptibility makes pigs a potential "melting pot" for the reassortment of influenza A viruses.
443:
A transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of the reconstructed 1918 pandemic influenza virus. The bottom structure represents membrane debris from the cells used to amplify the virus.
4997:
4992:
3448:
2432:
The influenza virus HA binds to alpha 2β3 linked (avian viruses) or alpha 2β6 linked (human viruses) sialic acids presented by proteins or lipids on the host cell surface.
4581:
1122:. Further cases among humans and poultry in mainland China continued to be identified sporadically throughout the year, followed by a peak around the festival season of
7683:
401:(A/H5N1) has the potential to decimate domesticated poultry stocks and an estimated half a billion farmed birds have been slaughtered in efforts to contain the virus.
4103:
1323:
1210:
1126:(January and February) in early 2014 which was attributed to the seasonal surge in poultry production. Up to December 2013, there had been 139 cases with 47 deaths.
317:
3340:
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4672:
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373:, which primarily affects birds but can sometimes affect mammals including humans. Wild aquatic birds are the primary host of the influenza A virus, which is
3415:
3365:
1532:
5152:
4612:
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870:
530:
which describes, among other things, the species of animal from which the virus was isolated, and the place and year of collection. As an example -
5393:
1328:
1215:
559:
is the animal species the isolate was found in (note: human isolates lack this component term and are thus identified as human isolates by default)
2906:"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Animals: Interim Recommendations for Prevention, Monitoring, and Public Health Investigations"
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2955:
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Other examples include: A/duck/Hong Kong/308/78(H5N3), A/avian/NY/01(H5N2), A/chicken/Mexico/31381-3/94(H5N2), and A/shoveler/Egypt/03(H5N2).
6177:
2357:
Koçer ZA, Jones JC, Webster RG (December 2013). Atlas RM, Maloy S (eds.). "Emergence of Influenza Viruses and Crossing the Species Barrier".
2071:
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Several domestic species have been infected with and shown symptoms of H5N1 viral infection, including cats, dogs, ferrets, pigs, and birds.
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1613:
345:
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5674:
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There is weak evidence to support limited human-to-human transmission of A/H5N1 in 139 outreaks between 2005 and 2009 in Sumatra. The
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5442:
259:
3440:
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7690:
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7442:
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As of June 2024, there is concern about two subtypes of avian influenza which are circulating in wild bird populations worldwide,
8055:
7788:
7352:
4707:
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Communication Programs Global Program on Avian and Pandemic Influenza.
3478:
2495:
Long JS, Mistry B, Haslam SM, Barclay WS (January 2019). "Host and viral determinants of influenza A virus species specificity".
4576:
3314:
7752:
7136:
5548:
4410:
Alders R, Awuni JA, Bagnol B, Farrell P, de Haan N (2014). "Impact of avian influenza on village poultry production globally".
4318:"Avian and Pandemic Influenza: The Global Response". Avian Influenza Action Group, United States Department of State. Oct 2008.
3947:
2215:
This Memorandum was drafted by the signatories listed on page 590 on the occasion of a meeting held in Geneva in February 1980.
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species-specific viruses, possibly creating a new virulent influenza strain that is easily transmissible and lethal to humans.
1026:
920:
4194:
Thiry E, Addie, Diane, BelΓ‘k, SΓ‘ndor, Boucraut-Baralon, Corine, Egberink, Herman, Frymus, Tadeusz, et al. (1 July 2009).
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2559:, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 385, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 377β401,
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requires all LPAI H5 and H7 detections to be reported because of their potential to mutate into highly pathogenic strains.
422:
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poultry in the area and to impose strict controls on the movement and handling of ppoultry.This terminated the outbreak.
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Payungporn S, Chutinimitkul S, Chaisingh A, Damrongwantanapokin S, Nuansrichay B, Pinyochon W, et al. (April 2006).
1308:
264:
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threat. It is often referred to simply as "bird flu" or "avian influenza", even though it is only one of many subtypes.
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7316:
5120:
4531:
4053:
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1271:
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is the laboratory reference number that identifies it from other influenza viruses isolated at the same place and year
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6183:
5709:
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and does not predict severity of symptoms in other species. Chickens infected with LPAI display mild symptoms or are
269:
129:
124:
4130:"Swine influenza virus: zoonotic potential and vaccination strategies for the control of avian and swine influenzas"
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6892:
6169:
6098:
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5355:
414:(HPAI) if 75% or more of chickens die after being deliberately infected with it. The alternative classification is
274:
214:
4171:"Outbreak of Influenza A(H7N2) Among Cats in an Animal Shelter With Cat-to-Human TransmissionβNew York City, 2016"
3366:"Vaccination of poultry against highly pathogenic avian influenza β Available vaccines and vaccination strategies"
1533:"Vaccination of poultry against highly pathogenic avian influenza β Available vaccines and vaccination strategies"
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338:
112:
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856:. Both of these have potential to devastate poultry stocks, and both have jumped to humans with relatively high
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7906:
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1288:
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789:
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398:
90:
68:
27:
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6129:
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978:
973:
968:
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2905:
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7340:
7334:
7243:
6842:
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5878:
5872:
5762:
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3108:
2281:
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8018:
8012:
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6336:
6262:
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5099:
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1353:
1266:
983:
279:
254:
1700:
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624:, revealing links between different samples of virus and tracing the evolution of the virus over time.
331:
3693:"Outbreak in Hong Kong, 1997 Β· Influenza: Complex Virus/Complex History Β· CDC Museum Digital Exhibits"
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clusters. However, there is no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission of A/H7N9 influenza.
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2308:"Anti-influenza A virus restriction factors that shape the human species barrier and virus evolution"
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Approximately 20% of the protein consumed in developing countries come from poultry. A report by the
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6102:
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523:
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761:- Influenza A viruses of various subtypes have a large reservoir in wild waterbirds of the orders
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2003:"Persistence of avian influenza viruses in various artificially frozen environmental water types"
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1181:
701:
609:
249:
229:
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Aditama TY, Samaan G, Kusriastuti R, Sampurno OD, Purba W, Santoso H, et al. (2012-01-04).
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Influenza A/H5N1 was first recorded in a small outbreak among poultry in Scotland in 1959, with
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which principally affects birds but can also infect humans and other mammals. Influenza A is an
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subsequently in every continent. The first known transmission of A/H5N1 to a human occurred in
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French Agricultural Research Center for Developing Countries (CIRAD), Avian Influenza website
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Avian influenza (historically known as fowl plague) is caused by bird-adapted strains of the
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The World Health Organization Global Influenza Program Surveillance Network (October 2005).
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Steel J, Lowen AC (2014), Compans RW, Oldstone MB (eds.), "Influenza a Virus Reassortment",
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Kuchipudi SV, Nelli RK, Gontu A, Satyakumar R, Surendran Nair M, Subbiah M (February 2021).
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Porter N (2013). "Bird flu biopower: Strategies for multispecies coexistence in Viet Nam".
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Kozlov M (June 2024). "Huge amounts of bird-flu virus found in raw milk of infected cows".
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2229:"Discrimination between highly pathogenic and low pathogenic H5 avian influenza A viruses"
8:
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1508:"Bird flu (avian influenza): how to spot and report it in poultry or other captive birds"
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4330:"Avian influenza, 'viral sovereignty', and the politics of health security in Indonesia"
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2754:"Prevention and Control of H5 and H7 Avian Influenza in the Live Bird Marketing System"
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Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and Animal and Plant Health Agency
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3150:
Figure 1 shows a diagramatic representation of the genetic relatedness of Asian H5N1
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2034:
1983:
1934:
1883:
1682:
1665:
Alexander DJ, Brown IH (April 2009). "History of highly pathogenic avian influenza".
