1939:
justified such a policy by saying, "I do not think it is presently possible to eliminate slavery. Our civilization has not penetrated deeply enough for the natives, both masters and slaves, to understand and accept any measures towards the outright elimination of slavery." The local colonial administrators did however carry out policies to put a stop to slave trafficking and slave markets. During World War I, in order to meet quotas of troops to the French army, traditional chiefs supplied slaves to the colonial administration. In urban areas and settled communities with a strong French administrative presence, slavery and forced servitude were gradually ended, but in the rest of the country the practices remained active.
43:
2072:. While the case was pending, Mani remarried and Naroua responded by filing a criminal complaint and getting her and her new husband convicted of bigamy (with a sentence of six months in prison). The court held that she was still legally married to Naroua and used her slave status as a justification for the marriage. In response to the charge of bigamy, Mani filed charges against Naroua for slavery in 2007 and followed this with a petition to the ECOWAS court on 14 December 2007 asking them to find Niger in violation of the
3327:
2008:
became more prominent, and Niger also began to become a source country for human trafficking. Following this increasing problem, Niger passed a law against human trafficking in 2010 and created high level positions in the government in order to deal with the problem. The 2011 United States
Department of State report found that although Niger is making some progress on the issue of human trafficking, the political and administrative situation following the
1801:
1985:
1877:, became a political rival to the Bornu empire. Damagaram was successful because it built a large, mobile army able to protect trade routes and because they made alliances with the Tuareg leaders who had now become the primary power in the Aïr Mountains. With these alliances, Zinder became a major power along the trans-Saharan trade route from Kano to Tripoli and Cairo. Zinder combined populations from the
1909:, there are no signs of large-scale indigenous practices of slavery before the Tuareg entered the area in the 1800s. Since the light-skinned Tuaregs were the only slave holders and the dark-skinned indigenous population was largely held in servitude, the division of society between free and slaves adopted a racial division in these regions. The most important Tuareg community were the
1981:
The women perform domestic duties for their master and the official wives, as well as forced sexual relationship with the master. They are considered fifth wives because they are in addition to the four wives a person can legally have in Niger (according to
Islamic tradition) and are considered subservient to the official wives. Despite the name, men can take multiple "fifth wives."
1890:
practice, and the development of separate slave communities, from Tuareg practice. Slaves were not the only export commodity from the
Sultanate, but were crucial parts of the overall economic structure. As the Sultanate increased in power, the Sultan began to replace nobles in his court with slave administrators, which increased his ability to rule without interference by others.
2039:
enslaved in the country anymore so it was not necessary. Although Ag
Amagdagu had signed a pledge with Timidria that he would free these 7,000 slaves, he instead said at the event that "Slavery doesn't exist in Inates ... Nobody has told me they have seen slaves. If someone has slaves they must tell me."
2079:
Niger's main argument was that the case was inadmissible to the ECOWAS court because domestic options had not been exhausted for remedying the situation. In terms of the case, Niger argued that although slavery still existed, they had made gains against it and it was largely being limited. The ECOWAS
2067:
to 46-year-old El Hadj
Souleymane Naroua as his "fifth wife" under the wahaya custom. Over nine years of violence and forced sexual relations, Mani gave birth to four children with Naroua. In 2005, Naroua signed a formal document freeing Mani, but then declared that she was his wife and prevented her
1938:
However local French administrators usually resisted pressure to abolish slavery from the colonial and metropolitan governments. French administrators would take credit for abolishing slavery by simply ignoring its continued existence or claiming that the bonds were voluntary. One local administrator
1778:
When the French took control of the area, they largely ignored the problem and only actively banned the trade in slaves but not the practices of slavery. Following independence, many of the major slave holders became prominent political leaders in both the multiparty democracy period and the military
1942:
Traditional chiefs, who had been major slave owners particularly in Tuareg communities, became prominent leaders of the country after independence. They held positions in government and were the leaders of many of the major parties during the brief multi-party period of the country. These prominent
1860:
In terms of domestic use, agricultural work figured the most prominently. Women were the highest valued domestically, to a large part because of cultural practices which dictated that only first generation slaves could earn their freedom, and that the children of slaves never could become free. As a
1980:
Wahaya is a unique form of slavery currently in practice in Niger (and parts of
Nigeria) which involves the sale of young girls (the majority before the age of 15) who are born into slavery in Tuareg communities and then sold to wealthy and prominent Hausa individuals as an unofficial "fifth wife."
