402:) are two other methods used to detect proteins (or antigens) in serum. In each of these techniques, the antibodies for the protein of interest are added and the presence of the specific protein is indicated by a color change. ELISA was shown to have higher sensitivity to the HEF than the HI test. Because only Influenza viruses C and D produce esterase, In Situ Esterase Assays provide a quick and inexpensive method of detecting just Types C and D. If more individuals were tested for Influenza virus C as well as the other three types, infections not previously associated with Type C may be recognized.
42:
55:
280:. Influenza C virus is not as easily isolated so less information is known of this type, but studies show that it occurs worldwide. Influenza C virus currently has six lineages, which were estimated to have emerged around 1896 AD.Metatranscriptomics studies also have identified closely related "Influenza C and D-like" viruses in several amphibian and fish species suggesting the potential for divergent influenza C/D like viruses circulating in aquatic systems.
3524:
287:(non-living material) due to its ability to survive on surfaces for short durations. As with all respiratory pathogens once presumed to transmit via respiratory droplets, it is highly likely to be carried by the aerosols generated during routine breathing, talking, and even singing. Influenza viruses have a relatively short
322:
against that infectious agent. This is the body's main source of protection. Most children between five and ten years old have already produced antibodies for influenza virus C. As with all influenza viruses, type C affects individuals of all ages but is most severe in young children, the elderly and
268:
over 1,500 years ago, around 482 AD. Influenza viruses A and B are estimated to have diverged from a single ancestor around 4,000 years ago, while the ancestor of influenza viruses A and B and the ancestor of influenza virus C are estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor around 8,000 years
362:(HEF). These glycoproteins allow for attachment and fusion of viral and cellular membranes. Fusion of these membranes allows the viral proteins and genome to be released into the host cell, which then causes the infection. Types C and D are the only influenza viruses to express the enzyme
323:
individuals with underlying health problems. Young children have less prior exposure and have not developed the antibodies and the elderly have less effective immune systems. Influenza virus infections have one of the highest preventable mortalities in many countries of the world.
263:
composition to influenza C virus, similar to the level of divergence between types A and B, while types C and D have a much greater level of divergence from types A and B. Influenza viruses C and D were estimated to have diverged from a
812:
1184:
Ballada D, Biasio LR, Cascio G, D'Alessandro D, Donatelli I, Fara GM, Pozzi T, Profeta ML, Squarcione S, Riccò D (1994). "Attitudes and behavior of health care personnel regarding influenza vaccination".
359:
358:: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Type A is divided into subtypes based on distinct differences in the types of these glycoproteins. Types C and D have only one glycoprotein:
426:. Influenza virus C does not have this capability and it is not thought to be a significant concern for human health. Therefore, there are no vaccinations against influenza virus C.
1718:
1713:
977:
390:
Influenza virus C is different from Types A and B in its growth requirements. Because of this, it is not isolated and identified as frequently. Diagnosis is by virus isolation,
366:. This enzyme is similar to the enzyme neuraminidase produced by Types A and B in that they both function in destroying the host cell receptors. Glycoproteins may undergo
3099:
863:"Review of latest available evidence on potential transmission of avian influenza (H5H1) through water and sewage and ways to reduce the risks to human health"
1873:
2522:
346:
and nucleoprotein (NP), are used to determine if the virus is type A, B, C, or D. The M1 protein is required for virus assembly and NP functions in
2114:
1025:
3585:
3113:
786:
882:
Manuguerra JC, Hannoun C, Sáenz Mdel C, Villar E, Cabezas JA (1994). "Sero-epidemiological survey of influenza C virus infection in Spain".
1039:
Wang, Chia C.; Prather, Kimberly A; Sznitman, Josué; Jimenez, Jose L; Lakdawala, Seema S.; Tufekci, Zeynep; Marr, Linsey C. (27 Aug 2021).
2779:
2610:
370:(antigenic drift) or reassortment in which a new type of HA or NA is produced (antigenic shift). Influenza virus C is only capable of
2650:
2163:
378:, as well. When either of these processes occur, the antibodies formed by the immune system no longer protect against these altered
2269:
394:, and other tests. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) is one method of serology that detects antibodies for diagnostic purposes.