1457:
1408:
1318:
1298:
930:
677:
449:
434:
370:
105:
4286:
3900:"Preliminary Report: Epidemiology of the Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Outbreak in China"
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3824:
56:
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6211:
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3597:
3531:
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3235:
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3186:
3178:
3130:
3122:
3081:
3073:
3062:"New genotype of avian influenza H5N1 viruses isolated from tree sparrows in China"
3032:
3024:
2985:
2729:
2616:
2608:
2560:
2530:
2504:
2467:
2457:
2413:
2405:
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2329:
2319:
2248:
2240:
2226:
2196:
2156:
2148:
2024:
2014:
1973:
1965:
1924:
1914:
1873:
1674:
1447:
1439:
1398:
1390:
1123:
1053:
is an emerging avian influenza virus that is causing global concern as a potential
550:
546:
542:
498:
Subtypes of influenza A are defined by the combination of H and N proteins in the
224:
80:
75:
6465:
4554:
3527:
2446:"Sialic Acid Receptors: The Key to Solving the Enigma of Zoonotic Virus Spillover"
2185:"A revision of the system of nomenclature for influenza viruses: a WHO memorandum"
1807:
616:
Genetic sequencing enables influenza strains to be further characterised by their
7124:
7079:
7052:
6924:
6819:
6721:
6716:
6706:
6688:
6623:
6425:
6330:
6250:
6110:
6074:
5994:
5780:
5641:
5449:
4616:
4510:
4345:
4187:
3998:"Evolution and Antigenic Differentiation of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, China"
3766:
3660:"'Cautious optimism' as penguins test positive for bird flu but show no symptoms"
3231:
2324:
819:
Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of
766:
649:
85:
46:
1725:
7060:
6736:
5661:
5204:
4811:
4260:
4211:
3182:
2989:
1952:
Dadonaite B, Vijayakrishnan S, Fodor E, Bhella D, Hutchinson EC (August 2016).
1354:"Avian Influenza A H5N1 - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"
514:
499:
4582:
The United Nation's World Health Organization's Avian Flu Facts Sheet for 2006
4423:
2612:
2508:
641:
nucleus, to evade host immune responses, and to transmit between individuals.
8034:
7978:
7130:
6974:
6847:
6827:
6751:
5656:
5651:
5599:
5497:
5360:
4678:
4390:
4373:
4302:"Traces of bird flu virus found in some milk and pasteurized dairy, FDA says"
4021:
3840:
3671:
3497:
3341:"70 years of GISRS β the Global Influenza Surveillance & Response System"
2052:
1919:
1902:
1768:
1428:"The ecology and adaptive evolution of influenza A interspecies transmission"
483:
219:
4236:
4196:"H5N1 avian influenza in cats. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management"
4080:"2010-2019 Highlights in the History of Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Timeline"
3634:"1880-1959 Highlights in the History of Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Timeline"
2674:"Mitigation strategy for avian influenza in wild birds in England and Wales"
6794:
6746:
6696:
6517:
6367:
6045:
5906:
5507:
5130:
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4431:
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4039:
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3933:
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3545:
3200:
3144:
3126:
3095:
3046:
2997:
2630:
2582:
2516:
2481:
2427:
2394:"Novel insights into proteolytic cleavage of influenza virus hemagglutinin"
2378:
2343:
2262:
2244:
2170:
2093:
2038:
1987:
1938:
1887:
1686:
1678:
1461:
1412:
1000:
832:
762:
656:
479:
386:
4705:
Strategic Health Communication for Avian and Pandemic Influenza Prevention
3915:
3583:
3249:
3060:
Kou Z, Lei FM, Yu J, Fan ZJ, Yin ZH, Jia CX, et al. (December 2005).
2210:
2019:
7954:
7142:
6949:
6882:
6872:
6862:
6557:
6506:
6494:
6489:
6482:
6470:
6444:
6414:
6316:
6155:
6067:
6050:
5985:
5646:
5512:
5239:
5234:
5222:
5024:
4506:
3510:
Zheng D, Gao F, Zhao C, Ding Y, Cao Y, Yang T, et al. (2018-09-14).
3028:
1969:
1394:
637:
209:
174:
164:
159:
3898:
Li Q, Zhou L, Zhou M, Chen Z, Li F, Wu H, et al. (April 24, 2013).
3441:"FDA Approves Seqirus' Audenz as Vaccine Against Potential Flu Pandemic"
2564:
2152:
439:
7519:
7367:
6954:
6944:
6934:
6887:
6789:
6701:
6407:
6191:
5948:
5470:
5388:
5264:
5217:
5212:
4816:
4711:
NIOSH Alert: Protecting Poultry Workers from Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
4466:
4104:"USGS National Wildlife Health Center β Avian Influenza Wildlife Chart"
2392:
Bertram S, Glowacka I, Steffen I, KΓΌhl A, PΓΆhlmann S (September 2010).
840:
event. It is thought that all influenza A viruses causing outbreaks or
621:
297:
179:
149:
7015:
4669:"Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): Agricultural and Wildlife Considerations"
4635:
at OIE. WAHID Interface β OIE World Animal Health Information Database
4511:"The Science of Avian Flu, Answers to Nine Frequently Asked Questions"
3584:
Poovorawan Y, Pyungporn S, Prachayangprecha S, Makkoch J (July 2013).
2462:
1443:
6959:
6809:
6804:
6731:
6452:
6433:
6400:
6388:
6382:
6361:
6307:
6235:
6121:
6083:
5852:
5831:
5737:
5615:
5607:
5595:
5522:
5517:
5297:
5256:
5249:
5244:
4772:
4732:
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control β Official website
3996:
Liu Y, Chen Y, Yang Z, Lin Y, Fu S, Chen J, et al. (June 2024).
3214:
Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y (March 1992).
3011:
SanjuΓ‘n R, Nebot MR, Chirico N, Mansky LM, Belshaw R (October 2010).
1293:
1171:
of the flock. Less pathogenic viruses are controlled by vaccination.
1069:
876:
820:
454:
184:
169:
117:
38:
3586:"Global alert to avian influenza virus infection: from H5N1 to H7N9"
3560:"Making a Candidate Vaccine Virus (CVV) for a HPAI (Bird Flu) Virus"
3391:"Making a Candidate Vaccine Virus (CVV) for a HPAI (Bird Flu) Virus"
2409:
2059:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2018-10-17.
1214:
Animal Health, the Global Avian Influenza Network for Surveillance,
7874:
7020:
7016:
6909:
6867:
6852:
6799:
6756:
6741:
6645:
6550:
6197:
5939:
5795:
4146:
4129:
3512:"Comparative effectiveness of H7N9 vaccines in healthy individuals"
1054:
885:
841:
837:
645:
465:
374:
242:
20:
2078:. Galveston: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
1951:
1614:"Prevention and Antiviral Treatment of Bird Flu Viruses in People"
1377:
Li YT, Linster M, Mendenhall IH, Su YC, Smith GJ (December 2019).
6897:
6711:
6655:
6615:
6607:
6303:
5594:
5432:
3496:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3293:
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations
1168:
777:
476:
382:
4374:"Risky zoographies: The limits of place in avian flu management"
3739:
2282:"Influenza Virus Genome Sequencing and Genetic Characterization"
1379:"Avian influenza viruses in humans: lessons from past outbreaks"
875:
is a global network of laboratories that monitor the spread of
705:
The eight major flyways used by shorebirds (waders) on migration
5912:
5302:
4660:
2956:"Study of H5N1 avian flu seal deaths reveals multiple lineages"
1106:
824:
776:
When an HPAI infection is detected in poultry, it is normal to
487:
4701:. Lists general information and resources for Avian Influenza.
2000:
6640:
6563:
6322:
5954:
5502:
4647:
3825:"Finding the real case-fatality rate of H5N1 avian influenza"
2702:"Transmission of Bird Flu Viruses Between Animals and People"
2443:
1224:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
1110:
617:
4741:
4540:
3969:"Risk assessment of avian influenza A(H7N9) β eighth update"
3742:"Avian influenza H5N1 transmission in households, Indonesia"
2678:
GOV.UK - Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs
2597:"An update on swine-origin influenza virus A/H1N1: a review"
4482:
2001:
Shoham D, Jahangir A, Ruenphet S, Takehara K (2012-10-04).
1050:
644:
Influenza viruses are constantly changing as small genetic
593:
stands for the first of several known types of the protein
583:
stands for the fifth of several known types of the protein
482:
which allows the virus to bind to and enter the host cell.
6576:
4524:
Avian influenza: etiology, pathogenesis, and interventions
2833:"Reported Human Infections with Avian Influenza A Viruses"
2391:
1426:
Joseph U, Su YC, Vijaykrishna D, Smith GJ (January 2017).
5789:
3213:
3010:
1633:"'Unprecedented': How bird flu became an animal pandemic"
1425:
1324:
International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza
1211:
International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza
1080:
was well below the threshold for sustained transmission.
660:
4687:
Database of influenza sequences and related information.
