540:
20:
1703:
1736:
559:, a book that compiled the thoughts of several Track One and Track Two professionals confirming the need for government to support, encourage, and work with Track Two. The Department of State refused to print the book for eighteen months because the Department has a strong defensiveness regarding its right, ability, and authority to conduct conflict resolution. The book was finally published in 1987 and states that
1715:
599:. Far from admitting that the State Department was limited in its right, ability, and authority to conduct conflict resolution, they admitted that they couldn't build relationships or spend money fast enough to rebuild Iraq in time to appease the Iraqis and needed help to do it. This may not be the ideal situation in terms of NGO and State Department cooperation.
610:, Montville adds the third process in track two diplomacy. Aside from previous two processes of facilitating small workshops and influencing public opinion, he claims that the third process is cooperative economic development. Although it may not seem essential to conflict resolution, it is meaningful in the sense that it provides
491:, and ... strategically optimistic, based on best case analysis. Its underlying assumption is that actual or potential conflict can be resolved or eased by appealing to common human capabilities to respond to good will and reasonableness. Scientific and cultural exchanges are examples of track two diplomacy. The problem most
508:, understand the conflict from the perspective of others, and develop joint strategies for solving the conflict. The second process involves working to shift public opinion: "Here the task is a psychological one which consists of reducing the sense of victim hood of the parties and rehumanizing the image of the adversary."
535:
themselves—perhaps because they are too tough or even impervious to the humanizing process." John McDonald (Sep 2003–Aug 2004) seconds this assumption but feels that it is merely because the leaders are stuck in rigid roles and politically have less access to fluidity than individuals further removed
511:
Montville emphasized that Track Two
Diplomacy is not a substitute for Track One Diplomacy, but compensates for the constraints imposed on leaders by their people's psychological expectations. However, track two diplomacy is not a replacement for track one diplomacy. Rather, it is there to assist
495:
fail to recognize is that reasonable and altruistic interaction with foreign countries cannot be an alternative to traditional track one diplomacy, with its official posturing and its underlying threat of the use of force. Both tracks are necessary for psychological reasons and both need each
959:
Sutphin, P. (2004). Deputy
Director for Political Affairs, Office of Iraq, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs briefing on: The Transition of Power in Iraq. 29 Jul 2004. Washington, DC: US Department of State.
907:
425:
These "non-governmental, informal and unofficial contacts" host activities to improve communication and understanding between citizens, such as through workshops and conversations.
644:(PLO), which achieved some remarkable breakthroughs in the Israeli–Palestinian relationship. The contacts began as a track two diplomacy, with an unofficial initiative by a
479:, arose from the realization by diplomats and others that formal official government-to-government interactions were not necessarily the most effective methods for securing
457:
429:
398:
625:
has been more robustly developed and the original second track has been expanded into nine tracks: peacemaking through diplomacy, conflict resolution,
531:
and government—should be included. Montville points out that "there is no evidence that conflict resolution workshops would work for the principal
527:
Methods for conducting these activities are still evolving as is the thinking around which individuals—representing various roles and functions in
500:
Montville (Davidson & Montville, 1981) maintains that there are two basic processes in track two diplomacy. The first consists of facilitated
512:
official actors to manage and resolve conflicts by exploring possible solutions derived from the public view, without the requirements of formal
1057:
670:
391:
1194:
784:
606:(Kriesberg & Thorson, 1991). Moreover, in the same year, "The Arrow and the Olive Branch," which was written as an article in
580:
591:
initiative and authority, the State
Department's Iraqi analysts explained their frustrations in conducting dialogue, developing
310:
685:
to successfully live and communicate together at the
Palestinian-Jewish Family Peacemakers Camp—Oseh Shalom – Sanea al-Salam.
551:
villages. Contentious topics included resettlement, land seizure, higher education, health issues, and business opportunities.
444:. Track II diplomacy refers to conflict resolution efforts by practitioners and theorists. These efforts involve "improved
384:
602:"Further Exploration of Track Two Diplomacy" was published in 1991 as an Occasional Paper (McDonald), and as a chapter in
422:
tactics (such as workshops and conversations) to " the anger or tension or fear that exists" between conflicting groups.
1009:
464:
employee, coined the phrases track one and track two diplomacy in "Foreign Policy
According to Freud," which appeared in
651:, but had transitioned into track one diplomacy by the time it was finished, finalized with a handshake between Israeli
524:. Most important, Track Two Diplomacy is intended to provide a bridge or complement official Track One negotiations.