2515:
2307:
2274:
1417:
531:
2743:
614:
Collin, Emily A.; Sheng, Zizhang; Lang, Yuekun; Ma, Wenjun; Hause, Ben M.; Li, Feng (2015-01-15). GarcĂa-Sastre, A. (ed.).
504:
2800:
1810:
1522:
1484:
1841:
354:. These viruses also contain proteins on the surface of the cell membrane called glycoproteins. Type A and B have two
3119:
2645:
2602:
2013:
2008:
1815:
253:
is less severe but can still cause outbreaks, and influenza C virus is usually only associated with minor symptoms.
3598:
3105:
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2508:
2121:
2076:
17:
2101:
1708:
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54:
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1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1436:
3065:
1230:"Influenza virus assembly: effect of influenza virus glycoproteins on the membrane association of M1 protein"
1140:
Matsuzaki Y, Katsushima N, Nagai Y, Shoji M, Itagaki T, Sakamoto M, Kitaoka S, Mizuta K, Nishimura H (2006).
862:
307:(nasal discharge), headache, muscle pain, and achiness. The virus may lead to more severe infections such as
3142:
2909:
2903:
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2698:
3272:
3198:
3192:
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1902:
1820:
1805:
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215:
Flu due to the Type C species is rare compared with Types B or A, but can be severe and can cause local
3514:
1279:"The influenza virus nucleoprotein: a multifunctional RNA-binding protein pivotal to virus replication"
410:
Because influenza virus A has an animal reservoir that contains all the known subtypes and can undergo
616:"Cocirculation of Two Distinct Genetic and Antigenic Lineages of Proposed Influenza D Virus in Cattle"
291:(lapse of time from exposure to pathogen to the appearance of symptoms) of 18–72 hours and infect the
3626:
3603:
3329:
2936:
2473:
2300:
2248:
1863:
927:"Divergent Influenza-Like Viruses of Amphibians and Fish Support an Ancient Evolutionary Association"
445:"Isolation of Influenza C Virus from Pigs and Experimental Infection of Pigs with Influenza C Virus"
3038:
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2091:
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303:. Cold-like symptoms are associated with the virus including fever (38–40 °C), dry cough,
3590:
976:
Petrone ME, Parry R, Mifsud JCO, Van
Brussel K, Vorhees IEH, Richards ZT; et al. (2023).
496:
3213:
2794:
2664:
2635:
1846:
1019:
300:
739:"Novel Influenza D virus: Epidemiology, pathology, evolution and biological characteristics"
673:"Novel Influenza D virus: Epidemiology, pathology, evolution and biological characteristics"
488:
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49:
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8:
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3289:
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2998:
2754:
2385:
2048:
1990:
1737:
1507:
1470:
1344:
1320:"A seven-segmented influenza A virus expressing the influenza C virus glycoprotein HEF"
1319:
1210:
953:
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907:
763:
738:
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672:
648:
615:
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283:
This virus may be spread from person to person through respiratory droplets or by
3563:
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3175:
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265:
127:
115:
103:
41:
3528:
2597:
2489:
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1278:
978:"Evidence for an ancient aquatic origin of the RNA viral order Articulavirales"
461:
444:
332:
671:
Su, Shuo; Fu, Xinliang; Li, Gairu; Kerlin, Fiona; Veit, Michael (2017-11-17).
3620:
2592:
2587:
2535:
2443:
2218:
2081:
1367:
Weissenhorn W, Dessen A, Calder LJ, Harrison SC, Skehel JJ, Wiley DC (1999).
737:
Shuo Su; Xinliang Fu; Gairu Li; Fiona Kerlin; Michael Veit (25 August 2017).
