Tuareg people - Knowledge

1158: 1570: 1579: 1668: 2894: 1082: 2879: 737: 2411: 1884: 134: 1475:, a loan word that means Muslim in Arabic). After the adoption of Islam, they became integral to the Tuareg social structure. According to Norris (1976), this stratum of Muslim clerics has been a sacerdotal caste, which propagated Islam in North Africa and the Sahel between the 7th and 17th centuries. Adherence to the faith was initially centered around this caste, but later spread to the wider Tuareg community. The marabouts have traditionally been the judges ( 2158: 821: 188: 3281: 2650: 1487: 1556:

gave to the nobles after keeping a fifth part of the produce. Their Tuareg patrons were usually responsible for supplying agricultural tools, seed and clothing. The peasants' origins are also unclear. One theory postulates that they are descendants of ancient people who lived in the Sahara before they were dominated by invading groups. In contemporary times, these peasant strata have blended in with freed slaves and farm arable lands together.

1746: 1516:). These have included blacksmith, jeweler, wood worker and leather artisan castes. They produced and repaired the saddles, tools, household items and other items for the Tuareg community. In Niger and Mali, where the largest Tuareg populations are found, the artisan castes were attached as clients to a family of nobles or vassals, carried messages over distances for their patron family, and traditionally sacrificed animals during Islamic 206: 170: 3030: 2242: 1032: 152: 98: 116: 1239:, was established by Imasheghen Tuareg at the start of the 12th century. It flourished under the protection and rule of a Tuareg confederation. However, modern scholars believe that there is insufficient evidence to pinpoint the exact time of origin and founders of Timbuktu, although it is archeologically clear that the city originated from local trade m between the Middle Niger Delta, on the one hand, and between the 1828: 61: 2626: 3896:-speaking populations, which suggests that some Tuareg tribes in parts of Libya and Niger may have assimilated many persons of West African origin into their communities. To wit, around 50% of individuals among the Al Awaynat Tuareg in Libya are E1b1a carriers compared to only 11% of the adjacent Tahala Tuareg. 89% of the Tahala belong instead to the E1b1b-M81 Berber founding lineage. 1409: 647: 1302: 2355:

husband's house. It has been suggested that the traditional tent construction and arrangement of living space within it represent a microcosm of the greater world as an aide in the organization of lived experiences so much so that movement away from the tent can cause changes in character for both men and women as its stabilizing force becomes faint.

2351:). There are several documented styles, some covered with animal skin, some with mats. The style tends to vary by location or subgroup. The tent is traditionally constructed for the first time during the marriage ceremony and is considered an extension of the union, to the extent that the phrase "making a tent" is a metaphor for becoming married. 5834:, Journal of Anthropological Research, University of Chicago Press, Volume 52, Number 1 (Spring, 1996), page 61, Quote: "'Nobles are like rice, smiths are like millet, and slaves are like corn', said Hado, a smith from the Kel Ewey confederation of Tuareg near Moun Bagzan in northeastern Niger. He was explaining to me the reasons for endogamy." 3885:, and is dominated by its sub-clade E-M183. M81 is thought to have originated in North Africa up to 14,000 years ago, but a single 2200-year-old branch M183-PF2546 dominates Northern and Eastern Berbers. Its parent haplogroup E1b1b is associated with Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations, and is thought to have arisen in the Horn of Africa. 1124:, and the military of both countries followed, with deaths into the thousands. Negotiations initiated by France and Algeria led to peace agreements in January 1992 in Mali and in 1995 in Niger, both arranging for decentralization of national power and the integration of Tuareg resistance fighters into the countries' national armies. 661:, stretching from far southwestern Libya to southern Algeria, Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, and the far north of Nigeria. Their combined population in these territories exceeds 2.5 million, with an estimated population in Niger of around 2 million (11% of inhabitants) and in Mali of another 0.5 million (3% of inhabitants). 3405:

ability to subsist. Uranium mining has diminished and degraded Tuareg grazing lands. The mining industry produces radioactive waste that can contaminate crucial sources of ground water resulting in cancer, stillbirths, and genetic defects, and uses up huge quantities of water in a region where water is already scarce.

1867:), sometimes referred to as a cheche (pronounced "shesh"), a combined turban and veil, often indigo-blue colored. The men's facial covering originates from the belief that such action wards off evil spirits. It may have related instrumentally from the need for protection from the harsh desert sands as well. 4944:

Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara, in the Years of 1845 and 1846 Containing a Narrative of Personal Adventures, During a Tour of Nine Months Through the Desert, Amongst the Touaricks and Other Tribes of Saharan People; Including a Description of the Oases and Cities of Ghat, Ghadames, and Mourzuk

1756:

Tuareg social stratification into noble, clerical and artisanal castes likely emerged after the 10th century, as a corollary of the rising slavery system. Similar caste institutions are found in other communities in Africa. According to anthropologist Tal Tamari, linguistic evidence suggests that the

1381:

is elected in a ritual which differs between groups. The individual amghar who lead the clans making up the confederation usually have the deciding voice. The matrilineal inheritance and mythology among Tuareg clans, states Susan Rasmussen, is a cultural vestige from the pre-Islamic era of the Tuareg

3375:

has shown itself unwilling to cede control of the highly profitable mining to indigenous clans. The Tuareg are determined not to relinquish the prospect of substantial economic benefit. The French government has independently tried to defend a French firm, Areva, established in Niger for fifty years

1555:

in Arabic). Their origins are unclear but they often speak both Tuareg dialects and Arabic, though a few communities are Songhay speakers. Traditionally, these local peasants were subservient to the warrior nobles who owned the oasis and the land. The peasants tilled these fields, whose output they

7373:

Cruciani, Fulvio; Fratta, Roberta La; Santolamazza, Piero; Sellitto, Daniele; Pascone, Roberto; Moral, Pedro; Watson, Elizabeth; Guida, Valentina; Colomb, Eliane Beraud; Boriana Zaharova; Lavinha, João; Vona, Giuseppe; Aman, Rashid; Calì, Francesco; Akar, Nejat; Richards, Martin; Torroni, Antonio;

1663:

French colonial governments stopped the acquisition of new slaves and slave trading in markets, but they did not remove or free domestic slaves from the Tuareg owners who had acquired them before French rule. In Tuareg society, like w many others in West Africa, slave status was inherited, and the

1054:

When African countries achieved widespread independence in the 1960s, the traditional Tuareg territory was divided among a number of modern states: Niger, Mali, Algeria, Libya, and Burkina Faso. Political instability and competition for resources in the Sahel has since led to conflicts between the

712:

estimates that the Tuareg population in Mali constitutes approximately 0.9% of the national population (~150,000), whereas about 3.5% of local inhabitants speak Tuareg (Tamasheq) as a primary language. In contrast, Imperato (2008) estimates that the Tuareg represent around 3% of Mali's population.

3942:

The Tuareg in the vicinity of Tanout in Maradi Region and westward to villages of Loube and Djibale in Tahoua Region in Niger are different from the other Tuareg populations in that a majority carry Sub-Saharan mtDNA lineages. In fact, the name for these mixed Tuareg-Haussa people is "Djibalawaa"

3404:

Despite the Sahara's erratic and unpredictable rainfall patterns, the Tuareg have managed to survive in the hostile desert environment for centuries. Over recent years however, depletion of water by the uranium exploitation process combined with the effects of climate change are threatening their

1431:

The nobles originally had a monopoly on carrying arms and owning camels, and were the warriors of the Tuareg regions. They may have achieved their social status by subjugating other Tuareg castes, keeping arms to defend their properties and vassals. They have collected tribute from their vassals.

1219:

According to the anthropologist Susan Rasmussen, after the Tuareg had adopted the religion, they were reputedly lax in their prayers and observances of other Muslim precepts. Some of their ancient beliefs still exist today subtly within their culture and tradition, such as elements of pre-Islamic

3933:

Pereira et al. (2010) in a study of 90 unrelated individuals observed greater matrilineal heterogeneity among the Tuareg inhabiting more southerly areas in the Sahel. The Tuareg in the Gossi environs in Mali largely bear the H1 haplogroup (52%), with the M1 lineage (19%), and various Sub-Saharan

1461:

In the late Medieval era, states Prasse, the previously existing weapon monopoly of the nobility broke down after regional wars took a heavy toll on the noble warrior strata, and thereafter the vassals carried weapons as well and were recruited as warriors. After the start of the French colonial

2354:

Because the tent is considered to be under the ownership of a married woman, sedentary dwellings generally belong to men, reflecting a patriarchal shift in power dynamics. Current documentation suggests a negotiation of common practice in which a woman's tent is set up in the courtyard of her

3408:

This is exacerbated by the increased rate of desertification thought to be the result of global warming. Lack of water forces the Tuareg to compete with southern farming communities for scarce resources and this has led to tensions and clashes between these communities. The precise levels of

1730:

While post-independence states have sought to outlaw slavery, results have been mixed. Certain Tuareg communities still uphold the institution. Traditional caste relationships have continued in many places, including slaveholding. In Niger, where the practice of slavery was outlawed in 2003,

1454:) in the Tuareg language. Although the vassals were free, they did not own camels but instead kept donkeys and herds of goats, sheep and oxen. They pastured and tended their own herds as well those owned by the nobles of the confederation. The vassal strata have traditionally paid an annual 1027:

French colonial administration of the Tuareg was largely based on supporting the existing social hierarchy. The French concluded that Tuareg rebellions were largely the result of reform policies that undermined the traditional chiefs. The colonial authorities wished to create a protectorate

5552:, Quote: "The Tuareg are seminomadic people of Berber origin. There are various Tuareg clans and confederation of clans. Historically, Tuareg groups are composed of hierarchical caste systems within clans, including noble warriores, religious leaders, craftsmen, and those who are unfree". 1651:

According to historian Priscilla Starratt (1981), the Tuareg evolved a system of slavery that was highly differentiated. They established strata among their slaves, which determined rules as to the slave's expected behavior, marriageability, inheritance rights if any, and occupation. The

3990:

A 2017 study by Arauna et al. which analyzed existing genetic data obtained from Northern African populations, such as Berbers, described them as a mosaic of local Northern African (Taforalt), Middle Eastern, European (Early European Farmers), and Sub-Saharan African-related ancestries.

1385:

According to Rasmussen, Tuareg society exhibits a blend of pre-Islamic and Islamic practices. Patrilineal Muslim values are believed to have been superimposed upon the Tuareg's traditional matrilineal society. Other apparently newer customs include close-cousin endogamous marriages and

1707:, quickly spreading along the Niger River valley. In the first decade of the 20th century, French administrators in southern Tuareg areas of the French Sudan estimated that "free" to "servile" groups within Tuareg society existed at ratios of 1 to 8 or 9. At the same time, the servile 2504:

opened an exhibition, "Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in a Modern World", the first such exhibit in the United States. It was curated by Tom Seligman, director of the center. He had first spent time with the Tuareg in 1971 when he traveled through the Sahara after serving in the

2148:

compiled perhaps the earliest dictionary of the Tuareg language. The Tuaregs compose a great deal of poetry, often elegiac, epigrammatic, and amatory. Charles de Foucauld, and other ethnographers have preserved thousands of these poems, many of which Foucauld translated into French.

3943:

named after the village of Djibale in Bouza Department, Tahoua Region of Niger. This points to significant assimilation of local West African females into this community. The most common maternal haplogroups found among the Tanout Tuareg are various L2 subclades (39%), followed by

2719:(e.g., Adrar des Iforas), they were practically the only music available, which helped them to regional success. They released their first CD in 2000, and toured in Europe and the United States in 2004. Tuareg guitar groups that followed in their path include Group Inerane and 3929:

around 40,000 years ago. In 2009, based on 129 individuals, Libyan Tuareg were shown to have a maternal genetic pool with a "European" component similar to other Berbers, as well as a south Saharan contribution linked to Eastern Africa and Near Eastern populations.

1791:

Archaeological work by Rod McIntosh and Susan Keech McIntosh indicates that long-distance trade and specialized economies existed in the Western Sudan at an early date. During the 9th and 10th centuries, Berbers and Arabs built upon these pre-existing

1680:(1998) says that although French colonial rule indeed did not end domestic slavery in Tuareg society, the French reportedly attempted to impress upon the nobles the equality of the Imrad and Bella and to encourage the slaves to claim their rights. 1796:

and quickly developed trans-Saharan and sub-Saharan transport networks. Successive local Muslim kingdoms developed increasing sophistication in their martial capacity, slave raiding, holding and trading systems. Among these Islamic states were the

1028:

operating, ideally, through single chieftains who ruled under French sovereignty, but were autonomous within their territories. Thus French rule, relying on the loyalty of the Tuareg noble caste, did not improve the status of the slave class.

1535:

derivation, a proposal that Prasse calls "a much vexed question". Their association with fire, iron and precious metals and their reputation for being cunning tradesmen has led others to treat them with a mix of admiration and distrust.

1224:. For example, Tuareg religious ceremonies contain allusions to matrilineal spirits, as well as to fertility, menstruation, the earth and ancestresses. Norris (1976) suggests that this apparent syncretism may stem from the influence of 3379:

Additional complaints against Areva are that it is: "...plundering...the natural resources and the fossil deposits. It is undoubtedly an ecological catastrophe". These mines yield uranium ores, which are then processed to produce

2524:

Throughout history, the Tuareg were renowned and respected warriors. Their decline as a military might came with the introduction of firearms, weapons which the Tuareg did not possess. The Tuareg warrior equipment consisted of a

2215:

with varied shapes that either resemble a cross or have the shape of a plate or shield. Historically, the oldest known specimens were made of stone or copper, but subsequently Tuareg blacksmiths also used iron and silver, in the

1127:

Major fighting between the Tuareg resistance and government security forces ended after the 1995 and 1996 agreements. As of 2004, sporadic fighting continued in Niger between government forces and Tuareg rebels. In 2007, a new

3912:

haplogroup (61%). This is the highest global frequency found so far of the maternal clade. The haplogroup peaks among Berber populations. The remaining Libyan Tuareg mainly belong to two other West Eurasian mtDNA lineages,

1390:

and it in conformity with Islamic tenets. Polygyny, which has been witnessed among Tuareg chiefs and Islamic scholars, is in turn thought to have been contrary to the pre-Islamic monogamous tradition of the nomadic Tuareg.

3938:

subclades (19%) next most common. Similarly, most of the Tuareg inhabiting Gorom-Gorom in Burkina Faso carry the H1 haplogroup (24%), followed by various L2 subclades (24%), the V lineage (21%), and haplogroup M1 (18%).

2096:

with much sugar added. After steeping, it is poured three times in and out of the teapot over the tea, mint leaves and sugar and served by pouring from a height of over a foot into small tea glasses with a froth on top.

1399:

Tuareg society has featured caste hierarchies within each clan and political confederation. These hierarchical systems have included nobles, clerics, craftsmen and unfree strata of people including widespread slavery.

1142:

Since 1998, three different flags have been designed to represent the Tuareg. In Niger, the Tuareg people remain socially and economically marginalized, remaining poor and unrepresented in Niger's central government.

7260:

Ottoni, C; Larmuseau, MH; Vanderheyden, N; Martínez-Labarga, C; Primativo, G; Biondi, G; Decorte, R; Rickards, O (May 2011). "Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: a genetic survey of their paternal heritage".

1675:

According to Bernus (1972), Brusberg (1985) and Mortimore (1972), French colonial interests in the Tuareg region were primarily economic, and they had no intention of ending the slave-owning institution. Historian

1312:

Clans have been a historic part of the Tuaregs. The 7th century invasion of North Africa from the Middle East triggered an extensive migration of Tuaregs such as the Lemta and the Zarawa, along with other fellow

1726:

made up some 2/3 to 3/4 of the total Songhay population. Klein concludes that approximately 50% of the population of French Sudan at the beginning of the 20th century was in some servile or slave relationship.

1687:

authorities to liberate slaves and other bonded castes in Tuareg areas following the 1914–1916 Firouan revolt. Despite this, French officials following the Second World War reported that there were some 50,000

1462:

rule, which deprived the nobles of their powers over war and taxation, the Tuaregs belonging to the noble strata disdained tending cattle and tilling the land, seeking instead soldiering or intellectual work.

7603:

Ottoni, Claudio; Martínez-Labarga, Cristina; Loogväli, Eva-Liis; Pennarun, Erwan; Achilli, Alessandro; De Angelis, Flavio; Trucchi, Emiliano; Contini, Irene; Biondi, Gianfranco; Rickards, Olga (20 May 2009).

