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increased the spread of influenza in the tightly packed ships. Barry reports that the public health system was overwhelmed and that the only way the influenza outbreak could be mitigated was through quarantines, however they were not established by authority. Parts 8 and 9 outline the desperation of citizens to relieve symptoms and addresses individual concoctions to heal and untested vaccines being used, despite the knowledge that isolation was the only valid method of prevention of viral distribution. Barry details the consequence of numerous orphans due to the virus targeting young adults, as well as the public opinion distrusting their leaders and science.
328:, a bacteriologist and the director of the New York City Health Department, in which he states that âobservations in France and England indicated a filterable virus was present in at least one of the casesâ. Moreover, it has been suggested by Langford that there might have been a mild outbreak of influenza in 1917 that travelled to England and France âvia the personnel of the Chinese Labour Corps, then mutated to a more virulent form when the Chinese workers returned home in 1918â. However, this suggestion cannot be confirmed due to bacteriological and clinical data being too insubstantial and irregular.
238:
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causing this disease. Although, the disease was identified as airborne, scientists were not successful in enforcing social distancing or lockdown to prevent the viral spread. Moreover, due to the inability to control this pandemic, Barry narrates that scientists rushed their methodology and processes of identifying the pathogen causing the virus. Most scientists followed the assumption that the causing pathogen was B influenzae. However, Barry states that when Welch has the virus, the scientist
198:
382:
national governments all provide lessons from which we can learn". Hence, Topinka et al. indicate their perspective of the didactic nature of the text, specifically regarding decision-making or lack thereof, as well as advocation for public education and alteration of legal frameworks under public health law. They agree with Barry's discussion of the historical spread of this disease, specifically that "we must learn from the influenza pandemic of 1918".
369:
Stephen C. Schoenbaum comments on John Barry's non-fiction text through his 2004 review by critically stating that the text "includes lots of interesting tidbits, some relevant, some not, some accurate, and some not". Furthermore, Schoenbaum identifies 'telling stories' as a strong component of
331:
Barry's theory regarding the geographical site of origin for the 1918 influenza virus is also problematic due to the âherald waveâ that was evident during the beginning months of 1918 in not only New York, USA, but also in military camps throughout Norway during the same time period. Although Barry's
282:
Part 7 of the text details the accounts of scientists and their attempts to generate an effective vaccine to prevent the spread of the influenza strain. Barry narrates that the scientists at the time were tasked to understand the epidemiology of the influenza virus and identify the pathogen that was
270:
Part 4, 5 and 6 of the text discusses the casualties due to the pandemic specifically in the second half of 1918, as well as comparing the first and second wave statistics. These parts include different forms of evidence that portray accounts of the publicâs fear and uncertainty of the pandemic
254:
originating from wild birds and discusses how the structure of the virus makes it suitable for attacking respiratory systems, hence also the reasoning for its rapid spread from host to host. Barry goes through the function of the immune system in recognising and fighting viruses, as well as the
373:
Andrew Noymer recognises the broad audience regarding accessibility of Barry's non-fiction text and its focus on specific historical, and medical matters. This is evident through his statement, "⌠the book is written for a general audience as well as for academic experts". Moreover, Noymer
352:
to have done âground breakingâ historiographical work on the 1918 influenza pandemic. Crosby's text, first published in 1976, is considered a dominant historical text unpacking the events of the 1918 influenza virus and significantly discusses the significant presence of the First World War to
290:
Part 8 and 9 describes the conclusion of the pandemic, specifically detailing the scientific realisations, viral mutations and emotional aftermath caused by the pandemic. Barry narrates
President Wilsonâs unwillingness to follow scientistsâ warnings and continued to send men to war which ultimately
205:
The influenza strain of the 1918 pandemic infected approximately 500 million people and during the First World War, this viral infection reported more deaths than military engagement. Moreover, the disease caused the fatalities of more than 50 million people worldwide. During the development of
381:
in their 2015 review. The review recognises the historical framework Barry provides for understanding the social environment, as well as the political issues of the influenza pandemic. The review declares "Barry's description of the spreading of the influenza and the reaction to it by the local and
302:
Finally, the last part of the text follows scientist Oswald Avery's continual researching of the pneumonia pathogen subsequent to the pandemic, and details his findings. Avery spent over a decade researching this and Barry states that his findings revolutionised the world of biology as he was the
189:
The 1918 influenza pandemic has been declared, according to Barry's text, as the 'deadliest plague in history'. The extensiveness of this declaration can be supported through the following statements: "the greatest medical holocaust in history" and "the pandemic ranks with the plague of
Justinian
319:
The geographical origins of the 1918 influenza virus is a familiar point of contention due to the various evidence-based claims. Although the origin site for the pandemic has been widely debated, Barry follows the research findings of epidemiologist Edwin O. Jordan to claim that the disease
245:
Part 2 of the text identifies
Haskell County, Kansas to be the origin site of the influenza strain based on epidemiological evidence derived from a local doctor to the site, Loring Miner and details the distribution across the US through army camps. Furthermore, Barry addresses the difficulty of
323:
The location in which the H1N1 influenza A virus originated is a point of contention and has been acknowledged to be in China, the United States of
America or Europe. Olson and colleagues critique the widely held viewpoint that the virus emerged from Kansas, USA; stating that this dominant
262:
that incorporated scientifically qualified men identified in the first part of the text to prevent this influenza spread. This council was created after an outbreak of measles spread severely within the US army troops and majority of the cases leading to pneumonia. Although a vaccine for
36:
217:
Part 1 of the text includes accounts of various scientists and intellectuals throughout history, and describes their theories, and methodologies. He identifies and critiques the progression of science throughout history and the evolution of medicine to be performed as a science-based
320:
originated from
Haskell County, Kansas and was spread to army camps, across the US and then to Europe. Nevertheless, the general consensus is more indistinct than Barry's claim; the acknowledgement being that the disease originated from the Midwest of the United States of America.