1951:
Slavery continues to exist in Niger today. The most significant survey of slavery in Niger identified 11,000 respondents throughout the country as being slaves. Using further responses from these a partial sample revealed 43,000 slaves. Further extrapolating from this information, and including the
1913:
who settled in the Aïr
Mountain region. Because of the rugged terrain with severe drought effects, and because of their participation in the trans-Saharan trade, the Tuareg used a form of slavery where communities of slaves would tend animals and do limited agriculture and would be allowed to move
1808:
Slavery existed throughout what is today Niger and the region played a pivotal role in the trans-Saharan slave trade for many centuries. In some ethnic groups, slavery became a significant phenomenon and made up a large part of the population and the economic production and trade. In other areas,
2038:
would free 7,000 of his slaves. However, apparently fearing bad publicity, right before the event happened, the government sent a delegation through the Tuareg areas threatening punishment for any public manumissions. The government claimed that the public ceremony was changed because no one is
2007:
Human trafficking has become an increasing problem in Niger in recent years. For many years, Niger was primarily a transit country for human trafficking, but was limited as a source or destination country. However, in the 2000s, when other routes saw increasing enforcement, routes through Niger
2025:
after independence, pertained solely to the slave trade and did not stop domestic servitude or hereditary slavery. In 2003, the new law was passed which did criminalize slavery with a maximum prison sentence of up to 30 years. The law though does include systems of mediation between slaves and
1976:
involving the purchase of girls to do household chores and as sexual servants of their masters. Chattel slavery involves the direct ownership of an individual and there are limited examples of slave buying still occurring in Niger in the early 21st century. More prominent is the second type of
1787:
that criminalized slavery as a specific crime. Despite this, slavery persists throughout the different ethnic groups in the country, women are particularly vulnerable, and a 2002 census confirmed the existence of 43,000 slaves and estimated that the total slave population could be over 870,000
1889:
and as a result developed slave practices which borrowed from all three to create a large slave population and varied institutions of slavery. There were thus large populations of domestic and agricultural slaves, borrowed from Kanuri customs, the development of plantation slavery, from Hausa
1897:
speaking regions in the west of Niger, slavery provided the crucial workforce in agriculture. It has been estimated that up to 75% of the population in these regions were slaves in 1904–1905. Unlike
Damagaram and Bornu regions, any slave could be freed by their master in Zarma practices.
1921:
in central Niger, the Maradi leaders were engaged in a long-running series of tensions with the Sokoto
Caliphate involving slave raiding by both sides. However, the Maradi mostly took slaves for ransom and domestic slavery was usually only used by the aristocracy and people of power.
1961:
found that "slavery is a living reality among virtually all ethnic groups, especially the
Tuaregs, the Arabs and the nomadic Fulani" and the report also identifies the Hausa. A 2005 study stated that over 800,000 Niger people are enslaved, consisting of nearly 8% of the population.
1848:, a collection of pagan peoples, began challenging the Bornu empire. The result was a series of retaliatory slave raids between the two powers with each feeding the slave trade to the coast (the West African slave market for the Jukun and the North African markets for Bornu).
2068:
from leaving his house. Mani received an initial judgement freeing her from the marriage on 20 March 2006 because, the court declared, there was never a religious ceremony marrying the two. This ruling was then reversed at a higher level and the case moved all the way to the
1856:
in the 1800s which increased the agricultural trade and introduced large-scale slave plantations to the region and as a result of exorbitant taxes leveled by the Bornu authorities which caused free people in the empire to purchase slaves to increase output and pay taxes.
1977:
slavery, sometimes called passive slavery, in which former slaves retain some tributary and forced-labor relationship with former masters. Individual freedoms are still controlled in this form and people can be beaten or otherwise punished for disobeying former masters.
1851:
With the decline of the Bornu empire in the 17th and 18th centuries, slaves became a more significant part of the domestic economy with the creation of both slave villages and slave plantations throughout the empire. This occurred both because of the rise of the
2020:
Although the Constitution of Niger declares all people equal, there was no law specifically against slavery or any criminal offense for enslaving another human in Niger until 5 May 2003. The French directives of 1905 and 1920, which were part of the Nigerien
1809:
slavery remained small and were only held by the elite in the communities. However, since political leaders often were slave-holders, they presented a significant hurdle for French authorities when they colonized the area and in post-independence Niger.
