Swine influenza - Knowledge

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flu, where 18 of the 19 were determined to have lowered immune systems. Because of this, many mothers who have just given birth are strongly encouraged to get a flu shot because their immune systems are vulnerable. Also, studies have shown that people between the ages of 15 and 44 have the highest rate of infection. Although most people now recover, having any conditions that lower one's immune system increases the risk of having the flu become potentially lethal. In Northern Ireland now, approximately 56% of all people under 65 who are entitled to the vaccine have gotten the shot, and the outbreak is said to be under control.

694: 539: 1001:. As well as persisting in pigs, the descendants of the 1918 virus have also circulated in humans through the 20th century, contributing to the normal seasonal epidemics of influenza. However, direct transmission from pigs to humans is rare, with only 12 recorded cases in the U.S. since 2005. Nevertheless, the retention of influenza strains in pigs after these strains have disappeared from the human population might make pigs a reservoir where influenza viruses could persist, later emerging to reinfect humans once human immunity to these strains has waned. 291: 928:

but all of the subtypes are continuously circulating in swine herds. In the EU region whole-virus vaccines are available which are inactivated and adjuvanted. Vaccination of sows is common practice and reveals also a benefit to young pigs by prolonging the maternally level of antibodies. Several commercial vaccines are available including a trivalent one being used in sow vaccination and a vaccine against pdmH1N1(2009). In vaccinated sows multiplication of viruses and virus shedding are significantly reduced.

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vaccines. Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses. The United States Department of Agriculture researchers say while pig vaccination keeps pigs from getting sick, it does not block infection or shedding of the virus.

1150:(ILI) was reportedly widespread among the pigs exhibited at the fair. Of the 25 swine exhibitors aged 9 to 19 at the fair, 19 tested positive for antibodies to SIV, but no serious illnesses were seen. The virus was able to spread between people, since one to three health care personnel who had cared for the pregnant woman developed mild, influenza-like illnesses, and antibody tests suggested they had been infected with swine flu, but there was no community outbreak. 788: 51: 282:, in turn causing economic loss to farmers. Infected pigs can lose up to 12 pounds of body weight over a three- to four-week period. Influenza A is responsible for infecting swine and was first identified in 1918. Because both avian and mammalian influenza viruses can bind to receptors in pigs, pigs have often been seen as "mixing vessels", facilitating the evolution of strains that can be passed on to other mammals, such as humans. 974:, when pigs became ill at the same time as humans. The first identification of an influenza virus as a cause of disease in pigs occurred about ten years later, in 1930. For the following 60 years, swine influenza strains were almost exclusively H1N1. Then, between 1997 and 2002, new strains of three different subtypes and five different genotypes emerged as causes of influenza among pigs in North America. In 1997–1998, 531: 478:

in 2004 at the University of Iowa. This study, among others, forms the basis of a recommendation that people whose jobs involve handling poultry and swine be the focus of increased public health surveillance. Other professions at particular risk of infection are veterinarians and meat processing workers, although the risk of infection for both of these groups is lower than that of farm workers.

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includes not adding pigs carrying influenza to herds that have not been exposed to the virus. The virus survives in healthy carrier pigs for up to three months and can be recovered from them between outbreaks. Carrier pigs are usually responsible for the introduction of SIV into previously uninfected herds and countries, so new animals should be

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cause. According to science writer Patrick Di Justo, however, by the time the truth was known—that the deaths were not proven to be related to the vaccine—it was too late. "The government had long feared mass panic about swine flu—now they feared mass panic about the swine flu vaccinations." This became a strong setback to the program.

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Americans. This could be due to several factors. Historically, there has been mistrust of vaccines and of the medical community from African Americans. Many African Americans do not believe vaccines or doctors to be effective. This mistrust stems from the exploitation of the African American communities during studies like the

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and some other islands. Makeshift flu clinics were opened in Malé. Schools in the capital were closed, prison visitations suspended, several events cancelled, and all non-essential travel to other islands outside the capital was advised against by the HPA. An influenza vaccination program focusing on

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disorder, affecting some people who had received swine flu immunizations. Although whether a link exists is still not clear, this syndrome may be a side effect of influenza vaccines. As a result, Di Justo writes, "the public refused to trust a government-operated health program that killed old people

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said he felt tired and weak. He died the next day, and four of his fellow soldiers were later hospitalized. Two weeks after his death, health officials announced the cause of death was a new strain of swine flu. The strain, a variant of H1N1, is known as A/New Jersey/1976 (H1N1). It was detected only

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In Europe the avian-like H1N1 and the human-like H3N2 and H1N2 are the most common influenza subtypes in swine, of which avian-like H1N1 is the most frequent. Since 2009 another subtype, pdmH1N1(2009), emerged globally and also in European pig population. The prevalence varies from country to country

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strategies for SIV control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined, only 41 isolates had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to three commercial SIV

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program was plagued by delays and public relations problems. On October 1, 1976, immunizations began, and three senior citizens died soon after receiving their injections. This resulted in a media outcry that linked these deaths to the immunizations, despite the lack of any proof the vaccine was the

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Influenza viruses infect both humans and pigs, but do not infect birds. Transmission between pigs and humans have occurred in the past. For example, influenza C caused small outbreaks of a mild form of influenza amongst children in Japan and California. As a result of the limited host range and lack

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can co-occur. Vaccination of these workers against influenza and surveillance for new influenza strains among this population may therefore be an important public health measure. Transmission of influenza from swine to humans who work with swine was documented in a small surveillance study performed

1364:) to G4 EA H1N1 and found 35 (10.4%) positive. Among another 230 people screened who did not work in the swine industry, 10 (4.4%) were serum positive for antibodies indicating exposure. Two cases of infection caused by the G4 variant have been documented as of July 2020, with no confirmed cases of 1194:

Since November 2009, 14 deaths as a result of swine flu in Northern Ireland have been reported. The majority of the deceased were reported to have pre-existing health conditions which had lowered their immunity. This closely corresponds to the 19 patients who had died in the year prior due to swine

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If a human becomes sick with swine flu, antiviral drugs can make the illness milder and make the patient feel better faster. They may also prevent serious flu complications. For treatment, antiviral drugs work best if started soon after getting sick (within two days of symptoms). Beside antivirals,

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between 2011 and 2018. While other variants of the virus have appeared and diminished, the study claimed the G4 variant has sharply increased since 2016 to become the predominant strain. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs rebutted the study, saying that the media had interpreted

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analysis of more recent strains of influenza in humans, birds, and other animals including swine suggests the 1918 outbreak in humans followed a reassortment event within a mammal, the exact origin of the 1918 strain remains elusive. It is estimated that anywhere from 50 to 100 million people

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either from swine to humans, or from humans to swine. Although it is not certain in which direction the virus was transferred, some evidence suggests that in this case pigs caught the disease from humans. For instance, swine influenza was only noted as a new disease of pigs in 1918 after the first

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In the aftermath of the 2009 pandemic, several studies were conducted to see which population groups were most likely to have received an influenza vaccine. These studies demonstrated that caucasians are much more likely to be vaccinated for seasonal influenza and for the H1N1 strain than African

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Around the mid-20th century, the identification of influenza subtypes was made possible, allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. Since then, only 50 such transmissions have been confirmed. These strains of swine flu rarely pass from human to human. Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in

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In 1998, swine flu was found in pigs in four U.S. states. Within a year, it had spread through pig populations across the United States. Scientists found this virus had originated in pigs as a recombinant form of flu strains from birds and humans. This outbreak confirmed that pigs can serve as a

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Facility management includes using disinfectants and ambient temperature to control viruses in the environment. They are unlikely to survive outside living cells for more than two weeks, except in cold (but above freezing) conditions, and are readily inactivated by disinfectants. Herd management

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has resulted in inconsistent responses to traditional vaccines. Standard commercial swine flu vaccines are effective in controlling the infection when the virus strains match enough to have significant cross-protection, and custom (autogenous) vaccines made from the specific viruses isolated are

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Prevention of swine influenza has three components: prevention in pigs, prevention of transmission to humans, and prevention of its spread among humans. Proper handwashing techniques can prevent the virus from spreading. Individuals can prevent infection by not touching the eyes, nose, or mouth,

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Overall, there were 1098 cases of GBS recorded nationwide by CDC surveillance, 532 of which occurred after vaccination and 543 before vaccination. About one to two cases per 100,000 people of GBS occur every year, whether or not people have been vaccinated. The vaccination program seems to have

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As swine influenza is rarely fatal to pigs, little treatment beyond rest and supportive care is required. Instead, veterinary efforts are focused on preventing the spread of the virus throughout the farm or to other farms. Vaccination and animal management techniques are most important in these