901:
641:
461:
1659:
1090:
952:
Stone, D. (2011). "The ASEAN-ISIS network: interpretive communities, informal diplomacy and discourses of region."
1688:
836:
275:
520:
diplomacy is used by some analysts to define a situation where official and non-official actors cooperate in
472:
963:
1757:
1247:
480:
1718:
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249:
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must improve their capabilities to understand how history, society, culture, and psychology interact.
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1311:
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92:
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114:
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1514:
769:
United States
Institute of Peace, Glossary of Terms for Conflict Management and Peacebuilding,
564:
487:
Track two diplomacy is unofficial, non-structured interaction. It is always open minded, often
976:
1151:
571:
has to equip itself to support and benefit from track two diplomacy. As part of the process,
320:
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1210:
909:
To Make the Earth Whole: The Art of
Citizen Diplomacy in an Age of Religious Militancy
614:, institutional support, and continuity to the political and psychological processes.
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The efforts of these conflict resolution professionals, generally operating through
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At a special briefing for representatives of non-governmental organizations, the
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945:
Montville, J. V. (2006). "Track two diplomacy: The work of healing history."
938:
Montville, J. (1991). "Track Two
Diplomacy: The Arrow and the Olive Branch."
659:
655:
445:
357:
347:
158:
539:
1741:
918:
Talking to the enemy: Track two diplomacy in the Middle East and South Asia
871:
Davidson, W. D., and J. V. Montville, "Foreign Policy
According to Freud,"
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637:
588:
544:
352:
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60:
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513:
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367:
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173:
109:
75:
50:
41:
432:, who coined the term, track I diplomacy entails official, governmental
19:
1612:
1085:
857:
611:
587:
presented a plea for help from NGOs (Paul
Sutphin, 2004). Acting under
532:
492:
476:
1174:
931:
McDonald, J. W. (1991). "Further exploration of track two diplomacy."
1628:
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87:
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139:
104:
1735:
785:"Track One and a Half Diplomacy and the Complementarity of Tracks"
536:
from the top echelon of government (McDonald, Sep 2003–Aug 2004).
677:
to bring hundreds of adults and youth from 50 different towns in
648:
548:
528:
55:
1469:
1095:
682:
645:
636:
One of the successful track two dialogue processes can be the
504:
that bring members of conflicting groups together to develop
24:
584:
555:
In 1986 John McDonald and Diane Bendahmane (1987) produced
16:
Unofficial dialogue between non-state actors or individuals
673:
which begun in 1992. From 2003 to 2007 it partnered with
448:" to further "a better understanding of point of view".
168:
65:
924:
McDonald, J. W., &Bendahmane, D. B. (Eds.). (1987).
617:
In 1996 Dr. Louise Diamond and John McDonald published
982:
1731:
979:
at The Beyond Intractability Knowledge Base Project
933:
Timing the De-escalation of International Conflicts
880:
Multi-Track Diplomacy: A Systems Guide and Analysis
604:
Timing the De-Escalation of International Conflicts
887:Multi-Track Diplomacy: A Systems Approach to Peace
619:Multi-Track Diplomacy: A Systems Approach to Peace
1749:
940:The Psychodynamics of International Relations, 2
563:The official government apparatus for analyzing
928:. Foreign Service Institute, US Dept. of State.
865:
1003:
671:Jewish-Palestinian Living Room Dialogue Group
608:The Psychodynamics of International Relations
392:
629:, personal involvement, learning, advocacy,
1017:
885:Diamond, L., & McDonald, J. W. (1996).
817:Davidson & Montville, 1981, pp. 156–57.
1010:
996:
581:U.S. Department of State's Deputy Director
547:in 2014 comprised representatives from 27
399:
385:
782:
926:Conflict Resolution: Track Two Diplomacy
878:Diamond, L., & McDonald, J. (1991).
557:Conflict Resolution: Track Two Diplomacy
538:
18:
808:McDonald & Bendahmane, 1987, p. 14.
751:McDonald & Bendahmane, 1987, p. 10.
742:Davidson & Montville, 1981, p. 155.
583:for Political Affairs in the Office of
23:A workshop for peacebuilding skills in
1750:
947:Whitehead J. Dipl. & Int'l Rel., 7
912:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
311:Forum (alternative dispute resolution)
1195:Conseiller chargé des investissements
991:
835:Institute for Multi-track diplomacy,
733:McDonald & Bendahmane, 1987, p.1.