1943:
positions of slave-holders continued during the military dictatorship where the regional chiefs were relied upon for support of that government. As a result, slavery was largely an ignored issue by the government for the early decades of independence.
1992:
Although slavery is rare in urban environments, social pressure and social prohibitions on marriages of the descendants of slaves with the descendants of free persons creates a caste system which separates people even where slavery no longer exists.
1541:
1956:
estimated a possible total of 870,363 slaves (both chattel slaves and passive slaves) in Niger in 2002–2003. The existence of slavery is not limited to a single ethnic group or region, although it is more prominent in some. A 2005 report by the
2029:
Two years later, there was a plan for a significant number of public ceremonies where Tuareg slaveholders would formally free their slaves. The government initially co-sponsored a prominent event in which Arissal Ag Amdagu, a Tuareg chief in
2321:
Mauxion, Aurelien (2012). "Moving to Stay: Iklan Spatial Strategies Towards Socioeconomic Emancipation in Northern Mali, 1898-1960". The Journal of African History. 53 (2): 195–213. doi:10.1017/s0021853712000394. S2CID 161662370. p.
2311:
Mauxion, Aurelien (2012). "Moving to Stay: Iklan Spatial Strategies Towards Socioeconomic Emancipation in Northern Mali, 1898-1960". The Journal of African History. 53 (2): 195–213. doi:10.1017/s0021853712000394. S2CID 161662370. p.
2026:
masters as a necessary first step in the process. With this legislation, Niger was the first country in West Africa to pass a law specifically pertaining to slavery and creating a criminal penalty for the offense.
3107:
2877:
1934:
in 1905, but did not enforce the ban since they did not view enforcement to be politically possible, and the French policy was therefore to officially prohibit slavery and informally tolerate its continuation.
2091:
After the ruling, the government of Niger said they accepted the ruling with a Nigerien government lawyer in the case announcing that "A ruling has been made, we have taken note of it and it will be applied."
1958:
1536:
3022:
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for hundreds of years. Other ethnic groups in the country similarly had a history of slavery, although this varied and in some places slavery was largely limited to the political and economic
2056:(ECOWAS) Community Court of Justice which served as the first regional court decision to be heard on the issue of slavery in Africa. According to Jeroen Beirnauer who is the head of
2080:
court found on 27 October 2008 that neither argument was sufficient and ruled for Mani. ECOWAS rejected the domestic exhaustion standard for a case to be brought to it and used the
1792:
case was one of the first instances where a person won a judgement against the government of Niger in an international court for sanctioning her slave status in official decisions.
3133:
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3180:
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2118:. The organization holds regular congresses and organizes a host of different events to raise prominence to the issue of slavery in Niger and fight for its eradication.
2937:
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3172:
3037:
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1914:
freely around an area. Although these communities had some significant liberties, their harvest, products, and children were closely controlled by a Tuareg noble.
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3002:
2957:
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2902:
2847:
1411:
783:
520:
2416:
3082:
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3017:
2972:
2932:
2369:"Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women"
2277:
Cooper, Barbara M. (1994). "Reflections on Slavery, Seclusion and Female Labor in the Maradi Region of Niger in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries".
1147:
788:
1930:
When the French took over the region in the early 1900s they had a policy banning the existence of slavery. The French officially banned slavery in all
1841:
into the Aïr region in the 1800s. The trade through Bornu was small-scale for many centuries but remained steady before reaching its peak in the 1500s.
3137:
2947:
2927:
2832:
2437:
1917:
In the Hausa societies in central Niger, slavery was primarily practiced in royal courts and thus of a limited nature. Similarly, in what is today the
3067:
480:
2073:
2063:
The basis for the case was that in 1996, 12-year-old Hadijatou Mani Koraou, who had been born into slavery in a Tuareg community, was sold for
1779:
dictatorship (1974 until 1991), and so the problem of slavery was largely ignored. In 2003, with pressure from the anti-slavery organization
835:
2084:
International Court of Justice case as precedent to find that slavery required special attention by all organs of the state. Mani was awarded
2396:
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1381:
2609:
862:
1608:
360:
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810:
2340:
2262:
Dunbar, Roberta Ann (1979). "Slavery and the Evolution of Nineteenth-Century Damagaram". In Suzanne Miers and Igor Kopytoff (ed.).