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can be another infection control tactic. Individuals should avoid other people who might be infected or if infected themselves isolate from others for the duration of the infection. During active outbreaks, avoiding large gatherings, increasing physical distance in public places, or if possible

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Recompensation charges were filed for over 4,000 cases of severe vaccination damage, including 25 deaths, totaling US$ 3.5 billion, by 1979. The CDC stated most studies on modern influenza vaccines have seen no link with GBS, Although one review gives an incidence of about one case per million

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may also increase the risk of transmission, as the pigs are raised in very close proximity to each other. Direct transfer of the virus probably occurs though pigs touching noses or through dried mucus. Airborne transmission through the aerosols produced by pigs coughing or sneezing are also an

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such as the eyes, nose, or mouth during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, as these are common entry points for flu viruses. Swine flu cannot be spread by pork products, since the virus is not transmitted through food. The swine flu in humans is most contagious during the first five days of the illness,

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when dealing with infected animals. The use of vaccines on swine to prevent their infection is a major method of limiting swine-to-human transmission. Risk factors that may contribute to the swine-to-human transmission include smoking and, especially, not wearing gloves when working with sick

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The transmission from swine to humans is believed to occur mainly in swine farms, where farmers are in close contact with live pigs. Although strains of swine influenza are usually not able to infect humans, it may occasionally happen, so farmers and veterinarians are encouraged to use face

949:(Relenza) for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses; however, the majority of people infected with the virus make a full recovery without requiring medical attention or antiviral drugs. The virus isolated in the 2009 outbreak have been found resistant to 1255:. As of 22 April 2015 the Nepal Ministry of Health reported that 2,498 people had been treated in Jajarkot, of whom 552 were believed to have swine flu, and acknowledged that the government's response had been inadequate. The Jajarkot outbreak had just been declared an emergency when the 1203:

Swine flu outbreaks were reported in India in late 2014 and early 2015. As of March 19, 2015 the disease has affected 31,151 people and claimed over 1,841 lives. The largest number of reported cases and deaths due to the disease occurred in the western part of India including states like

1131:, covering close to 100 million doses of H1N1 flu vaccine, found only 11 cases of GBS, which is lower than the normal rate of the disease in China: "The risk-benefit ratio, which is what vaccines and everything in medicine is about, is overwhelmingly in favor of vaccination." 1226:

There was another outbreak in India in 2017. The states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were the worst affected. Gujarat high court has given Gujarat government instructions to control deaths by swine flu. 1,090 people died of swine flu in India in 2019 until August 31, 2019.

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in humans, usually with limited distribution, rarely with a widespread distribution. Outbreaks in swine are common and cause significant economic losses in industry, primarily by causing stunting and extended time to market. For example, this disease costs the British

1144:. Barbara died eight days later, after developing pneumonia. The only pathogen identified was an H1N1 strain of swine influenza virus. Doctors were able to induce labor and deliver a healthy daughter before she died. Her husband recovered from his symptoms. 1333:) stated that "G4 EA H1N1 viruses possess all the essential hallmarks of being highly adapted to infect humans ... Controlling the prevailing G4 EA H1N1 viruses in pigs and close monitoring of swine working populations should be promptly implemented." 4679:

Wells DL, Hopfensperger DJ, Arden NH, Harmon MW, Davis JP, Tipple MA, Schonberger LB (1991). "Swine influenza virus infections. Transmission from ill pigs to humans at a Wisconsin agricultural fair and subsequent probable person-to-person transmission".

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crucible where novel influenza viruses emerge as a result of the reassortment of genes from different strains. Genetic components of these 1998 triple-hybrid strains would later form six out of the eight viral gene segments in the 2009 flu outbreak.

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Schonberger LB, Bregman DJ, Sullivan-Bolyai JZ, Keenlyside RA, Ziegler DW, Retailliau HF, et al. (August 1979). "Guillain-Barre syndrome following vaccination in the National Influenza Immunization Program, United States, 1976--1977".

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Influenza can spread in coughs or sneezes, but an increasing body of evidence shows small droplets containing the virus can linger on tabletops, telephones, and other surfaces and be transferred via the fingers to the eyes, nose, or mouth.

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Pigs are unusual because they can be infected with influenza strains that usually infect three different species: pigs, birds, and humans. Within pigs, influenza viruses may exchange genes and produce novel strains. Avian influenza virus

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The swine flu was initially seen in the US in April 2009, where the strain of the particular virus was a mixture from 3 types of strains. Six of the genes are very similar to the H1N2 influenza virus that was found in pigs around 2000.

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In September 1988, a swine flu virus killed one woman and infected others. A 32-year-old woman, Barbara Ann Wieners, was eight months pregnant when she and her husband, Ed, became ill after visiting the hog barn at a county fair in

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who have either been in contact with persons with confirmed swine flu, or who were in one of the five U.S. states that have reported swine flu cases or in Mexico during the seven days preceding their illness onset." A diagnosis of

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as the method of choice for diagnosing H1N1. The oral or nasal fluid collection and RNA virus-preserving filter-paper card is commercially available. This method allows a specific diagnosis of novel influenza (H1N1) as opposed to

310:, and two were known to be previously healthy. No medical history was reported for the remaining case The true rate of infection may be higher, as most cases only cause a very mild disease and may never be reported or diagnosed. 681:(PB2 and PA) lineages. In August 2012, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed 145 human cases (113 in Indiana, 30 in Ohio, one in Hawaii and one in Illinois) of H3N2v since July 2012. The death of a 61-year-old 901:

Although there is no formal national surveillance system in the United States to determine what viruses are circulating in pigs, an informal surveillance network in the United States is part of a world surveillance network.

669:, the H1N1 subtype was exclusively prevalent among swine populations before 1998. Since late August 1998, H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs. As of 2004, H3N2 virus isolates in US swine and turkey stocks were triple 893:. Additionally, vaccines are typically administered in clinics, hospitals, or doctor's offices. Many people of lower socioeconomic status are less likely to receive vaccinations because they do not have health insurance. 522:, where avian flu had broken out, five of the pig samples contained the H5N1 virus. The Indonesian government found similar results in the same region, though additional tests of 150 pigs outside the area were negative. 1117:

and crippled young people." In total, 48,161,019 Americans, or just over 22% of the population, had been immunized by the time the National Influenza Immunization Program was effectively halted on December 16, 1976.

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supportive care at home or in a hospital focuses on controlling fevers, relieving pain and maintaining fluid balance, as well as identifying and treating any secondary infections or other medical problems. The U.S.

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work well to destroy viruses and bacteria. Anyone with flu-like symptoms, such as a sudden fever, cough, or muscle aches, should stay away from work or public transportation and should contact a doctor for advice.

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Influenza spreads between humans when infected people cough or sneeze, then other people breathe in the virus or touch something with the virus on it and then touch their own face. The CDC warned against touching

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The swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is rare and does not always lead to human illness, often resulting only in the production of

1375:) say the virus should be monitored, particularly among those in close contact with pigs, but it is not an immediate threat. There are no reported cases or evidence of the virus outside of China as of July 2020. 5818: 318: 223:. There were 18,449 confirmed fatalities. However, in a 2012 study, the CDC estimated more than 284,000 possible fatalities worldwide, with numbers ranging from 150,000 to 575,000. In August 2010, the 2133:

Vicente J, León-Vizcaíno L, Gortázar C, José Cubero M, González M, Martín-Atance P (July 2002). "Antibodies to selected viral and bacterial pathogens in European wild boars from southcentral Spain".

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swine flu). Fifty cases are known to have occurred since the first report in medical literature in 1958, which have resulted in a total of six deaths. Of these six people, one was pregnant, one had

1093:, which spread simultaneously, also caused illness, and persisted until March. Alarmed public health officials decided action must be taken to head off another major pandemic, and urged President 1089:

This new strain appeared to be closely related to the strain involved in the 1918 flu pandemic. Moreover, the ensuing increased surveillance uncovered another strain in circulation in the U.S.:

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Researchers of MIT have claimed that the swine flu has mutated in India to a more virulent version with changes in Hemagglutinin protein, contradicting earlier research by Indian researchers.

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Thermal imaging camera and screen, photographed in an airport terminal in Greece – thermal imaging can detect elevated body temperature, one of the signs of the virus H1N1 (swine influenza).

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Kaplan JE, Katona P, Hurwitz ES, Schonberger LB (August 1982). "Guillain-Barré syndrome in the United States, 1979-1980 and 1980-1981. Lack of an association with influenza vaccination".