274:
324:
belief âhas become widely accepted without rigorous re-evaluation of the original evidenceâ. They suggest the idea of the virus originating in Europe and spreading to New York due to troop movements in the First World War. Moreover, this idea was initiated in 1919 by Dr
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the text, however its historical overview should not be considered 'definitive'. Nevertheless, Barry's text is declared as a "rewarding experience" with other scholarly authors not presenting the "same combination of interests as Mr Barry".
374:
indicates the questionable reliability of Barry's anecdotes as "not all anecdotes⌠documented by sources in the endnotes". Hence, suggesting there to be an issue when evaluating the book as "a piece of historical research"
361:, he has a stronger emphasis on the biology. Also, Barry's had the opportunity to collate 28 years of further research and commentary to better inform his text's historical, and biological narrative of the 1918 influenza.
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and the Black Death as one of the three most destructive human epidemics". Although the origin site for the pandemic has been widely debated, Barry follows the research findings of epidemiologist
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review said that the book was "well conceived, well researched, and extremely well written" targeting a broad audienceâphysicians, scientists, medical students, and history buffs. Barry Gewen of
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occupation. Specifically, the first part of Barry's text contextualises the US medical field in comparison to Europe, highlighting the inhibitors of progress in the US. Barry introduces
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who went on to make vital discoveries in science. Moreover, this part of the text details the lack of advancement of other US medical schools compared to the
Hopkins institution due to the
263:
pneumonia was eventually developed, a board was created for its specific consideration within the army. Barry discusses the shortage of medical professionals among civilians and
President
409:
read the book while on vacation at his ranch in
Crawford. His study would later set forth plans for the federal government to prepare for future pandemics in a November 2005 speech.
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that was introduced in 1919, specifically that 80% of medical schools were categorised as âpoor qualityâ and in need of closing. Moreover, Barry discusses Welch founding the
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praised it saying "He is a good teacher, in part because he assumes that his readers don't know anything. He explains the technical stuff clearly, with nice, homey analogies".
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at the time and attempts to place it against the background of
American history and within the context of the history of medicine. The book describes how the flu started in
303:
first scientist to prove that DNA carries genetic information. Barry concludes his narration of the events of the 1918 influenza pandemic with reference to scientists,
250:â. He defines what a virus is, specifically their function and the process of replication of viruses to produce iterations of original virus. Also, Barry narrates
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this disease, the influenza strain, colloquially, became known as the âSpanish fluâ due to the fact that Spain was the first country to publicly report on the disease.
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and the contributing influences to these emotions, specifically the misinformation or lack of information distributed by the media during this time period.
353:âshadowâ details of the pandemic into obscurity. This is relevant as Barry's text was originally published in 2004, 28 years after Crosby's
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discussion of the virus first emerging in Kansas, USA is widely accepted, it is evident that it is a point of contention in the word of science.
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Part 3 of the text examines the potential reasonings the US joined the First World War and their preparatory process, including creating a
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maintained scientifical protocol and process of experiment in the hopes of identifying the correct pathogen that was causing this virus.
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259:
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Influenza epidemic poster from 1918 demonstrating the colloquial use of referring to the disease as 'Spanish' (i.e. the
Spanish flu).
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to claim that the disease originated from Haskell County, Kansas and was spread to army camps, across the US and then to Europe.
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Graves of 100 American wounded soldiers at Paignton Military Hospital, Devon, England, that died from the epidemic of influenza.
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267:âs drastic measures, to gather troops for the First World War, as key factors for the spread of the 1918 influenza virus.
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Joseph Topinka, Daniel Molnar, Brandon Gardner and Rosemary Wosky extensively evaluate the quality of John Barry's text
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Humphries, M. O. (2014). "Paths of Infection: The First World War and the Origins of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic".
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1918 Headlines from Chicago newspapers demonstrating the heightened focus on details of the pandemic in the media.
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as a key influential figure in US medicine due to him being an acclaimed âinspirationâ to many graduates from The
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165:, a 1918-1920 flu pandemic and one of the worst pandemics in history. Barry focuses on what was occurring in the
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Chobra, Terence; Breedlove, Byron (2018). "Concurrent Conflictsâthe Great War and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic".