4684:
4409:
4058:
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
4736:
FluTrop: Avian Influenza Research in Tropical Countries
2494:
1757:. Animal Plant Health Inspection Service. October 2013.
526:
of virus, researchers use the internationally accepted
4650:
By Dr. Nati Elkin β Atlases, vaccines and information.
3316:
Historical Dictionary of the World Health Organization
655:
The segmented genome of influenza viruses facilitates
4681:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3564:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
3395:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
2812:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
2706:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
2535:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
2137:"At the centre: influenza A virus ribonucleoproteins"
2134:
1812:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1730:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1565:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1487:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1376:
410:
solely on the effect on chickens - a virus strain is
2594:
404:
19:"Bird flu" redirects here. For the M.I.A. song, see
3111:"Evolution of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in Asia"
2305:
4663:U.S. Government avian and pandemic flu information
4483:McLeod A, Morgan N, Prakash A, Hinrichs J (2005).
3878:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
3816:
3164:
2931:"Bird flu 'spills over' to otters and foxes in UK"
1751:"National H5/H7 Avian Influenza surveillance plan"
4675:U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
4606:Information resources, animations, videos, photos
4596:Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)
4242:
3264:"Factsheet on swine influenza in humans and pigs"
2960:Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy
2647:
2356:
2135:Eisfeld AJ, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y (January 2015).
1862:"Influenza A: understanding the viral life cycle"
1090:
908:
871:Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System
8032:
4697:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
3509:
3004:
1329:OIE/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza
1049:The highly pathogenic influenza A virus subtype
377:(continually present) in many bird populations.
2910:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
509:
4521:
4485:Economic and social impacts of avian influenza
3995:
3897:
3891:
3216:"Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses"
2808:"Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans"
2787:An official website of the European Commission
1664:
1586:"Avian influenza: guidance, data and analysis"
696:
532:A/chicken/Nakorn-Patom/Thailand/CU-K2/04(H5N1)
8006:
7001:
6592:
5580:
4757:
4713:CDC/NIOSH recommendations for poultry workers
4589:Symptoms & in-depth analysis on avian flu
3102:
2882:"The next pandemic: H5N1 and H7N9 influenza?"
2595:Schnitzler SU, Schnitzler P (December 2009).
2588:
2557:Influenza Pathogenesis and Control - Volume I
2385:
2072:"Chapter 58. Orthomyxoviruses Multiplication"
1020:
565:is the place this specific virus was isolated
339:
26:For the H5N1 subtype of avian influenza, see
4679:Avian influenza research and recommendations
4127:
4121:
3822:
2437:
2306:Petric PP, Schwemmle M, Graf L (July 2023).
1945:
1894:
823:. The segmentation of the influenza A virus
16:Influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds
6767:European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC
4699:United States National Agricultural Library
4245:"Avian influenza A H5N1 infections in cats"
3823:Li FC, Choi BC, Sly T, Pak AW (June 2008).
3059:
2734:WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health
1726:"Current U.S. Bird Flu Situation in Humans"
765:(for example, ducks, geese, and swans) and
604:
7008:
6994:
6599:
6585:
5844:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
5587:
5573:
4764:
4750:
4625:World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)
4526:. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
3721:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3638:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2837:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2783:"Questions and Answers on Avian Influenza"
2554:
2286:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2220:
1775:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1027:
1013:
346:
332:
7189:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico
5715:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
4389:
4268:
4243:Marschall J, Hartmann K (1 August 2008).
4219:
4145:
4029:
3923:
3775:
3765:
3609:
3535:
3239:
3190:
3167:"Influenza: the once and future pandemic"
3165:Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (April 2010).
3134:
3085:
3036:
2620:
2471:
2461:
2417:
2333:
2323:
2252:
2200:
2189:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
2160:
2028:
2018:
1977:
1928:
1918:
1877:
1451:
1402:
4730:Avian Influenza: Questions & Answers
4515:Discover Magazine. Health & Medicine
4299:
4249:Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery
4200:Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery
3154:genes from various isolates of the virus
1903:"Native morphology of influenza virions"
1866:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
1149:
1100:
700:
513:
438:
4327:
3516:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
3312:
2758:United States Department of Agriculture
2128:
2057:NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
1755:United States Department of Agriculture
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1432:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
8033:
4478:
4476:
4452:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4363:
3690:
3657:
3477:(FDA). January 31, 2020. STN: 125692.
2979:
2777:
2775:
2724:
2722:
2696:
2694:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2063:
1836:"Influenza (Avian and other zoonotic)"
1830:
1828:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1608:
1606:
1555:
1553:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
680:. The disease was first identified by
7256:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
6989:
6580:
5568:
5554:US influenza statistics by flu season
4745:
4505:
4405:
4403:
4401:
3991:
3989:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3868:
3866:
3451:from the original on February 5, 2020
3438:
3306:
2069:
2045:
1859:
1630:
1419:
814:
577:represents the year of isolation 2004
522:To unambiguously describe a specific
4128:Thacker E, Janke B (February 2008).
3333:
3289:"Global AIV with Zoonotic Potential"
3281:
3053:
2973:
1900:
1783:from the original on 26 October 2020
1649:
1624:
423:World Organization for Animal Health
5865:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
4522:Haugan S, Bjornson W, eds. (2009).
4473:
4446:
4360:
4321:
4168:
4077:
3481:from the original on August 6, 2020
3268:European Centre for Disease Control
3207:
3158:
2772:
2719:
2691:
2269:
1825:
1795:
1603:
1578:
1550:
1468:
1309:Influenza Genome Sequencing Project
1145:
541:stands for the genus of influenza (
13:
6833:Avian infectious laryngotracheitis
5549:2017β2018 United States flu season
4691:Species Profile- Avian Influenza (
4498:
4398:
4134:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
3986:
3954:
3946:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
3863:
3709:
3078:10.1128/JVI.79.24.15460-15466.2005
2636:avian and swine influenza strains.
2371:10.1128/microbiolspec.OH-0010-2012
1769:"Recreated 1918 Influenza virions"
1272:Transmission and infection of H5N1
1083:Between 2003 and August 2024, the
1045:Transmission and infection of H5N1
627:
14:
8072:
6848:Histomoniasis (blackhead disease)
6184:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
5710:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
5288:Live attenuated influenza vaccine
4563:
4489:Food and Agriculture Organisation
3416:"Vaccines for pandemic influenza"
1370:
735: Mediterranean and Black Sea
518:Diagram of influenza nomenclature
486:(N) is an antigenic glycosylated
447:Avian influenza is caused by the
412:highly pathogenic avian influenza
405:Highly pathogenic avian influenza
7961:encephalitis lethargica epidemic
6893:Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome
6170:Middle East respiratory syndrome
4726:Avian Influenza control measures
4633:Current status of HPAI worldwide
3491:
2652:. Colin Baxter Photography Ltd.
2648:Thompson D, Byrkjedal I (2001).
2112:"FluGlobalNet - Avian Influenza"
2007:Influenza Research and Treatment
1204:
1180:This section is an excerpt from
919:
796:considered the biggest threats.
275:2015 United States H5N2 outbreak
45:
7739:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis
7036:List of epidemics and pandemics
6762:Abnormal behaviour in captivity
4695:Influenza Type A, subtype H5N1)
4569:World Health Organisation (WHO)
4312:
4293:
4162:
4096:
4071:
4054:"Avian Influenza A(H7N9) virus"
4046:
3904:New England Journal of Medicine
3800:"Avian influenza A(H5N1) virus"
3792:
3733:
3684:
3651:
3626:
3577:
3552:
3503:
3463:
3432:
3408:
3383:
3358:
3256:
2948:
2923:
2898:
2874:
2850:
2825:
2800:
2746:
2666:
2641:
2548:
2523:
2488:
2350:
2299:
2177:
2104:
1994:
1958:The Journal of General Virology
1954:"Filamentous influenza viruses"
1853:
1761:
1743:
1718:
1693:
1667:Revue Scientifique et Technique
863:
753: East Asia and Australasia
666:
648:accumulate, a process known as
8056:Agricultural health and safety
5769:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
5755:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
3602:10.1179/2047773213Y.0000000103
1525:
1500:
1346:
1289:Influenza A virus subtype H7N9
1284:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
1209:In 2005, the formation of the
1154:A chicken being tested for flu
1097:Influenza A virus subtype H7N9
1091:Influenza A virus subtype H7N9
1041:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
909:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
416:low pathogenic avian influenza
399:influenza A virus subtype H5N1
28:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
1:
7064:
5346:Russian flu (1889–1890)
4771:
4587:In-depth analysis of bird flu
4555:10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102068
4300:McCarthy K (April 24, 2024).