1817:
Much of the east of present-day Niger was involved in a significant part of the trans-Saharan slave trade with a route starting in
1581:
1401:
574:
1972:, a "milder form" of slavery where former slaves are forced to give some of their crops to a former master, and wahaya, a form of
2193:
2057:
1739:
3218:
2799:
845:
263:
3716:
1423:
1100:
872:
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1615:
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1219:
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954:
805:
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510:
2748:
3455:
1677:
1371:
1125:
2368:
1499:
1376:
800:
569:
436:
3501:
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3287:
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1630:
840:
825:
771:
456:
446:
441:
270:
126:
1346:
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The main social movement dedicated to the issue of slavery and post-slave discrimination in Niger is Timidria, a
1625:
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202:
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2009:
2756:
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result, women of child bearing age, whose children would all be slaves for life, were particularly valuable.
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311:
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52:
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2002:
1965:
1845:
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515:
185:
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1969:
1830:
1768:
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1117:
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695:
668:
173:
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Allain, Jean (2009). "Hadijatou Mani Koraou v. Republic of Niger. Judgment No. ECW/CCJ/JUD/06/08".
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178:
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700:
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1329:
1314:
996:
984:
730:
715:
500:
275:
197:
168:
3163:
2060:
Forced Labor Project, the case set "a regional standard in international human rights law."
3597:
3428:
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3314:
2115:
1973:
1699:
1603:
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1494:
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1307:
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365:
249:
156:
8:
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1800:
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673:
470:
328:
296:
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244:
101:
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3413:
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3012:
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2822:
2712:
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2069:
1931:
1433:
1279:
1254:
1244:
1209:
1204:
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921:
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495:
348:
306:
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254:
222:
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149:
2635:
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370:
316:
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227:
106:
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and other intellectuals on 15 May 1991. Its name means fraternity or solidarity in
1853:
1711:
1289:
1284:
1274:
1249:
1214:
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916:
752:
22:
3542:
1822:
3582:
3547:
2977:
2867:
2420:
2400:
1893:
Elsewhere in Niger, slavery was practiced in a variety of different ways. In the
1620:
1511:
1506:
1259:
1229:
1224:
947:
911:
710:
628:
333:
79:
2374:. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. 21 November 2005
3675:
3647:
3612:
3607:
3244:
2111:
1894:
1784:
1704:
1598:
490:
131:
89:
2290:
3690:
3577:
3264:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1878:
1642:
1571:
1018:
1001:
776:
606:
596:
380:
30:
2052:, sometimes called a "historic" or a "landmark" decision, was a case in the
3249:
2022:
1882:
1826:
1760:
1647:
1484:
1460:
1366:
1359:
1090:
618:
591:
554:
532:
419:
136:
116:
94:
84:
74:
69:
59:
1959:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
899:
1818:
1489:
1477:
830:
633:
623:
581:
395:
2708:
2242:
Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades
1869:
Beginning in the 18th century but particularly in the 19th century, the
2518:. UN Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights. 26 September 2012
1834:
1637:
934:
638:
505:
1968:
identifies three different types of slavery practiced in Niger today:
2700:
882:
547:
409:
2777:
2341:"HadijatouMani Koroua v Niger: Slavery Unveiled by the ECOWAS Court"
1984:
564:
2760:
2194:"Slavery in Niger:Historical, Legal, and Contemporary Perspectives"
2101:
1953:
1910:
1780:
1472:
1030:
974:
926:
586:
431:
286:
192:
3196:
1455:
537:
217:
34:
1829:
centered along this route became a prominent participant in the
2588:
Motlagh, Jason (28 March 2012). "Niger's slaves all but free".
2266:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 155–180.
2031:
1886:
1874:
1838:
1157:
979:
559:
542:
404:
239:
207:
2264:
Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives
1755:
involves different practices which have been practiced in the
3227:
1772:
1764:
1759:
region for many centuries and which persist to this day. The
1756:
414:
400:
375:
281:
111:
2483:
2227:
Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa
2636:"On the way to freedom, Niger's slaves stuck in limbo"
2516:"Seeking ways to eliminate human trafficking in Niger"
2538:"Niger-Nigeria: Porous border aids human trafficking"
1412:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2095:
1952:children of slaves, the anti-slavery organization
1881:(the major ethnic group of the Bornu empire), the
2544:. Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN)
3688:
2730:"Niger says it will adhere to slavery verdict".
1527:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
1925:
2484:Anti-Slavery International (27 October 2008).