840:, especially after being out in public. Chance of transmission is also reduced by disinfecting household surfaces, which can be done effectively with a diluted chlorine bleach solution. 550:

is roughly spherical. It is an enveloped virus; the outer layer is a lipid membrane which is taken from the host cell in which the virus multiplies. Inserted into the lipid membrane are

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although some people, most commonly children, can remain contagious for up to ten days. Diagnosis can be made by sending a specimen, collected during the first five days, for analysis.

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important means of infection. The virus usually spreads quickly through a herd, infecting all the pigs within just a few days. Transmission may also occur through wild animals, such as

3584:"European surveillance network for influenza in pigs: surveillance programs, diagnostic tools and Swine influenza virus subtypes identified in 14 European countries from 2010 to 2013" 4300:

Retailliau HF, Curtis AC, Storr G, Caesar G, Eddins DL, Hattwick MA (March 1980). "Illness after influenza vaccination reported through a nationwide surveillance system, 1976-1977".

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Influenza B and C viruses are almost exclusively isolated from man, although influenza C virus has also been isolated from pigs and influenza B has recently been isolated from seals.

745:)). Because much of the illness and death associated with swine flu involves secondary infection by other pathogens, control strategies that rely on vaccination may be insufficient. 6095: 6090: 5415: 322:

In this video, Dr. Joe Bresee, with CDC's Influenza Division, describes the symptoms of swine flu and warning signs to look for that indicate the need for urgent medical attention.

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Kay RM, Done SH, Paton DJ (August 1994). "Effect of sequential porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and swine influenza on the growth and performance of finishing pigs".

562:(NA). The combination of HA and NA proteins determine the subtype of influenza virus (A/H1N1, for example). HA and NA are important in the immune response against the virus, and 219:, 11–21% of the then global population (of about 6.8 billion), equivalent to around 700 million to 1.4 billion people, contracted the illness—more, in absolute terms, than the 315: 448:

The main route of transmission is through direct contact between infected and uninfected animals. These close contacts are particularly common during animal transport.

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Influenza is common in pigs. About half of breeding pigs in the USA have been exposed to the virus. Antibodies to the virus are also common in pigs in other countries.

3044:"CDC H1N1 Flu | Interim Guidance on Specimen Collection, Processing, and Testing for Patients with Suspected Novel Influenza A (H1N1) (Swine Flu) Virus Infection" 4229: 1235:

Swine flu outbreaks were reported in Nepal in the spring of 2015. Up to April 21, 2015, the disease had claimed 26 lives in the most severely affected district,

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Kimura H, Abiko C, Peng G, Muraki Y, Sugawara K, Hongo S, et al. (April 1997). "Interspecies transmission of influenza C virus between humans and pigs".

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swine flu requires not only symptoms, but also a high likelihood of swine flu due to the person's recent and past medical history. For example, during the

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woman is the first in the USA associated with a new swine flu strain. She contracted the illness after having contact with hogs at the Ross County Fair.

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and other responsible authorities have action plans which may request or require social distancing actions, depending on the severity of the outbreak.

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the study "in an exaggerated and nonfactual way" and that the number of pigs sampled was too small to demonstrate G4 had become the dominant strain.

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efforts. Antibiotics are also used to treat the disease, which, although they have no effect against the influenza virus, do help prevent bacterial

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has not been reported in pigs. Within influenza A and influenza C, the strains found in pigs and humans are largely distinct, although because of

5043: 1325: 5729: 3556: 2468: 5019: 1409: 5744: 2428:"Genetic analysis of human H2N2 and early H3N2 influenza viruses, 1957-1972: evidence for genetic divergence and multiple reassortment events" 5230: 384: 3459: 5357: 3242: 4557: 3909: 2596: 5267: 5204: 1962: 1413: 938: 329: 1528: 6540: 4781: 2718:"Antigenic and genetic characterization of influenza C viruses which caused two outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998" 1291:

As of March 16, 2017, over a hundred confirmed cases of swine flu and at least six deaths were reported in the Maldivian capital of

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from human, swine and avian viruses, have become a major cause of swine influenza in North America. Reassortment between H1N1 and

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distancing from others who display symptoms of the cold or flu, and avoiding contact with others when displaying symptoms.

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4 (G4) Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 virus that mainly affects pigs, but there is some evidence of it infecting people. A

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Methods of preventing the spread of influenza among swine include facility management, herd management, and vaccination (

5441: 3413: 2514: 2037:"The potential role of concentrated animal feeding operations in infectious disease epidemics and antibiotic resistance" 6218: 2813: 1341: 5300:"Prevalent Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus with 2009 pandemic viral genes facilitating human infection" 5092: 6390: 6385: 6192: 4865: 4419: 2492: 665:. In pigs, four influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H1N2, H3N2 and H7N9) are the most common strains worldwide. In the 388: 5122: 1706:"Swine influenza virus: zoonotic potential and vaccination strategies for the control of avian and swine influenzas" 6498: 6453: 2896:"Isolation and characterization of novel H3N1 swine influenza viruses from pigs with respiratory diseases in Korea" 1077: 807:

animals, thereby increasing the likelihood of subsequent hand-to-eye, hand-to-nose, or hand-to-mouth transmission.

387:, the CDC advised physicians to "consider swine influenza infection in the differential diagnosis of patients with 1300:

to the Maldives during his Asian tour was also cancelled last minute amidst fears over the outbreak of swine flu.

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Vana G, Westover KM (June 2008). "Origin of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus: a comparative genomic analysis".

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struck on 25 April 2015, diverting all medical and emergency resources to quake-related rescue and recovery.

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in China and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, increasing fears of the emergence of new variant strains.

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infection with influenza virus endemic in these animals, and constitute a population of human hosts in which

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These H5N1 infections may be common. In a survey of 10 apparently healthy pigs housed near poultry farms in

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McKinney WP, Volkert P, Kaufman J (January 1990). "Fatal swine influenza pneumonia during late pregnancy".

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Swine can be infected by both avian and human flu strains of influenza, and therefore are hosts where the

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People who work with poultry and swine, especially those with intense exposures, are at increased risk of

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Ginsberg M, Hopkins J, Maroufi A, Dunne G, Sunega DR, Giessick J, McVay P, et al. (22 April 2009).

1345: 1141: 2475: 2330:"Are swine workers in the United States at increased risk of infection with zoonotic influenza virus?" 1463: 1170:, Philippines. The mortality rate is less than 10% for swine flu, unless there are complications like 628:

there have been transfers of genes among strains crossing swine, avian, and human species boundaries.

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Myers KP, Olsen CW, Setterquist SF, Capuano AW, Donham KJ, Thacker EL, et al. (January 2006).

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increased this normal risk of developing GBS by about to one extra case per 100,000 vaccinations.

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and preventing the release of viruses from host cells. Also embedded in the lipid membrane is the

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This article is about influenza viruses in pigs. For the 2009 outbreak originating in Mexico, see

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Rahman MT, Sobur MA, Islam MS, Ievy S, Hossain MJ, El Zowalaty ME, et al. (September 2020).

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On August 20, 2007, Department of Agriculture officers investigated the outbreak of swine flu in

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show a single dose creates enough antibodies to protect against the virus within about 10 days.

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of genetic diversity in influenza C, this form of influenza does not cause pandemics in humans.

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Lynch JP, Walsh EE (April 2007). "Influenza: evolving strategies in treatment and prevention".

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Matsuzaki Y, Sugawara K, Mizuta K, Tsuchiya E, Muraki Y, Hongo S, et al. (February 2002).

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swine flu requires laboratory testing of a respiratory sample (a simple nose and throat swab).

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swine flu. People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infections.

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surveillance program screened 338 swine production workers in China for exposure (presence of

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Control of swine influenza by vaccination has become more difficult in recent decades, as the

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Lipatov AS, Govorkova EA, Webby RJ, Ozaki H, Peiris M, Guan Y, et al. (September 2004).

5264:"CDC takes action to prepare against 'G4' swine flu viruses in China with pandemic potential" 4561: 3975: 3917: 3890: 3692: 2821: 2612: 2018: 1417: 711: 420: 307: 4440:

Haber P, Sejvar J, Mikaeloff Y, DeStefano F (2009). "Vaccines and Guillain-Barré syndrome".

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Patterson KD, Pyle GF (1991). "The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic".

3535:"Swine influenza A (H1N1) infection in two children – Southern California, March–April 2009" 3165: 2835:

Ma W, Vincent AL, Gramer MR, Brockwell CB, Lager KM, Janke BH, et al. (December 2007).