1880:. Taking on the veil is associated with the rite of passage to manhood. Men begin wearing a veil when they reach maturity. The veil usually conceals their face, excluding their eyes and the top of the nose. 1539:

According to Rasmussen, the Tuareg castes are not only hierarchical, as each caste differs in mutual perception, food and eating behaviors. For example, she relates an explanation by a smith on why there is

1009:

After numerous massacres on both sides, the Tuareg were defeated and forced to sign treaties in Mali in 1905 and Niger in 1917. In southern Algeria, the French met some of the strongest resistance from the

2224:" by Seligman and Loughran (2006), this piece has become a national and African symbol for Tuareg culture and political rights. Today, these pieces of jewellery are often made for tourists or as items of 2509:. The exhibition included crafted and adorned functional objects such as camel saddles, tents, bags, swords, amulets, cushions, dresses, earrings, spoons and drums. The exhibition also was shown at the 1067:

is exacerbated by over-exploitation of resources including firewood. This has pushed some Tuareg to experiment with farming; some have been forced to abandon herding and seek jobs in towns and cities.

1600:

origin, as well as tribute-paying states in raids on surrounding communities. They also took captives as war booty or purchased slaves in markets. The slaves or servile communities are locally called

1439:, is elected from among the nobles by the tribal chiefs. The chieftain is the overlord during times of war, and receives tribute and taxes from tribes as a sign of their submission to his authority. 4123: 1843:. Other distinctive aspects of Tuareg culture include clothing, food, language, religion, arts, astronomy, nomadic architecture, traditional weapons, music, films, games, and economic activities. 3296:, meaning the free people; the overlap of meaning has increased local cultural nationalism. Many Tuareg today are either settled agriculturalists or nomadic cattle breeders, while others are 589:). Spellings of the appellation vary by Tuareg dialect. They all reflect the same linguistic root, expressing the notion of "freemen". As such, the endonym strictly refers only to the Tuareg 5821:, Quote: "In Mali, Niger and southern Algeria, Tuareg griots of the artisanal caste practice a related tradition. Known to the Tuareg as agguta, they typically entertain at weddings (...)" 7101: 4489:

Ottoni, Claudio; Larmuseau, Maarten H. D.; Vanderheyden, Nancy; Martínez-Labarga, Cristina; Primativo, Giuseppina; Biondi, Gianfranco; Decorte, Ronny; Rickards, Olga (1 May 2011).

3371:

A contemporary variant is occurring in northern Niger, in a traditionally Tuareg territory that comprises most of the uranium-rich land of the country. The central government in

3316:

Since prehistoric times, Tuareg peoples have been organising caravans for trading across the Sahara desert. The caravan in Niger from around Agadez to Fachi and Bilma is called

6362: 1737:

reported that many slaves held by the Tuareg in Mali were liberated during 2013–14 when French troops intervened on behalf of the Malian government against Islamic radicals.

7944:

People of the veil. Being an account of the habits, organisation and history of the wandering Tuareg tribes which inhabit the mountains of Aïr or Asben in the Central Sahara

1216:. While Islam is the religion of the contemporary Tuareg, historical documents suggest that they initially resisted Islamization efforts in their traditional strongholds. 6271: 3418: 3401:

within the MNJ. The goal of these Tuareg appears to be economic and political control of ancestral lands, rather than operating from religious and political ideologies.

7869:

Rando et al. (1998) "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of northwest African populations reveals genetic exchanges with European, near-eastern, and sub-Saharan populations".

2844:, a major supporter of Tinariwen and the Festival au Désert said of Tinariwen, "When I first heard them, I felt, this was the music I'd been looking for all my life." 2200:), gold and 🥈 necklaces called 'takaza' as well as earrings called 'tizabaten'. Pilgrimage boxes with intricate iron and brass decorations are used to carry items. 1656:

later became a bonded caste within Tuareg society, and they now speak the same Tamasheq language as Tuareg nobles and share many customs. According to Heath, the

1247:. Monroe asserts, based on archaeological evidence, that Timbuktu emerged from an urban-rural dynamic, that is, aiming to provide services to its immediate rural 7885:

Rasmussen, Susan (September 2021). Jain, Andrea R. (ed.). "Re-Thinking a Matrilineal Myth of Healing: Tuareg Medicine Women, Islam, and the Market in Niger".

6991: 1531:

by Tuareg, have been called upon to sing during ceremonies such as weddings or funerals. The origins of the artisanal castes are unclear. One theory posits a

1157: 1765:, since the Tuareg terms for "blacksmith" and "bard" are of non-Berber origin. The designation for the endogamous blacksmiths among the southern Tuareg is 9125: 7554:

Luísa Pereira; Viktor Černý; María Cerezo; Nuno M Silva; Martin Hájek; Alžběta Vašíková; Martina Kujanová; Radim Brdička; Antonio Salas (17 March 2010).

6292: 5979:, Quote: "IKLAN. This term refers to all former black slaves and domestic serfs of traditional Tuareg society. The term iklan is plural form for'slave'." 7076: 1523:

These social strata, like caste systems found in many parts of West Africa, included singers, musicians and story tellers of the Tuareg, who kept their

802:(16th century) all documented the Tuareg in some form, usually as Mulatthamin or "the veiled ones". Of the early historians, fourteenth century scholar 9010: 8948: 2347:

While living quarters are progressively changing to adapt to a more sedentary lifestyle, Tuareg groups are well known for their nomadic architecture (

844:) elders, called Imegharan (wisemen), were chosen to assist the chief of the confederation. Historically, there have been seven major confederations. 8958: 8103: 4917:

Nicolaisen, Johannes and Ida Nicolaisen. The Pastoral Tuareg: Ecology, Culture and Society Vol. I & II. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997, p. 31.

1270: 626:

color of the tagelmust veils and other clothing, which sometimes stains the skin underneath giving it a blueish tint. Another term for the Tuareg is

3983:. The inferred ethnogenesis of the Tuareg people happened within a time period of 9,000 to 3,000 years ago, and most likely took place somewhere in 3921:. M1 is today most common among other Afro-Asiatic speakers inhabiting East Africa, and is believed to have arrived on the continent along with the 9105: 8583: 7802:. Los Angeles: Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History. pp. 167–212. 1762: 9115: 8403: 3386:, crucial to the nuclear power industry, as well as aspirational nuclear powers. In 2007, some Tuareg people in Niger allied themselves with the 2575: 6861:"First Exhibition of Tuareg Art and Culture in America Appears at Stanford Before Traveling to the Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art" 6799:

Rasmussen, Susan (1996). "The Tent as Cultural Symbol and Field Site: Social and Symbolic Space, "Topos", and Authority in a Tuareg Community".

8813: 2906: 1086: 1377:

is hereditary through a matrilineal principle; it is usual for the son of a sister of the incumbent chieftain to succeed to his position. The

7109: 3967:

Based on classical genetic markers, according to Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A. (1994), the Tuareg have genetic affinities with the

1442:

The vassal-herdsmen are the second free stratum within Tuareg society, occupying a position just below that of the nobles. They are known as

5030:"Does Supply-Induced Scarcity Drive Violent Conflicts in the African Sahel? The Case of the Tuareg Rebellion in Northern Mali" (Nov., 2008) 5071: 483:(Libya) from the 1st millennium BC to the 5th century AD. Tuareg people are credited with spreading Islam in North Africa and the adjacent 2173:

As in other rural Berber traditions, jewellery made of silver, coloured glass or iron us a special artform of the Tuareg people. While in

2007:

The traditional indigo turban is still preferred for celebrations, and generally Tuareg wear clothing and turbans in a variety of colors.

9325: 8943: 8838: 8776: 7887: 2185: 1983: 1928: 8050: 806:

probably wrote some of the most detailed commentary on the life and people of the Sahara, though he apparently never actually met them.

9330: 7881:

71: 1082–1111. These are good sources for information on the genetic heritage of the Tuareg and their relatedness to other populations.

2201: 1999: 1991: 1920: 1912: 6265: 5440:

Monroe, J. Cameron (2018). ""Elephants for Want of Towns": Archaeological Perspectives on West African Cities and Their Hinterlands".

447:, and are descended from the indigenous Berber communities of Northern Africa, whose ancestry has been described as a mosaic of local 9065: 9015: 8993: 8973: 8953: 8928: 8918: 8908: 3397:

in the Sahel region as part of the Trans-Sahara Counter-Terrorism Partnership. Some of these trainees are reported to have fought in

2581: 1975: 1936: 1231:

The Tuaregs have been one of the influential ethnic groups in the spread of Islam and its legacy in North Africa and adjacent Sahel.

4250: 1293:

Tuareg society has traditionally featured clan membership, social status and caste hierarchies within each political confederation.

8923: 8913: 5309:, Quote: "Historically, Tuareg and other Berber (Amazigh) peoples initially resisted Islam in their mountain and desert fortresses" 2533: 2189: 1944: 1458:, or tribute to the nobles as a part of their status obligations, and hosted any noble who was traveling through their territory. 7661:"Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel" 7556:"Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel" 6135: 4795: 2022:

fire; the flat disk-shaped bread is buried under the hot sand. The bread is broken into small pieces and eaten with a meat sauce.

8938: 6965: 3888:

Besides E1b1b, Pereira et al. (2011) and Ottoni et al. (2011) observed that certain Tuareg inhabiting Niger and Libya carry the

9340: 9295: 1569: 7376:"Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa" 6863: 697:, there are an estimated 1.2 million Tuareg speakers. Around half of this number consists of speakers of the eastern dialect ( 9335: 8096: 7860: 7836: 7807: 7719: 6543: 6481: 6454: 6427: 6175: 6096: 6069: 6000: 5972: 5902: 5875: 5814: 5787: 5584: 5545: 5478: 5412: 5358: 5330: 5302: 5239: 4981: 4955: 4819: 4776: 4724: 4644: 4556: 4473: 4409: 2510: 2715:, a Tuareg band that fuses electric guitars and indigenous musical styles. Especially in areas that were cut off during the 8576: 6834:

Rasmussen, Susan J. (1998). "Within the Tent and at the Crossroads: Travel and Gender Identity among the Tuareg of Niger".

2921:

in Mali's Timbuktu provides one opportunity to see Tuareg culture and dance and hear their music. Other festivals include:

6882:"Political Cultures and Tuareg mobilizations: Rebels of Niger, from Kaocen to the Mouvement des Nigériens pour la Justice" 5147: 4883:

Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). "A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications".

8396: 7131: 3409:

environmental and social impact of the mining industry have proved difficult to monitor due to governmental obstruction.

3103:: consists of singing and touching each person's leg, where the ends, that person is out: the last person loses the game. 1544:

among Tuareg castes in Niger. The smith explained, "nobles are like rice, smiths are like millet, slaves are like corn".

7431:

Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, Zerjal T, Fathallah DM, Makrelouf M, Pascali VL, Novelletto A, Tyler-Smith C (2004).

832:

At the turn of the 19th century, the Tuareg territory was organised into confederations, each ruled by a supreme Chief (

9285: 6662: 5732: 5109: 4870: 4320: 1640:

is the plural form of "slave", an allusion to most of the slaves. In post-colonial literature, the alternate terms for

1078:

in northeastern Mali. The Malian Army suppressed the revolt, but resentment among the Tuareg fueled further uprisings.

6909: 1169:. Archaeological excavations of prehistoric tombs in the Maghreb have yielded skeletal remains that were painted with 9315: 9305: 7959: 7785: 7756: 7239: 6893: 6596: 6243: 5015: 4859: 4446: 4351: 4019:

and Tuaregs from neighbouring countries meet to simulate through songs and dance the fights that once separated them.

3440: 3077: 2289: 1049: 8450: 3059: 2271: 8748: 8089: 6136:

Edouard Bernus. "Les palmeraies de l'Aïr", Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 11, (1972) pp. 37–50

5892: 5337:, Quote: "We remind ourselves that the Tuareg carries this name for having long resisted and refused Islamization." 2716: 2174: 1809:(16th century). Slavery created a template for servile relationships, which developed into more complex castes and 1660:

in Tuareg society were the slave caste whose occupation was rearing and herding livestock such as sheep and goats.

1578: 1432:

This warrior nobility has traditionally married within their caste, not to individuals in strata below their own.

1129: 1094: 1071: 2045:. Millet is boiled with water to make a pap and eaten with milk or a heavy sauce. Common dairy foods are goat and 1667: 779:, the Tuareg's traditional Libyco-Berber writing script, have been found on one of the ancient sepulchre's walls. 9320: 9310: 8569: 7939: 3430: 1220:

cosmology and rituals, particularly among Tuareg women, or the widespread "cult of the dead", which is a form of

7798:

Loughran, Kristyne (2006). "Tuareg women and their jewelry". In Seligman, Thomas K.; Loughran, Kristyne (eds.).

9300: 9290: 8389: 8167: 6287: 5294:

Neighbors, Strangers, Witches, and Culture-Heroes: Ritual Powers of Smith/Artisans in Tuareg Society and Beyond

3055: 3051: 2609:: songs performed by women, accompanied by tende (drum); the men, on camel-back, circle the women as they sing. 2518: 2267: 2263: 472: 7210: 2893: 2585:(poems) are sung by women and men during feasts and social occasions. Another popular Tuareg musical genre is 1696:

alone. This was at least four decades after French declarations of mass freedom in other areas of the colony.

1621:

They often live in communities separate from other castes. The Ikelan's Nilotic extraction is denoted via the

1185:

sepulchres, were erected for religious and funerary practices. In 1926, one such tomb was discovered south of

9345: 8076: 7009: 6387: 4148: 1506:

According to anthropologist Jeffrey Heath, Tuareg artisans belong to separate endogamous castes known as the

999: 994:

In the mid-19th century, descriptions of the Tuareg and their way of life were made by the English traveller

763:, who is believed to have lived between the 4th and 5th centuries. The matriarch's 1,500-year-old monumental 5678:

Stewart, C. C. (1977). "The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and its Diffusion in the Sahel. By H. T. Norris".

4577:

Stewart, C. C. (1977). "The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and its Diffusion in the Sahel. By H. T. Norris".

3904:

According to mtDNA analysis by Ottoni et al. (2010) in a study of 47 individuals, the Tuareg inhabiting the

2402:(a dome-shaped house made of mats for the dry season and square shaped roof with holes to prevent hot air). 1189:. The monument was engraved with funerary inscriptions in the ancient Libyco-Berber writing script known as 1081: 9355: 8592: 8467: 8155: 7900: 8064: 9178: 3127:, children hide themselves and another tries to find and touch them before they reach the well and drink. 998:

in his journeys across the Libyan Sahara in 1845–1846. In the late 19th century, the Tuareg resisted the

995: 709: 1424:(1995) indicates that the nobles constitute the highest caste. They are known in the Tuareg language as 1097:

was in May 1990. In the aftermath of a clash between government soldiers and Tuareg outside a prison in

782:

External accounts of interactions with the Tuareg are available from at least the 10th century onwards.

9220: 8455: 6931: 6318: 3443:, passed on exclusively through the paternal line, were found at the following frequencies in Tuaregs: 3387: 1325:

Arab tribes into Tuareg regions in the 11th century moved the Tuareg south into seven clans, which the

1006:

in 1881. Over decades of fighting, Tuareg broadswords were no match for the firearms of French troops.

5939:

Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg: With Particular Reference to the Tuareg of Ahaggar and Ayr

9270: 7077:"Mdou Moctar protagoniza un nuevo filme documental: "Rain the Color of Red with a Little Blue in It"" 736: 460: 7506: 2410: 8291: 8177: 8160: 3858: 3040: 2878: 2860: 2252: 2177:

in the Maghreb jewelry is mainly worn by women, Tuareg men also wear necklaces, amulets and rings.

1278: 1204:

in the 7th century. In the 16th century, under the tutelage of El Maghili, the Tuareg embraced the

507: 6753:

Seligman and Loughran (2006), The cross of Agadez as a national and political symbol, pp. 258- 261

6348: 6302: 4463: 2960: 2302:

The clear desert skies allowed the Tuareg to be keen observers. Tuareg celestial objects include:

1273:

later preached the value of revolutionary jihad. Inspired by these teachings, Ibn 'Umar's student

9275: 8326: 8145: 8112: 7896: 7054: 6150:

Michael J. Mortimore. "The Changing Resources of Sedentary Communities in Aïr, Southern Sahara",

5231:

The Nomadic Alternative: Modes and Models of Interaction in the African-Asian Deserts and Steppes

4342:"The total Tuareg population is well above one million individuals." Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie, 4096: 3398: 3044: 2910: 2256: 1024:

fought numerous battles, but eventually Tuareg territories were subdued under French governance.