3528:10.1080/21645515.2018.1515454
1340:
1279:Subtypes of Influenza A virus
1195:
808:a wide range of other animals
610:Analysis of the virus' genome
528:Influenza virus nomenclature,
369:, is a disease caused by the
6843:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
5974:Tropical spastic paraparesis
5879:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
4577:WHO Avian influenza resource
4346:10.1080/09512748.2014.909523
4002:Emerging Infectious Diseases
3829:J Epidemiol Community Health
3767:10.1371/journal.pone.0029971
3475:Food and Drug Administration
3439:Keown A (February 4, 2020).
3319:. Rowman & Littlefield.
3232:10.1128/mr.56.1.152-179.1992
3115:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2531:"How Flu Viruses Can Change"
2497:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
2325:10.1371/journal.ppat.1011450
2233:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2141:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
1808:"Types of Influenza Viruses"
879:with the aim to provide the
747: Central Asia and India
510:Influenza virus nomenclature
7:
6606:
6337:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
6257:Human parainfluenza viruses
5930:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
4685:Influenza Research Database
4673:US Avian Influenza Response
3590:Pathogens and Global Health
2398:Reviews in Medical Virology
1618:Centers for Disease Control
1254:
1238:
697:Transmission and prevention
493:
457:with a genome comprising a
428:
130:Seasonal flu vaccine brands
10:
8077:
7849:2024 Latin American dengue
7629:Western African meningitis
7443:Pacific Northwest smallpox
5121:Transmission and infection
4604:FAO Avian Influenza portal
4261:10.1016/j.jfms.2008.03.005
4212:10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.011
4084:Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
3183:10.1177/00333549101250S305
2990:10.1038/d41586-024-01624-1
2886:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
1561:"Influenza Type A Viruses"
1483:"Avian Influenza in Birds"
1179:
1161:
1094:
1038:
891:
741: West Asia and Africa
689:in wild bird populations.
671:
432:
265:2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1
25:
18:
7873:
7549:
7470:
7455:Buenos Aires yellow fever
7375:
7366:
7353:Philadelphia yellow fever
7323:Great Plague of Marseille
7317:Great Northern War plague
7311:Iceland smallpox epidemic
7303:
7224:
7169:
7158:
7095:
7051:
7044:
7031:
6915:Infectious bursal disease
6904:Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3
6818:
6775:
6687:
6664:
6614:
6540:
6516:
6424:
6347:
6302:
6291:
6120:
6082:
6061:
6029:
6001:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
5984:
5938:
5817:
5806:
5779:
5606:
5536:
5483:
5458:
5420:
5413:
5401:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017)
5379:
5341:Influenza pandemic (1557)
5336:Influenza pandemic (1510)
5326:
5315:
5278:
5203:
5194:
5174:
5165:
5108:
5072:
5063:
5043:
5015:
5006:
4861:
4825:
4779:
4667:CIDRAP Avian Flu Overview
4610:FAO Bird Flu disease card
4424:10.1007/s10393-013-0867-x
3973:UK Health Security Agency
3420:European Medicines Agency
3345:World Health Organization
2862:Wordl Health Organization
2613:10.1007/s11262-009-0404-8
2509:10.1038/s41579-018-0115-z
1907:Frontiers in Microbiology
1860:Samji T (December 2009).
1840:World Health Organization
1631:Bourk I (26 April 2024).
1229:
1188:Cats with avian influenza
1085:World Health Organization
881:World Health Organization
8019:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic
8013:Mpox (clade II) outbreak
7973:Seventh cholera pandemic
6679:List of poultry feathers
6103:Infectious mononucleosis
5920:Chandipura vesiculovirus
5750:Hepatocellular carcinoma
5695:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
5628:Hepatocellular carcinoma
5443:2007 Australian outbreak
4648:Avian influenza resource
4391:10.1215/22011919-3609994
4378:Environmental Humanities
3841:10.1136/jech.2007.064030
1920:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00269
1383:British Medical Bulletin
1335:
605:Genetic characterization
7931:Fourth cholera pandemic
7913:Second cholera pandemic
7759:Γquateur province Ebola
7347:North American smallpox
7262:Great Plague of Seville
6970:Tibial dyschondroplasia
6965:Squamous cell carcinoma
6674:List of chicken colours
5899:Encephalitis lethargica
5600:viral systemic diseases
5230:Neuraminidase inhibitor
4169:Lee CT (28 July 2017).
3658:Weston P (2024-03-26).
3220:Microbiological Reviews
1267:2020β2024 H5N1 outbreak
1182:Avian influenza in cats
1174:
1105:Live poultry market in
280:2020β2022 H5N8 outbreak
7949:Sixth cholera pandemic
7937:Fifth cholera pandemic
7919:Third cholera pandemic
7907:First cholera pandemic
7889:Second plague pandemic
7449:Barcelona yellow fever
7294:Great Plague of Vienna
7280:Great Plague of London
7250:Massachusetts smallpox
6271:Human orthopneumovirus
5925:Herpesviral meningitis
5886:Arbovirus encephalitis
5544:Influenza-like illness
5213:Adamantane derivatives
4014:10.3201/eid3006.230530
3874:"Factsheet on A(H7N9)"
3313:Lee K, Fang J (2013).
3127:10.3201/eid1110.050644
3013:"Viral mutation rates"
2245:10.3201/eid1204.051427
1701:"Factsheet on A(H5N1)"
1679:10.20506/rst.28.1.1856
1155:
1114:
755:
678:influenza type A virus
519:
444:
318:Vaccine reformulations
313:Influenza-like illness
260:2007 Australian equine
7925:Third plague pandemic
7883:First plague pandemic
7677:Western African Ebola
7587:Chikungunya outbreaks
7539:Malaysian Nipah virus
7407:Great Plains smallpox
5729:Merkel-cell carcinoma
5394:1989β1990 UK outbreak
5356:Asian flu (1957-1958)
4509:(February 20, 2006).
3916:10.1056/NEJMoa1304617
3171:Public Health Reports
2359:Microbiology Spectrum
1262:Global spread of H5N1
1153:
1104:
1095:Further information:
1039:Further information:
829:genetic recombination
704:
563:Nakorn-Patom/Thailand
517:
442:
381:symptoms in domestic
205:1889-1890 Russian flu
7985:Russian flu pandemic
7727:Angolan yellow fever
7478:San Francisco plague
7431:Broad Street cholera
7329:Great Plague of 1738
6878:Dermanyssus gallinae
6374:Adenovirus infection
5838:Human polyomavirus 2
5667:Oropharyngeal cancer
5361:Hong Kong flu (1968)
5153:Pandemic preparation
4455:American Ethnologist
4140:(Suppl 1): S19βS24.
3029:10.1128/JVI.00694-10
2858:"Zoonotic influenza"
2195:(4): 585β591. 1980.
2076:Medical Microbiology
2074:. In Baron S (ed.).
1970:10.1099/jgv.0.000535
657:genetic reassortment
7891:(1348β19th century)
7819:New Zealand measles
7647:Darfur yellow fever
7490:LA pneumonic plague
7107:Plague of Justinian
5960:Post-polio syndrome
5596:Infectious diseases
4724:European Commission
3758:2012PLoSO...729971A
3347:. 19 September 2022
3072:(24): 15460β15466.
3066:Journal of Virology
3017:Journal of Virology
2565:10.1007/82_2014_395
2153:10.1038/nrmicro3367
2020:10.1155/2012/912326
1078:reproduction number
915:
888:influenza viruses.
858:case fatality rates
729: East Atlantic
723: West Atlantic
303:Influenza evolution
215:1957-1958 Asian flu
7901:Influenza pandemic
7895:Influenza pandemic
7843:Bangsamoro measles
7825:Singaporean dengue
7789:Pacific NW measles
7783:Philippine measles
7771:Madagascar measles
7753:Kerala Nipah virus
7746:Saudi Arabian MERS
7659:Singaporean dengue
7605:Zimbabwean cholera
7575:Singaporean dengue
7419:Copenhagen cholera
7401:Groningen epidemic
7195:Influenza pandemic
7177:Influenza pandemic
6858:Campylobacteriosis
6093:EpsteinβBarr virus
6063:Respiratory system
5700:Burkitt's lymphoma
5351:Spanish flu (1918)
5270:Baloxavir marboxil
5095:West Bengal (2008)
5030:1977 (Russian flu)
5025:1918 (Spanish flu)
4615:2005-03-16 at the
4467:10.1111/amet.12010
4334:The Pacific Review
4328:Hameiri S (2014).