693: 6233: 5311: 4051: 4004: 3595: 2945:"Interspecies and intraspecies transmission of triple reassortant H3N2 influenza A viruses" 2848: 2549: 682: 220: 4907: 1555:"First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration" 741: 8: 6293: 6177: 5894: 4785: 3534: 3203:"Serologic and genetic characterization of North American H3N2 swine influenza A viruses" 2495:. University of Minnesota: Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. 27 May 2005 1349: 1344:, stated in July 2020 that this strain of influenza virus was not new and had been under 921: 400: 58: 5315: 4055: 4008: 3780:

Olsen CW (May 2002). "The emergence of novel swine influenza viruses in North America".

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Gray GC, McCarthy T, Capuano AW, Setterquist SF, Olsen CW, Alavanja MC (December 2007).

6697: 6692: 6425: 6367: 6114: 5884: 5847: 5705: 5541: 5529: 5499: 5474: 5334: 5299: 4738: 4465: 4378: 4343: 4313: 4205: 4180: 4153: 4126: 4077: 3963: 3867: 3842: 3669: 3642: 3618: 3583: 3510: 3485: 3282: 3257: 3219: 3202: 2971: 2944: 2920: 2895: 2871: 2836: 2790: 2655: 2630: 2572: 2537: 2403: 2378: 2354: 2329: 2305: 2280: 2256: 2231: 2168: 2110: 2085: 2061: 2036: 1851: 1826: 1795: 1768: 1510: 1025:

in humans was associated with H1N1 and influenza appearing in pigs; this may reflect a

833: 832:

Recommendations to prevent the spread of the virus among humans include using standard

707: 538: 5764:

Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy – Novel H1N1 influenza resource list

5657: 5632: 5579: 5554: 4782:"Video Segments 3,4,5 in Flu Factories: Tracing the Origins of the Swine Flu Pandemic" 3793: 3095:"Micronics Acquires License to Biosearch Technologies' Nucleic Acid Assay Chemistries" 2742: 2717: 2691: 1498: 290: 6677: 6448: 6377: 5935: 5889: 5697: 5662: 5619: 5584: 5570: 5533: 5504: 5389: 5339: 4716: 4715:

Gangurde HH, Gulecha VS, Borkar VS, Mahajan MS, Khandare RA, Mundada AS (July 2011).

4697: 4640: 4599: 4539: 4500: 4496: 4457: 4453: 4405: 4382: 4317: 4264: 4210: 4158: 4104: 4069: 4020: 3955: 3872: 3797: 3759: 3749: 3731: 3674: 3623: 3515: 3287: 3224: 3140: 3043: 2976: 2925: 2876: 2794: 2782: 2747: 2695: 2660: 2604: 2577: 2449: 2408: 2359: 2310: 2261: 2212: 2160: 2115: 2066: 1908: 1856: 1800: 1727: 1681: 1663: 1514: 1502: 1453: 1384: 1044: 1022: 998: 971: 852: 758: 579: 449: 361: 216: 205: 133: 77: 5778: 5725:

Official swine flu advice and latest information from the UK National Health Service

5709: 5545: 5385:"Swine flu strain with human pandemic potential increasingly found in pigs in China" 4742: 4469: 3967: 2172: 994:

crossed the species barrier from birds to pigs, but was contained on a single farm.

6590: 6535: 6525: 6463: 6127: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5930: 5687: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5609: 5598:"Avian and swine influenza viruses: our current understanding of the zoonotic risk" 5574: 5566: 5525: 5494: 5486: 5329: 5319: 4728: 4689: 4630: 4591: 4531: 4492: 4449: 4420:"Swine Flu 1976 | Swine flu 'debacle' of 1976 is recalled – Los Angeles Times" 4374: 4309: 4200: 4192: 4148: 4138: 4081: 4059: 4012: 3947: 3862: 3854: 3789: 3741: 3706: 3664: 3654: 3613: 3603: 3582:

Simon G, Larsen LE, Dürrwald R, Foni E, Harder T, Van Reeth K, et al. (2014).

3505: 3497: 3277: 3269: 3256:

Ramirez A, Capuano AW, Wellman DA, Lesher KA, Setterquist SF, Gray GC (June 2006).

3214: 3115: 3072: 2966: 2956: 2915: 2907: 2866: 2856: 2774: 2737: 2729: 2687: 2650: 2642: 2567: 2557: 2439: 2398: 2390: 2349: 2341: 2300: 2292: 2251: 2243: 2202: 2150: 2142: 2105: 2097: 2056: 2048: 2035:

Gilchrist MJ, Greko C, Wallinga DB, Beran GW, Riley DG, Thorne PS (February 2007).

1846: 1838: 1790: 1780: 1717: 1653: 1494: 1312: 1268: 997:

The H1N1 form of swine flu is one of the descendants of the strain that caused the

970:

Swine influenza was first proposed to be a disease related to human flu during the

621: 617: 613: 360:, sneezing, runny nose, coughing, dizziness, abdominal pain, lack of appetite, and 129: 117: 5358:"Recently publicized swine flu not new, under surveillance since 2011: WHO expert" 4535: 3187: 2733: 2646: 2379:"Genetic evolution of swine influenza A (H3N2) viruses in China from 1970 to 2006" 2247: 1785: 1658: 1641: 6563: 5179:"Swine flu spreads across Punjab, 3 more patients identified in Multan, Pakistan" 4339: 3643:"Influenza A Virus in Swine: Epidemiology, Challenges and Vaccination Strategies" 3608: 2562: 817: 795: 678: 508: 4258: 4016: 2444: 2427: 1983: 856:

remaining at home as much as is feasible can prevent further spread of disease.

332:(CDC), in humans the symptoms of the 2009 "swine flu" H1N1 virus are similar to 6302: 5909: 5490: 5304:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4595: 2894:

Shin JY, Song MS, Lee EH, Lee YM, Kim SY, Kim HK, et al. (November 2006).

2841:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2232:"Pandemic influenza planning: shouldn't swine and poultry workers be included?" 2146: 1900: 1584: 1248: 1220: 1209: 845: 837: 824: 583: 279: 5692: 5675: 3309:"Q & A: Key facts about swine influenza (swine flu) – Spread of Swine Flu" 2538:"Designing inhibitors of M2 proton channel against H1N1 swine influenza virus" 2517:. University of Minnesota: Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy 1936: 1874: 6666: 6595: 6458: 5614: 5597: 4658: 3659: 3552: 3501: 3417: 3371: 3350: 3308: 2608: 1745: 1506: 1372: 1357: 1113: 1010: 857: 803: 702: 666: 575: 559: 555: 424: 5827: 5754:

Worried about swine flu? Then you should be terrified about the regular flu.

5324: 4733: 4518:

Vellozzi C, Burwen DR, Dobardzic A, Ball R, Walton K, Haber P (March 2009).

4143: 2961: 2861: 2837:"Identification of H2N3 influenza A viruses from swine in the United States" 1178:

and five regions of Luzon after the disease spread to backyard pig farms in

6605: 6228: 5904: 5701: 5623: 5588: 5537: 5446: 5343: 5100: 4693: 4543: 4461: 4363: 4268: 4214: 4196: 4162: 4073: 4024: 3876: 3858: 3801: 3763: 3678: 3627: 3519: 3291: 3273: 3228: 2980: 2929: 2880: 2786: 2751: 2664: 2581: 2453: 2412: 2363: 2314: 2296: 2265: 2216: 2164: 2119: 2101: 2070: 1912: 1860: 1804: 1731: 1667: 1175: 979: 736: 670: 625: 551: 474: 62: 5666: 5508: 5068:"Swine flu kills over 1,000 Indians in 2017, worst outbreak since 2009-10" 4701: 4644: 4603: 4504: 4321: 4108: 3959: 2778: 2699: 2207: 2190: 1958: 1934: 1408: 298:

Direct transmission of a swine flu virus from pigs to humans is possible (

68:

photographed at the CDC Influenza Laboratory. The viruses are 80–120

6610: 6337: 6332: 6320: 6122: 5130: 4386: 4127:"From where did the 2009 'swine-origin' influenza A virus (H1N1) emerge?" 3951: 2911: 2394: 1320: 1296:

pregnant women was initiated thereafter. An official visit by Saudi King

1171: 1163: 1101: 1094: 1082: 954: 942: 593: 412: 364:. During the 2009 outbreak, an elevated percentage of patients reporting 349: 275: 271: 189: 4336:"Historical National Population Estimates: July 1, 1900 to July 1, 1999" 4064: 4039: 566:

against these spikes may protect against infection. The antiviral drugs

6568: 6486: 6362: 6315: 6310: 5914: 5231:"Woman dies in second H1N1 fatality as cases rise above 100 – Maldives" 2132: 1311:, also known as the G4 swine flu virus (G4) is a swine influenza virus 1308: 1280: 1279:, in January 2017. Cases of swine flu were also reported in Lahore and 950: 836:, which includes frequent washing of hands with soap and water or with 787: 767: 589: 586: 5416:"China says G4 swine flu virus not new; does not infect humans easily" 2155: 50: 6620: 6615: 6395: 6354: 6347: 6342: 5870: 5631:

Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y (March 1992).