262: 31: 17: 7946:, London, MacMillan & Co., 1926 (repr. Oosterhout, N.B., Anthropological Publications, 1966) 5079: 9280: 9265: 8460: 8316: 8133: 7501: 6611:

Murphy, Robert F. (Apr1966). Untitled review of a 1963 major ethnographic study of the Tuareg.

2918: 1722:, constituted between 70% and 80% of the Fulbe population, while servile Songhay groups around 1512: 836:), along with a council of elders from each tribe. These confederations were sometimes called " 464: 6698: 6444: 5990: 5535: 4945:

by James Richardson Project Gutenberg Release Date: July 17, 2007 Last Updated: April 7, 2018

4809: 4766: 4310: 1664:

upper strata used slave children for domestic work, at camps and as dowry gifts to newlyweds.

9171: 9042: 8445: 8412: 8138: 6881: 6471: 6233: 5962: 5777: 5348: 5292: 5229: 4798:, fourth Edition. Published by Historical Dictionary of Africa No. 107. Scarecrow Press. Inc. 3948: 3944: 3935: 3893: 2321: 2225: 1810: 1421: 7990: 5722: 5574: 2898: 2204:

are made of goat skin. Other such artifacts include metalwork for saddle decoration, called

1101:, Niger, Tuareg in both Mali and Niger claimed independence for their traditional homeland: 8741: 8510: 8433: 8308: 8150: 7493: 5056:"A Political Analysis of Decentralisation: Coopting the Tuareg Threat in Mali" (Sep. 2001) 5043:"A Political Analysis of Decentralisation: Coopting the Tuareg Threat in Mali" (Sep. 2001) 3952: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3909: 2786: 2418:

dagger attached to the left forearm, the man on the right (a noble) is also armed with the

2137: 242: 238: 7708:

Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994).

4043: 3881:

and other Berber groups. It reaches frequencies of up to 100 percent in some parts of the

2573:, performed during camel and horse races, and other festivities. Traditional songs called 502:

routes and have been an important party to the conflicts in the Saharan region during the

8: 8683: 8673: 8438: 8120: 7169:(Western), Ibrahim Affi, Zara Alhassane, Habiba Almoustapha, Imouhar Studio, Sahel Sounds 7023: 6563: 4846: 4069: 2145: 1733: 1465:

A semi-noble stratum of the Tuareg people has been the endogamous religious clerics, the

1255: 1221: 1074:

broke out in the Adrar N'Fughas mountains in the 1960s, joined by Tuareg groups from the

593:, not the artisanal client castes and the slaves. Two other Tuareg self-designations are 503: 499: 7497: 4275: 3328:. These caravans used first oxen, horses and later camels as a means of transportation. 1547:

The people who farm oases in some Tuareg-dominated areas form a distinct group known as

1435:

A collection of tribes, each led by a noble, forms a confederation whose chieftain, the

1212:

Islam, which they now primarily follow. The Tuareg helped spread Islam further into the

9237: 9205: 8515: 7920: 7912: 7685: 7660: 7641: 7580: 7555: 7526: 7481: 7457: 7432: 7408: 7375: 7325: 7300: 6816: 6514: 5832:

Matters of Taste: Food, Eating, and Reflections on "The Body Politic" in Tuareg Society

5703: 5695: 5383: 4900: 4697: 4602: 4594: 4491:"Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: a genetic survey of their paternal heritage" 4016: 2849: 2637: 2501: 2120: 1684: 688: 468: 437: 8044: 6333: 1883: 1822: 1699:

In 1946, a series of mass desertions of Tuareg slaves and bonded communities began in

9215: 9183: 8520: 8420: 8358: 8284: 8058: 7955: 7928: 7856: 7832: 7813: 7803: 7781: 7752: 7715: 7690: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7585: 7531: 7462: 7413: 7395: 7330: 7278: 7235: 7003: 6939: 6889: 6658: 6592: 6539: 6518: 6477: 6450: 6423: 6239: 6171: 6092: 6065: 5996: 5968: 5898: 5871: 5810: 5783: 5728: 5707: 5580: 5541: 5501: 5474: 5408: 5354: 5326: 5298: 5273: 5235: 5203: 5105: 5011: 4866: 4815: 4772: 4720: 4701: 4640: 4606: 4562: 4552: 4518: 4510: 4469: 4442: 4405: 4347: 4316: 4142: 3285: 2125: 1645: 1201: 1060: 1021: 825: 475:. Some researchers have tied the origin of the Tuareg ethnicity with the fall of the 234: 7645: 4928:"Tuareg Confederacies, Federations & Twareg Territories of North Africa:الطوارق" 1055:

Tuareg and neighboring African groups. There have been tight restrictions placed on

550:

in Berber means "(drainage) channel". Another theory is that Tuareg is derived from

498:

hierarchies within each political confederation. The Tuareg have controlled several

9225: 9210: 8663: 8505: 8363: 8348: 8338: 8331: 8128: 7904: 7748: 7744: 7680: 7672: 7617: 7575: 7567: 7521: 7511: 7482:"Mitochondria Haplogroup H1 in North Africa: An Early Holocene Arrival from Iberia" 7452: 7444: 7403: 7387: 7320: 7312: 7270: 6910:

https://www.npr.org/2003/12/08/1532394/robert-plant-finds-blues-roots-in-the-sahara

6860: 6843: 6808: 6710: 6506: 6025: 5687: 5449: 5265: 4892: 4689: 4586: 4502: 4438: 4434: 4206: 4184: 3203:: pass a burning stick, when it is blown off in one's hands tells who is the lover. 2790: 2217: 2131: 2116: 2112: 2106: 1712: 1622: 1282: 1166: 1152: 1075: 772: 745: 684: 672: 619: 433: 425: 320: 258: 254: 230: 226: 7433:"A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa" 6266:

Anti-Slavery International & Association Timidira, Galy kadir Abdelkader, ed.

4985: 4959: 4927: 4129:. DANU Strategic Forecasting Group. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020 2414:

Armed Tuareg men depicted in a French book of 1821. Both men carry spears and the

1263: 9350: 9200: 9195: 9110: 8887: 8734: 8608: 8370: 8353: 8343: 8321: 8247: 8070: 7826: 7736: 7709: 7553: 7516: 6867: 6652: 6533: 6417: 6275: 6165: 6086: 6059: 6055: 5937: 5865: 5804: 5495: 5468: 5402: 5320: 4634: 4572: 4546: 4426: 3889: 3870: 3862: 3308:

people, having an economy based on livestock breeding, trading, and agriculture.

1677: 1597: 1358:

clan confederation. Tuareg self-identification is related only to their specific

1274: 1178: 1098: 1064: 927: 604: 297: 246: 7877:

59(2): 437–44; Salas et al. (2002) "The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape".

7187: 4162: 2735:

members, playing a combination of traditional instruments and electric guitars.

8668: 8550: 8535: 8428: 8252: 8220: 3227:: children pass from house to house singing to get presents: dates, sugar, etc. 3167:

one person to be a jackal and try to touch the others who escape running (tag).

2999: 2983: 2725: 1806: 1700: 1524: 1336:) is made up of family groups constituting a tribe, each led by its chief, the 1326: 1213: 1174: 764: 301: 250: 7952:

Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900

7141: 7044: 6847: 6786:"Much to Learn About Living: Tuareg Architecture and Reflections of Knowledge" 6510: 6029: 5453: 5269: 4768:

Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World

4693: 3215:: play with girls to learn how to build tents, look after babies made of clay. 1102: 1002:

of their central Saharan homelands and annihilated a French expedition led by

803: 9259: 9130: 9100: 9070: 8806: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8678: 8653: 8613: 8545: 8530: 8483: 8242: 8232: 7916: 7908: 7845: 7629: 7399: 6943: 5277: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4566: 4514: 3956: 3878: 3394: 2720: 2093: 2070: 1003: 815: 799: 527: 8215: 7817: 7605: 5505: 5121: 4490: 3861:

is the most common paternal haplogroup among the Tuareg. Most belong to its

3209:: game with girls, prepare food and go search for water and milk and fruits. 983: 9090: 8715: 8658: 8648: 8633: 8623: 8210: 7790:

Hourst, Lieutenant (1898) (translated from the French by Mrs. Arthur Bell)

7694: 7637: 7589: 7535: 7466: 7417: 7334: 7282: 7259: 6714: 5374:

John Hunwick (2003). "Timbuktu: A Refuge of Scholarly and Righteous Folk".

4522: 4488: 4227: 3984: 3874: 3738: 3005: 2841: 2837: 2569: 2550: 2193: 2162: 2078: 1798: 1793: 1693: 1240: 1177:, the custom seems instead to have been primarily derived from the ensuing 795: 665: 448: 414: 305: 139: 8081: 6626: 4834: 4653: 9242: 9190: 9135: 9095: 8710: 8638: 8628: 8617: 8603: 8561: 8488: 8279: 8274: 8190: 7846: 7707: 7676: 7571: 7316: 5350:

Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʿdi's Taʾrīkh Al-Sūdān Down to 1613

3968: 3301: 3255:, writing the name of one's lover to see if this person brings good luck. 2993: 2954: 2866: 2833: 2822: 2514: 2506: 2488: 2074: 1840: 1802: 1715: 1614:), and slavery is inherited, with the descendants of the slaves known as 1322: 1314: 915: 892: 861: 854: 456: 390: 293: 276: 8381: 7924: 7873:

62(6): 531–50; Watson et al. (1996) mtDNA sequence diversity in Africa.

7164: 6535:

West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives

6419:

West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives

5387: 4811:

Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition [2 volumes]

3892:

haplogroup (see table above). This clade is today primarily found among

3191:: one person tries to touch all people standing, to avoid this sit down. 3185:: small dressed wooden puppet that tells stories and makes people laugh. 2555:

Traditional Tuareg music has two major components: the monochord violin

2157: 820: 9037: 8933: 8843: 8823: 8786: 8018: 7274: 6820: 6497:

Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa".

5831: 5699: 4904: 4680:

Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa".

4598: 4506: 3382: 3297: 3280: 2945: 2926: 2695:: dance made while seated, moving the head, the hands and the shoulders 2649: 2335: 2328: 2046: 1758: 1750: 1731:

according to ABC News, almost 8% of the population are still enslaved.

1318: 1248: 1244: 1186: 1121: 918: 895: 783: 693: 476: 193: 7602: 7102:"Sahel Sounds: "Algunos artistas africanos nunca han visto un vinilo"" 5916: 5914: 1486: 9232: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8833: 8296: 5500:. New York: Thames and Hudson; Copenhagen: Rhodos. pp. 411–412. 3926: 3349: 2829: 2802: 2712: 2629: 1896: 1876: 1857: 1852: 1745: 1136: 873: 849: 760: 741: 731: 612: 7348: 6812: 6016:

Starratt, Priscilla Ellen (1981). "Tuareg slavery and slave trade".

5691: 4896: 4633:

Elizabeth Heath (2010). Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates (ed.).

4590: 3393:

In 2004–2007, U.S. Special Forces teams trained Tuareg units of the

3029: 2241: 1704: 943: 904: 708:

The exact number of Tuareg speakers per territory is uncertain. The

9166: 9120: 9080: 9075: 9047: 8988: 8968: 8875: 8850: 8818: 8796: 8237: 8205: 7606:"First genetic insight into Libyan Tuaregs: a maternal perspective" 7448: 7391: 6785: 6140:

Frederick Brusberg. "Production and Exchange in the Saharan Aïr ",

5911: 4402:

Encyclopedia of World Culture, Volume 9: Africa and the Middle East

4251:"Nigeria: Multiple Forms of Mobility in Africa's Demographic Giant" 3305: 2966: 2902: 2314: 2066: 2026: 2019: 2015: 1692:

under direct control of Tuareg masters in the Gao–Timbuktu area of

1541: 1517: 1467: 1417: 1387: 1350: 1232: 1190: 1016: 987: 978: 962: 886: 787: 776: 768: 752: 590: 452: 7932: 7372: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5598: 5596: 5517: 5515: 2682:

small: wooden instrument with irons sticks to make strident sounds

1031: 9150: 9085: 9025: 9020: 9003: 8998: 8978: 8880: 8781: 8771: 8757: 8493: 8267: 8227: 8200: 8195: 7301:"Y chromosomes and mtDNA of Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel" 7136: 7049: 6908:"Robert Plant Finds Roots in the Sahara," NPR, December 8, 2003, 6268:

Niger: Slavery in Historical, Legal and Contemporary Perspectives

5995:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–111 with footnote 73. 5256:

Schlichte, Klaus (1 March 1994). "Is ethnicity a cause of war?".

4070:"Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 3980: 3882: 3013: 2931: 2855: 2731: 2587: 2457: 2212: 1967: 1770: 1306: 1011: 951: 938: 931: 908: 866: 418: 402: 383: 355: 289: 211: 175: 66: 4548:

The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and Its Diffusion in the Sahel

4400:

Rasmussen, Susan J. (1996). "Tuareg". In Levinson, David (ed.).

1827: 9032: 8983: 8963: 8892: 8791: 8643: 8540: 8498: 8262: 6469: 6449:. Princeton University Press. pp. 280–282 with footnotes. 6117: 6105: 5837: 5775: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5613: 5611: 5593: 5512: 4675: 4673: 4012: 3905: 3372: 2938: 2886: 2654: 2563: 2527: 2428: 2363: 2228:

for customers in other countries, with certain modern changes.

2197: 2062: 2023: 1871: 1863: 1778: 1602: 1491: 1259: 1225: 1205: 1182: 1139:

in North Africa in the 1990s fostered a Tuareg ethnic revival.

1110: 1106: 971: 967: 947: 791: 727: 658: 651: 623: 543: 480: 394: 60: 6762:

Seligman and Loughran (2006), The cross of Agadez, pp. 251–265

4369: 646: 9140: 8828: 8185: 8043: 8008: 7234:

Pádraig Carmody. The New Scramble for Africa. Polity. (2011)

6625:

Ebenhard, David; Simons, Gary; Fennig, Charles, eds. (2019).

6564:"New exhibition highlights the 'artful' Tuareg of the Sahara" 6146:

Field research on the economics of the Aouderas valley, 1984.

3976: 3972: 3798: 3506: 3390:(MNJ), a rebel group operating in the north of the country. 3364: 3358: 3340: 3197:: everyone runs not to be touched by the one who plays (tag). 3009: 2557: 2444:: short dagger kept in a sheath attached to the left forearm. 2395: 2307: 2166: 2038: 1955: 1904: 1832: 1495: 1236: 1209: 1197: 1170: 1120:

Deadly clashes between Tuareg fighters, with leaders such as

1114: 1056: 955: 882: 756: 539: 495: 484: 444: 406: 398: 387: 157: 103: 7430: 6742:

Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris

6036: 5748: 5635: 5623: 5608: 4670: 4115: 2625: 1590:

constitute the historic slave stratum within Tuareg society.

332: 8801: 7979:, Paris: Éditions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 1993. 5246:, Quote: "The religion of the Tuareg is Maliki Sunni Islam" 3865:(E-M81) subclade, which is colloquially referred to as the 3678: 3239:: play with the round fruit calotropis or a piece of cloth. 3121:, played by picking up stones while throwing another stone. 2707:: dance for modern ishumar guitars: women and men in groups 2633: 2348: 2042: 1870:

It is a firmly established tradition, as is the wearing of

1532: 1036: 491: 410: 335: 121: 8726: 7792:

French Enterprise in Africa: The Exploration of the Niger.