2457:
2455:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
3212:
2793:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
1901:In Northern Niger, in the present regions of
1733:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2074:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
1837:(1804–1808) to the east and the movement of
1532:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2603:
2601:
2599:
2452:
2233:
2211:
3219:
3205:
2800:
2786:
2583:
2581:
2564:"Niger 2011 Trafficking in Persons Report"
2510:
2508:
2506:
2191:
1740:
1726:
2689:The American Journal of International Law
2682:
2680:
2678:
2463:"'Wahaya': Young girls sold into slavery"
2154:
2054:Economic Community of West African States
2596:
2434:"BBC World Service | Slavery Today"
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
1983:
1537:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1402:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1382:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
2587:
2578:
2503:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2239:
2224:
2015:
1864:
1795:
3689:
2686:
2675:
2633:
2610:"West-African court slavery judgement"
2276:
2261:
1988:Tuareg women and children, Niger, 1997
3200:
2807:
2781:
2440:from the original on 13 November 2010
2338:
2270:
2248:
2229:. London: Cambridge University Press.
1873:, located in the present-day city of
1424:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1101:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
2661:"Niger: Slavery - an unbroken chain"
2607:
2325:
1996:
1616:Slave marriages in the United States
1220:Human trafficking in the Middle East
2723:
2566:. United States Department of State
955:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
3226:
2615:. International Labor Organisation
1799:
1609:last survivors of American slavery
14:
3728:
2741:
1946:
1821:and traveling through the rugged
570:Field slaves in the United States
437:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
3325:
3108:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2878:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2768:The Shackles of Slavery in Niger
2394:The Shackles of Slavery in Niger
2096:Social movements against slavery
2042:
1783:, Niger passed the first law in
447:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
442:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
271:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
41:
2653:
2627:
2556:
2530:
2477:
2426:
2406:
2386:
2192:Abdelkader, Galy kadir (2004).
1397:Committee of Experts on Slavery
948:East, Southeast, and South Asia
2634:Pflanz, Mike (10 March 2005).
2423:". BBC News. 11 February 2005.
2361:
2315:
2305:
2279:The Journal of African History
1096:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2751:. Anti-Slavery International.
2148:
2108:non-governmental organization
2012:prevented effective efforts.
3717:Human rights abuses in Niger
2749:"Slavery in Niger Factsheet"
2465:. Anti-Slavery International
2199:. Anti-Slavery International
1926:French rule and independence
1387:Temporary Slavery Commission
1048:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
2757:Born to be a slave in Niger
2486:"Niger slavery: Background"
2414:Born to be a slave in Niger
2121:
1844:Starting in the 1600s, the
1407:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
452:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
3733:
2128:Human trafficking in Niger
2099:
2088:and expenses in the case.
2003:Human trafficking in Niger
2000:
1966:Anti-Slavery International
1767:was an active part of the
1592:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1429:Anti-Slavery International
1194:North Africa and West Asia
3660:
3538:
3529:
3487:
3478:
3404:
3395:
3343:
3334:
3323:
3235:
3121:
3096:
2815:
2640:Christian Science Monitor
2403:". ABC News. 3 June 2005.
2291:10.1017/s0021853700025962
2240:Manning, Patrick (1990).
2225:Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012).
1831:Trans-Saharan slave trade
1769:trans-Saharan slave trade
1688:Emancipation Proclamation
1360:Opposition and resistance
1118:Sex trafficking in Europe
1106:Blackbirding in Polynesia
669:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2863:Central African Republic
2399:19 February 2009 at the
2143:Slavery in modern Africa
1812:
1468:Compensated emancipation
679:Indian Ocean slave trade
2348:Human Rights Law Review
1763:in the eastern part of
1392:1926 Slavery Convention
1148:Germany in World War II
765:North and South America
287:Contract of manumission
3260:Sultanate of Damagaram
2350:: 1–20. Archived from
1989:
1871:Sultanate of Damagaram
1805:
873:British Virgin Islands
425:Circassian slave trade
391:Safavid imperial harem
386:Ottoman Imperial Harem
3300:2005–2006 food crisis
3023:São Tomé and Príncipe
2883:Republic of the Congo
2419:6 August 2017 at the
2339:Duffy, Helen (2008).
2133:Human rights in Niger
1987:
1803:
1788:people. The landmark
1112:Europe and North Asia
1072:Australia and Oceania
772:Pre-Columbian America
344:Slave raid of Suðuroy
276:Slavery in al-Andalus
198:Black Sea slave trade
127:21st-century jihadism
2732:Agence France Presse
2244:. London: Cambridge.