696:
639:
272:
Influenza A virus can infect a variety of animals as well as humans, and its
91:
1385:
1368:
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993:
576:
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3303:
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2842:
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1353:
1304:
1263:
1167:
1011:
962:
840:
772:
714:
657:
395:
379:
355:
276:(natural host) is birds, whereas influenza viruses B, C, and D do not have
227:, while Types A and B have 8 RNA segments and encode at least 10 proteins.
1206:
1121:
903:
470:
3493:
3442:
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3003:
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2415:
2342:
2337:
2316:
2233:
1960:
1955:
1943:
1745:
1335:
631:
331:
3343:
3127:
2884:
2405:
2347:
2191:
2109:
1985:
1938:
1933:
1537:
1198:
895:
308:
304:
292:
260:
943:
736:
3388:
3369:
3336:
3324:
3318:
3297:
3243:
3171:
3057:
3019:
2788:
2767:
2673:
2551:
2543:
2531:
2468:
2463:
2243:
2238:
2018:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1493:
335:
312:
198:
79:
3534:
3557:
3486:
3133:
2875:
2731:
2420:
2380:
1183:
1158:
1141:
1088:"Detection of influenza C virus by using an in situ esterase assay"
419:
415:
391:
367:
363:
319:
216:
3239:
2530:
2395:
2390:
2370:
2357:
2153:
881:
486:
318:
After an individual becomes infected, the immune system develops
242:
224:
1451:
Database of influenza genomic sequences and related information.
530:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 2, 2021.
2848:
2410:
2023:
1366:
925:
Parry R, Wille M, Turnbull OM, Geoghegan JL, Holmes EC (2020).
339:
284:
3577:
2285:
1142:"Clinical features of influenza C virus infection in children"
3499:
3258:
2890:
2448:
2375:
2365:
2324:
2223:
1139:
813:"Origin and Evolution of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Genes"
810:
399:
205:
188:
181:
66:
3523:
1462:
1085:
1369:"Structural basis for membrane fusion by enveloped viruses"
924:
1038:
398:(immunoblot assay) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (
2725:
860:
382:. Because of this, viruses continually cause infections.
245:
types of influenza viruses. Of the four antigenic types,
220:
209:
1448:
1227:
414:, this type of influenza virus is capable of producing
1032:
241:. Influenza viruses A, B, C, and D represent the four
3512:
779:
1086:Wagaman PC, Spence HA, O'Callaghan RJ (May 1989).
579:. University of South Carolina School of Medicine.
1228:Ali A, Avalos RT, Ponimaskin E, Nayak DP (2000).
613:
3618:
487:Pattison; McMullin; Bradbury; Alexander (2008).
418:. Influenza viruses A and B also cause seasonal
1317:
877:
875:
27:Genus of viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae
1135:
1133:
1131:
1041:"Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses"
811:Yoshiyuki Suzuki; Masatoshi Nei (April 2001).
442:
299:. Influenza virus C tends to cause mild upper
2516:
2301:
1478:
1276:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
574:
443:Guo Y, Jin F, Wang P, Wang M, Zhu JM (1983).
197:, which like other influenza viruses, causes
1179:
1177:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1024:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
969:
918:
872:
670:
235:Influenza viruses are members of the family
1128:
2780:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
2523:
2509:
2308:
2294:
1485:
1471:
721:
422:almost every year due to their ability to
326:
40:
2651:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
1407:
1384:
1343:
1294:
1253:
1174:
1157:
1111:
1070:
1001:
952:
942:
830:
762:
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647:
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338:with single stranded negative sense RNA
204:Influenza C viruses are known to infect
856:
854:
852:
850:
570:
568:
14:
3619:
804:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
518:
516:
482:
480:
3539:
3538:
2504:
2289:
2275:US influenza statistics by flu season
1466:
1437:ICTVdB database for Influenza viruses
832:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004105
787:"Influenza C and Influenza D Viruses"
577:"Microbiology and Immunology On-line"
847:
230:
2801:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
1318:Gao Q, Brydon EW, Palese P (2008).
545:
513:
495:(6th ed.). Elsevier. pp.
477:
24:
2270:2017–2018 United States flu season
1430:
861:World Health Organization (2006).