7780:. New York: Mouton de Gruyer. Mouton Grammar Library, 35. 6998:(in French). Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. 6920:"Robert Plant: Desert storm," Independent, August 29, 2003 3324:

in Tamashek, and that in Mali from Timbuktu to Taoudenni,

3109:: comic game try to make the other team laugh and you win. 2184:(makers of weapons and jewelry). Among their products are 1408: 840:" after the Amenokal's symbol of authority, a drum. Clan ( 683:, depending on the dialect. These languages belong to the 7984:

Les Sociétés Touarègues, Nomadisme, Identité, Résistances

5069: 3292:

Tuareg are distinguished in their native language as the

1874:

containing sacred objects and, recently, verses from the

1723: 1301: 338: 8011:, "Touaregs: Voix Solitaires sous l'Horizon Confisque", 4121: 1644:

include "Bellah-iklan" or just "Bellah", derived from a

7045:"Mdou Moctar – Akounak Teggdalit Taha Tazoughai TEASER" 6992:"La fête Touareg "Sebiba" célébrée en octobre à Djanet" 5433: 3173:, children try to imagine what the others are thinking. 1855:, whereas men do. The most famous Tuareg symbol is the 162:

100,000–250,000 (nomadic, 1.5% of its total population)

6334:"On the way to freedom, Niger's slaves stuck in limbo" 6222:

Klein (1998) "Appendix I:How Many Slaves?" pp. 252–263

6091:. Cambridge University Press. p. xviii, 138–139. 4982:"Charles de Foucauld – Sera béatifié à l'automne 2005" 4956:"Charles de Foucauld – Sera béatifié à l'automne 2005" 2814:

Abdalla Ag Umbadugu, singer, Takrist N'Akal group, Ayr

2701:: strong dance performed by men, in couples and groups 2358:

An old legend says the Tuareg once lived in grottoes,

1851:

In Tuareg society women do not traditionally wear the

1329:

of Tuaregs claims are descendants of the same mother.

6771:

Prussin, Labelle "African Nomadic Architecture" 1995.

6532:

Susan McIntosh (2001). Christopher R. DeCorse (ed.).

6442: 6416:

Susan McIntosh (2001). Christopher R. DeCorse (ed.).

6388:"Mali slavery problem persists after French invasion" 6293:"Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade, More" 5353:. BRILL Academic. pp. 29 with footnote 1 and 2. 4807: 4163:"Tuareg and citizenship: 'The last camp of nomadism'" 2749:

Majila Ag Khamed Ahmad: asak singer, from Aduk, Niger

2018:

is a flatbread made from wheat flour and cooked on a

329: 8073:

Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in a Modern World

7800:

Art of being Tuareg: Sahara nomads in a modern world

6624: 6613:

American Anthropologist, New Series, 68 (1966), No.2

5870:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5, 7–8, 220. 5537:

Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition

5204:"The Tuareg the Nomadic inhabitants of North Africa" 2084:

Just like in Morocco, the local popular tea, called

1683:

He suggests that there was a large scale attempt by

1596:

The Tuareg confederations acquired slaves, often of

1416:

Traditionally, Tuareg society is hierarchical, with

326: 6476:. Indiana University Press. pp. 75–77, 79–81. 5493: 5404:

Sufism and Jihad in Modern Senegal: The Murid Order

5227: 5102:

Berber Culture on the World Stage: Village to Video

4551:. London: Warminster. pp. 1–4, chapters 3, 4. 2738: 775:of southern Algeria. Vestiges of an inscription in 622:exonym "Blue People" is similarly derived from the 490:Tuareg social structure has traditionally included 443:They are a semi-nomadic people who mostly practice 323: 8054:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 352. 7975:Edmond Bernus, "Les Touareg", pp. 162–171 in 7735:Arauna, Lara R; Comas, David (15 September 2017). 7374:Novelletto, Andrea; Scozzari, Rosaria (May 2004). 5867:A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960 5533: 5439: 5322:A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960 5008:A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960 4425:Arauna, Lara R; Comas, David (15 September 2017). 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 2889:, Algeria. The celebrants brandish takouba swords. 2761:Tambatan: asak singer, from Tchin-Tabaraden, Niger 751:In antiquity, the Tuareg moved southward from the 650:The traditional distribution of the Tuareg in the 615:garment that is traditionally worn by Tuareg men. 253:(those resident in Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso), 7737:"Genetic Heterogeneity between Berbers and Arabs" 6411: 6409: 5466: 5421: 5407:. University of Rochester Press. pp. 28–29. 5221: 4794:Pascal James Imperato, Gavin H. Imperato (2008). 4427:"Genetic Heterogeneity between Berbers and Arabs" 2764:Alghadawiat: anzad player, from Akoubounou, Niger 2310:), which indicates the time for milking the goats 1173:. Although this ritual practice was known to the 534:, a name whose former meaning was "inhabitant of 257:(those residing in Mauritania, Mali, and Niger), 9257: 6779: 6777: 6490: 6170:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–139. 6064:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–112. 5964:Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen) 5894:African Journey: A Voyage on the Sea of Humanity 4764: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 3004:is a Tamashek-language film released in 2017 by 2808:Kiddu Ag Hossad, singer and guitar player, Adagh 1788:among the northern Tuareg, meaning "the other". 1403: 664:The Tuareg are the majority ethnic group in the 397:in a vast area stretching from far southwestern 7849:; Ghoubeid Alojaly; Ghabdouane Mohamed (2003). 7549: 7547: 7545: 7294: 7292: 6696: 6525: 6363:"Timbuktu's slaves liberated as Islamists flee" 6288:Hilary Andersson, "Born to be a slave in Niger" 6218: 6216: 6214: 6167:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa 6163: 6088:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa 6084: 6061:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa 6054: 5346: 5290: 4790: 4788: 4632: 4544: 4380: 4155: 3179:: clown with a goatskin mask to amuse children. 2811:Baly Othmani singer, luth player, Djanet, Azjar 1196:During the medieval period, the Tuareg adopted 7824: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7247: 6697:Dieterlen, Germaine; Ligers, Ziedonis (1972). 6531: 6415: 6406: 6123: 6111: 6042: 5992:From Empires to NGOs in the West African Sahel 5960: 5920: 5848: 5763: 5665: 5644: 5629: 5617: 5602: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5521: 5487: 4664: 4344:Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world 4276:"Anja Fischer / Imuhar (Tuareg) – designation" 3971:, a minority ethnic group inhabiting parts of 3951:sublineages (13%), V (10%), H1 (3%), M1 (3%), 3221:: beauty contest, girls and boys best dressed. 2992:, was released in 2014 and stars the musician 2873: 2664:: songs made by children playing with the lips 2561:played often during night parties and a small 2370:. Other kinds of traditional housing include: 2180:These traditional handicrafts are made by the 598: 8742: 8577: 8397: 8097: 7995:Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée 7366: 7180: 6774: 6232:Kohl, Ines; Fischer, Anja (31 October 2010). 6144:, Vol. 26, No. 3. (Jun., 1985), pp. 394–395. 5931: 5929: 5863: 5859: 5857: 5802: 5572: 5318: 4760: 4758: 4719:(in French). Museum Tusculanum. p. 656. 4639:. Oxford University Press. pp. 499–500. 4613: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4038: 4036: 2615:: songs accompanied by anzad monocord violin. 1269:18th century Tuareg Islamic scholars such as 634:, a cognate to the northern Berber self-name 611:, meaning "veiled people" in allusion to the 522:have long been debated. It would appear that 30:"Tuareg" redirects here. For other uses, see 7542: 7289: 6607: 6605: 6576:A Stanford Univ. news article of 23 May 2007 6211: 5988: 5782:. Indiana University Press. pp. 67–74. 5373: 4785: 4742: 4089: 4062: 3376:and now mining the massive uranium deposit. 3090:Tuareg traditional games and plays include: 2362:, and they lived in foliage beds on the top 1979:: loose bright green or blue cloth for women 1235:, an important Islamic center famed for its 657:The Tuareg today inhabit a vast area in the 8111: 7888:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 7734: 7244: 6983: 6886:Understanding Collective Political Violence 6699:"Contribution à l'étude des bijoux touareg" 6557: 6555: 6231: 5942:. National Museum of Copenhagen. p. 16 5555: 5400: 5325:. Cambridge University Press. p. 124. 5297:. University Press of America. p. 22. 4849:, CIA Factbook, Accessed on 7 November 2016 4424: 4312:Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East 3115:, played with small stones or dried fruits. 3058:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2798:In Tayaden, singer and guitar player, Adagh 2270:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2211:Most forms of the Agadez Cross are worn as 1254:In 1449, a Tuareg ruling house founded the 641: 8749: 8735: 8591: 8584: 8570: 8404: 8390: 8104: 8090: 8065:Franco Paolinellli, "Tuareg Salt Caravans" 7215:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 6470:David C. Conrad; Barbara E. Frank (1995). 6446:Conflict in Africa: Concepts and Realities 6154:, Vol. 62, No. 1. (Jan., 1972), pp. 71–91. 5935: 5926: 5854: 5776:David C. Conrad; Barbara E. Frank (1995). 5497:Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg 4801: 4755: 4529: 4122:Adriana Petre; Ewan Gordon (7 June 2016). 4033: 3245:: try to find people while eyes are shut ( 2196:' or 'Croix d'Agadez'); the Tuareg sword ( 1761:castes evolved under foreign contact with 59: 8411: 7884: 7684: 7579: 7525: 7515: 7505: 7456: 7407: 7324: 7132:"Mdou Moctar – Akonak (TEASER TRAILER 2)" 6833: 6798: 6657:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 481. 6602: 5255: 4495:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4399: 4308: 3284:Tuareg selling crafts to tourists in the 3078:Learn how and when to remove this message 2758:Islaman: asak singer, from Abalagh, Niger 2591:, characterized by its Afro percussions. 2290:Learn how and when to remove this message 2141:in the Azawagh and Aïr regions of Niger. 2135:among Algerian and Libyan Tuareg, and as 27:Berber confederation of the Sahara desert 8030:Les Pistes de l'Oubli: Touaregs au Niger 7997:, No. 57, Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 1990. 7797: 7711:The History and Geography of Human Genes 6873: 6684: 6552: 6360: 6235:Tuareg Society within a Globalized World 6015: 5473:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 231–232. 5146:Elischer, Sebastian (12 February 2013). 5145: 5026: 5024: 5010:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 4714: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 3908:region in Libya predominantly carry the 3279: 3271:, young people mime how the tribe works. 2892: 2877: 2670:: small monocord instrument for children 2648: 2624: 2409: 2156: 2081:, milk, and sugar, served at festivals. 1891:Names for traditional clothing include: 1882: 1826: 1744: 1666: 1485: 1407: 1394: 1300: 1165:The Tuareg traditionally adhered to the 1156: 1080: 1030: 819: 735: 645: 7658: 7424: 7298: 7162: 6963: 6879: 6538:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 17–21. 6422:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 17–18. 5677: 5070:Denise Youngblood Coleman (June 2013). 4771:(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 418. 4576: 2801:Abareybon, singer and guitar player in 2342: 2115:. A dialect cluster, it belongs to the 1362:, which means "those of". For example, 216:30,000 (0.015% of its total population) 180:152,000 (0.34% of its total population) 108:2,793,652 (11% of its total population) 14: 9258: 7778:A Grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali) 7479: 6929: 6888:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 46–64. 6783: 6650: 6496: 5890: 5724:A Grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali) 4882: 4679: 4461: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4248: 3097:, played with small stones and sticks. 2755:Ajju: anzad player, from Agadez, Niger 2405: 1070:Following the independence of Maki, a 198:123,000 (2.6% of its total population) 144:406,271 (1.9% of its total population) 126:704,814 (1.7% of its total population) 8730: 8565: 8385: 8085: 7163:Kirkley, Christopher (19 July 2017), 6989: 6561: 5806:The Garland Handbook of African Music 5720: 5576:A Grammar of Tamashek, Tuareg of Mali 5058:The Journal of Modern African Studies 5045:The Journal of Modern African Studies 5021: 4293: 4124:"Toubou-Tuareg Dynamics within Libya" 2511:University of California, Los Angeles 2220:technique. According to the article " 1963:: large black pagne for winter season 1861:(also called éghéwed and, in Arabic, 1258:(Sultanate of Agadez) in the city of 1243:of the Sahara, long before the first 518:The origins and meanings of the name 265:(those residing in Algeria and Niger) 7949: 7659:Pereira, Luisa; et al. (2010). 7057:from the original on 2 November 2021 6319:"Niger: Slavery – an unbroken chain" 5427: 5196: 4370:"Ethnologue: Languages of the World" 4112:, Burkina Faso: 1.9% of 21.4 million 4011:festival is celebrated each year in 3056:adding citations to reliable sources 3023: 2711:In the 1980s rebel fighters founded 2268:adding citations to reliable sources 2235: 1043: 90:Regions with significant populations 6990:Abada, Latifa (10 September 2016). 6966:"Robert Plant Takes a Trip to Mali" 6678: 5579:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 7–8. 4858:Brett, Michael; Elizabeth Fentress 4357: 4204: 4182: 3435: 1805:(13th and 14th centuries), and the 671:The Tuareg traditionally speak the 24: 9326:Indigenous peoples of North Africa 7969: 7879:American Journal of Human Genetics 7875:American Journal of Human Genetics 7665:European Journal of Human Genetics 7560:European Journal of Human Genetics 7305:European Journal of Human Genetics 6964:Gentile, John (11 November 2013). 6740:Société d'anthropologie de Paris, 6473:Status and Identity in West Africa 6361:Raghavan, Sudarsan (1 June 2013). 6349:"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger" 6303:"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger" 5779:Status and Identity in West Africa 5442:Journal of Archaeological Research 5187: 5172: 4220: 3355:Tagidda N Tesemt in Azawagh, Niger 2752:Almuntaha: anzad player, from Aduk 2432:: 1 meter long straight sword 1887:A Tuareg woman in traditional garb 1105:in Niger, including their capital 974:) and south into northern Nigeria. 853:or Azjar: centred in the oasis of 554:, the plural of the Arabic exonym 25: 9367: 9331:Indigenous peoples of West Africa 8036: 8032:, Paris: éditions du Felin, 1991. 7855:. Copenhague, Museum Tusculanum. 7208: 6591:. Univ. of North Carolina Press. 5234:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 17. 2676:flute: made from trunk of sorghum 2513:Fowler Museum in Angeles and the 2378:(a shade made of millet sticks), 2317:), the seven sisters of the night 8004:, Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 1993. 7728: 7701: 7652: 7622:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00526.x 7596: 7473: 7341: 7228: 7202: 7156: 7124: 7094: 7069: 7037: 7016: 6957: 6923: 6914: 6902: 6854: 6827: 6792: 6765: 6756: 6747: 6734: 6721: 6690: 6654:Historical Dictionary of Algeria 6644: 6618: 6581: 6463: 5891:Gaston, Tony (15 October 2019). 4575:; For a review of Norris' book: 4001: 3962: 3311: 3161:, singing and playing all night. 3028: 2951:Takubelt Tuareg Festival in Mali 2739:Music genres, groups and artists 2653:Tuareg singer Athmane Bali from 2541:(shield) made of antelope hide. 2240: 1577: 1568: 1228:Muslim preachers on the Tuareg. 1181:. Megalithic tombs, such as the 759:under the Tuareg founding queen 721: 319: 204: 186: 168: 150: 132: 114: 96: 8025:, Paris: Éditions Lattes, 1992. 8002:Touaregs, Portrait en Fragments 7769: 7024:"A Love Apart – Bettina Haasen" 6932:"Led Zeppelin meet the Tuaregs" 6930:Empire, Kitty (24 April 2005). 6436: 6380: 6354: 6342: 6281: 6259: 6225: 6202: 6193: 6184: 6157: 6129: 6078: 6048: 6009: 5982: 5954: 5884: 5824: 5809:. Routledge. pp. 249–250. 5796: 5769: 5714: 5671: 5527: 5460: 5394: 5367: 5340: 5312: 5284: 5249: 5181: 5166: 5139: 5114: 5094: 5063: 5050: 5037: 5000: 4974: 4948: 4938: 4920: 4911: 4876: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4752:Oxford University Press, p. 239 4733: 4708: 4482: 4455: 4418: 4404:. G.K. Hall. pp. 366–369. 4336: 4268: 4249:Pongou, Roland (30 June 2010). 4015:(Algeria) where inhabitants of 3431:Genetic history of North Africa 2957:Festival in Aghat (Ghat), Libya 2767:Taghdu: anzad player, from Aduk 2338:), the baby camel goes to sleep 809: 7954:, Cambridge University Press, 7749:10.1002/9780470015902.a0027485 7714:. Princeton University Press. 6562:Haven, Cynthia (23 May 2007). 6499:The Journal of African History 6443:Adda Bruemmer Bozeman (2015). 5540:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 380–381. 5154:. Council on Foreign Relations 4808:Joseph R. Rudolph Jr. (2015). 4750:The Sahara: A Cultural History 4682:The Journal of African History 4439:10.1002/9780470015902.a0027485 4242: 4198: 4176: 3133:, traditional Tuareg wrestling 3008:based on the Northern African 2990:Akounak Tedalat Taha Tazoughai 2944:Shiriken Festival in Akabinu ( 2621:: slow songs sung by elder men 2519:National Museum of African Art 2129:by western Tuareg in Mali, as 2111:The Tuareg natively speak the 1971:: long woolen cloth for winter 1317:Berbers. Further invasions of 1193:, which the Tuareg still use. 740:An artist's representation of 494:membership, social status and 473:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 393:, who principally inhabit the 13: 1: 9341:Ethnic groups in North Africa 9296:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso 7852:Dictionnaire touareg-français 7299:Pereira; et al. (2010). 6321:. Irinnews.org. 21 March 2005 5967:. Scarecrow. pp. 61–62. 5936:Nicolaisen, Johannes (1963). 4796:Historical Dictionary of Mali 4717:Dictionnaire touareg-français 4465:The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade 4462:Wright, John (3 April 2007). 4207:"Tahaggart Tuareg in Algeria" 4026: 2567:covered with goatskin called 2496:: 1.50 meter high shield 1932:: short shirt – women and men 1740: 1404:Nobility, vassals and clerics 1348:) may bond together under an 561:The term for a Tuareg man is 261:(those resident in Nigeria), 80: 9336:Muslim communities in Africa 7991:Touaregs, exil et résistance 7989:Hélène Claudot-Hawad, ed., " 7901:American Academy of Religion 7828:The Tuaregs: The Blue People 7517:10.1371/journal.pone.0013378 6884:. In Guichaoua, Yvan (ed.). 5494:Johannes Nicolaisen (1963). 5228:Wolfgang Weissleder (1978). 4835:Tamasheq: A language of Mali 4667:, pp. 16, 17–22, 38–44. 4086:, Mali: 1.7% of 20.1 million 4059:, Niger: 11% of 23.6 million 3869:due to its prevalence among 3412: 3346:Amadghor in Ahaggar, Algeria 2897:Tuaregs at the January 2012 2817:Hasso Ag Akotey, singer, Ayr 2465:: leather covered-wooden bow 2386:(temporary hut for winter), 2374:(Tuareg goatskin red tent), 2324:), the warrior of the desert 2231: 1823:Matrilineality § Tuareg 1718:, roughly equivalent to the 767:is located in the Sahara at 599: 386:ethnic group, traditionally 48: 7: 8756: 7831:. Museum Tusculanum Press. 6651:Naylor, Phillip C. (2015). 5534:Joseph Rudolph Jr. (2015). 5104:, Indiana University Press 4309:Shoup III, John A. (2011). 4101:Central Intelligence Agency 4048:Central Intelligence Agency 3424: 3145:, another type of wrestling 2937:Sabeiba Festival in Ganat ( 2874:Music and culture festivals 2100: 2073:, made by pounding millet, 2069:is a beverage drunk with a 1948:: loose shirt worn by women 1908:: black cotton turban – men 1846: 1757:Tuareg blacksmith and bard 1200:after its arrival with the 1146: 10: 9372: 7940:Francis James Rennell Rodd 7211:"Uranium in Saharan Sands" 6880:Deycard, Frédéric (2011). 5467:Kevin Shillington (2012). 5122:"Berbers: Armed movements" 4715:Ghoubeid, Alojaly (2003). 3428: 3388:Niger Movement for Justice 3304:leaders. The Tuareg are a 3275: 2982:, was released in 2004 by 2548: 2398:house for long stay), and 2104: 1839:Tuareg culture is largely 1820: 1816: 1420:and vassals. The linguist 1288: 1150: 1095:second (or third) uprising 1047: 813: 744:, an ancient queen of the 725: 716: 538:", the Tuareg name of the 426:languages of the same name 29: 9286:Berber peoples and tribes 9159: 9058: 8901: 8764: 8599: 8476: 8419: 8307: 8176: 8119: 8007:Hélène Claudot-Hawad and 7190:. Smithsonian Institution 7008:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6848:10.1525/eth.1998.26.2.153 6801:Anthropological Quarterly 6511:10.1017/s0021853700025718 6338:Christian Science Monitor 6030:10.1080/01440398108574825 5454:10.1007/s10814-017-9114-2 5382:. Brill Academic: 13–20. 5270:10.1080/10402659408425775 5175:The Berbers and the death 5032:Journal of Peace Research 4814:. ABC-CLIO. p. 381. 4765:James B. Minahan (2016). 4694:10.1017/s0021853700025718 4468:. Routledge. p. 13. 4315:. ABC-CLIO. p. 295. 4147:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3565:Al Awaynat Tuareg (Libya) 3419:University of Tamanrasset 3339:Tin Garaban near Ghat in 3139:, wrestling while running 2930:Festival in the oasis of 2789:, the "godfather" of the 2450:: 2 meter long lance 2331:), the she-camel wakes up 2165:in 21 modern variations, 1671:Tuareg From Agadez, Niger 1559: 1501: 1483:) of a Tuareg community. 