669:Another example can be the sustained
428:According to American peace activist
1714:
894:Meeting the Enemy, Becoming a Friend
889:. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.
729:
727:
983:Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy
964:Track II Diplomacy: A Short History
712:Diamond & McDonald, 1991, p. 1.
13:
783:Mapendere, Jeffrey (Summer 2000).
14:
1769:
970:
724:
642:Palestine Liberation Organization
1734:
1713:
1702:
1701:
837:"What is multi-track diplomacy?"
1689:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
850:
841:
829:
820:
811:
792:Culture of Peace Online Journal
640:of 1993 between Israel and the
977:"Track II (Citizen) Diplomacy"
802:
776:
763:
754:
745:
736:
715:
706:
595:relationships, and rebuilding
473:non-governmental organizations
276:Alternative dispute resolution
1:
826:Montville, 1991, pp. 163–164.
760:Montville, 1991, pp. 162–163.
543:A peacebuilding workshop for
1684:Twin towns and sister cities
875:, Vol. 45, Winter 1981–1982.
866:General and cited references
700:
7:
847:Montville, 2006, pp. 19–20.
688:
10:
1774:
1677:Plenipotentiary Conference
483:or resolving differences.
451:
440:conducted by professional
343:Peace and conflict studies
250:Mutual assured destruction
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481:international cooperation
436:between nations, such as
1667:Parliamentary delegation
1546:Diplomatic accreditation
1312:African Diplomatic Corps
1053:Permanent representative
633:, funding, information.
589:Secretary Colin Powell's
516:. In addition, the term
338:Non-aggression principle
296:Conflict style inventory
100:Nonviolent Communication
1115:Deputy chief of mission
1070:Resident representative
882:. Iowa Peace Institute.
185:International relations
115:Speaking truth to power
1561:Diplomatic credentials
856:Peacemaker Camp 2007,
577:
565:international security
552:
506:personal relationships
498:
28:
1152:Resident commissioner
1124:Bilateral-subnational
771:"Tracks of diplomacy"
567:issues and designing
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542:
485:
462:U.S. State Department
260:Nuclear proliferation
22:
1284:Apostolic nunciature
1184:Agricultural attaché
915:Kaye, D. D. (2007).
326:Paradox of tolerance
1576:Diplomatic immunity
1536:Consular assistance
1065:Ambassador-at-large
962:Homans, C. (2011).
921:. Rand Corporation.
892:Gelder, M. (2006).
573:government analysts
522:conflict resolution
458:Joseph V. Montville
430:Joseph V. Montville
420:conflict resolution
414:is the practice of
255:Nuclear disarmament
154:Conflict escalation
131:Conflict management
35:Conflict resolution
1758:Types of diplomacy
1634:Letter of credence
1596:Diplomatic uniform
1591:Diplomatic service
1571:Diplomatic illness
1566:Diplomatic history
1319:Diplomatic mission
1236:Diplomatic courier
1216:Trade commissioner
1079:Bilateral-national
906:Gopin, M. (2009).
896:. Bauu Institute.
553:
493:political liberals
412:Track II diplomacy
373:Track II diplomacy
321:Prisoner's dilemma
291:Conflict continuum
286:Conflict avoidance
71:Dispute resolution
29:
1729:
1728:
1639:Letter of protest
1607:Persona non grata
1541:Consular immunity
1339:Exclusive mandate
1272:
1271:
1224:
1223:
1189:Chargé de mission
1140:Bilateral-insular
1104:Chargé d'affaires
1091:High commissioner
966:. Foreign Policy.
721:Kaye, 2007, p. 5.
695:Shuttle diplomacy
621:. Since then the
533:political leaders
409:
408:
281:Anti-war movement
245:Nuclear blackmail
149:Communal violence
1765:
1744:
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1704:
1556:Diplomatic cable
1334:Protecting power
1307:Diplomatic corps
1248:Foreign minister
1241:King's Messenger
1206:Military attaché
1201:Cultural attaché
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1324:High commission
1268:
1264:Diplomatic rank
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1211:Science attaché
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1135:
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1110:Head of mission
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333:Liaison officer
240:Nuclear warfare
224:Multilateralism
164:Just war theory
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597:infrastructure
569:foreign policy
466:Foreign Policy
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1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:leader titles
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
993:
990:
984:
981:
978:
975:
974:
965:
961:
958:
956:(2), 241–262.