4078:CDC (2024-06-03).
3691:Sencer DJ (2024).
3177:(Suppl 3): 16β26.
2116:science.vla.gov.uk
1705:www.ecdc.europa.eu
1537:www.efsa.europa.eu
1395:10.1093/bmb/ldz036
1314:Influenza research
1304:Influenza pandemic
1156:
1115:
1066:numerous outbreaks
913:
815:Pandemic potential
756:
682:Edoardo Perroncito
520:
445:
308:Influenza research
220:1968 Hong Kong flu
155:Baloxavir marboxil
8028:
8027:
7869:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7801:Kuala Koh measles
7715:South Korean MERS
7703:Polio declaration
7691:Madagascar plague
7623:Gujarat hepatitis
7611:Madagascar plague
7563:Midwest monkeypox
7514:Yugoslav smallpox
7484:Manchurian plague
7425:Stockholm cholera
7362:
7361:
7149:Sweating sickness
7137:Japanese smallpox
7086:Plague of Cyprian
7025:disease outbreaks
6983:
6982:
6940:Newcastle disease
6920:Infectious coryza
6574:
6573:
6536:
6535:
6287:
6286:
6218:Influenza virus A
6135:Human coronavirus
6025:
6024:
6015:Herpes of the eye
5562:
5561:
5479:
5478:
5409:
5408:
5389:Fujian flu (H3N2)
5311:
5310:
5190:
5189:
5161:
5160:
5116:Genetic structure
5059:
5058:
4863:Influenza A virus
4802:Genome sequencing
4517:. pp. 59β61.
4372:Porter N (2012).
3121:(10): 1515β1521.
3023:(19): 9733β9748.
2730:"Avian Influenza"
2574:978-3-319-11155-1
2463:10.3390/v13020262
2085:978-0-9631172-1-2
2053:"Avian Influenza"
1444:10.1111/irv.12412
1319:Influenza vaccine
1299:Influenza A virus
1037:
1036:
944:Genetic structure
931:Influenza A virus
717: Mississippi
450:influenza A virus
435:Influenza A virus
371:influenza A virus
356:
355:
8068:
8051:Poultry diseases
8008:
7795:New York measles
7749:
7709:Indian swine flu
7697:Odisha hepatitis
7687:
7641:Pakistani dengue
7593:Pakistani dengue
7542:
7508:WrocΕaw smallpox
7461:Hong Kong plague
7395:Caragea's plague
7373:
7372:
7290:
7183:Mexican smallpox
7167:
7166:
7119:Plague of Sheroe
7074:Plague of Athens
7069:
7066:
7049:
7048:
7010:
7003:
6996:
6987:
6986:
6727:Broiler industry
6601:
6594:
6587:
6578:
6577:
6300:
6299:
6295:digestive system
6212:Orthomyxoviridae
6178:SARS coronavirus
6164:MERS coronavirus
6080:
6079:
5892:Orthomyxoviridae
5815:
5814:
5781:Immune disorders
5705:Hodgkin lymphoma
5681:Kaposi's sarcoma
5589:
5582:
5575:
5566:
5565:
5493:Acute bronchitis
5418:
5417:
5371:Swine flu (2009)
5366:1977 Russian flu
5324:
5323:
5260:
5201:
5200:
5172:
5171:
5070:
5069:
5035:2009 (Swine flu)
5013:
5012:
4833:Orthomyxoviridae
4766:
4759:
4752:
4743:
4742:
4693:Orthomyxoviridae
4558:
4537:
4518:
4493:
4492:
4480:
4471:
4470:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4407:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4369:
4358:
4357:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4272:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4223:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4175:academic.oup.com
4166:
4160:
4159:
4149:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4106:. Archived from
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4008:(6): 1218β1222.
3993:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:. 8 January 2020
3965:
3952:
3951:
3945:
3937:
3927:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3870:
3861:
3860:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3779:
3769:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3613:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3162:
3156:
3148:
3138:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2624:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2465:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2421:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2327:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2278:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2204:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2096:. Archived from
2070:Couch R (1996).
2067:
2061:
2060:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2022:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1964:(8): 1755β1764.
1949:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:. 3 October 2023
1832:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1804:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1662:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1479:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1350:
1191:lungs and liver.
1146:Domestic animals
1124:Chinese New Year
1029:
1022:
1015:
923:
916:
912:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
502:; for example, "
421:Since 2006, the
361:, also known as
348:
341:
334:
270:2008 West Bengal
225:1977 Russian flu
210:1918 Spanish flu
49:
35:
34:
8076:
8075:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8041:Avian influenza
8031:
8030:
8029:
8024:
7861:
7744:
7682:
7665:Swansea measles
7617:Bolivian dengue
7545:
7537:
7526:Indian smallpox
7496:Croydon typhoid
7466:
7358:
7299:
7285:
7220:
7161:
7154:
7125:Plague of Amwas
7098:
7091:
7080:Antonine Plague
7067:
7040:
7027:
7014:
6984:
6979:
6930:Marek's disease
6838:Avian influenza
6814:
6771:
6722:Poultry farming
6717:Chicken tractor
6707:Furnished cages
6683:
6660:
6610:
6605:
6575:
6570:
6532:
6512:
6420:
6394:Gastroenteritis
6352:
6349:Gastroenteritis
6343:
6331:Cytomegalovirus
6294:
6283:
6251:Paramyxoviridae
6240:Avian influenza
6116:
6111:Cytomegalovirus
6075:viral pneumonia
6073:
6070:nasopharyngitis
6069:
6066:
6057:
6021:
5995:Cytomegalovirus
5980:
5934:
5822:
5809:
5802:
5775:
5642:Cervical cancer
5602:
5593:
5563:
5558:
5532:
5475:
5454:
5405:
5375:
5320:
5318:
5307:
5274:
5258:
5205:Antiviral drugs
5186:
5157:
5143:Human mortality
5136:clinical trials
5104:
5055:
5039:
5002:
4866:
4864:
4857:
4821:
4775:
4770:
4661:PandemicFlu.Gov
4617:Wayback Machine
4566:
4561:
4534:
4501:
4499:Further reading
4496:
4481:
4474:
4451:
4447:
4408:
4399:
4370:
4361:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4298:
4294:
4241:
4237:
4192:
4188:
4179:
4177:
4167:
4163:
4126:
4122:
4113:
4111:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4088:
4086:
4076:
4072:
4063:
4061:
4052:
4051:
4047:
3994:
3987:
3978:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3955:
3939:
3938:
3896:
3892:
3883:
3881:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3821:
3817:
3808:
3806:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3738:
3734:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3701:
3699:
3689:
3685:
3676:
3674:
3656:
3652:
3643:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3582:
3578:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3508:
3504:
3492:
3484:
3482:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3437:
3433:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3400:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3375:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3350:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3311:
3307:
3298:
3296:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3273:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3212:
3208:
3163:
3159:
3107:
3103:
3058:
3054:
3009:
3005:
2978:
2974:
2965:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2890:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2866:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2842:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2683:
2681:
2680:. 18 March 2024
2672:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2646:
2642:
2593:
2589:
2575:
2553:
2549:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2493:
2489:
2442:
2438:
2410:10.1002/rmv.657
2390:
2386:
2355:
2351:
2318:(7): e1011450.
2304:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2270:
2225:
2221:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2100:on May 3, 2009.
2086:
2068:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2046:
1999:
1995:
1950:
1946:
1901:Noda T (2011).