5298:

Sun H, Xiao Y, Liu J, Wang D, Li F, Wang C, et al. (July 2020).

4938: 4635: 4618: 3329: 2052: 1240: 1213: 1031: 946: 917: 749: 674: 609: 519: 454: 404: 333: 173: 94: 69: 5810: 4519: 3351:"Q & A: Key facts about swine influenza (swine flu) – Diagnosis" 2377:

Yu H, Hua RH, Zhang Q, Liu TQ, Liu HL, Li GX, Tong GZ (March 2008).

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Hampson AW, Mackenzie JS (November 2006). "The influenza viruses".

5205:"Makeshift flu clinics swamped as H1N1 cases rise to 82 – Maldives" 4851: 4829: 4807: 4764:"CDC Confirms Ties to Virus First Discovered in U.S. Pig Factories" 3745: 2345: 1842: 1722: 1705: 1361: 1316: 1272: 1236: 1183: 1070: 1026: 1005: 697:

Thermal scanning of passengers arriving at Singapore Changi airport

563: 470: 466: 416: 369: 365: 353: 303: 299: 263: 259: 255: 228: 197: 165: 164:

in the blood. If transmission causes human illness, it is called a

161: 121: 2493:"Indonesian pigs have avian flu virus; bird cases double in China" 1074:

from January 19 to February 9 and did not spread beyond Fort Dix.

6530: 5733: 4836: 4408:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. September 14, 2009. 1252: 1239:

in Northwest Nepal. Cases were also detected in the districts of

1217: 1179: 874: 571: 567: 267: 209: 193: 5758: 5020:"Maharashtra and Gujarat See Highest Number of Swine Flu Deaths" 4619:"Fatal case of swine influenza virus in an immunocompetent host" 3738:

The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary

3640: 1827:"Cases of swine influenza in humans: a review of the literature" 1682:"Key Facts about Swine Influenza (Swine Flu) in Pigs | CDC" 1292: 427:. Fatalities are more likely in young children and the elderly. 6400: 5822: 5768: 5676:"Influenza in animals: its possible public health significance" 5442:"4 reasons not to worry about that 'new' swine flu in the news" 2715: 2086:"Confined animal feeding operations as amplifiers of influenza" 1276: 1244: 1030:

large outbreaks of influenza amongst people. Although a recent

978:

strains emerged. These strains, which include genes derived by

732: 605: 547: 408: 357: 181: 4482: 3740:. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. p. 75. 3732:

Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats (2005).

2278: 6600: 4678: 4439: 3693:"WHO | Pandemic (H1N1) 2009: Frequently asked questions" 3431: 1935:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (April 27, 2009).

1205: 1167: 1097:

that every person in the U.S. be vaccinated for the disease.

753: 530: 345: 341: 251: 235: 201: 185: 97: 5839: 5759:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Swine Flu

5123:"Lab Test on three samples from Jajarkot confirms swine flu" 5044:"Control swine flu deaths: Gujarat high court to government" 4714: 2327: 5730:

8 minute video answering common questions about the subject

4558:"Last Year's (2009) H1N1 Flu Vaccine Was Safe, Study Finds" 4517: 4299: 4260:

The Swine Flu Affair: Decision-Making on a Slippery Disease

3532: 3353:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 24 April 2009 3322: 3311:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 24 April 2009 3255: 2943:

Yassine HM, Al-Natour MQ, Lee CW, Saif YM (November 2007).

2034: 1090: 987: 983: 975: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 512: 504: 500: 488: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 5773: 5741:

Numeric analysis and approximation of current active cases

5552: 4406:"General Questions and Answers on Guillain–Barré syndrome" 3201:

Gramer MR, Lee JH, Choi YK, Goyal SM, Joo HS (July 2007).

5630: 4179:

Gaydos JC, Top FH, Hodder RA, Russell PK (January 2006).

3641:

Mancera Gracia JC, Pearce DS, Masic A, Balasch M (2020).

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are available for different kinds of swine flu. The U.S.

496: 125: 4181:"Swine influenza a outbreak, Fort Dix, New Jersey, 1976" 3483: 3406: 2834: 1186:, even if they tested negative for the swine flu virus. 375:

Because these symptoms are not specific to swine flu, a

93:

is an infection caused by any of several types of swine

4040:"Molecular virology: was the 1918 flu avian in origin?" 3581: 2942: 1348:

since 2011. Almost 30,000 swine had been monitored via

4844:"The Humane Society of the United States Video Portal" 4822:"The Humane Society of the United States Video Portal" 4800:"The Humane Society of the United States Video Portal" 4581: 4178: 3891:"U.S. pork groups urge hog farmers to reduce flu risk" 1529:"CDC estimate of global H1N1 pandemic deaths: 284,000" 1414:"The Universal Virus Database, version 4: Influenza A" 1125:

vaccinations, a large study in China, reported in the

757:

created and used in the more difficult cases. Present

481: 5724: 4866:"DA probes reported swine flu 'outbreak' in N. Ecija" 3557:"Animals: The world's best (and cheapest) biosensors" 3439:"FDA Approves Vaccines for 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus" 3141:"Pig | Description, Breeds, & Facts | Britannica" 2677: 1069:

On February 5, 1976, a United States army recruit at

16:

Infection caused by influenza viruses endemic to pigs

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Chandra S, Bisht N (2010-03-01). "Swine Influenza".