955:
951:
948:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
927:
923:
920:
919:
914:
911:
910:
905:
903:
902:0-9721349-5-6
899:
895:
891:
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881:
877:
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870:
869:
859:
853:
844:
838:
832:
823:
814:
805:
797:
793:
786:
779:
772:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
728:
718:
709:
705:
696:
693:
692:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
660:Yasser Arafat
658:and PLO head
657:
656:Yitzhak Rabin
654:
650:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
576:
574:
570:
566:
560:
558:
550:
546:
545:Karen peoples
541:
537:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
509:
507:
503:
497:
494:
490:
484:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
449:
447:
446:communication
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
423:
421:
417:
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402:
397:
395:
390:
388:
383:
382:
380:
379:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
358:Peacebuilding
356:
354:
351:
349:
348:Peace process
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
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297:
294:
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289:
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284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
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258:
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231:
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210:
207:
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202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:
186:
183:
182:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
159:De-escalation
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
145:
144:
141:
138:
137:
132:
129:
128:
127:
126:
122:
121:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:Collaborative
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
52:
49:
48:
47:
46:
43:
40:
39:
36:
33:
32:
26:
21:
1742:Peace portal
1719:
1707:
1648:Other topics
1605:
1515:Wolf warrior
1509:
1299:
1193:
1102:
1046:Multilateral
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
917:
908:
893:
886:
879:
872:
852:
843:
831:
822:
813:
804:
795:
791:
778:
765:
756:
747:
738:
717:
708:
675:Camp Tawonga
668:
638:Oslo Accords
635:
618:
616:
607:
603:
601:
578:
562:
556:
554:
526:
517:
510:
499:
486:
477:universities
470:
465:
455:
438:negotiations
427:
424:
411:
410:
372:
353:Peace treaty
204:Brinkmanship
61:Conciliation
1531:Appeasement
1229:Other roles
954:Minerva, 49
798:(1): 66–81.
664:White House
514:negotiation
475:(NGOs) and
368:Rule of man
363:Peacemaking
316:Game theory
194:Appeasement
110:Negotiation
76:Rule of law
51:Arbitration
42:Nonviolence
1613:Soft power
1485:Preventive
1475:Pilgrimage
1370:Commercial
1086:Ambassador
1037:Diplomatic
935:, 201–220.
612:incentives
593:grassroots
489:altruistic
219:Deterrence
1629:Exequatur
1622:Documents
1480:Ping-pong
1450:Migration
1425:Guerrilla
1415:Freelance
1390:Debt-trap
1360:Checkbook
1294:Consulate
1023:diplomats
1019:Diplomacy
701:Citations
679:Palestine
646:Norwegian
518:track 1.5
502:workshops
460:, then a
456:In 1981,
442:diplomats
434:diplomacy
301:Democracy
214:Diplomacy
209:Ceasefire
199:Armistice
123:Workplace
88:Mediation
1752:Category
1708:Category
1660:Agencies
1601:Protocol
1510:Track II
1405:Economic
1380:Culinary
1375:Cultural
1365:Coercive
1329:Legation
1300:De facto
1147:Resident
689:See also
631:religion
627:commerce
140:Violence
105:Pacifism
1720:Commons
1505:Stadium
1500:Shuttle
1495:Science
1445:Medical
1435:Hostage
1430:Gunboat
1395:Digital
1385:Defence
1302:embassy
1277:Offices
1175:Attaché
858:website
662:on the
649:scholar
549:Myanmar
529:society
452:History
232:Nuclear
174:studies
56:Auction
27:, 2013.
1672:Summit
1524:Topics
1490:Public
1470:Parley
1410:Energy
1400:Dollar
1355:Caviar
1131:Consul
1096:Nuncio
900:
683:Israel
666:lawn.
496:other.
418:using
1460:Panda
1348:Types
1159:Envoy
1030:Roles
949:, 15.
788:(PDF)
623:model
268:Other
25:Haiti
1440:Iron
1021:and
898:ISBN
681:and
585:Iraq
1455:New
468:.
169:War
66:Law
1754::
794:.
790:.
726:^
1177:)
1011:e
1004:t
997:v
942:.
796:2
773:.
400:e
393:t
386:v
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