1479:) and religious leaders ( 542:region commonly known as 287: 282: 274: 269: 225: 220: 202: 184: 166: 148: 130: 112: 94: 89: 79: 74: 58: 47: 9316:Ethnic groups in Algeria 9306:Ethnic groups in Nigeria 7986:, Paris: Karthala, 1995. 7871:Annals of Human Genetics 7610:Annals of Human Genetics 6703:Journal des Africanistes 6208:Klein (1998) pp. 234–251 6164:Martin A. Klein (1998). 6085:Martin A. Klein (1998). 5830:Susan Rasmussen (1996), 5347:John O. Hunwick (2003). 5291:Susan Rasmussen (2013). 5148:"After Mali Comes Niger" 4545:Harry T. Norris (1976). 3994: 3899: 3019: 2973: 2969:Tuareg Festival in Libya 2861:Les Filles de Illighadad 2645:Children and youth music 2544: 1296: 1000:French colonial invasion 642:Demography and languages 603:), meaning "speakers of 573:), the term for a woman 513: 50:Imuhăɣ/Imašăɣăn/Imajăɣăn 8327:Algerian Saharan Arabic 8113:Demographics of Algeria 8077:Tuareg children picture 8051:Encyclopædia Britannica 8015:No. 20–21, Hiver, 1996. 7950:Saad, Elias N. (1983), 7897:Oxford University Press 7825:Karl G. Prasse (1995). 6305:. ABC News. 3 June 2005 6190:Klein (1998) pp.111–140 6018:Slavery & Abolition 5961:Hsain Ilahiane (2006). 5721:Heath, Jeffrey (2005). 5100:Jane E. Goodman (2005) 4748:Gearon, Eamonn, (2011) 4688:(2): 221–222, 228–250. 3367:in Kawar, eastern Niger 3361:in Ténéré desert, Niger 2913:later in the same month 2723:. The Niger-based band 2152: 2053:, as well as a cheese, 2010: 1924:: shirt – women and men 1412:Tuareg man from Algeria 1256:Tenere Sultanate of Aïr 1161:Tuaregs in prayer, 1973 828:arriving in Paris, 1910 263:Algerian Saharan Arabic 32:Tuareg (disambiguation) 9321:Ethnic groups in Libya 9311:Ethnic groups in Niger 8593:Ethnic groups in Niger 8059:Tuareg Culture and Art 7909:10.1093/jaarel/lfab076 6715:10.3406/jafr.1972.1697 6627:"Tamajaq, Tawallammat" 6587:Spain, Daphne (1992). 5864:Bruce S. Hall (2011). 5803:Ruth M. Stone (2010). 5573:Jeffrey Heath (2005). 5319:Bruce S. Hall (2011). 4636:Encyclopedia of Africa 3852:Pereira et al. (2011) 3792:Pereira et al. (2011) 3732:Pereira et al. (2011) 3289: 3233:: try to find a riddle 2919:Festival in the Desert 2914: 2890: 2657: 2641: 2423: 2170: 2037:is a staple much like 1888: 1836: 1753: 1672: 1498: 1428:the proud and free". 1426:imušaɣ/imuhaɣ/imajăɣăn 1413: 1309: 1162: 1090: 1040: 986:, seasonally south to 829: 748: 668:of northeastern Mali. 654: 465:Early European Farmers 432:, which belong to the 9301:Ethnic groups in Mali 9291:History of the Sahara 8792:Koidamousii/Ucutumani 8413:Demographics of Libya 8067:, Bradshaw Foundation 8061:, Bradshaw Foundation 7794:Chapman Hall, London. 7188:"Who are the Tuareg?" 6784:Scelta, Gabe (2011). 6729:Die Tuareg der Sahara 6727:Ludwig G. A. Zöhrer, 5989:Gregory Mann (2014). 5923:, pp. 18, 50–54. 5727:. Walter de Gruyter. 5190:The Berbers and rocks 4865:Wiley Blackwell 1997 3672:Ottoni et al. (2011) 3621:Tahala Tuareg (Libya) 3616:Ottoni et al. (2011) 3560:Ottoni et al. (2011) 3283: 2961:Le Festival au Désert 2896: 2881: 2652: 2628: 2549:Further information: 2413: 2175:other Berber cultures 2160: 2123:. Tuareg is known as 1995:: red leather sandals 1886: 1830: 1821:Further information: 1811:social stratification 1748: 1670: 1489: 1422:Karl-Gottfried Prasse 1411: 1395:Social stratification 1370:(those of the west). 1366:(those of the east), 1304: 1160: 1151:Further information: 1089:in Mali, January 2012 1084: 1059:life because of high 1034: 823: 739: 726:Further information: 649: 417:, as far as northern 283:Related ethnic groups 9346:North African people 8023:Touareg: La Tragedie 7776:Heath Jeffrey 2005: 7677:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21 7572:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21 7317:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21 6870:, Cantor Arts Center 6866:29 June 2007 at the 6290:, BBC Africa, Niger; 6274:6 March 2009 at the 6142:Current Anthropology 5401:John Glover (2007). 4739:Hourst, pp. 200–201. 4573:ASC Leiden Catalogue 4097:"The World Factbook" 4044:"The World Factbook" 3925:haplogroup from the 3352:in far northern Mali 3155:, race on camel back 3052:improve this section 2787:Abdallah Oumbadougou 2729:combines Tuareg and 2521:in Washington, D.C. 2500:In 2007, Stanford's 2343:Nomadic architecture 2264:improve this section 2226:ethnic-style fashion 1801:(11th century), the 1281:and established the 1039:with his slave, 1974 924:Eastern Iwillimmidan 901:Western Iwillimmidan 798:(14th century), and 526:is derived from the 9356:Afroasiatic peoples 8071:Who are the Tuareg? 7498:2010PLoSO...513378O 7263:Am J Phys Anthropol 6566:. News.stanford.edu 6367:The Washington Post 6297:National Geographic 6199:Klein (1998) p. 234 6152:Geographical Review 6124:Karl G. Prasse 1995 6112:Karl G. Prasse 1995 6043:Karl G. Prasse 1995 5921:Karl G. Prasse 1995 5849:Karl G. Prasse 1995 5764:Karl G. Prasse 1995 5666:Karl G. Prasse 1995 5645:Karl G. Prasse 1995 5630:Karl G. Prasse 1995 5618:Karl G. Prasse 1995 5603:Karl G. Prasse 1995 5522:Karl G. Prasse 1995 5208:Bradshaw Foundation 5188:Ouachi, Moustapha. 5173:Ouachi, Moustapha. 5082:on 21 December 2013 4665:Karl G. Prasse 1995 4571:; For an abstract, 4255:migrationpolicy.org 4185:"Tuareg in Algeria" 2885:Tuareg festival in 2632:(Tuareg band) from 2406:Traditional weapons 2222:The cross of Agadez 2146:Charles de Foucauld 2094:Gunpowder Green Tea 1940:: pants worn by men 1835:in southern Algeria 1734:The Washington Post 1685:French West African 1222:ancestor veneration 1135:The development of 500:trans-Saharan trade 469:Sub-Saharan African 44: 9238:Kabyle nationalism 7275:10.1002/ajpa.21473 6996:Al Huffington Post 6687:, pp. 167–212 6394:. 14 February 2013 5126:Flags Of The World 5006:Hall, B.S. (2011) 4988:on 23 October 2005 4962:on 23 October 2005 4507:10.1002/ajpa.21473 4346:, Elsevier, 2008, 4007:The 3000 year old 3399:the 2007 rebellion 3290: 2915: 2905:, just before the 2899:Festival au Désert 2891: 2832:, exemplar of the 2658: 2642: 2638:Nice Jazz Festival 2502:Cantor Arts Center 2456:: small and sharp 2424: 2171: 2144:French missionary 2121:Afroasiatic family 2065:, made from them. 1889: 1837: 1754: 1711:population of the 1673: 1527:. They are called 1499: 1414: 1332:Each Tuareg clan ( 1310: 1163: 1091: 1041: 930:, Abalagh, Teliya 830: 749: 689:Afroasiatic family 655: 479:who inhabited the 438:Afroasiatic family 235:Tamasheq/Tafaghist 42: 9253: 9252: 9126:Sanhajas de Srayr 8724: 8723: 8559: 8558: 8379: 8378: 8013:Ethnies-Documents 7899:on behalf of the 7862:978-87-7289-844-5 7838:978-87-7289-313-6 7809:978-0-9748729-4-0 7721:978-0-691-08750-4 7616:(Pt 4): 438–448. 7380:Am. J. Hum. Genet 7112:on 25 August 2017 6545:978-0-7185-0247-8 6483:978-0-253-11264-4 6456:978-1-4008-6742-4 6429:978-0-7185-0247-8 6177:978-0-521-59678-7 6126:, pp. 50–51. 6114:, pp. 49–54. 6098:978-0-521-59678-7 6071:978-0-521-59678-7 6002:978-1-107-01654-5 5974:978-0-8108-6490-0 5904:978-1-5255-4981-6 5877:978-1-139-49908-8 5851:, pp. 19–20. 5816:978-1-135-90001-4 5789:978-0-253-11264-4 5668:, pp. 17–18. 5605:, pp. 16–17. 5586:978-3-11-090958-6 5547:978-1-61069-553-4 5524:, pp. 20–21. 5480:978-1-137-00333-1 5470:History of Africa 5414:978-1-58046-268-6 5360:978-90-04-12822-4 5332:978-1-139-49908-8 5304:978-0-7618-6149-2 5241:978-3-11-081023-3 4821:978-1-61069-553-4 4778:978-1-61069-954-9 4726:978-87-7289-844-5 4646:978-0-19-533770-9 4558:978-0-85668-362-6 4475:978-1-134-17987-9 4411:978-0-8161-1808-3 4205:Project, Joshua. 4183:Project, Joshua. 3856: 3855: 3441:Y-Dna haplogroups 3247:blind man's bluff 3088: 3087: 3080: 2911:Azawadi rebellion 2744:Traditional music 2300: 2299: 2292: 1202:Umayyad Caliphate 1130:surge in violence 1117:regions of Mali. 1087:separatist rebels 1061:population growth 1050:Tuareg rebellions 1044:Post-colonial era 1022:Moussa ag Amastan 826:Moussa Ag Amastan 677:Tamasheq, Tamajeq 424:The Tuareg speak 311: 310: 16:(Redirected from 9363: 9271:Tribes of Africa 9196:Arabized Berbers 8751: 8744: 8737: 8728: 8727: 8586: 8579: 8572: 8563: 8562: 8406: 8399: 8392: 8383: 8382: 8339:Berber languages 8332:Hassaniya Arabic 8106: 8099: 8092: 8083: 8082: 8055: 8047: 7982:Andre Bourgeot, 7977:Vallées du Niger 7964: 7936: 7866: 7842: 7821: 7763: 7762: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7688: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7583: 7551: 7540: 7539: 7529: 7519: 7509: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7460: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7411: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7328: 7296: 7287: 7286: 7257: 7242: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7140:. Archived from 7128: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7108:. Archived from 7098: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7007: 6999: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6927: 6921: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6877: 6871: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6781: 6772: 6769: 6763: 6760: 6754: 6751: 6745: 6738: 6732: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6622: 6616: 6609: 6600: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6571: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6413: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6285: 6279: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6229: 6223: 6220: 6209: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6161: 6155: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6013: 6007: 6006: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5933: 5924: 5918: 5909: 5908: 5897:. FriesenPress. 5888: 5882: 5881: 5861: 5852: 5846: 5835: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5648: 5642: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5606: 5600: 5591: 5590: 5570: 5553: 5551: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5510: 5509: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5316: 5310: 5308: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5253: 5247: 5245: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5118: 5112: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5078:. Archived from 5067: 5061: 5054: 5048: 5041: 5035: 5028: 5019: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4984:. Archived from 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4958:. Archived from 4952: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4924: 4918: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4880: 4874: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4805: 4799: 4792: 4783: 4782: 4762: 4753: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4677: 4668: 4662: 4651: 4650: 4630: 4611: 4610: 4570: 4542: 4527: 4526: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4397: 4378: 4377: 4366: 4355: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4306: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4146: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4128: 4119: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4093: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4066: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4040: 4020: 4005: 3446: 3445: 3436:Y-chromosome DNA 3083: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3032: 3024: 2717:Tuareg rebellion 2295: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2275: 2244: 2236: 2218:lost-wax casting 2182:inadan wan-tizol 2113:Tuareg languages 2107:Tuareg languages 1784:, whereas it is 1581: 1572: 1490:Tuareg men near 1373:The position of 1283:Sokoto Caliphate 1271:Jibril ibn 'Umar 1167:Berber mythology 1153:Berber mythology 1076:Adrar des Iforas 1035:A Tuareg man in 996:James Richardson 794:(12th century), 790:(11th century), 786:(10th century), 773:Hoggar Mountains 755:region into the 675:, also known as 673:Tuareg languages 602: 449:Northern African 428:, also known as 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 298:Arabized Berbers 255:Hassaniya Arabic 227:Tuareg languages 210: 208: 207: 192: 190: 189: 174: 172: 171: 156: 154: 153: 138: 136: 135: 120: 118: 117: 102: 100: 99: 82: 75:Total population 63: 45: 41: 21: 9371: 9370: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9361: 9360: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9249: 9201:Berber diaspora 9155: 9054: 8897: 8888:Quinquegentiani 8760: 8755: 8725: 8720: 8595: 8590: 8560: 8555: 8472: 8451:Coptic Orthodox 8415: 8410: 8380: 8375: 8371:French language 8322:Algerian Arabic 8303: 8172: 8115: 8110: 8042: 8039: 8000:Claudot-Hawad, 7972: 7970:Further reading 7967: 7962: 7863: 7839: 7810: 7772: 7767: 7766: 7759: 7733: 7729: 7722: 7706: 7702: 7657: 7653: 7601: 7597: 7552: 7543: 7507:10.1.1.350.6514 7480:Ottoni (2010). 7478: 7474: 7429: 7425: 7371: 7367: 7357: 7355: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7297: 7290: 7258: 7245: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7217: 7207: 7203: 7193: 7191: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7172: 7170: 7161: 7157: 7147: 7145: 7144:on 24 June 2014 7130: 7129: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7085: 7083: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7060: 7058: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7001: 7000: 6988: 6984: 6974: 6972: 6962: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6928: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6878: 6874: 6868:Wayback Machine 6859: 6855: 6832: 6828: 6813:10.2307/3317136 6797: 6793: 6782: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6739: 6735: 6726: 6722: 6695: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6649: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6623: 6619: 6610: 6603: 6589:Gendered Spaces 6586: 6582: 6569: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6530: 6526: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6414: 6407: 6397: 6395: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6359: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6332: 6324: 6322: 6317: 6316: 6308: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6291: 6286: 6282: 6276:Wayback Machine 6264: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6162: 6158: 6149: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6056:Martin A. Klein 6053: 6049: 6041: 6037: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5959: 5955: 5945: 5943: 5934: 5927: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5862: 5855: 5847: 5838: 5829: 5825: 5817: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5749: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5719: 5715: 5692:10.2307/1158348 5676: 5672: 5664: 5651: 5643: 5636: 5628: 5624: 5616: 5609: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5571: 5556: 5548: 5532: 5528: 5520: 5513: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5465: 5461: 5438: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5399: 5395: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5317: 5313: 5305: 5289: 5285: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5186: 5182: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5152:Foreign Affairs 5144: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5068: 5064: 5055: 5051: 5042: 5038: 5029: 5022: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4897:10.2307/2793877 4881: 4877: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4806: 4802: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4763: 4756: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4713: 4709: 4678: 4671: 4663: 4654: 4647: 4631: 4614: 4591:10.2307/1158348 4559: 4543: 4530: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4398: 4381: 4368: 4367: 4358: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4307: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4140: 4139: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4105: 4103: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4079: 4077: 4076:. 27 April 2021 4068: 4067: 4063: 4052: 4050: 4042: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4023: 4017:Tassili n'Ajjer 4006: 4002: 3997: 3985:Northern Africa 3965: 3947:(26%), various 3902: 3438: 3433: 3427: 3415: 3335:in the desert. 3314: 3278: 3084: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3049: 3033: 3022: 2976: 2876: 2741: 2655:Djanet, Algeria 2636:, taken at the 2553: 2547: 2408: 2345: 2296: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2261: 2245: 2234: 2163:Cross of Agadez 2155: 2109: 2103: 2092:, is made from 2013: 2003:: leather shoes 1849: 1825: 1819: 1773:of the Songhay 1763:Sudanic peoples 1743: 1678:Martin A. Klein 1594: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1574: 1573: 1562: 1525:oral traditions 1504: 1406: 1397: 1299: 1291: 1275:Usman dan Fodio 1179:Capsian culture 1175:Iberomaurusians 1155: 1149: 1099:Tchin-Tabaraden 1072:Tuareg uprising 1065:Desertification 1052: 1046: 928:Tchin-Tabaraden 818: 812: 734: 724: 719: 691:. According to 644: 516: 471:, prior to the 346:; also spelled 322: 318: 247:Maghrebi Arabic 205: 203: 187: 185: 169: 167: 151: 149: 133: 131: 115: 113: 97: 95: 70: 54: 52: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9369: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9276:African nomads 9273: 9268: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9247: 9246: 9245: 9240: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9163: 9161: 9160:Related topics 9157: 9156: 9154: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9062: 9060: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9007: 9006: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8884: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8761: 8754: 8753: 8746: 8739: 8731: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8687: 8686: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8611: 8606: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8589: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8566: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8480: 8478: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8465: 8464: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8425: 8423: 8417: 8416: 8409: 8408: 8401: 8394: 8386: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8313: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8182: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8125: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8109: 8108: 8101: 8094: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8045:"Tuareg" 8038: 8037:External links 8035: 8034: 8033: 8028:Sylvie Ramir, 8026: 8016: 8005: 7998: 7987: 7980: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7947: 7937: 7882: 7867: 7861: 7843: 7837: 7822: 7808: 7795: 7788: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7757: 7727: 7720: 7700: 7671:(8): 915–923. 