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

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April 2009 1004:Swine flu has been reported numerous times as a 352:, watery eyes, body aches, shortness of breath, 4814: 3775: 3773: 3258:"Preventing zoonotic influenza virus infection" 2535: 2426:Lindstrom SE, Cox NJ, Klimov A (October 2004). 2229: 2184: 2182: 1907:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1452:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 1326:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 234:Subsequent cases of swine flu were reported in 5633:"Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses" 5297: 4560:. Wunderground.com. 2011-02-02. Archived from 4174: 4172: 4038:Antonovics J, Hood ME, Baker CH (April 2006). 3452: 2893: 1824: 1410:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 1303: 677:(HA, NA, and PB1), swine (NS, NP, and M), and 457:, which can spread the disease between farms. 250:In pigs, a swine influenza infection produces 5855: 5376: 4992:"The Swine Flu Virus Has Mutated Dangerously" 4094: 4050:(7088): E9, discussion E9-E9, discussion 10. 3980:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( 3843:"1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics" 2628: 2467:World Health Organization (28 October 2005). 2376: 1930: 1928: 1746:"Key Facts about Swine Influenza (Swine Flu)" 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 798:can occur that create new influenza strains. 511:. In August 2004, researchers in China found 128:. As of 2009, identified SIV strains include 5779:Medical Encyclopedia Medline Plus: Swine Flu 5408: 4908:"New mothers urged to get swine flu vaccine" 4617:Kimura K, Adlakha A, Simon PM (March 1998). 3994: 3988: 3937: 3770: 3477: 3303: 3301: 2711: 2709: 2272: 2179: 1984:"Swine flu can damage kidneys, doctors find" 1959:"Study: Swine flu resembles feared 1918 flu" 1811: 1748:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1703: 1688: 1484: 1315:discovered in China. The virus is a variant 385:2009 swine flu outbreak in the United States 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 4887:"Gov't declares hog cholera alert in Luzon" 4672: 4610: 4575: 4169: 3841:Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006). 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 2512: 740: 240:31,156 positive test cases and 1,841 deaths 5862: 5848: 5435: 5433: 5350: 5268:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3901: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3526: 3120:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2764: 2188: 1925: 1825:Myers KP, Olsen CW, Gray GC (April 2007). 1620: 1267:Seven cases of swine flu were reported in 939:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 330:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 49: 44:Pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu, pig flu 5691: 5656: 5613: 5595: 5578: 5498: 5472: 5333: 5323: 4774: 4732: 4634: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4204: 4152: 4142: 4063: 3866: 3668: 3658: 3617: 3607: 3509: 3298: 3281: 3218: 3168:. 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Archived from 5282: 5249: 5093:"One more dies of swine flu in Jajarkot" 4756: 3827: 2460: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1390:Risk assessment for organic swine health 1336:Michael Ryan, executive director of the 1189: 1076: 823: 786: 692: 537: 529: 312: 289: 5792:EU coordination on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 5673: 5430: 4275: 4227: 4120: 4118: 3720: 3207:Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 3065:"RNASound (TM) RNA Sampling Cards (25)" 2808: 2806: 2804: 2629:Bouvier NM, Palese P (September 2008). 2622: 2084:Saenz RA, Hethcote HW, Gray GC (2006). 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 783:Prevention of pig-to-human transmission 6665: 5153:"Swine flu outbreak kills 24 in Nepal" 4393: 3907: 3814: 3330:"CDC H1N1 Flu | H1N1 Flu and You" 3243:"Swine flu: The predictable pandemic?" 2594: 1976: 1198: 6652:US influenza statistics by flu season 5843: 5382: 4934:"Swine flu toll inches towards 1,900" 3997:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3808: 3779: 3707:"Antiviral Drugs and Swine Influenza" 3539:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 3372:"Swine Influenza (Flu) Investigation" 2995:"CDC confirms 145 cases of swine flu" 2758: 2002: 1443: 245: 5749:World Organisation for Animal Health 4925: 4115: 3551: 2801: 1704:Thacker E, Janke B (February 2008). 1424: 294:Main symptoms of swine flu in humans 5790:European Commission – Public Health 4966:"Swine Flu Claims Over 1,700 Lives" 4931: 4283:"The Last Great Swine Flu Epidemic" 4097:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1157: 542:Main symptoms of swine flu in swine 482:Interaction with avian H5N1 in pigs 258:, discharge from the nose or eyes, 13: 6647:2017–2018 United States flu season 5555:"Influenza: emergence and control" 5530:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00705.x 5465: 4422:. Articles.latimes.com. 2009-04-27 4379:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112795 4314:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112896 3460:"NIH studies on Swine flu vaccine" 2631:"The biology of influenza viruses" 2513:Roos Robert, ed. (31 March 2009). 2090:Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 1710:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 399:The most common cause of death is 14: 6714: 6386:Live attenuated influenza vaccine 5718: 4257:Neustadt RE, Fineberg HV (1978). 3490:American Journal of Public Health 3015: 2041:Environmental Health Perspectives 990:. In 1999 in Canada, a strain of 599: 389:acute febrile respiratory illness 5686:(4): 239–42, discussion 247–48. 5571:10.1128/JVI.78.17.8951-8959.2004 5518:The Medical Journal of Australia 5223: 5197: 5171: 5145: 5115: 5085: 5060: 5036: 5012: 4998: 4984: 4958: 4900: 4879: 4858: 4497:10.1001/jama.1982.03330060038030 4454:10.2165/00002018-200932040-00005 4367:American Journal of Epidemiology 4302:American Journal of Epidemiology 2900:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2722:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2469:"H5N1 avian influenza: timeline" 2383:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2189:Gray GC, Kayali G (April 2009). 1642:"An overview of swine influenza" 1286: 1262: 1085:receives a swine flu vaccination 608:of influenza viruses that cause 23:. For the 2009 human virus, see 5769:Pandemic Flu US Government Site 5129:. 15 April 2015. Archived from 5099:. 21 April 2015. Archived from 4708: 4651: 4550: 4511: 4476: 4433: 4412: 4357: 4328: 4293: 4250: 4221: 4088: 4031: 3931: 3883: 3699: 3685: 3647:Frontiers in Veterinary Science 3634: 3575: 3545: 3385: 3364: 3343: 3249: 3235: 3194: 3172: 3166:"Swine flu virus turns endemic" 3158: 3133: 3108: 3097:. 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Centers for Disease Control 2734:10.1128/JCM.40.2.422-429.2002 2692:10.1016/S0168-1702(96)01427-X 2647:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.039 2597:"Swine influenza: a zoonosis" 2248:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.03.036 1786:10.3390/microorganisms8091405 1659:10.1080/01652176.2006.9695207 1499:10.1016/S0976-0016(12)60003-9 1230: 924:in influenza-weakened herds. 883:National Institutes of Health 838:alcohol-based hand sanitizers 717: 582:, which is the target of the 415:(from excessive vomiting and 215:It is estimated that, in the 6703:Vaccine-preventable diseases 5680:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 4185:Emerging Infectious Diseases 3914:Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow 3847:Emerging Infectious Diseases 3609:10.1371/journal.pone.0115815 3262:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2997:. FoxNews.com. 9 August 2012 2601:Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow 2563:10.1371/journal.pone.0009388 2334:Clinical Infectious Diseases 2285:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2135:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1831:Clinical Infectious Diseases 1371:Health officials (including 1298:Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 1134: 1058: 1053: 1038: 965: 905: 879:Food and Drug Administration 688: 525: 460: 403:. Other causes of death are 110:swine-origin influenza virus 7: 5674:Winkler WG (October 1970). 5440:de Jesus GE (2 July 2020). 4659:"Key Facts About Swine Flu" 4017:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.003 3734:"1: The Story of Influenza" 2526:report on pigs as carriers. 2445:10.1016/j.virol.2004.06.009 1450:The Merck Veterinary Manual 1378: 1366:human-to-human transmission 1304:2020 G4 EA H1N1 publication 1257:April 2015 Nepal earthquake 931: 773: 430: 208:, shortness of breath, and 118:influenza family of viruses 10: 6719: 6219:Transmission and infection 5491:10.1177/014107688207501010 4596:10.1001/archinte.150.1.213 3414:"Self protection measures" 3186:. Novartis. Archived from 2147:10.7589/0090-3558-38.3.649 1342:Health Emergencies Program 1142:Walworth County, Wisconsin 1062: 1042: 960: 910: 867: 18: 6634: 6581: 6556: 6518: 6511: 6499:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017) 6477: 6439:Influenza pandemic (1557) 6434:Influenza pandemic (1510) 6424: 6413: 6376: 6301: 6292: 6272: 6263: 6206: 6170: 6161: 6141: 6113: 6104: 5959: 5923: 5877: 5804: 5739:Swine flu charts and maps 5693:10.7589/0090-3558-6.4.239 4344:U.S. Bureau of the Census 1716:(Supplement 1): S19–S24. 1356:Between 2016 and 2018, a 1338:World Health Organization 870:2009 flu pandemic vaccine 616:being common in pigs and 534:Structure of H1N1 Virion. 285: 225:World Health Organization 76: 57: 48: 40: 35: 6541:2007 Australian outbreak 5786:EU response to influenza 5383:Cohen J (29 June 2020). 4848:videos.humanesociety.org 4826:videos.humanesociety.org 4804:videos.humanesociety.org 3660:10.3389/fvets.2020.00647 3502:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300133 1646:The Veterinary Quarterly 1395: 1275:, mainly in the city of 726: 673:, containing genes from 574:target NA by inhibiting 6328:Neuraminidase inhibitor 5637:Microbiological Reviews 5325:10.1073/pnas.1921186117 5235:maldivesindependent.com 5209:maldivesindependent.com 4734:10.4103/0975-8453.86300 4623:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 4342:: Population Division, 4144:10.1186/1743-422X-6-207 3954:(inactive 2024-03-02). 2962:10.1186/1743-422X-4-129 2862:10.1073/pnas.0710286104 1877:. YouTube. 2009-04-28. 1110:Guillain–Barré syndrome 1065:1976 swine flu outbreak 1035:were killed worldwide. 1016: 227:declared the swine flu 21:2009 swine flu pandemic 6642:Influenza-like illness 6311:Adamantane derivatives 5615:10.1051/vetres:2006062 5418:. Reuters. 4 July 2020 4932:PTI (March 19, 2015). 