1899:
1895:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1663:
1650:
1641:
1639:
1629:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1469:
1424:
1420:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1257:
1241:
1232:
1207:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1164:
1148:
1120:poultry markets
1099:
1093:
1047:
1033:
954:Human mortality
911:
894:
866:
817:
767:Charadriiformes
754:
750:
748:
744:
742:
738:
736:
732:
730:
726:
724:
720:
718:
714:
712:
708:
706:
699:
674:
669:
650:antigenic drift
630:
628:Species barrier
607:
512:
496:
437:
431:
407:
359:Avian influenza
352:
323:
322:
293:
285:
284:
255:2006 H5N1 India
245:
235:
234:
200:
190:
189:
145:
135:
134:
125:Live attenuated
108:
98:
97:
59:
39:Influenza (flu)
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8074:
8064:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8022:
8016:
8010:
8000:
7994:
7993:(1981βpresent)
7988:
7982:
7976:
7970:
7964:
7958:
7952:
7946:
7940:
7934:
7928:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7886:
7879:
7877:
7871:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7846:
7845:(2023βpresent)
7840:
7837:Jamaica dengue
7834:
7828:
7822:
7816:
7810:
7804:
7798:
7792:
7786:
7780:
7774:
7768:
7762:
7756:
7750:
7742:
7736:
7733:Yemeni cholera
7730:
7724:
7718:
7712:
7706:
7700:
7694:
7688:
7684:DR Congo Ebola
7680:
7674:
7668:
7662:
7656:
7650:
7644:
7638:
7632:
7626:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7578:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7553:
7551:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7535:
7529:
7523:
7517:
7511:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7474:
7472:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7458:
7452:
7446:
7440:
7434:
7428:
7422:
7416:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7392:
7389:Maltese plague
7386:
7383:Ottoman plague
7379:
7377:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7341:Persian Plague
7338:
7335:Russian plague
7332:
7326:
7320:
7314:
7307:
7305:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7297:
7291:
7287:Maltese plague
7283:
7277:
7271:
7268:Maltese plague
7265:
7259:
7253:
7247:
7244:Italian plague
7241:
7238:Maltese plague
7235:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7210:
7207:Maltese plague
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7173:
7171:
7164:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7146:
7140:
7134:
7128:
7122:
7116:
7110:
7103:
7101:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7083:
7077:
7071:
7061:Hittite plague
7057:
7055:
7046:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7013:
7012:
7005:
6998:
6990:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6824:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6781:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6737:Forced molting
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6693:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6670:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6620:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6604:
6603:
6596:
6589:
6581:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6554:
6546:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6522:
6520:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6498:
6486:
6474:
6462:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6364:
6358:
6356:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6312:
6310:
6297:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6274:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6126:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6088:
6086:
6077:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6035:
6033:
6031:Cardiovascular
6027:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5990:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5944:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5888:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5812:
5810:nervous system
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5785:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5662:Vaginal cancer
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5618:
5612:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5592:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5569:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5540:
5538:
5537:Related topics
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5435:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5385:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5321:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5259:(experimental)
5254:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5209:
5207:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5100:2020s outbreak
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5080:Croatia (2005)
5076:
5074:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5021:
5019:
5010:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4812:Superinfection
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4780:General topics
4777:
4776:
4769:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4715:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4607:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4584:
4579:
4565:
4564:External links
4562:
4560:
4559:
4538:
4533:978-1607418467
4532:
4519:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4472:
4461:(1): 132β148.
4445:
4397:
4384:(1): 103β121.
4359:
4340:(3): 333β356.
4320:
4311:
4292:
4255:(4): 359β365.
4235:
4206:(7): 615β618.
4186:
4161:
4147:10.1086/524988
4120:
4095:
4070:
4045:
3985:
3953:
3890:
3862:
3815:
3791:
3732:
3708:
3683:
3650:
3625:
3596:(5): 217β223.
3576:
3551:
3502:
3462:
3431:
3407:
3382:
3370:efsa.europa.eu
3357:
3332:
3325:
3305:
3295:. 29 July 2020
3280:
3255:
3226:(1): 152β179.
3206:
3157:
3101:
3052:
3003:
2972:
2947:
2922:
2897:
2873:
2849:
2824:
2799:
2789:. 11 June 2024
2771:
2745:
2718:
2690:
2665:
2659:978-1841070759
2658:
2640:
2607:(3): 279β292.
2587:
2573:
2547:
2522:
2487:
2436:
2404:(5): 298β310.
2384:
2349:
2312:PLOS Pathogens
2298:
2268:
2239:(4): 700β701.
2219:
2176:
2127:
2103:
2084:
2062:
2044:
1993:
1944:
1893:
1872:(4): 153β159.
1852:
1824:
1794:
1760:
1742:
1717:
1692:
1648:
1623:
1602:
1577:
1549:
1524:
1499:
1467:
1418:
1369:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1163:
1160:
1147:
1144:
1092:
1089:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
956:
951:
946:
941:
940:
939:
925:
924:
910:
907:
893:
890:
865:
862:
816:
813:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
713:
707:
698:
695:
673:
670:
668:
665:
629:
626:
606:
603:
599:
598:
588:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
511:
508:
500:viral envelope
495:
492:
464:There are two
459:negative-sense
433:Main article:
430:
427:
406:
403:
354:
353:
351:
350:
343:
336:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
250:1976 swine flu
246:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
230:2009 swine flu
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
201:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
146:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
127:
122:
121:
120:
109:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
93:
91:A/H1N1 subtype
83:
78:
73:
72:
71:
69:A/H5N1 subtype
60:
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8073:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8046:Bird diseases
8044:
8042:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8020:
8017:
8014:
8011:
8005:(2019βpresent
8004:
8001:
7998:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7986:
7983:
7980:
7979:Hong Kong flu
7977:
7974:
7971:
7968:
7965:
7962:
7959:
7956:
7953:
7950:
7947:
7944:
7941:
7938:
7935:
7932:
7929:
7926:
7923:
7920:
7917:
7914:
7911:
7908:
7905:
7902:
7899:
7896:
7893:
7890:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7872:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7847:
7844:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7808:
7807:Tonga measles
7805:
7802:
7799:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7787:
7784:
7781:
7778:
7777:Samoa measles
7775:
7772:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7757:
7754:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7701:
7698:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7635:Haiti cholera
7633:
7630:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7600:
7599:Iraqi cholera
7597:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7582:
7581:Indian dengue
7579:
7576:
7573:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7561:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7548:
7540:
7536:
7533:
7530:
7527:
7524:
7521:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7469:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7437:Guam smallpox
7435:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7399:
7396:
7393:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7302:
7295:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7275:
7274:Naples Plague
7272:
7269:
7266:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7236:
7233:
7232:London plague
7230:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7217:
7214:
7213:London plague
7211:
7208:
7205:
7202:
7201:London plague
7199:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7157:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7131:Plague of 664
7129:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7117:
7114:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7094:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7072:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7050:
7047:
7043:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7011:
7006:
7004:
6999:
6997:
6992:
6991:
6988:
6976:
6975:Toxoplasmosis
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6828:Aspergillosis
6826:
6825:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6752:Chick culling
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6732:Beak trimming
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6602:
6597:
6595:
6590:
6588:
6583:
6582:
6579:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6508:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6480:
6479:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6441:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6350:
6346:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6290:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6263:Parainfluenza
6261:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6099:EBV infection
6097:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6071:
6064:
6060:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5955:Poliomyelitis
5953:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5657:Vulvar cancer
5655:
5653:
5652:Penile cancer
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5585:
5583:
5578:
5576:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5498:Bronchiolitis
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5485:Complications
5482:
5472:
5471:Fujian (H5N1)
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5317:Pandemics and
5314:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5148:Social impact
5146:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:Global spread
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4860:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4694:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4655:United States
4649:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4477:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4110:on 2018-02-06
4109:
4105:
4099:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4060:. 1 June 2022
4059:
4055:
4049:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3990:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3949:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3910:(6): 520β32.
3909:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3752:(1): e29971.
3751:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3498:public domain
3480:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3328:
3326:9780810878587
3322:
3318:
3317:
3309:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3152:hemagglutinin
3146:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2760:. August 2020
2759:
2755:
2749:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1620:. 2024-04-19.