7651: 7595: 7566:(8): 915–923. 7541: 7492:(10): e13378. 7472: 7449:10.1086/423147 7443:(2): 338–345. 7437:Am J Hum Genet 7423: 7392:10.1086/386294 7386:(5): 1014–22. 7365: 7340: 7311:(8): 915–923. 7288: 7243: 7227: 7201: 7179: 7155: 7123: 7093: 7068: 7036: 7015: 6982: 6956: 6922: 6913: 6901: 6894: 6872: 6853: 6826: 6791: 6773: 6764: 6755: 6746: 6733: 6720: 6689: 6677: 6664:978-0810879195 6663: 6643: 6617: 6601: 6580: 6551: 6544: 6524: 6505:(2): 221–250. 6489: 6482: 6462: 6455: 6435: 6428: 6405: 6379: 6353: 6341: 6280: 6258: 6244: 6238:. I.B.Tauris. 6224: 6210: 6201: 6192: 6183: 6176: 6156: 6128: 6116: 6104: 6097: 6077: 6070: 6047: 6035: 6008: 6001: 5981: 5973: 5953: 5925: 5910: 5903: 5883: 5876: 5853: 5836: 5823: 5815: 5795: 5788: 5768: 5747: 5734:978-3110909586 5733: 5713: 5686:(4): 423–424. 5670: 5649: 5634: 5622: 5607: 5592: 5585: 5554: 5546: 5526: 5511: 5486: 5479: 5459: 5448:(4): 387–446. 5432: 5420: 5413: 5393: 5376:Sudanic Africa 5366: 5359: 5339: 5331: 5311: 5303: 5283: 5248: 5240: 5220: 5195: 5180: 5165: 5138: 5113: 5110:978-0253217844 5093: 5062: 5060:Vol. 39, No. 3 5049: 5047:Vol. 39, No. 3 5036: 5034:Vol. 45, No. 6 5020: 4999: 4973: 4947: 4937: 4932:www.temehu.com 4919: 4910: 4875: 4871:978-0631207672 4851: 4839: 4827: 4820: 4800: 4784: 4777: 4754: 4741: 4732: 4725: 4707: 4669: 4652: 4645: 4612: 4585:(4): 423–424. 4557: 4528: 4501:(1): 118–124. 4481: 4474: 4454: 4447: 4417: 4410: 4379: 4356: 4335: 4322:978-1598843637 4321: 4292: 4267: 4241: 4219: 4197: 4175: 4154: 4114: 4088: 4061: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4021: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3964: 3961: 3901: 3898: 3854: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3437: 3434: 3429:Main article: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3414: 3411: 3369: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3331:Salt mines or 3313: 3310: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3266: 3256: 3250: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3183:Abarad Iqquran 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3086: 3085: 3036: 3034: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3016: 2997: 2987: 2984:Bettina Haasen 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2942: 2935: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2853: 2846: 2845: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2799: 2796: 2774:also known as 2769: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2740: 2737: 2726:Etran Finatawa 2709: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2684: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2623: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2546: 2543: 2498: 2497: 2491: 2478: 2477:: wooden stick 2472: 2471:: wooden arrow 2466: 2460: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2407: 2404: 2390:(summer hut), 2344: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2332: 2325: 2318: 2311: 2298: 2297: 2248: 2246: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2154: 2151: 2119:branch of the 2105:Main article: 2102: 2099: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1996: 1988: 1980: 1972: 1964: 1958: 1949: 1941: 1933: 1925: 1917: 1916:: women's veil 1909: 1901: 1900:: turban – men 1848: 1845: 1818: 1815: 1807:Songhay Empire 1742: 1739: 1623:Ahaggar Berber 1586: 1585: 1576: 1575: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1503: 1500: 1405: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1340:. A series of 1327:oral tradition 1305:A Tuareg from 1298: 1295: 1290: 1287: 1148: 1145: 1045: 1042: 1014:Tuareg. Their 992: 991: 975: 959: 935: 912: 911:regions (Mali) 889: 870: 858: 811: 808: 765:Tin Hinan tomb 723: 720: 718: 715: 687:branch of the 643: 640: 515: 512: 457:Middle Eastern 436:branch of the 382:) are a large 309: 308: 302:Songhay people 285: 284: 280: 279: 275:Predominately 272: 271: 267: 266: 223: 222: 218: 217: 214: 200: 199: 196: 182: 181: 178: 164: 163: 160: 146: 145: 142: 128: 127: 124: 110: 109: 106: 92: 91: 87: 86: 77: 76: 72: 71: 64: 56: 55: 53:ⵎⵂⵗ/ⵎⵛⵗⵏ/ⵎ‌ⵊⵗⵏ 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9368: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9281:Modern nomads 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9266:Tuareg people 9264: 9263: 9261: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9231: 9227: 9226:United States 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9180: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9158: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9057: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9005: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8752: 8747: 8745: 8740: 8738: 8733: 8732: 8729: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8685: 8682: 8681: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8598: 8594: 8587: 8582: 8580: 8575: 8573: 8568: 8567: 8564: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8477:Ethnic groups 8475: 8469: 8466: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8407: 8402: 8400: 8395: 8393: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8372: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8273: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8178:Ethnic groups 8175: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8107: 8102: 8100: 8095: 8093: 8088: 8087: 8084: 8078: 8075: 8072: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8052: 8046: 8041: 8040: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7974: 7973: 7963: 7961:0-521-24603-2 7957: 7953: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7858: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7805: 7801: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7787: 7786:3-11-018484-2 7783: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7760: 7758:9780470016176 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7731: 7723: 7717: 7713: 7712: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7655: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7537: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7369: 7354: 7353:www.yfull.com 7350: 7349:"E-M81 YTree" 7344: 7336: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7295: 7293: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7269:(1): 118–24. 7268: 7264: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7241: 7240:9780745647852 7237: 7231: 7216: 7212: 7209:Hibbs, Mark. 7205: 7189: 7183: 7168: 7167: 7159: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7127: 7111: 7107: 7106:conceptoradio 7103: 7097: 7082: 7081:conceptaradio 7078: 7072: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7040: 7025: 7019: 7011: 7005: 6997: 6993: 6986: 6971: 6970:Rolling Stone 6967: 6960: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6926: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6897: 6895:9780230285460 6891: 6887: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6780: 6778: 6768: 6759: 6750: 6744:, 1902, p.633 6743: 6737: 6731:, 1956, p.182 6730: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6685:Loughran 2006 6681: 6666: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6647: 6632: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6608: 6606: 6598: 6597:0-8078-2012-1 6594: 6590: 6584: 6577: 6565: 6558: 6556: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6485: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6466: 6458: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6439: 6431: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6412: 6410: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6368: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6345: 6339: 6335: 6320: 6304: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6247: 6245:9780857719249 6241: 6237: 6236: 6228: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6205: 6196: 6187: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6160: 6153: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6100: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6081: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6051: 6045:, p. 19. 6044: 6039: 6031: 6027: 6024:(2): 83–113. 6023: 6019: 6012: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5985: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5957: 5941: 5940: 5932: 5930: 5922: 5917: 5915: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5887: 5879: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5860: 5858: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5833: 5827: 5818: 5812: 5808: 5807: 5799: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5772: 5766:, p. 18. 5765: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5736: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5647:, p. 17. 5646: 5641: 5639: 5632:, p. 20. 5631: 5626: 5620:, p. 16. 5619: 5614: 5612: 5604: 5599: 5597: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5549: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5530: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5490: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5424: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5343: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5315: 5306: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5243: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5224: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5191: 5184: 5176: 5169: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5081: 5077: 5076:Country Watch 5073: 5066: 5059: 5053: 5046: 5040: 5033: 5027: 5025: 5018:, pp. 181–182 5017: 5016:9781139499088 5013: 5009: 5003: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4855: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4831: 4823: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4804: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4780: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4761: 4759: 4751: 4745: 4736: 4728: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4674: 4666: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4458: 4450: 4448:9780470016176 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4353: 4352:9780080877747 4349: 4345: 4339: 4324: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4229: 4223: 4208: 4201: 4186: 4179: 4164: 4158: 4150: 4144: 4125: 4118: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4032: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3963:Autosomal DNA 3960: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3867:Berber marker 3864: 3860: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3432: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3395:Nigerien Army 3391: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3377: 3374: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3312:Caravan trade 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3282: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3082: 3079: 3071: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3037:This section 3035: 3031: 3026: 3025: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2912: 2909:launched the 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2772:Ishumar music 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2721:Group Bombino 2718: 2714: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2559: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2537:(lance), and 2536: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2438:: long dagger 2437: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2350: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2306:Azzag Willi ( 2305: 2304: 2303: 2294: 2291: 2283: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2249:This section 2247: 2243: 2238: 2237: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2150: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1752: 1747: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1703:and later in 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1308: 1303: 1294: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1279:Sokoto jihads 1276: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1264:Aïr Mountains 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1215: 1214:Western Sudan 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1159: 1154: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1051: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1007: 1005: 1004:Paul Flatters 1001: 997: 989: 985: 981: 980: 976: 973: 969: 965: 964: 960: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 940: 936: 933: 929: 925: 921: 920: 917: 913: 910: 906: 902: 898: 897: 894: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 875: 871: 868: 864: 863: 859: 856: 852: 851: 847: 846: 845: 843: 839: 835: 827: 824:Tuareg chief 822: 817: 816:Kaocen revolt 807: 805: 801: 800:Leo Africanus 797: 793: 789: 785: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 747: 743: 738: 733: 729: 722:Early history 714: 711: 706: 704: 700: 696: 695: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 669: 667: 662: 660: 653: 648: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 616: 614: 610: 609:Kel Tagelmust 606: 601: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 528:broken plural 525: 521: 511: 509: 508:post-colonial 505: 501: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 389: 385: 381: 380: 375: 374: 369: 368: 363: 362: 357: 353: 349: 343: 316: 315:Tuareg people 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 286: 281: 278: 273: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 219: 215: 213: 201: 197: 195: 183: 179: 177: 165: 161: 159: 147: 143: 141: 129: 125: 123: 111: 107: 105: 93: 88: 85: 78: 73: 68: 62: 57: 51: 46: 37: 33: 19: 9191:Arab-Berbers 9172:Latin script 9145: 8705: 8684:Yerwa Kanuri 8674:Iwellemmedan 8525: 8446:Christianity 8292:Roma (Gypsy) 8257: 8211:Ouled Djerir 8146:Christianity 8049: 8029: 8022: 8012: 8001: 7994: 7983: 7976: 7951: 7943: 7892: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7853: 7850: 7827: 7799: 7791: 7777: 7770:Bibliography 7740: 7730: 7710: 7703: 7668: 7664: 7654: 7613: 7609: 7598: 7563: 7559: 7489: 7485: 7475: 7440: 7436: 7426: 7383: 7379: 7368: 7356:. Retrieved 7352: 7343: 7308: 7304: 7266: 7262: 7230: 7218:. Retrieved 7214: 7204: 7192:. Retrieved 7182: 7173:13 September 7171:, retrieved 7165: 7158: 7146:. Retrieved 7142:the original 7135: 7126: 7114:. Retrieved 7110:the original 7105: 7096: 7084:. Retrieved 7080: 7071: 7059:. Retrieved 7048: 7039: 7027:. Retrieved 7018: 6995: 6985: 6975:13 September 6973:. Retrieved 6969: 6959: 6949:13 September 6947:. Retrieved 6936:The Observer 6935: 6925: 6916: 6904: 6885: 6875: 6856: 6839: 6835: 6829: 6807:(1): 14–26. 6804: 6800: 6794: 6767: 6758: 6749: 6741: 6736: 6728: 6723: 6709:(1): 29–53. 6706: 6702: 6692: 6680: 6668:. Retrieved 6653: 6646: 6634:. Retrieved 6630: 6620: 6612: 6588: 6583: 6575: 6568:. Retrieved 6534: 6527: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6472: 6465: 6445: 6438: 6418: 6396:. Retrieved 6391: 6382: 6370:. Retrieved 6366: 6356: 6344: 6337: 6323:. Retrieved 6307:. Retrieved 6296: 6283: 6278:. March 2004 6267: 6261: 6249:. Retrieved 6234: 6227: 6204: 6195: 6186: 6166: 6159: 6151: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6119: 6107: 6087: 6080: 6060: 6050: 6038: 6021: 6017: 6011: 5991: 5984: 5963: 5956: 5944:. Retrieved 5938: 5893: 5886: 5866: 5826: 5805: 5798: 5778: 5771: 5738:. Retrieved 5723: 5716: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5625: 5575: 5536: 5529: 5496: 5489: 5469: 5462: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5430:, p. 6. 5423: 5403: 5396: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5349: 5342: 5321: 5314: 5293: 5286: 5264:(1): 59–65. 5261: 5258:Peace Review 5257: 5251: 5230: 5223: 5211:. Retrieved 5207: 5198: 5192:. El-Haraka. 5189: 5183: 5177:. El-Haraka. 5174: 5168: 5156:. Retrieved 5151: 5141: 5129:. Retrieved 5125: 5116: 5101: 5096: 5084:. Retrieved 5080:the original 5075: 5065: 5057: 5052: 5044: 5039: 5031: 5007: 5002: 4990:. Retrieved 4986:the original 4976: 4964:. Retrieved 4960:the original 4950: 4940: 4931: 4922: 4913: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4861: 4854: 4842: 4837:, Ethnologue 4830: 4810: 4803: 4767: 4749: 4744: 4735: 4716: 4710: 4685: 4681: 4635: 4582: 4578: 4547: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4464: 4457: 4430: 4420: 4401: 4373: 4343: 4338: 4326:. Retrieved 4311: 4283:. Retrieved 4279: 4270: 4258:. Retrieved 4254: 4244: 4232:. Retrieved 4230:. Ethnologue 4222: 4212:17 September 4210:. Retrieved 4200: 4190:17 September 4188:. Retrieved 4178: 4168:17 September 4166:. Retrieved 4157: 4131:. Retrieved 4117: 4104:. Retrieved 4100: 4091: 4078:. Retrieved 4073: 4064: 4051:. Retrieved 4047: 4008: 4003: 3989: 3966: 3941: 3932: 3903: 3887: 3875:Middle Atlas 3866: 3857: 3739:Burkina Faso 3439: 3407: 3403: 3392: 3381: 3378: 3370: 3332: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3293: 3291: 3268: 3265:and enigmas. 