4694:10.1001/jama.265.4.478 4197:10.3201/eid1201.050965 3916:: 1–11. Archived from 3859:10.3201/eid1201.050979 3541:. 58 (Dispatch) (1–3). 3274:10.3201/eid1206.051576 2818:Swine Diseases (Chest) 2297:10.3201/eid1312.061323 2102:10.1089/vbz.2006.6.338 1939:. Health Alert Network 1581:"Pandemic (H1N1) 2009" 1148:Influenza-like illness 1108:There were reports of 1086: 941:recommends the use of 829: 791: 698: 543: 535: 377:differential diagnosis 338:influenza-like illness 325: 295: 178:influenza-like illness 25:Pandemic H1N1/09 virus 6673:Animal viral diseases 6492:1989–1990 UK outbreak 6454:Asian flu (1957-1958) 3940:The Veterinary Record 3462:. NIH. Archived from 3416:. LHC. Archived from 3046:. Cdc.gov. 2009-05-13 2822:Iowa State University 2779:10.1055/s-2007-976487 2208:10.3382/ps.2008-00335 2019:"Influenza Factsheet" 1961:. MSNBC. 2009-07-13. 1190:2009 Northern Ireland 1080: 827: 790: 696: 541: 533: 421:electrolyte imbalance 321: 293: 102:Swine influenza virus 6459:Hong Kong flu (1968) 6251:Pandemic preparation 5796:Combating H3N2 Virus 5596:Van Reeth K (2007). 4854:on October 16, 2009. 4832:on October 16, 2009. 4788:on October 13, 2009. 3952:10.1136/vr.135.9.199 3020:. AP. Archived from 2912:10.1128/JCM.00904-06 2641:(Suppl 4): D49–D53. 2395:10.1128/JCM.01257-07 1420:on January 13, 2010. 1112:(GBS), a paralyzing 1091:A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) 922:secondary infections 714:are in development. 683:Madison County, Ohio 268:difficulty breathing 221:Spanish flu pandemic 132:and the subtypes of 66:H1N1 influenza virus 5602:Veterinary Research 5559:Journal of Virology 5316:2020PNAS..11717204S 5310:(29): 17204–17210. 5133:on 12 February 2016 4770:on August 23, 2009. 4065:10.1038/nature04824 4056:2006Natur.440E...9A 4009:2008MolPE..47.1100V 3600:2014PLoSO...9k5815S 3466:on October 13, 2009 2853:2007PNAS..10420949M 2847:(52): 20949–20954. 2554:2010PLoSO...5.9388D 1199:2015 and 2019 India 712:point-of-care tests 701:The CDC recommends 401:respiratory failure 340:. Symptoms include 238:in 2015, with over 59:Electron microscope 6449:Spanish flu (1918) 6368:Baloxavir marboxil 6193:West Bengal (2008) 6128:1977 (Russian flu) 6123:1918 (Spanish flu) 5185:. 14 February 2008 5048:The Times of India 4233:The New York Times 3821:The New York Times 3190:on April 30, 2009. 3145:www.britannica.com 3075:on 10 January 2016 1587:on April 28, 2009. 1561:. 20 November 2019 1087: 830: 792: 708:seasonal influenza 699: 544: 536: 326: 308:Hodgkin's lymphoma 296: 246:Signs and symptoms 210:general discomfort 83:Infectious disease 6660: 6659: 6577: 6576: 6507: 6506: 6487:Fujian flu (H3N2) 6409: 6408: 6288: 6287: 6259: 6258: 6214:Genetic structure 6157: 6156: 5961:Influenza A virus 5900:Genome sequencing 5837: 5836: 5565:(17): 8951–8959. 5266:(Press release). 4946:on March 20, 2015 4810:on July 26, 2011. 4530:(15): 2114–2120. 3908:Heinen P (2003). 3755:978-0-309-09504-4 3024:on 31 August 2012 2906:(11): 3923–3927. 2814:"Swine Influenza" 2481:on July 27, 2011. 2291:(12): 1871–1878. 2242:(22): 4376–4381. 1684:. 3 October 2018. 1459:978-1-4421-6742-1 1446:"Swine influenza" 1385:COVID-19 pandemic 1045:2009 flu pandemic 1023:1918 flu pandemic 999:1918 flu pandemic 972:1918 flu pandemic 853:Social distancing 834:infection control 818:mucosal membranes 450:Intensive farming 319: 231:officially over. 217:2009 flu pandemic 88: 87: 30:Medical condition 6710: 6683:Health disasters 6591:Acute bronchitis 6516: 6515: 6469:Swine flu (2009) 6464:1977 Russian flu 6422: 6421: 6358: 6299: 6298: 6270: 6269: 6168: 6167: 6133:2009 (Swine flu) 6111: 6110: 5931:Orthomyxoviridae 5864: 5857: 5850: 5841: 5840: 5802: 5801: 5784:Health-EU portal 5713: 5695: 5670: 5660: 5627: 5617: 5592: 5582: 5549: 5524:(S10): S39–S43. 5512: 5502: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5437: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5337: 5327: 5295: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5260: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5074:. 26 August 2017 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4994:. 12 March 2015. 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4942:. Archived from 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4850:. Archived from 4840: 4834: 4833: 4828:. Archived from 4818: 4812: 4811: 4806:. Archived from 4796: 4790: 4789: 4784:. Archived from 4778: 4772: 4771: 4766:. Archived from 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4736: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4638: 4636:10.4065/73.3.243 4614: 4608: 4607: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4402: 4391: 4390: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4289:. 28 April 2009. 4279: 4273: 4272: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4235:. Archived from 4225: 4219: 4218: 4208: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4156: 4146: 4131:Virology Journal 4122: 4113: 4112: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4067: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4003:(3): 1100–1110. 3992: 3986: 3985: 3979: 3971: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3897:. 26 April 2009. 3887: 3881: 3880: 3870: 3838: 3825: 3824: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3777: 3768: 3767: 3729: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3672: 3662: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3621: 3611: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3559:. Archived from 3549: 3543: 3542: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3513: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3379: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3337: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3285: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3222: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3071:. Archived from 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2974: 2964: 2949:Virology Journal 2940: 2934: 2933: 2923: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2874: 2864: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2810: 2799: 2798: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2745: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2658: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2611:. Archived from 2592: 2586: 2585: 2575: 2565: 2533: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2500: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2474:. Archived from 2473: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2447: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2406: 2389:(3): 1067–1075. 2374: 2368: 2367: 2357: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2308: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2259: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2210: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2158: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2113: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2064: 2053:10.1289/ehp.8837 2032: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2015: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1990:. April 14, 2010 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1932: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1901:"H1N1 Influenza" 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1854: 1837:(8): 1084–1088. 1822: 1809: 1808: 1798: 1788: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1725: 1701: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1661: 1637: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1605:. Archived from 1595: 1589: 1588: 1583:. Archived from 1577: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1466:on March 4, 2016 1462:. Archived from 1444:Wells T (2008). 1441: 1422: 1421: 1416:. Archived from 1406: 1323:paper from the 1158:2007 Philippines 796:antigenic shifts 744: 320: 53: 33: 32: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6630: 6573: 6552: 6503: 6473: 6418: 6416: 6405: 6372: 6356: 6303:Antiviral drugs 6284: 6255: 6241:Human mortality 6234:clinical trials 6202: 6153: 6137: 6100: 5964: 5962: 5955: 5919: 5873: 5868: 5838: 5833: 5832: 5813: 5721: 5716: 5485:(10): 799–811. 5468: 5466:Further reading 5463: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5438: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5364:on July 3, 2020 5356: 5355: 5351: 5296: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5262: 5261: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5237:. 16 March 2017 5229: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5211:. 15 March 2017 5203: 5202: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5159:. 22 April 2015 5151: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5077: 5075: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5052: 5050: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5028: 5026: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4972:. 12 March 2015 4964: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4930: 4926: 4917: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4892: 4890: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4871: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4713: 4709: 4677: 4673: 4664: 4662: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4615: 4611: 4580: 4576: 4567: 4565: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4516: 4512: 4481: 4477: 4438: 4434: 4425: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4394: 4362: 4358: 4349: 4347: 4340:Washington D.C. 4334: 4333: 4329: 4298: 4294: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4255: 4251: 4242: 4240: 4226: 4222: 4177: 4170: 4123: 4116: 4093: 4089: 4036: 4032: 3993: 3989: 3973: 3972: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3921: 3906: 3902: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3839: 3828: 3813: 3809: 3778: 3771: 3756: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3710: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3639: 3635: 3594:(12): e115815. 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3550: 3546: 3531: 3527: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3444: 3442: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3421: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3398: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3377: 3375: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3356: 3354: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3335: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3268:(6): 997–1000. 3254: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3199: 3195: 3184:Custom Vaccines 3178: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3150: 3148: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3125: 3123: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3100: 3098: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2941: 2937: 2892: 2888: 2833: 2829: 2812: 2811: 2802: 2763: 2759: 2714: 2707: 2676: 2672: 2627: 2623: 2615:on 6 May 2009. 