25:
3643:
3120:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
2646:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
2009:Live attenuated influenza vaccine
1442:
385:
3522:
3106:Middle East respiratory syndrome
1246:10.1128/JVI.74.18.8709-8719.2000
53:
2315:
1401:
1360:
1311:
1270:
1221:
825:(4). Ocford Academic: 501–509.
818:Molecular Biology and Evolution
534:from the original on 2021-11-03
2705:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
2691:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
664:
607:
583:
436:
405:
13:
1:
2067:Russian flu (1889–1890)
1492:
1412:(6th ed.). p. 179.
1104:10.1128/JCM.27.5.832-836.1989
755:10.1080/21505594.2017.1365216
689:10.1080/21505594.2017.1365216
429:
360:hemagglutinin-esterase fusion
342:. Divergent evolution of the
2910:Tropical spastic paraparesis
2815:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
1408:Nelson, DL; Cox, MM (2013).
1277:Portela A, Digard P (2002).
524:"Types of Influenza Viruses"
7:
3273:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
3193:Human parainfluenza viruses
2866:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
1449:Influenza Research Database
449:Journal of General Virology
180:is the only species in the
10:
3648:
1842:Transmission and infection
1410:Principles of Biochemistry
1296:10.1099/0022-1317-83-4-723
462:10.1099/0022-1317-64-1-177
3547:
3476:
3452:
3360:
3283:
3238:
3227:
3056:
3018:
2997:
2965:
2937:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2920:
2874:
2753:
2742:
2715:
2542:
2482:
2429:
2356:
2323:
2257:
2204:
2179:
2141:
2134:
2122:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017)
2100:
2062:Influenza pandemic (1557)
2057:Influenza pandemic (1510)
2047:
2036:
1999:
1924:
1915:
1895:
1886:
1829:
1793:
1784:
1764:
1736:
1727:
1582:
1546:
1500:
374:whereas Type A undergoes
48:
39:
32:
3039:Infectious mononucleosis
2856:Chandipura vesiculovirus
2686:Hepatocellular carcinoma
2631:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
2564:Hepatocellular carcinoma
2164:2007 Australian outbreak
982:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
259:virus is 50% similar in
2835:Encephalitis lethargica
2536:viral systemic diseases
1951:Neuraminidase inhibitor
1386:10.1080/096876899294706
1057:10.1126/science.abd9149
994:10.1073/pnas.2310529120
327:Structure and variation
223:segments and encodes 9
3207:Human orthopneumovirus
2861:Herpesviral meningitis
2822:Arbovirus encephalitis
2265:Influenza-like illness
1934:Adamantane derivatives
591:"Influenza (Seasonal)"
575:Margaret Hunt (2009).
301:respiratory infections
2665:Merkel-cell carcinoma
2115:1989–1990 UK outbreak
2077:Asian flu (1957-1958)
3310:Adenovirus infection
2774:Human polyomavirus 2
2603:Oropharyngeal cancer
2082:Hong Kong flu (1968)
1874:Pandemic preparation
1336:10.1128/JVI.00514-08
632:10.1128/JVI.02718-14
249:is the most severe,
50:Virus classification
2896:Post-polio syndrome
2532:Infectious diseases
1458:: Influenza virus C
988:(45): e2310529120.