2036:Tillabéri Department
2016:Laws against slavery
1865:Other areas of Niger
1796:Historical practices
1567:Indentured servitude
1495:Underground Railroad
1295:United Arab Emirates
684:Zanzibar slave trade
651:By country or region
464:Atlantic slave trade
366:Ma malakat aymanukum
250:Venetian slave trade
3255:Sultanate of Agadez
3098:States with limited
2763:, 11 February 2005.
1846:Jukun confederation
1653:Slave Route Project
784:Americas indigenous
674:Red Sea slave trade
664:Contemporary Africa
527:Topics and practice
297:Crimean slave trade
292:Bukhara slave trade
245:Genoese slave trade
122:Contemporary Africa
102:Forced prostitution
3697:Slavery by country
3638:Seasonal migration
3507:Telecommunications
3274:Tuareg rebellions
3270:French West Africa
2809:Slavery in Africa
2755:Hilary Andersson,
2734:. 28 October 2008.
2608:Beirnaer, Jeroen.
2082:Barcelona Traction
1990:
1932:French West Africa
1806:
1434:Blockade of Africa
741:Somali slave trade
657:Sub-Saharan Africa
349:Turkish Abductions
307:Khivan slave trade
302:Khazar slave trade
255:Balkan slave trade
213:Prague slave trade
3702:Slavery in Africa
3684:
3683:
3656:
3655:
3603:List of Nigeriens
3588:Human trafficking
3525:
3524:
3474:
3473:
3456:Political parties
3451:National Assembly
3419:Foreign relations
3391:
3390:
3305:COVID-19 pandemic
3194:
3193:
3125:other territories
2898:Equatorial Guinea
2138:Slavery in Africa
1997:Human trafficking
1750:
1749:
1700:Freedmen's Bureau
1522:Third Servile War
1517:International law
1084:Human trafficking
846:Human trafficking
521:Thirteen colonies
339:Sack of Baltimore
107:Human trafficking
3724:
3707:Society of Niger
3669:
3536:
3535:
3485:
3484:
3402:
3401:
3341:
3340:
3329:
3310:2023 coup d'état
3221:
3214:
3207:
3198:
3197:
3186:
3185:(United Kingdom)
3181:Tristan da Cunha
3177:Ascension Island
3169:
3156:
3147:
3123:Dependencies and
2816:Sovereign states
2802:
2795:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2752:
2736:
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2727:
2721:
2720:
2701:10.2307/20535154
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2209:
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2198:
2189:
2087:
2066:
1854:Sokoto Caliphate
1753:Slavery in Niger
1742:
1735:
1728:
1712:Emancipation Day
1545:
1512:Slave Trade Acts
203:Byzantine Empire
45:
18:
17:
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2766:Oliver Steeds,
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2427:
2421:Wayback Machine
2411:
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2401:Wayback Machine
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2196:
2190:
2155:
2151:
2124:
2104:
2098:
2085:
2064:
2047:
2018:
2005:
1999:
1970:chattel slavery
1949:
1928:
1867:
1815:
1798:
1746:
1717:
1716:
1621:Slave narrative
1577:Fugitive slaves
1557:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1507:Slave rebellion
1362:
1352:
1351:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1122:United Kingdom
1058:Yankee princess
652:
644:
643:
371:Avret Pazarları
317:Avret Pazarları
186:Medieval Europe
152:
142:
141:
80:Forced marriage
55:
12:
11:
5:
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3714:
3712:Crime in Niger
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3502:Oil and mining
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3466:Prime Minister
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3373:National parks
3370:
3368:Extreme points
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3245:Songhai Empire
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3230: articles
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3134:Canary Islands
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2743:
2742:External links
2740:
2738:
2737:
2722:
2695:(2): 311–317.
2674:
2652:
2626:
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2529:
2502:
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2405:
2385:
2360:
2357:on 2015-06-04.