3262: 3258: 3253:Shishagheren 3252: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3189:Maja Gel Gel 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3089: 3074: 3065: 3050:Please help 3038: 3006:Sahel Sounds 3000: 2989: 2980:A Love Apart 2979: 2925: 2916: 2882: 2842:Robert Plant 2838:Led Zeppelin 2821: 2820: 2791: 2782:music style 2779: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2743: 2742: 2730: 2724: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2644: 2643: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2554: 2551:Berber music 2538: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2499: 2493: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382:also called 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2301: 2286: 2277: 2262:Please help 2250: 2221: 2210: 2205: 2194:Agadez Cross 2181: 2179: 2172: 2143: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2110: 2089: 2085: 2083: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2034: 2030: 2014: 2006: 1998: 1990: 1982: 1974: 1966: 1960: 1951: 1943: 1935: 1927: 1919: 1911: 1903: 1895: 1890: 1875: 1869: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1838: 1799:Ghana Empire 1794:trade routes 1790: 1785: 1781: 1774: 1766: 1755: 1732: 1729: 1719: 1708: 1698: 1694:French Sudan 1689: 1682: 1674: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1587: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1538: 1528: 1522: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1415: 1398: 1384: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1354:, forming a 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1311: 1292: 1268: 1253: 1241:pastoralists 1230: 1218: 1195: 1164: 1141: 1134: 1126: 1119: 1092: 1069: 1053: 1026: 1015: 1008: 993: 977: 961: 937: 923: 916:Iwillimmidan 914: 900: 893:Iwillimmidan 891: 878: 872: 860: 848: 841: 837: 833: 831: 810:Colonial era 796:Ibn Battutah 781: 750: 707: 702: 698: 692: 680: 676: 670: 666:Kidal Region 663: 656: 635: 631: 627: 617: 608: 600:Kel Tamasheq 595:Kel Tamasheq 594: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 560: 555: 551: 547: 535: 531: 523: 519: 517: 489: 442: 429: 423: 415:Burkina Faso 401:to southern 391:pastoralists 378: 377: 372: 371: 366: 365: 360: 359: 351: 347: 314: 312: 306:Hausa people 294:Arab-Berbers 140:Burkina Faso 83: 65:A Tuareg in 49: 39:Ethnic group 36: 9221:Netherlands 9096:Berber Jews 8618:Diffa Arabs 8511:Circassians 8489:Arab-Berber 8191:Arab-Berber 8156:Catholicism 7903:: 909–930. 7847:Karl Prasse 7116:30 December 7086:30 December 7061:27 December 6670:4 September 5158:18 February 4862:The Berbers 4285:31 December 4074:www.cia.gov 3969:Beja people 3894:Niger-Congo 3449:Population 3298:blacksmiths 3231:Melan Melan 2994:Mdou Moctar 2869:, guitarist 2867:Mdou Moctar 2852:, guitarist 2834:tishoumaren 2823:World Music 2780:al guitarra 2619:tahengemmit 2607:tasikisikit 2595:Vocal music 2515:Smithsonian 2507:Peace Corps 2489:riding crop 2368:tasagesaget 2313:Shet Ahad ( 2075:goat cheese 1841:matrilineal 1803:Mali Empire 1450:, singular 1344:(plural of 1323:Banu Sulaym 970:and Tanut ( 958:and Ifrwan. 862:Kel Ahaggar 838:Drum Groups 804:Ibn Khaldûn 703:Tawallammat 577:(variants: 565:(variants: 277:Sunni Islam 243:Tawellemmet 84:4.0 million 9260:Categories 9038:Banu Ifran 8934:Barghawata 8844:Mauretania 8824:Marmaridae 8787:Garamantes 8461:Protestant 8216:Ouled Naïl 8161:Protestant 8019:Mano Dayak 7933:sc76000837 7220:24 January 7194:21 October 7148:12 January 7029:22 January 6842:(2): 164. 6631:Ethnoloque 6615:, 554–556. 6570:21 October 6398:4 November 6372:4 November 6351:, ABC News 6325:21 October 6309:21 October 6251:4 November 5946:6 November 5740:7 November 5213:11 October 5131:13 January 4992:21 October 4966:21 October 4374:Ethnologue 4328:7 November 4260:29 October 4228:"Tamasheq" 4133:1 November 4106:12 October 4027:References 3955:(3%), and 3383:yellowcake 3263:devinettes 3261:, telling 3153:Tammalagha 3068:March 2020 2946:Akoubounou 2941:), Algeria 2927:Cure Salee 2336:Ursa Minor 2329:Ursa Major 2280:March 2020 2061:, a thick 2047:camel milk 1954:: women's 1782:garkasaa6e 1759:endogamous 1751:blacksmith 1741:Chronology 1549:izeggaghan 1368:Kel Ataram 1364:Kel Dinnig 1319:Banu Hilal 1249:hinterland 1208:school of 1187:Casablanca 1132:occurred. 1122:Mano Dayak 1109:, and the 1048:See also: 984:Aïr Massif 919:Kel Denneg 896:Kel Ataram 869:mountains. 814:See also: 784:Ibn Hawkal 694:Ethnologue 587:Timajaghen 477:Garamantes 194:Mauritania 69:, Algeria. 9233:Berberism 9111:Mozabites 8944:Fendelawa 8871:Masaesyli 8861:Nasamones 8856:Musulamii 8839:Makanitae 8834:Bakouatae 8777:Banioubae 8664:Idaksahak 8609:Ait-Awari 8516:Filipinos 8421:Religions 8309:Languages 8297:Beni Ades 8121:Religions 7917:1477-4585 7630:1469-1809 7502:CiteSeerX 7400:0002-9297 6944:0029-7712 6519:162509491 6392:USA TODAY 5708:140786332 5428:Saad 1983 5278:1040-2659 5086:9 October 4891:: 20–23. 4702:162509491 4607:140786332 4567:750606862 4515:1096-8644 4354:, p. 152. 4280:imuhar.eu 4053:8 October 3927:Near East 3890:E1b1a1-M2 3413:Education 3350:Taoudenni 3288:(Algeria) 3269:Maru Maru 3219:Mifa Mifa 3201:Tamammalt 3165:Sellenduq 3149:Tammazaga 3131:Tabillant 3039:does not 2830:Tinariwen 2803:Tinariwen 2776:Teshumara 2713:Tinariwen 2668:Fadangama 2640:in France 2630:Tinariwen 2531:(sword), 2392:taghazamt 2251:does not 2232:Astronomy 2186:tanaghilt 2055:ta komart 2049:, called 1984:ighateman 1929:takarbast 1897:tagelmust 1858:tagelmust 1853:face veil 1636:The word 1627:Ibenheren 1518:festivals 1473:Ineslemen 1471:(Tuareg: 1468:marabouts 1382:society. 1342:tawsheten 1137:Berberism 879:Kel Assuk 874:Kel Adagh 850:Kel Ajjer 761:Tin Hinan 742:Tin Hinan 732:Tin Hinan 636:Imazighen 613:tagelmust 221:Languages 9179:Religion 9121:Riffians 9106:Matmatas 9081:Ghomaras 9076:Chenouas 9048:Maghrawa 8969:Guanches 8902:Medieval 8876:Massylii 8851:Meshwesh 8819:Machlyes 8797:Leuathae 8456:Catholic 8359:Mozabite 8285:Italians 8275:European 8248:Mozabite 8238:Chenouas 8221:Reguibat 8206:Ghenanma 8151:Orthodox 7925:00027189 7818:61859773 7695:20234393 7646:31919422 7638:19476452 7590:20234393 7536:20975840 7486:PLOS ONE 7467:15202071 7418:15042509 7335:20234393 7283:21312181 7055:Archived 7004:cite web 6864:Archived 6788:(paper). 6599:, p. 57. 6272:Archived 6058:(1998). 5506:67475747 5388:25653392 4523:21312181 4234:13 April 4143:cite web 3871:Mozabite 3797:Tuareg ( 3737:Tuareg ( 3677:Tuareg ( 3505:Tuareg ( 3425:Genetics 3322:Taghlamt 3318:Tarakaft 3306:pastoral 3259:Taqqanen 3243:Abanaban 3225:Taghmart 3177:Tabakoni 3171:Takadant 3101:Kelmutan 2967:Ghadames 2948:), Niger 2903:Timbuktu 2662:Bellulla 2384:takabart 2327:Talemt ( 2320:Amanar ( 2315:Pleiades 2213:pendants 2202:Tahatint 2126:Tamasheq 2101:Language 2067:Eghajira 2027:porridge 2020:charcoal 2000:ibuzagan 1992:iragazan 1921:takatkat 1913:tasuwart 1847:Clothing 1767:gargassa 1616:irewelen 1542:endogamy 1437:amănokal 1418:nobility 1388:polygyny 1379:amenokal 1351:Amenokal 1315:pastoral 1277:led the 1233:Timbuktu 1191:Tifinagh 1147:Religion 1017:Amenokal 988:Tessaoua 979:Kel Owey 963:Kel Gres 934:(Niger). 887:Timbuktu 834:Amenokal 788:El-Bekri 777:Tifinagh 769:Abalessa 753:Tafilalt 632:Imushagh 605:Tamasheq 591:nobility 579:Tamasheq 567:Amashegh 504:colonial 487:region. 461:European 453:Taforalt 430:Tamasheq 379:Imajeɣăn 373:Imašeɣăn 270:Religion 9206:Belgium 9151:Zayanes 9146:Tuaregs 9116:Nafusis 9101:Kabyles 9086:Hawwara 9071:Chaouis 9066:Brabers 9026:Lamtuna 9021:Sanhaja 9016:Nafzawa 9011:Matmata 9004:Hintata 8999:Masmuda 8994:Madyuna 8979:Hawwara 8974:Haskura 8959:Ghiatta 8954:Gazoula 8949:Ghumara 8929:Bahlula 8919:Awregha 8909:Adjissa 8881:Numidia 8866:Numidae 8782:Gaetuli 8772:Bavares 8765:Ancient 8758:Berbers 8669:Igdalen 8614:Baggara 8521:Italian 8506:Berbers 8494:Bedouin 8364:Tamahaq 8349:Shawiya 8268:Zouaoua 8253:Sahrawi 8228:Berbers 8201:Chaamba 8196:Bedouin 7743:: 1–7. 7686:2987384 7581:2987384 7527:2958834 7494:Bibcode 7458:1216069 7409:1181964 7358:13 July 7326:2987384 7166:Zerzura 7137:YouTube 7050:YouTube 6821:3317136 6636:12 June 5700:1158348 5072:"Niger" 4905:2793877 4599:1158348 4433:: 1–7. 3981:Eritrea 3883:Maghreb 3863:E1b1b1b 3470:E-M123 3343:, Libya 3333:salines 3302:caravan 3294:Imouhar 3276:Economy 3213:Seqqetu 3207:Ideblan 3125:Melghas 3060:removed 3045:sources 3014:Zerzura 3001:Zerzura 2963:in Mali 2934:, Niger 2932:In-Gall 2863:, Niger 2856:Imarhan 2850:Bombino 2836:genre. 2805:, Adagh 2792:ishumar 2732:Wodaabe 2603:: poems 2601:tisiway 2588:Takamba 2582:Tisiway 2564:tambour 2485:abartak 2481:alakkud 2475:taburek 2463:taganze 2458:assegai 2454:tagheda 2420:takouba 2388:ategham 2380:akarban 2366:trees, 2334:Awara ( 2272:removed 2257:sources 2138:Tamajeq 2132:Tamahaq 2029:called 2016:Tagella 1987:: shoes 1976:akhebay 1937:akarbey 1872:amulets 1831:Tuareg 1817:Culture 1775:garaasa 1771:cognate 1749:Tuareg 1709:rimaibe 1646:Songhay 1631:Ébenher 1629:(sing. 1598:Nilotic 1553:hartani 1508:Inhăḍăn 1346:tawshet 1334:tawshet 1307:Algeria 1289:Society 1262:in the 1085:Tuareg 1057:nomadic 1012:Ahaggar 990:(Niger) 939:Kel Ayr 932:Azawagh 909:Azawagh 867:Ahaggar 857:(Ghat). 771:in the 717:History 699:Tamajaq 681:Tamahaq 628:Imuhagh 620:English 607:", and 583:Tamahaq 575:Tamajaq 571:Amahagh 563:Amajagh 552:Tuwariq 467:), and 419:Nigeria 403:Algeria 388:nomadic 356:endonym 352:Touareg 290:Berbers 259:English 239:Tamajeq 231:Tamahaq 212:Nigeria 176:Algeria 67:Algiers 18:Tuaregs 9351:Tuareg 9216:France 9211:Canada 9167:Script 9141:Teknas 9131:Shilha 9091:Jerbis 9059:Modern 9043:Jarawa 9033:Zanata 8989:Luwata 8984:Kutama 8964:Godala 8924:Azdeja 8914:Awerba 8893:Psylli 8706:Tuareg 8701:Toubou 8696:Maouri 8691:Kurtey 8679:Kanuri 8654:Haddad 8644:Gouran 8541:Gouran 8531:Toubou 8526:Tuareg 8499:Dawada 8354:Shenwa 8344:Kabyle 8317:Arabic 8280:French 8263:Zenata 8258:Tuareg 8243:Kabyle 8233:Chaoui 7958: 7931: 7923: 7915: 7859: 7835: 7816: 7806: 7784: 7755: 7718: 7693: 7683: 7644: 7636: 7628: 7588: 7578: 7534: 7524: 7504: 7465: 7455: 7416: 7406: 7398: 7333: 7323: 7281: 7238: 6942: 6892: 6819: 6661: 6595: 6542: 6517: 6480: 6453: 6426: 6242: 6174: 6095: 6068: 5999: 5971: 5901: 5874: 5813: 5786: 5731: 5706: 5698: 5680:Africa 5583: 5544: 5504: 5477: 5411: 5386: 5357: 5329: 5301: 5276: 5238: 5108: 5014: 4903: 4873:p. 208 4869: 4818: 4775: 4723: 4700: 4643: 4605: 4597: 4579:Africa 4565: 4555: 4521: 4513: 4472: 4445: 4408: 4350: 4319: 4013:Djanet 4009:Sebiba 3979:, and 3959:(3%). 3906:Fezzan 3879:Kabyle 3500:Study 3497:Other 3467:E-M81 3464:E-M78 3461:E-M35 3458:E1b1a 3373:Niamey 3326:Azalay 3286:Hoggar 3237:Tawaya 3195:Bellus 3159:Takket 3143:Solagh 3137:Alamom 3113:Izagag 3095:Tiddas 2939:Djanet 2887:Djanet 2883:Sebiba 2705:Agabas 2693:Tagest 2534:allagh 2528:takoba 2448:allagh 2429:takoba 2422:sword. 2400:ahaket 2376:tafala 2372:ahaket 2364:acacia 2360:akazam 2198:takoba 2192:(the ' 2190:zakkat 2169:, 2019 2117:Berber 2063:yogurt 2057:, and 2035:a liwa 2031:a cink 2024:Millet 1968:bernuz 1945:afetek 1877:Qur'an 1864:litham 1833:nomads 1786:enaden 1779:Fulani 1713:Masina 1705:Ménaka 1654:Ikelan 1648:word. 1642:Ikelan 1638:ikelan 1603:Ikelan 1588:Bellah 1560:Slaves 1533:Jewish 1529:Agguta 1513:Inadan 1502:Castes 1492:Tahoua 1452:Amghid 1448:Imghad 1375:amghar 1338:amghar 1260:Agadez 1206:Maliki 1111:Azawad 1107:Agadez 1103:Ténéré 1020:chief 972:Tanout 968:Zinder 952:In Gal 948:Agadez 944:Assodé 905:Ménaka 842:Tewsit 792:Edrisi 746:Hoggar 728:Azawad 685:Berber 659:Sahara 652:Sahara 624:indigo 556:Tariqi 544:Fezzan 540:Libyan 524:Twārəg 520:Tuareg 510:eras. 481:Fezzan 434:Berber 413:, and 395:Sahara 384:Berber 367:Imušaɣ 361:Imuhaɣ 348:Twareg 288:Other 251:French 209: 191: 173: 155: 137: 119: 101: 43:Tuareg 9184:Islam 9136:Siwis 8939:Fazaz 8829:Mauri 8814:Macae 8807:Libya 8716:Zarma 8659:Hausa 8649:Gurma 8634:Dogon 8624:Dendi 8551:Turks 8536:Copts 8484:Arabs 8434:Sunni 8429:Islam 8186:Arabs 8134:Sunni 8129:Islam 8009:Hawad 7921:JSTOR 7913:eISSN 7895:(3). 7642:S2CID 6836:Ethos 6817:JSTOR 6515:S2CID 5704:S2CID 5696:JSTOR 5384:JSTOR 4901:JSTOR 4698:S2CID 4603:S2CID 4595:JSTOR 4127:(PDF) 4080:1 May 3995:Notes 3977:Egypt 3973:Sudan 3957:L0a1a 3900:mtDNA 3859:E1b1b 3846:33.3% 3819:11.1% 3810:44.4% 3799:Niger 3759:77.8% 3750:16.7% 3699:81.8% 3507:Libya 3476:K-M9 3365:Bilma 3359:Fachi 3341:Azjar 3107:Temse 3020:Games 3010:fable 2974:Films 2795:genre 2699:Ewegh 2687:Dance 2680:Gidga 2674:Odili 2570:tende 2558:anzad 2545:Music 2539:aghar 2494:agher 2442:telek 2436:sheru 2416:telek 2396:adobe 2349:tents 2322:Orion 2308:Venus 2167:Niger 2090:ashay 2079:dates 2071:ladle 2039:ugali 1956:pagne 1905:bukar 1720:Bella 1716:Fulbe 1701:Nioro 1690:Bella 1658:Bella 1625:word 1612:Eklan 1608:Iklan 1496:Niger 1456:tiwse 1444:ímɣad 1297:Clans 1245:hijra 1237:ulama 1210:Sunni 1198:Islam 1183:jedar 1171:ochre 1115:Kidal 1093:This 956:Timia 922:, or 883:Kidal 877:, or 865:, in 855:Aghat 757:Sahel 548:Targa 536:Targa 532:Tārgi 514:Names 496:caste 485:Sahel 445:Islam 407:Niger 399:Libya 158:Libya 104:Niger 9243:flag 8802:Libu 8711:Wogo 8639:Fula 8629:Daza 8604:Arma 8546:Doms 8468:Jews 8439:Shia 8168:Jews 8139:Shia 7956:ISBN 7929:LCCN 7857:ISBN 7833:ISBN 7814:OCLC 7804:ISBN 7782:ISBN 7753:ISBN 7716:ISBN 7691:PMID 7634:PMID 7626:ISSN 7586:PMID 7532:PMID 7463:PMID 7414:PMID 7396:ISSN 7360:2016 7331:PMID 7279:PMID 7236:ISBN 7222:2021 7196:2013 7175:2024 7150:2014 7118:2013 7088:2013 7063:2013 7031:2020 7010:link 6977:2024 6951:2024 6940:ISSN 6890:ISBN 6672:2016 6659:ISBN 6638:2019 6593:ISBN 6572:2013 6540:ISBN 6478:ISBN 6451:ISBN 6424:ISBN 6400:2015 6374:2015 6327:2013 6311:2013 6253:2015 6240:ISBN 6172:ISBN 6093:ISBN 6066:ISBN 5997:ISBN 5969:ISBN 5948:2016 5899:ISBN 5872:ISBN 5811:ISBN 5784:ISBN 5742:2016 5729:ISBN 5581:ISBN 5542:ISBN 5502:OCLC 5475:ISBN 5409:ISBN 5355:ISBN 5327:ISBN 5299:ISBN 5274:ISSN 5236:ISBN 5215:2017 5160:2013 5133:2021 5106:ISBN 5088:2013 5012:ISBN 4994:2013 4968:2013 4867:ISBN 4847:Mali 4816:ISBN 4773:ISBN 4721:ISBN 4641:ISBN 4563:OCLC 4553:ISBN 4519:PMID 4511:ISSN 4470:ISBN 4443:ISBN 4406:ISBN 4348:ISBN 4330:2016 4317:ISBN 4287:2020 4262:2020 4236:2024 4214:2023 4192:2023 4170:2023 4149:link 4135:2020 4108:2021 4082:2021 4055:2016 3917:and 3816:5.6% 3807:5.6% 3768:5.6% 3696:9.1% 3690:9.1% 3679:Mali 3494:R1b 3491:R1a 3455:A/B 3119:Iswa 3043:any 3041:cite 2955:Ghat 2917:The 2907:MNLA 2634:Mali 2613:asak 2579:and 2576:Asak 2469:amur 2255:any 2253:cite 2206:trik 2161:The 2153:Arts 2086:atay 2059:tona 2043:fufu 2041:and 2011:Food 1961:tari 1952:afer 1777:and 1769:, a 1606:(or 1551:(or 1481:imam 1477:qadi 1321:and 1226:Sufi 1113:and 1037:Mali 907:and 885:and 730:and 705:). 618:The 506:and 492:clan 411:Mali 313:The 296:and 122:Mali 7993:". 7905:doi 7745:doi 7741:eLS 7681:PMC 7673:doi 7618:doi 7576:PMC 7568:doi 7522:PMC 7512:doi 7453:PMC 7445:doi 7404:PMC 7388:doi 7321:PMC 7313:doi 7271:doi 7267:145 6844:doi 6809:doi 6711:doi 6507:doi 6026:doi 5688:doi 5450:doi 5266:doi 4893:doi 4885:Man 4860:M1 4690:doi 4587:doi 4503:doi 4499:145 4435:doi 4431:eLS 3953:U3a 3639:89% 3630:11% 3583:39% 3574:50% 3527:49% 3518:43% 3488:J2 3485:J1 3452:Nb 3320:or 3300:or 3151:or 3054:by 3012:of 2901:in 2840:'s 2778:or 2517:'s 2483:or 2266:by 2188:or 2088:or 2051:akh 2033:or 1724:Gao 1633:). 1360:Kel 1356:Kel 1266:. 899:or 710:CIA 679:or 630:or 530:of 455:), 350:or 333:ɑːr 245:), 9262:: 8048:. 8021:, 7942:, 7927:. 7919:. 7911:. 7893:89 7891:. 7812:. 7751:. 7739:. 7689:. 7679:. 7669:18 7667:. 7663:. 7640:. 7632:. 7624:. 7614:73 7612:. 7608:. 7584:. 7574:. 7564:18 7562:. 7558:. 7544:^ 7530:. 7520:. 7510:. 7500:. 7488:. 7484:. 7461:. 7451:. 7441:75 7439:. 7435:. 7412:. 7402:. 7394:. 7384:74 7382:. 7378:. 7351:. 7329:. 7319:. 7309:18 7307:. 7303:. 7291:^ 7277:. 7265:. 7246:^ 7213:. 7134:. 7104:. 7079:. 7053:. 7047:. 7006:}} 7002:{{ 6994:. 6968:. 6938:. 6934:. 6840:26 6838:. 6815:. 6805:69 6803:. 6776:^ 6707:42 6705:. 6701:. 6629:. 6604:^ 6574:. 6554:^ 6513:. 6503:32 6501:. 6408:^ 6390:. 6365:. 6336:, 6299:.; 6295:, 6213:^ 6020:. 5928:^ 5913:^ 5856:^ 5839:^ 5750:^ 5702:. 5694:. 5684:47 5682:. 5652:^ 5637:^ 5610:^ 5595:^ 5557:^ 5514:^ 5446:26 5444:. 5380:14 5378:. 5272:. 5260:. 5206:. 5150:. 5124:. 5074:. 5023:^ 4930:. 4899:. 4889:56 4887:. 4787:^ 4757:^ 4696:. 4686:32 4684:. 4672:^ 4655:^ 4615:^ 4601:. 4593:. 4583:47 4581:. 4561:. 4531:^ 4517:. 4509:. 4497:. 4493:. 4441:. 4429:. 4382:^ 4372:. 4359:^ 4295:^ 4278:. 4253:. 4145:}} 4141:{{ 4099:. 4072:. 4046:. 4035:^ 3987:. 3975:, 3949:L1 3945:L3 3936:L2 3923:U6 3915:M1 3910:H1 3877:, 3873:, 3804:18 3744:18 3684:11 3624:47 3613:3% 3610:8% 3568:47 3557:2% 3554:6% 3512:47 3482:I 3479:G 3473:F 3249:). 2487:: 2208:. 2077:, 1813:. 1618:. 1610:, 1520:. 1494:, 1285:. 1251:. 1063:. 982:: 966:: 954:, 950:, 946:, 942:: 926:: 903:: 881:: 701:, 638:. 585:, 581:, 569:, 558:. 546:. 459:, 440:. 421:. 409:, 405:, 358:: 354:; 304:, 300:, 292:, 249:, 241:, 237:, 233:, 81:c. 8750:e 8743:t 8736:v 8620:) 8616:( 8585:e 8578:t 8571:v 8405:e 8398:t 8391:v 8105:e 8098:t 8091:v 7935:. 7907:: 7865:. 7841:. 7820:. 7761:. 7747:: 7724:. 7697:. 7675:: 7648:. 7620:: 7592:. 7570:: 7538:. 7514:: 7496:: 7490:5 7469:. 7447:: 7420:. 7390:: 7362:. 7337:. 7315:: 7285:. 7273:: 7224:. 7198:. 7152:. 7120:. 7090:. 7065:. 7033:. 7012:) 6979:. 6953:. 6898:. 6850:. 6846:: 6823:. 6811:: 6717:. 6713:: 6674:. 6640:. 6548:. 6521:. 6509:: 6486:. 6459:. 6432:. 6402:. 6376:. 6331:; 6329:. 6315:; 6313:. 6255:. 6180:. 6148:; 6138:; 6101:. 6074:. 6032:. 6028:: 6022:2 6005:. 5977:. 5950:. 5907:. 5880:. 5819:. 5792:. 5744:. 5710:. 5690:: 5589:. 5550:. 5508:. 5483:. 5456:. 5452:: 5417:. 5390:. 5363:. 5335:. 5307:. 5280:. 5268:: 5262:6 5244:. 5217:. 5162:. 5135:. 5090:. 4996:. 4970:. 4934:. 4907:. 4895:: 4824:. 4781:. 4729:. 4704:. 4692:: 4649:. 4609:. 4589:: 4569:. 4525:. 4505:: 4478:. 4451:. 4437:: 4414:. 4376:. 4332:. 4289:. 4264:. 4238:. 4216:. 4194:. 4172:. 4151:) 4137:. 4110:. 4084:. 4057:. 3919:V 3849:0 3843:0 3840:0 3837:0 3834:2 3831:0 3828:0 3825:0 3822:0 3813:0 3801:) 3789:0 3786:0 3783:0 3780:0 3777:0 3774:0 3771:1 3765:0 3762:0 3756:0 3753:0 3747:0 3741:) 3729:0 3726:0 3723:0 3720:0 3717:3 3714:0 3711:0 3708:0 3705:0 3702:0 3693:0 3687:0 3681:) 3669:0 3666:0 3663:0 3660:0 3657:3 3654:0 3651:0 3648:0 3645:0 3642:0 3636:0 3633:0 3627:0 3607:0 3604:0 3601:0 3598:0 3595:3 3592:0 3589:0 3586:0 3580:0 3577:0 3571:0 3551:0 3548:0 3545:3 3542:0 3539:0 3536:0 3533:0 3530:0 3524:0 3521:0 3515:0 3509:) 3081:) 3075:( 3070:) 3066:( 3062:. 3048:. 2996:. 2986:. 2394:( 2293:) 2287:( 2282:) 2278:( 2274:. 2260:. 1510:( 1446:( 597:( 463:( 451:( 376:/ 370:/ 364:/ 342:/ 339:ɡ 336:ɛ 330:w 327:t 324:ˈ 321:/ 317:( 229:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index