620:Journal of Virology
344:matrix protein (M1)
185:Gammainfluenzavirus
153:Gammainfluenzavirus
3029:Epstein–Barr virus
2999:Respiratory system
2636:Burkitt's lymphoma
2072:Spanish flu (1918)
1991:Baloxavir marboxil
1816:West Bengal (2008)
1751:1977 (Russian flu)
1746:1918 (Spanish flu)
1199:10.1007/BF01717454
1092:J. Clin. Microbiol
896:10.1007/BF01717459
3614:
3613:
3541:Taxon identifiers
3510:
3509:
3472:
3471:
3223:
3222:
3154:Influenza virus A
3071:Human coronavirus
2961:
2960:
2951:Herpes of the eye
2498:
2497:
2283:
2282:
2200:
2199:
2130:
2129:
2110:Fujian flu (H3N2)
2032:
2031:
1911:
1910:
1882:
1881:
1837:Genetic structure
1780:
1779:
1584:Influenza A virus
1523:Genome sequencing
1419:978-1-4292-3414-6
1187:Eur. J. Epidemiol
944:10.3390/v12091042
884:Eur. J. Epidemiol
297:respiratory tract
289:incubation period
278:animal reservoirs
274:natural reservoir
251:influenza B virus
247:influenza A virus
231:Influenza C virus
177:Influenza C virus
173:
172:
166:Influenza C virus
34:Influenza C virus
16:(Redirected from
3639:
3627:Orthomyxoviridae
3607:
3606:
3594:
3593:
3581:
3580:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3549:Influenzavirus C
3536:
3535:
3527:
3526:
3518:
3236:
3235:
3231:digestive system
3148:Orthomyxoviridae
3114:SARS coronavirus
3100:MERS coronavirus
3016:
3015:
2828:Orthomyxoviridae
2751:
2750:
2717:Immune disorders
2641:Hodgkin lymphoma
2617:Kaposi's sarcoma
2525:
2518:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2439:Acute bronchitis
2401:Nasal congestion
2386:Loss of appetite
2310:
2303:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2214:Acute bronchitis
2139:
2138:
2092:Swine flu (2009)
2087:1977 Russian flu
2045:
2044:
1981:
1922:
1921:
1893:
1892:
1791:
1790:
1756:2009 (Swine flu)
1734:
1733:
1554:Orthomyxoviridae
1487:
1480:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1424:
1423:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1373:Mol. Membr. Biol
1364:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1289:(Pt 4): 723–34.
1274:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1137:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1083:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1015:
1005:
973:
967:
966:
956:
946:
922:
916:
915:
879:
870:
869:
867:
858:
845:
844:
834:
808:
802:
801:
799:
797:
791:
783:
777:
776:
766:
749:(8): 1580–1591.
734:
719:
718:
708:
683:(8): 1580–1591.
668:
662:
661:
651:
626:(2): 1036–1042.
611:
605:
604:
602:
601:
587:
581:
580:
572:
543:
542:
540:
539:
520:
511:
510:
506:978-0-7020-28625
494:
491:Poultry Diseases
484:
475:
474:
464:
440:
293:epithelial cells
238:Orthomyxoviridae
194:Orthomyxoviridae
141:Orthomyxoviridae
58:
57:
44:
30:
29:
21:
18:Influenzavirus C
3647:
3646:
3642:
3641:
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3513:
3511:
3506:
3468:
3448:
3356:
3330:Gastroenteritis
3288:
3285:Gastroenteritis
3279:
3267:Cytomegalovirus
3230:
3219:
3187:Paramyxoviridae
3176:Avian influenza
3052:
3047:Cytomegalovirus
3011:viral pneumonia
3009:
3006:nasopharyngitis
3005:
3002:
2993:
2957:
2931:Cytomegalovirus
2916:
2870:
2758:
2745:
2738:
2711:
2578:Cervical cancer
2538:
2529:
2499:
2494:
2490:Antiviral drugs
2478:
2425:
2352:
2319:
2314:
2284:
2279:
2253:
2196:
2175:
2126:
2096:
2041:
2039:
2028:
1995:
1979:
1926:Antiviral drugs
1907:
1878:
1864:Human mortality
1857:clinical trials
1825:
1776:
1760:
1723:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1542:
1496:
1491:
1445:
1433:
1431:Further reading
1428:
1427:
1420:
1406:
1402:
1365:
1361:
1330:(13): 6419–26.
1316:
1312:
1275:
1271:
1240:(18): 8709–19.