2593: 2589: 2534: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2511: 2507: 2498: 2496: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2471: 2465: 2461: 2424: 2420: 2375: 2371: 2326: 2322: 2277: 2273: 2228: 2224: 2195:Poultry Science 2187: 2180: 2131: 2127: 2082: 2078: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1968: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1933: 1926: 1917: 1915: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1882: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1823: 1812: 1765: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1702: 1689: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1638: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1487:Apollo Medicine 1483: 1479: 1469: 1467: 1460: 1442: 1425: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1381: 1306: 1289: 1265: 1233: 1201: 1192: 1160: 1137: 1081:U.S. President 1067: 1061: 1056: 1047: 1041: 1019: 968: 963: 934: 913: 908: 899: 872: 866: 780: 729: 720: 710:. Near-patient 691: 643: 634: 602: 528: 509:antigenic shift 484: 463: 443: 438: 433: 356:, weight loss, 323: 313: 288: 248: 91:Swine influenza 36:Swine influenza 31: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6716: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6688:Swine diseases 6685: 6680: 6675: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6638: 6636: 6635:Related topics 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6587: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6533: 6528: 6522: 6520: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6483: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6430: 6428: 6419: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6357:(experimental) 6352: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6307: 6305: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6198:2020s outbreak 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6178:Croatia (2005) 6174: 6172: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6119: 6117: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5910:Superinfection 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5881: 5879: 5878:General topics 5875: 5874: 5867: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5844: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5814: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805:Classification 5799: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5742: 5736: 5727: 5720: 5719:External links 5717: 5715: 5714: 5671: 5643:(1): 152–179. 5628: 5608:(2): 243–260. 5593: 5550: 5513: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5429: 5407: 5375: 5349: 5281: 5248: 5222: 5196: 5170: 5144: 5114: 5097:nepalaawaj.com 5084: 5059: 5035: 5011: 4997: 4983: 4957: 4924: 4899: 4878: 4857: 4835: 4813: 4791: 4773: 4755: 4727:(2): 110–124. 4707: 4688:(4): 478–481. 4671: 4650: 4629:(3): 243–245. 4609: 4590:(1): 213–215. 4574: 4549: 4510: 4491:(6): 698–700. 4475: 4448:(4): 309–323. 4432: 4411: 4392: 4373:(2): 105–123. 4356: 4327: 4308:(3): 270–278. 4292: 4274: 4249: 4220: 4168: 4114: 4087: 4030: 3987: 3946:(9): 199–204. 3930: 3900: 3882: 3826: 3807: 3788:(2): 199–210. 3782:Virus Research 3769: 3754: 3746:10.17226/11150 3719: 3698: 3684: 3633: 3574: 3555:(2007-03-13). 3544: 3525: 3476: 3451: 3430: 3405: 3384: 3363: 3342: 3321: 3297: 3248: 3234: 3213:(3): 201–206. 3193: 3171: 3157: 3132: 3107: 3086: 3069:fortiusbio.com 3056: 3035: 3008: 2986: 2935: 2886: 2827: 2800: 2773:(2): 144–158. 2757: 2728:(2): 422–429. 2705: 2680:Virus Research 2670: 2621: 2587: 2528: 2505: 2484: 2459: 2438:(1): 101–119. 2418: 2369: 2346:10.1086/498977 2320: 2271: 2222: 2201:(4): 880–884. 2178: 2141:(3): 649–652. 2125: 2096:(4): 338–346. 2076: 2047:(2): 313–316. 2027: 2001: 1975: 1950: 1924: 1891: 1866: 1843:10.1086/512813 1810: 1773:Microorganisms 1759: 1737: 1723:10.1086/524988 1687: 1673: 1619: 1590: 1572: 1546: 1535:. 27 June 2012 1520: 1477: 1458: 1423: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1380: 1377: 1305: 1302: 1288: 1285: 1264: 1261: 1232: 1229: 1221:Andhra Pradesh 1210:Madhya Pradesh 1200: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1159: 1156: 1136: 1133: 1063:Main article: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1043:Main article: 1040: 1037: 1018: 1015: 967: 964: 962: 959: 933: 930: 912: 909: 907: 904: 898: 895: 891:Tuskegee study 868:Main article: 865: 862: 813: 812: 785: 784: 779: 772: 728: 725: 719: 716: 690: 687: 642: 639: 633: 630: 601: 600:Classification 598: 546:The influenza 527: 524: 483: 480: 462: 459: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 425:kidney failure 287: 284: 247: 244: 86: 85: 80: 74: 73: 55: 54: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6715: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6596:Bronchiolitis 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6583:Complications 6580: 6570: 6569:Fujian (H5N1) 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6500: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6415:Pandemics and 6412: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6246:Social impact 6244: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6224:Global spread 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5958: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5860: 5858: 5853: 5851: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5471: 5470: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5436: 5434: 5417: 5411: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5379: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5270:. 2 July 2020 5269: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5132: 5128: 5127:infonepal.com 5124: 5118: 5103:on 2016-01-30 5102: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5008:. 2015-02-17. 5007: 5001: 4993: 4987: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4888: 4882: 4867: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4660: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4564:on 2011-06-29 4563: 4559: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4421: 4415: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4239:on 2013-05-21 4238: 4234: 4231: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4173: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4119: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3983: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3920:on 2009-05-06 3919: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3774: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3708: 3702: 3694: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3563:on 2014-08-19 3562: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3496:(7): 1252–5. 3495: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3440: 3434: 3420:on 2009-10-31 3419: 3415: 3409: 3394: 3388: 3373: 3367: 3352: 3346: 3331: 3325: 3310: 3304: 3302: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3245:. 2009-04-29. 3244: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3167: 3161: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3096: 3090: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3045: 3039: 3023: 3019: 3012: 2996: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2710: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2516: 2509: 2494: 2488: 2477: 2470: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2183: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1763: 1747: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1683: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1609:on 2022-08-16 1608: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1401: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1376: 1374: 1373:Anthony Fauci 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1321:peer-reviewed 1318: 1314: 1310: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1287:2017 Maldives 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1263:2016 Pakistan 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1196: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1132: 1130: 1129: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1114:neuromuscular 1111: 1106: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1051: 1046: 1036: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1011:meat industry 1007: 1002: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 958: 956: 952: 948: 945:(Tamiflu) or 944: 940: 929: 925: 923: 919: 903: 894: 892: 886: 884: 880: 876: 871: 861: 859: 858:Public health 854: 850: 847: 841: 839: 835: 826: 822: 819: 810: 809: 808: 805: 799: 797: 789: 782: 781: 778: 777: 771: 769: 763: 760: 755: 751: 746: 743: 738: 734: 724: 715: 713: 709: 704: 703:real-time PCR 695: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 667:United States 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 638: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 604:Of the three 597: 595: 591: 588: 585: 581: 577: 576:neuraminidase 573: 569: 565: 561: 560:neuraminidase 557: 556:hemagglutinin 553: 549: 540: 532: 523: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 503:evolved from 502: 498: 494: 490: 479: 476: 472: 468: 458: 456: 451: 446: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 395: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 311: 309: 305: 301: 292: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 243: 241: 237: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 169: 167: 163: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 96: 92: 84: 81: 79: 75: 71: 67: 64: 61:image of the 60: 56: 52: 47: 43: 39: 34: 26: 22: 6626:Strep throat 6606:Otitis media 6547: 6183:India (2006) 5905:Reassortment 5817: 5683: 5679: 5640: 5636: 5605: 5601: 5562: 5558: 5521: 5517: 5482: 5478: 5451:. Retrieved 5447:Science News 5445: 5420:. Retrieved 5410: 5398:. Retrieved 5388: 5378: 5366:. Retrieved 5362:the original 5352: 5307: 5303: 5272:. Retrieved 5239:. Retrieved 5234: 5225: 5213:. Retrieved 5208: 5199: 5187:. Retrieved 5183:dunyanews.tv 5182: 5173: 5161:. Retrieved 5156: 5147: 5135:. Retrieved 5131:the original 5126: 5117: 5105:. Retrieved 5101:the original 5096: 5087: 5076:. Retrieved 5072:Moneycontrol 5071: 5062: 5051:. Retrieved 5047: 5038: 5027:. Retrieved 5023: 5014: 5000: 4986: 4974:. Retrieved 4969: 4960: 4948:. Retrieved 4944:the original 4937: 4927: 4916:. Retrieved 4914:. 2011-01-10 4911: 4902: 4891:. Retrieved 4889:. Gmanews.tv 4881: 4870:. Retrieved 4868:. Gmanews.tv 4860: 4852:the original 4847: 4838: 4830:the original 4825: 4816: 4808:the original 4803: 4794: 4786:the original 4776: 4768:the original 4758: 4746:. Retrieved 4724: 4720: 4710: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4663:. Retrieved 4653: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4566:. 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