1619:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1205:Global impact
1202:
1189:
1183:
1172:
1170:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
991:Social impact
989:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
959:Global spread
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
938:
934:
933:
932:
929:
928:
927:
926:
922:
918:
917:
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904:
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872:
861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
843:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
812:
809:
805:
804:Other animals
801:
797:
795:
791:
786:
782:
779:
774:
770:
768:
764:
760:
711: Pacific
703:
694:
690:
688:
683:
679:
664:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
642:
639:
634:
625:
623:
619:
614:
611:
602:
596:
595:neuraminidase
592:
589:
586:
585:hemagglutinin
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
536:
535:
533:
529:
525:
516:
507:
505:
501:
491:
489:
485:
484:Neuraminidase
481:
478:
474:
473:Hemagglutinin
470:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
451:
441:
436:
426:
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419:
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113:2009 pandemic
111:
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107:
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101:
92:
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84:
82:
79:
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70:
67:
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62:
61:
58:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
33:
29:
22:
7831:Uganda Ebola
7568:
7550:21st century
7532:Surat plague
7502:NYC smallpox
7471:20th century
7376:19th century
7304:18th century
7225:17th century
7191:(1545, 1576)
7170:16th century
7113:Roman Plague
7082:(165β180 AD)
7076:(429β426 BC)
7023:and notable
6902:
6837:
6810:Rooster Flag
6795:Cockfighting
6747:Chick sexing
6697:Battery cage
6556:
6549:
6525:
6518:Pancreatitis
6500:
6488:
6476:
6464:
6457:
6438:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6387:
6366:
6329:
6315:
6276:
6269:
6255:
6249:
6239:
6216:
6210:
6190:
6176:
6162:
6133:
6109:
6091:
6046:Pericarditis
6038:
6007:
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5966:
5947:
5905:
5890:
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5857:
5836:
5819:Encephalitis
5788:
5761:
5742:
5721:
5687:
5673:
5634:
5620:
5528:Strep throat
5508:Otitis media
5465:
5085:India (2006)
4807:Reassortment
4717:
4716:
4692:
4654:
4653:
4639:Disease card
4624:
4623:
4595:
4594:
4568:
4567:
4546:
4542:
4523:
4514:
4488:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4418:(1): 63β72.
4415:
4411:
4381:
4377:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4314:
4305:
4295:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4203:
4199:
4189:
4178:. Retrieved
4174:
4164:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4112:. Retrieved
4108:the original
4098:
4087:. Retrieved
4083:
4073:
4062:. Retrieved
4057:
4048:
4005:
4001:
3977:. Retrieved
3972:
3942:cite journal
3907:
3903:
3893:
3882:. Retrieved
3880:. 2017-06-15
3877:
3835:(6): 555β9.
3832:
3828:
3818:
3807:. Retrieved
3803:
3794:
3749:
3745:
3735:
3724:. Retrieved
3720:
3711:
3700:. Retrieved
3696:
3686:
3675:. Retrieved
3664:The Guardian
3663:
3653:
3642:. Retrieved
3640:. 2024-06-10
3637:
3628:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3568:. Retrieved
3566:. 2024-06-03
3563:
3554:
3522:(1): 80β90.
3519:
3515:
3505:
3483:. Retrieved
3465:
3453:. Retrieved
3444:
3434:
3423:. Retrieved
3419:
3410:
3399:. Retrieved
3397:. 2024-06-03
3394:
3385:
3374:. Retrieved
3372:. 2023-10-10
3369:
3360:
3349:. Retrieved
3344:
3335:
3315:
3308:
3297:. Retrieved
3292:
3283:
3272:. Retrieved
3270:. 2017-06-15
3267:
3258:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3149:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3020:
3016:
3006:
2981:
2975:
2964:. Retrieved
2962:. 2023-03-15
2959:
2950:
2939:. Retrieved
2937:. 2023-02-02
2934:
2925:
2914:. Retrieved
2912:. 2024-06-05
2909:
2900:
2889:. Retrieved
2885:
2876:
2865:. Retrieved
2861:
2852:
2841:. Retrieved
2839:. 2024-02-01
2836:
2827:
2816:. Retrieved
2814:. 2024-05-30
2811:
2802:
2791:. Retrieved
2786:
2762:. Retrieved
2757:
2748:
2737:. Retrieved
2733:
2710:. Retrieved
2708:. 2024-05-15
2705:
2682:. Retrieved
2677:
2668:
2649:
2643:
2634:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2556:
2550:
2539:. Retrieved
2537:. 2022-12-12
2534:
2525:
2503:(2): 67β81.
2500:
2496:
2490:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2431:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2290:. Retrieved
2288:. 2024-02-27
2285:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2214:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2147:(1): 28β41.
2144:
2140:
2130:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:
2106:
2098:the original
2075:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1844:. Retrieved
1839:
1816:. Retrieved
1814:. 2023-03-30
1811:
1785:. Retrieved
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1734:. Retrieved
1732:. 2024-04-05
1729:
1720:
1709:. Retrieved
1707:. 2017-06-15
1704:
1695:
1673:(1): 19β38.
1670:
1666:
1640:. Retrieved
1636:
1626:
1617:
1594:. Retrieved
1592:. 2021-11-18
1589:
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1567:. 2024-02-01
1564:
1541:. Retrieved
1539:. 2023-10-10
1536:
1527:
1516:. Retrieved
1514:. 2022-12-13
1511:
1502:
1491:. Retrieved
1489:. 2022-06-14
1486:
1438:(1): 74β84.
1435:
1431:
1421:
1389:(1): 81β95.
1386:
1382:
1372:
1361:. Retrieved
1357:
1348:
1249:
1242:
1233:
1220:
1208:
1199:
1165:
1157:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1116:
1082:
1075:
1063:
1059:
1048:
902:
901:
896:
895:
869:
867:
864:Surveillance
847:
833:reassortment
827:facilitates
818:
803:
802:
798:
784:
783:
775:
771:
763:Anseriformes
758:
757:
691:
675:
667:Epidemiology
654:
643:
635:
631:
615:
608:
600:
590:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
538:
531:
527:
521:
497:
480:glycoprotein
471:
463:
448:
446:
420:
415:
411:
408:
395:
391:
387:asymptomatic
379:
366:
362:
358:
357:
63:
32:
8021:(2023β2024)
8015:(2022β2023)
7999:(2009β2010)
7987:(1977β1979)
7981:(1968β1970)
7975:(1961β1975)
7969:(1957β1958)
7963:(1919β1930)
7957:(1918β1920)
7955:Spanish flu
7951:(1899β1923)
7945:(1889β1890)
7943:Russian flu
7939:(1881β1896)
7933:(1863β1879)
7927:(1855β1860)
7921:(1852β1860)
7915:(1829β1851)
7909:(1816β1826)
7903:(1557β1559)
7833:(2022β2023)
7821:(2019β2020)
7815:(2019β2020)
7813:DRC measles
7767:(2018β2020)
7735:(2016β2022)
7723:(2015β2016)
7679:(2013β2016)
7673:(2013β2014)
7671:Chikungunya
7637:(2010β2019)
7631:(2009β2010)
7613:(2008β2017)
7607:(2008β2009)
7571:(2003β2005)
7559:(2002β2004)
7541:(1998β1999)
7522:(1972β1973)
7486:(1910β1911)
7480:(1900β1904)
7445:(1862β1863)
7415:(1847β1848)
7409:(1837β1838)
7391:(1813β1814)
7385:(1812β1819)
7355:(1793β1798)
7349:(1780β1782)
7337:(1770β1772)
7325:(1720β1722)
7319:(1710β1712)
7313:(1707β1708)
7289:(1675β1676)
7282:(1665β1666)
7264:(1647β1652)
7258:(1633β1644)
7246:(1629β1631)
7215:(1592β1593)
7209:(1592β1593)
7203:(1563β1564)
7197:(1557β1559)
7151:(1485β1551)
7145:(1346β1353)
7143:Black Death
7068: 1330
6950:Psittacosis
6935:Mycoplasmas
6883:Egg binding
6868:Coccidiosis
6863:Candidiasis
6666:Terminology
6415:Coronavirus
6156:Common cold
6068:acute viral
6051:Myocarditis
5895:(probable)
5647:Anal cancer
5513:Pharyngitis
5459:Non-mammals
5240:Laninamivir
5235:Oseltamivir
5223:Rimantadine
5051:2009 A/H1N1
4853:Influenza D
4848:Influenza C
4843:Influenza B
4838:Influenza A
4543:Food Policy
3804:www.who.int
3485:February 5,
3455:February 5,
2601:Virus Genes
1637:www.bbc.com
1358:www.who.int
1201:in humans.
831:by segment
821:RNA viruses
638:sialic acid
175:Rimantadine
165:Oseltamivir
160:Laninamivir
8035:Categories
7765:Kivu Ebola
7520:London flu
6945:Omphalitis
6888:Erysipelas
6790:Cockatrice
6702:Free range
6616:As poultry
6542:Urogenital
6408:Astrovirus
6368:Adenovirus
6192:SARS-CoV-2
5949:Poliovirus
5824:meningitis
5265:Umifenovir
5257:Peramivir
5218:Amantadine
5196:Treatments
4817:Flu season
4549:: 102068.