1226:
1222:
1182:
1175:
1138:
1129:
1084:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1037:
1033:
1017:
1016:
974:
970:
923:
919:
880:
873:
865:
859:
848:
809:
805:
795:
793:
789:
785:
784:
780:
735:
722:
669:
665:
612:
608:
599:
597:
589:
588:
584:
573:
546:
537:
535:
528:Influenza (Flu)
522:
521:
514:
507:
485:
478:
441:
437:
432:
424:antigenic drift
412:antigenic shift
408:
388:
376:antigenic shift
372:antigenic drift
329:
266:common ancestor
233:
219:. Type C has 7
169:
129:Articulavirales
117:Insthoviricetes
105:Negarnaviricota
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3645:
3635:
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3201:
3181:
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3122:
3110:
3109:
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3096:
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3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3043:
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3024:
3022:
3013:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2971:
2969:
2967:Cardiovascular
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2926:
2924:
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2912:
2900:
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2863:
2858:
2853:
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2839:
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2805:
2804:
2803:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2748:
2746:nervous system
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
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2734:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2695:
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2688:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2598:Vaginal cancer
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2528:
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2413:
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2354:
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2350:
2345:
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2320:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2258:Related topics
2255:
2254:
2252:
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2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
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2198:
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2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
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2166:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2128:
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2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1980:(experimental)
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1930:
1928:
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1860:
1859:
1849:
1844:
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1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1821:2020s outbreak
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1801:Croatia (2005)
1797:
1795:
1788:
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1781:
1778:
1777:
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1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1533:Superinfection
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1501:General topics
1498:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1443:External links
1441:
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1418:
1400:
1359:
1310:
1269:
1220:
1173:
1159:10.1086/502973
1152:(9): 1229–35.
1146:J. Infect. Dis
1127:
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407:
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387:
386:Identification
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3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
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3377:
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3353:
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3346:
3345:
3341:
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3338:
3334:
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3232:
3226:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3199:Parainfluenza
3197:
3196:
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3194:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:
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3141:
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3135:
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3131:
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3129:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:EBV infection
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Poliomyelitis
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2850:
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2846:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
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2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Vulvar cancer
2591:
2589:
2588:Penile cancer
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
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2514:
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2507:
2506:
2503:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
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2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Bronchiolitis
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2431:Complications
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
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2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Bronchiolitis
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2206:Complications
2203:
2193:
2192:Fujian (H5N1)
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2038:Pandemics and
2035:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:Social impact
1867:
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1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1847:Global spread
1845:
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1333:
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1321:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:J. Gen. Virol
1280:
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1169:
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1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:(5): 832–36.
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
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1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
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2982:Pericarditis
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2793:
2772:
2755:Encephalitis
2724:
2697:
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2657:
2623:
2609:
2570:
2556:
2474:Strep throat
2454:Otitis media
2396:Muscle aches
2249:Strep throat
2229:Otitis media
1806:India (2006)
1528:Reassortment
1455:
1409:
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63:(unranked):
33:
3351:Coronavirus
3092:Common cold
3004:acute viral
2987:Myocarditis
2831:(probable)
2583:Anal cancer
2459:Pharyngitis
2416:Sore throat
2343:Enterovirus
2338:Coronavirus
2317:Common cold
2234:Pharyngitis
2180:Non-mammals
1961:Laninamivir
1956:Oseltamivir
1944:Rimantadine
1772:2009 A/H1N1
1574:Influenza D
1569:Influenza C
1564:Influenza B
1559:Influenza A
937:(9): 1042.
595:www.who.int
455:: 177–182.
406:Vaccination
352:replication
336:RNA viruses
257:Influenza D
3621:Categories
3478:Urogenital
3344:Astrovirus
3304:Adenovirus
3128:SARS-CoV-2
2885:Poliovirus
2760:meningitis
2406:Rhinorrhea
2348:Rhinovirus
2333:Adenovirus
1986:Umifenovir
1978:Peramivir
1939:Amantadine
1917:Treatments
1538:Flu season
1379:(1): 3–9.