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2112:Ilguilas Weila
2100:Main article:
2097:
2094:
2046:
2041:
2017:
2014:
2001:Main article:
1998:
1995:
1948:
1947:Modern slavery
1945:
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1785:Western Africa
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1606:
1599:List of slaves
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1143:Dutch Republic
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3265:Dosso Kingdom
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2774:, 3 June 2005
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2070:Supreme Court
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2050:Mani v. Niger
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2044:Mani v. Niger
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2013:
2011:
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1994:
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1982:
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1833:prior to the
1832:
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1823:Aïr Mountains
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1790:Mani v. Niger
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1019:comfort women
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1002:Chukri System
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890:Latin America
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841:interregional
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826:prison labour
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796:United States
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620:
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611:
608:
607:White slavery
605:
603:
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597:Slave raiding
595:
593:
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583:
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573:
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565:Corvée labour
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381:Abbasid harem
379:
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324:Barbary Coast
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48:
44:
40:
39:
36:
32:
31:Forced labour
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
3642:
3623:Prostitution
3563:Demographics
3553:Coat of arms
3433:
3424:Human rights
3409:Constitution
3250:Bornu Empire
3173:Saint Helena
3144:
3048:South Africa
3038:Sierra Leone
3007:
2843:Burkina Faso
2731:
2725:
2692:
2688:
2665:. Retrieved
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2639:
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2589:
2568:. Retrieved
2558:
2546:. Retrieved
2541:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2493:. Retrieved
2490:The Guardian
2489:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2442:. Retrieved
2428:
2408:
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2363:
2352:the original
2347:
2317:
2307:
2285:(1): 61–78.
2282:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2241:
2235:
2226:
2201:. Retrieved
2105:
2090:
2078:
2062:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2028:
2023:legal corpus
2019:
2006:
1991:
1979:
1964:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1916:
1900:
1892:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1843:
1835:Fulani jihad
1827:Bornu Empire
1816:
1807:
1804:Map of Niger
1789:
1777:
1761:Bornu Empire
1752:
1751:
1648:Slave patrol
1485:Freedom suit
1461:Sierra Leone
1451:Colonization
1367:Abolitionism
1347:Baháʼí Faith
1320:Christianity
1270:Saudi Arabia
1126:Penal Labour
1091:Blackbirding
997:Debt bondage
985:penal system
811:Contemporary
801:Field slaves
789:U.S. Natives
748:South Africa
720:
619:Galley slave
592:Slave market
582:House slaves
555:Blackbirding
533:Conscription
457:21st century
420:Umm al-walad
264:Muslim world
233:Emancipation
137:Wage slavery
117:Penal labour
95:Wife selling
85:Bride buying
70:Conscription
60:Child Labour
53:Contemporary
15:
3598:LGBT rights
3429:LGBT rights
3363:Departments
3100:recognition
3053:South Sudan
2943:Ivory Coast
2542:21 May 2008
2110:founded by
1974:concubinage
1663:court cases
1540: [
1490:Slave Power
1478:Manumission
1325:Catholicism
1200:Afghanistan
941:Puerto Rico
853:The Bahamas
831:Slave codes
634:Shanghaiing
624:Impressment
516:Slave Coast
396:Qajar harem
356:Concubinage
329:slave trade
3691:Categories
3155:(Portugal)
3113:Somaliland
3033:Seychelles
2998:Mozambique
2983:Mauritania
2968:Madagascar
2923:The Gambia
2858:Cape Verde
2667:8 February
2645:8 February
2619:8 February
2570:8 February
2548:8 February
2522:8 February
2495:8 February
2469:8 February
2378:8 February
2203:8 February
2149:References
2086:US$ 21,500
1885:, and the
1678:J.Q. Adams
1668:Washington
1638:Slave name
1587:convention
1562:Common law
935:Encomienda
731:Seychelles
716:Mauritania
639:Slave ship
506:Panyarring
501:New France
150:Historical
3593:Languages
3568:Education
3517:Transport
3492:Companies
3461:President
3414:Elections
3336:Geography
3288:2007–2009
3283:1990–1995
3278:1962–1964
2988:Mauritius
2717:141769702
2299:131653567
2010:2010 coup
1673:Jefferson
1330:Mormonism
1265:Palestine
1079:Australia
1009:Indonesia
900:Lei Áurea
883:Code Noir
863:Caribbean
836:Treatment
575:Treatment
548:Devshirme
410:Odalisque
228:In Russia
169:Babylonia
157:Antiquity
3676:Category
3633:Religion
3618:Polygamy
3497:Currency
3446:Military
3397:Politics
3383:Wildlife
3358:Communes
3179: /
3175: /
3168:(France)
3162: /
3140: /
3136: /
3088:Zimbabwe
3063:Tanzania
2913:Ethiopia
2908:Eswatini
2888:Djibouti
2853:Cameroon
2838:Botswana
2772:ABC News
2761:BBC News
2709:20535154
2438:Archived
2417:Archived
2397:Archived
2122:See also
2102:Timidria
1954:Timidria
1911:Kel Owey
1781:Timidria
1705:Iron bit
1695:40 acres
1658:breeding
1473:Freedman
1308:Religion
1168:Portugal
1053:Thailand
1043:Maldives
1038:Malaysia
1031:Kwalliso
975:Booi Aha
927:Restavek
907:Colombia
878:Trinidad
868:Barbados
758:Zanzibar
706:Ethiopia
587:Saqaliba
481:Database
432:Saqaliba
193:Ancillae
23:a series
21:Part of
3667:Outline
3643:Slavery
3558:Cuisine
3531:Culture
3512:Tourism
3480:Economy
3434:Slavery
3378:Regions
3348:Borders
3237:History
3164:Réunion
3160:Mayotte
3151:Madeira
3146:(Spain)
3142:Melilla
3073:Tunisia
3043:Somalia
3028:Senegal
3013:Nigeria
3003:Namibia
2993:Morocco
2958:Liberia
2953:Lesotho
2903:Eritrea
2873:Comoros
2848:Burundi
2823:Algeria
2436:. BBC.