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Barry's book reviews details of the events preceding, during and following the 1918 influenza pandemic.
1016:"Unanswered questions about the 1918 influenza pandemic: origin, pathology, and the virus itself"
961:"Unanswered questions about the 1918 influenza pandemic: origin, pathology, and the virus itself"
1575:"George W. Bush in 2005: 'If we wait for a pandemic to appear, it will be too late to prepare'"
357:. Hence, although it has been stated that Barry âechoesâ Crosby's historical research in
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852:"Epidemiological evidence of an early wave of the 1918 influenza pandemic in New York City"
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558:"Paths of Infection: The First World War and the Origins of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
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explaining the origin of viruses, even in modern-day science and references this as an â
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This article is about the book. For the article about the Great Influenza pandemic, see
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Topinka, Joseph B.; Molnar, Daniel P.; Gardner, Brandon I.; Wosky, Rosemary E. (2015).
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Topinka, Joseph B.; Molnar, Daniel P.; Gardner, Brandon I.; Wosky, Rosemary E. (2015).
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Olson, Donald R.; Simonsen, Lone; Edelson, Paul J.; Morse, Stephen S. (2 August 2005).
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Topinka, Joseph B.; Molnar, Daniel P.; Gardner, Brandon I.; Wosky, Rosemary E. (2015).
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Starr, I (1976). "Influenza in 1918: recollections of the epidemic in Philadelphia".
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1392:"Review of The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History"
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1293:"Review of The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History"
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2004 nonfiction historical book by John M. Barry about the 1918 flu pandemic.
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Short, Kirsty R.; Kedzierska, Katherine; van de Sandt, Carolien E. (2018).
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919:"Bacteriology of Recent Pandemic of Influenza and Complicating Infections"
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Waring, J. I. (1971). "A History of Medicine in South Carolina 1900â70".
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1486:"The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History"
1431:"The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History"
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654:"The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History"
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C-SPAN presentation by Barry on past influenza outbreaks, 30 April 2009
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438:"The great influenza The epic story of the deadliest plague in history"
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In 2020, the book experienced a surge in popularity as a result of the
793:"Back to the Future: Lessons Learned From the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
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The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History
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613:"Concurrent Conflictsâthe Great War and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
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presence of mutations to impede the immune system's functionality.
177:, Kansas, USA, and around the world through troop movements during
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The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Plague in History
1071:"Spanish influenza redux: revisiting the mother of all pandemics"
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The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Plague in History
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The Epic Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History
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1014:Oxford, John S.; Gill, Douglas (1 November 2018).
959:Oxford, John S.; Gill, Douglas (1 November 2018).
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173:, USA, and spread to the U.S. Army training camp
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1185:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
1130:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
797:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
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232:Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
743:Summary of John M. Barry's The Great Influenza
710:Summary of John M. Barry's The Great Influenza
234:in 1916, in which Welch was the first Dean.
1646:"Paperback Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers"
224:Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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1181:"A Tale of Two Cities: The 1918 Influenza"
1126:"A Tale of Two Cities: The 1918 Influenza"
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1596:Charatan, Fred (12 November 2005).
241:Johns Hopkins Hospital, early photo
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1708:Books about diseases and disorders
917:Park, William H. (2 August 1919).
489:South Carolina Medical Association
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1396:Population and Development Review
1354:Population and Development Review
1069:Honigsbaum, Mark (23 June 2018).
443:Journal of Clinical Investigation
388:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1684:C-SPAN presentation by Barry on
1675:C-SPAN presentation by Barry on
938:10.1001/jama.1919.02610310012004
745:(Audiobook). Falcon Press. 2021.
556:Humphries, Mark Osborne (2014).
344:, has been considered alongside
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1291:Schoenbaum, Stephen C. (2004).
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1234:Schoenbaum, Stephen C. (2004).
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157:) is a 2004 nonfiction book by
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1539:Gewen, Barry (14 March 2004).
1020:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
965:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
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436:Palese, Peter (15 July 2004).
252:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
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1309:10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3190041
1252:10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3190041
1179:Shidler, James Derek (2010).
1124:Shidler, James Derek (2010).
1087:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31360-6
1032:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30359-1
977:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30359-1
670:10.1080/01947648.2015.1262197
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925:American Medical Association
617:Emerging Infectious Diseases
539:Emerging Infectious Diseases
355:Americaâs Forgotten Pandemic
350:Americaâs Forgotten Pandemic
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1602:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
504:Annals of Internal Medicine
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1390:Noymer, Andrew (2004).
1348:Noymer, Andrew (2004).
877:10.1073/pnas.0408290102
1718:2004 non-fiction books
713:. San Francisco: IRB.
629:10.3201/eid2410.ac2410
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185:Background Information
171:Haskell County, Kansas
151:(originally subtitled
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326:William Hallock Park
1686:The Great Influenza
1677:The Great Influenza
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862:(31): 11059â11063.
707:Media, IRB (2021).
359:The Great Influenza
342:The Great Influenza
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1545:The New York Times
394:The New York Times
336:Textual comparison
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161:that examines the
70:New York, New York
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1026:(11): e348âe354.
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