4180:2024-05-16
4114:2010-10-06
4089:2024-07-16
4064:2024-07-15
3979:2024-07-15
3884:2024-07-15
3809:2024-05-28
3726:2015-07-25
3702:2024-07-14
3697:CDC Museum
3677:2024-07-14
3644:2024-07-14
3570:2024-06-22
3425:2024-06-15
3401:2024-06-15
3376:2024-05-09
3351:2024-06-13
3299:2024-06-24
3274:2024-06-13
2966:2024-06-13
2941:2024-06-11
2916:2024-06-13
2891:2024-06-16
2867:2024-06-16
2843:2024-06-11
2818:2024-06-11
2793:2024-06-11
2739:2024-06-10
2712:2024-06-10
2684:2024-07-25
2650:Shorebirds
2541:2024-05-22
2456:(2): 262.
2292:2024-05-24
2121:2024-06-05
2013:: 912326.
1846:2024-05-06
1818:2024-05-22
1736:2024-05-22
1711:2024-05-21
1642:2024-05-08
1596:2024-05-09
1571:2024-05-03
1543:2024-05-09
1518:2024-05-06
1493:2024-05-06
1363:2024-05-16
1341:References
1196:Dairy cows
475:(H) is an
298:Flu season
180:Umifenovir
150:Amantadine
7997:Swine flu
7967:Asian flu
7885:(541β767)
7854:Argentina
7139:(735β737)
7133:(664β689)
7127:(638β639)
7121:(627β628)
7109:(541β542)
7099:classical
7088:(250β266)
7021:epidemics
7017:Pandemics
6960:Scaly leg
6805:Sarimanok
6689:Husbandry
6453:RNA virus
6434:DNA virus
6426:Hepatitis
6401:Norovirus
6389:Rotavirus
6383:RNA virus
6362:DNA virus
6308:Esophagus
6236:Influenza
6122:RNA virus
6084:DNA virus
5853:RNA virus
5832:DNA virus
5738:RNA virus
5616:DNA virus
5608:Oncovirus
5523:Sinusitis
5518:Pneumonia
5414:Non-human
5381:Epidemics
5328:Pandemics
5319:epidemics
5298:Pandemrix
5250:Zanamivir
5245:Peramivir
5182:2020β2022
5175:Outbreaks
5090:UK (2007)
5073:Outbreaks
5017:Pandemics
4797:Treatment
4773:Influenza
4491:(Report).
4412:EcoHealth
4354:154302060
4022:1080-6040
3672:0261-3077
1294:Influenza
1070:Hong Kong
984:2020β2024
949:Infection
877:influenza
842:pandemics
646:mutations
477:antigenic
455:RNA virus
363:avian flu
243:Outbreaks
198:Pandemics
185:Zanamivir
170:Peramivir
143:Treatment
118:Pandemrix
8061:Zoonoses
8003:COVID-19
7991:HIV/AIDS
7569:Bird flu
6955:Pullorum
6910:Gapeworm
6853:Botulism
6820:Diseases
6800:Kapparos
6757:Candling
6742:Hatchery
6646:Poularde
6551:BK virus
6354:diarrhea
6198:COVID-19
5940:Myelitis
5280:Vaccines
4865:subtypes
4787:Research
4613:Archived
4432:24136383
4306:ABC News
4287:29347001
4279:18619884
4270:10832898
4230:19481042
4156:18269323
4040:38640498
4031:11138980
3934:23614499
3857:34200426
3849:18477756
3786:22238686
3746:PLOS ONE
3620:23916331
3546:30148691
3479:Archived
3471:"Audenz"
3449:Archived
3445:BioSpace
3201:20568566
3145:16318689
3096:16306617
3047:20660197
2998:38840011
2935:BBC News
2631:19809872
2583:25007845
2517:30487536
2482:33567791
2428:20629046
2379:26184958
2344:37410755
2335:10325056
2263:16715581
2171:25417656
2094:21413353
2039:23091712
1988:27365089
1939:22291683
1888:20027280
1787:24 April
1781:Archived
1687:19618616
1462:27426214
1413:31848585
1255:See also
1239:Economic
1055:pandemic
996:Pandemic
935:subtype
886:zoonotic
838:zoonotic
785:Humans -
622:subclade
494:Subtypes
466:proteins
429:Virology
383:chickens
375:enzootic
367:bird flu
292:See also
106:Vaccines
21:Bird Flu
7053:Ancient
6925:Malaria
6898:Fowlpox
6785:As pets
6777:Culture
6712:Yarding
6656:Broiler
6651:Poussin
6624:As food
6608:Chicken
6304:Pharynx
5808:Central
5421:Mammals
5131:Vaccine
5109:Science
5044:Science
4826:Viruses
4792:Vaccine
4507:Orent W
4440:6701416
4221:7128855
3925:6652192
3777:3251608
3754:Bibcode
3611:4001451
3537:6363152
3473:. U.S.
3250:1579108
3192:2862331
3136:3366754
3087:1316012
3038:2937809
2764:15 June
2622:7088521
2473:7915228
2450:Viruses
2419:7169116
2254:3294708
2211:6969132
2202:2395936
2162:5619696
2030:3471417
1979:5935222
1930:3249889
1913:: 269.
1879:2794490
1453:5155642
1404:6992886
1169:culling
1162:Poultry
1113:, 2008.
1001:Vaccine
979:in 2007
974:in 2006
969:in 2005
964:in 2004
897:Poultry
892:Vaccine
873:(GISRS)
687:endemic
672:History
557:chicken
524:isolate
7897:(1510)
7875:Global
7856:(2024)
7839:(2023)
7827:(2020)
7809:(2019)
7803:(2019)
7797:(2019)
7791:(2019)
7785:(2019)
7779:(2019)
7773:(2018)
7761:(2018)
7755:(2018)
7748:(2018)
7741:(2017)
7729:(2016)
7717:(2015)
7711:(2015)
7705:(2014)
7699:(2014)
7693:(2014)
7686:(2014)
7667:(2013)
7661:(2013)
7655:(2012)
7649:(2012)
7643:(2011)
7625:(2009)
7619:(2009)
7601:(2007)
7595:(2006)
7589:(2006)
7583:(2006)
7577:(2005)
7565:(2003)
7534:(1994)
7528:(1974)
7516:(1972)
7510:(1963)
7504:(1947)
7498:(1937)
7492:(1924)
7463:(1894)
7457:(1871)
7451:(1870)
7439:(1856)
7433:(1854)
7427:(1853)
7421:(1853)
7413:Typhus
7403:(1829)
7397:(1813)
7368:Modern
7343:(1772)
7331:(1738)
7296:(1679)
7276:(1656)
7270:(1655)
7252:(1633)
7240:(1623)
7234:(1603)
7185:(1520)
7179:(1510)
7162:modern
6636:Breeds
6629:Dishes
5968:HTLV-I
5913:Rabies
5763:HTLV-I
5438:Equine
5433:Feline
5428:Canine
5303:Audenz
5293:Brands
4718:Europe
4530:
4438:
4430:
4352:
4285:
4277:
4267:
4228:
4218:
4154:
4038:
4028:
4020:
3932:
3922:
3855:
3847:
3784:
3774:
3670:
3618:
3608:
3544:
3534:
3323:
3248:
3241:372859
3238:
3199:
3189:
3143:
3133:
3094:
3084:
3045:
3035:
2996:
2982:Nature
2656:
2629:
2619:
2581:
2571:
2515:
2480:
2470:
2426:
2416:
2377:
2342:
2332:
2261:
2251:
2209:
2199:
2169:
2159:
2092:
2082:
2037:
2027:
1986:
1976:
1937:
1927:
1886:
1876:
1685:
1590:GOV.UK
1460:
1450:
1411:
1401:
1230:Stigma
1107:Xining
903:Humans
825:genome
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
488:enzyme
81:Equine
76:Canine
7160:Early
7115:(590)
7097:Post-
7045:Local
6873:Colds
6641:Capon
6564:Mumps
6323:Mumps
6293:Human
5723:MCPyV
5503:Croup
5466:Avian
5450:Swine
4998:H11N9
4993:H11N2
4988:H10N8
4983:H10N7
4978:H10N3
4436:S2CID
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