600:2020-11-02
538:2022-02-22
430:References
320:antibodies
309:bronchitis
305:rhinorrhea
261:amino acid
3632:Influenza
3564:Q17330294
3389:RNA virus
3370:DNA virus
3362:Hepatitis
3337:Norovirus
3325:Rotavirus
3319:RNA virus
3298:DNA virus
3244:Esophagus
3172:Influenza
3058:RNA virus
3020:DNA virus
2789:RNA virus
2768:DNA virus
2674:RNA virus
2552:DNA virus
2544:Oncovirus
2469:Sinusitis
2464:Pneumonia
2244:Sinusitis
2239:Pneumonia
2135:Non-human
2102:Epidemics
2049:Pandemics
2040:epidemics
2019:Pandemrix
1971:Zanamivir
1966:Peramivir
1903:2020–2022
1896:Outbreaks
1811:UK (2007)
1794:Outbreaks
1738:Pandemics
1518:Treatment
1494:Influenza
1456:Viralzone
1062:March 18,
743:Virulence
697:2150-5594
677:Virulence
640:0022-538X
420:epidemics
416:pandemics
368:mutations
333:enveloped
313:pneumonia
243:antigenic
217:epidemics
199:influenza
187:, in the
160:Species:
88:Kingdom:
81:Riboviria
3558:Wikidata
3487:BK virus
3290:diarrhea
3134:COVID-19
2876:Myelitis
2421:Weakness
2411:Sneezing
2381:Headache
2358:Symptoms
2001:Vaccines
1586:subtypes
1508:Research
1395:10332732
1354:18448539
1324:J. Virol
1305:11907320
1264:10954572
1234:J. Virol
1168:16586359
1012:37906647
1003:10636315
963:32962015
912:13204506
841:11919291
773:28812422
715:28812422
658:25355894
532:Archived
392:serology
364:esterase
225:proteins
136:Family:
100:Phylum:
3591:1094236
3529:Viruses
3240:Pharynx
2744:Central
2391:Malaise
2371:Fatigue
2325:Viruses
2142:Mammals
1852:Vaccine
1830:Science
1765:Science
1547:Viruses
1513:Vaccine
1345:2447078
1215:9018928
1207:7957793
1122:2745694
1045:Science
954:7551885
931:Viruses
904:7957798
764:5810478
706:5810478
649:4300623
471:6296296
340:genomes
295:of the
285:fomites
191:family
148:Genus:
124:Order:
112:Class:
3604:600305
3515:Portal
2904:HTLV-I
2849:Rabies
2699:HTLV-I
2159:Equine
2154:Feline
2149:Canine
2024:Audenz
2014:Brands
1416:
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206:humans
3599:WoRMS
3586:IRMNG
3578:67627
3500:Mumps
3259:Mumps
3229:Human
2659:MCPyV
2483:Drugs
2449:Croup
2376:Fever
2366:Cough
2224:Croup
2187:Avian
2171:Swine
1719:H11N9
1714:H11N2
1709:H10N8
1704:H10N7
1699:H10N3
1211:S2CID
908:S2CID
866:(PDF)
790:(PDF)
400:ELISA
269:ago.
189:virus
182:genus
74:Realm
67:Virus
3214:hMPV
3086:OC43
3082:HKU1
3078:NL63
3074:229E
2732:AIDS
2611:KSHV
1888:H5N8
1786:H5N1
1729:H1N1
1694:H9N2
1689:H7N9
1684:H7N7
1679:H7N4
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1669:H7N2
1664:H7N1
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1649:H5N8
1644:H5N6
1639:H5N3
1634:H5N2
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1619:H3N2
1614:H3N1
1609:H2N3
1604:H2N2
1599:H1N2
1594:H1N1
1414:ISBN
1391:PMID
1350:PMID
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1026:link
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900:PMID
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798:2018
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693:ISSN
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467:PMID
350:and
311:and
210:pigs
208:and
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3494:MuV
3463:CBV
3438:HEV
3426:HDV
3414:HCV
3402:HAV
3395:CBV
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3253:MuV
3184:V,
2976:CBV
2945:HSV
2922:Eye
2809:LCV
2795:MeV
2726:HIV
2680:HCV
2625:EBV
2572:HPV
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1340:PMC
1332:doi
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