2116:Tamajaq
2065:US$ 400
1683:Lincoln
1556:Related
1456:Liberia
1342:Judaism
1280:Tunisia
1255:Morocco
1245:Lebanon
1210:Bahrain
1205:Algeria
1173:Romania
1138:Denmark
1131:Slavery
1065:Vietnam
736:Somalia
726:Nigeria
701:Comoros
629:Pirates
538:Ghilman
471:Bristol
361:history
334:pirates
223:History
112:Peonage
35:slavery
3583:Health
3548:Cinema
3543:Anthem
3353:Cities
3315:Crisis
3183:
3166:
3153:
3083:Zambia
3078:Uganda
3018:Rwanda
2973:Malawi
2933:Guinea
2828:Angola
2715:
2707:
2663:. IRIN
2297:
2058:ITUC's
2032:Inates
1907:Agadez
1903:Tahoua
1887:Tuareg
1879:Kanuri
1875:Zinder
1839:Tuareg
1825:. The
1604:owners
1240:Kuwait
1235:Jordan
1188:Sweden
1178:Russia
1163:Poland
1158:Norway
980:Laogai
965:Brunei
960:Bhutan
922:revolt
895:Brazil
858:Canada
821:partus
806:female
691:Angola
560:Coolie
543:Mamluk
496:Nantes
476:Brazil
405:Cariye
240:Thrall
208:Kholop
174:Greece
3648:Sport
3613:Music
3608:Media
3573:Films
3228:Niger
3138:Ceuta
3058:Sudan
3008:Niger
2963:Libya
2948:Kenya
2928:Ghana
2918:Gabon
2893:Egypt
2833:Benin
2713:S2CID
2705:JSTOR
2613:(PDF)
2444:3 May
2372:(PDF)
2355:(PDF)
2344:(PDF)
2295:S2CID
2197:(PDF)
1895:Zarma
1883:Hausa
1813:Bornu
1773:elite
1765:Niger
1757:Sahel
1631:songs
1626:films
1544:]
1500:songs
1337:Islam
1315:Bible
1290:Yemen
1285:Qatar
1275:Syria
1250:Libya
1215:Egypt
1183:Spain
1153:Malta
1026:Korea
1014:Japan
992:India
970:China
917:Haiti
777:Aztec
753:Sudan
721:Niger
613:Naval
486:Dutch
415:Qiyan
401:Jarya
376:Harem
218:Serfs
164:Egypt
3578:Flag
3293:2012
3068:Togo
2978:Mali
2868:Chad
2669:2013
2647:2013
2621:2013
2572:2013
2550:2013
2524:2013
2497:2013
2471:2013
2446:2010
2380:2013
2205:2013
1905:and
1819:Kano
1582:laws
1444:U.S.
1439:U.K.
1377:U.S.
1372:U.K.
1260:Oman
1230:Iraq
1225:Iran
912:Cuba
816:maps
711:Mali
696:Chad
282:Baqt
179:Rome
75:Debt
33:and
2697:doi
2693:103
2590:UPI
2322:197
2312:197
2287:doi
1775:.
3693::
2770:,
2759:,
2711:.
2703:.
2691:.
2677:^
2638:.
2598:^
2580:^
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2327:^
2293:.
2283:35
2281:.
2250:^
2213:^
2156:^
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278:
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
