2952:
3262:
498:
2101:. Verbs can be grouped into 19 morphological classes; some of these classes can be defined semantically. Verbs carry information on the subject of the sentence in the form of pronominal marking. No simple adjectives exist in the Tuareg languages; adjectival concepts are expressed using a relative verb form traditionally called 'participle'. The Tuareg languages have very heavily influenced Northern
1353:
1333:
1313:
1292:
1271:
1266:
1245:
1240:
1219:
1198:
1150:
1129:
1108:
1087:
1066:
1045:
1024:
1019:
957:
936:
901:
880:
859:
838:
804:
751:
730:
682:
661:
614:
2121:
structure (like in
American Sign Language, Modern Hebrew, Japanese and Russian), allowing the emphasized concept to be placed first, be it the subject or object, the latter giving an effect somewhat like the English passive. Sudlow uses the following examples, all expressing the concept "Men don't
2189:
Again like
Japanese, the "pronoun/particle 'a' is used with a following relative clause to bring a noun in a phrase to the beginning for emphasis," a structure which can be used to emphasize even objects of prepositions. Sudlow's example (s denotes voiceless palato-alveolar fricative):
168:
493:
Tifinagh usage is now restricted mainly to writing magical formulae, writing on palms when silence is required, and in letter-writing. The Arabic script is mostly in use by tribes more involved in
Islamic learning, and little is known about its conventions.
4500:
1912:
is non-phonemic. It occurs at the beginning of vowel-initial words to fill the place of the initial consonant in the syllable structure (see below), although if the words is preceded by a word ending in a consonant, it makes a
2013:
is mostly lost in Ayer Tuareg, while it is maintained in almost every position in Mali Tuareg. The
Iwellemmeden and Ahaggar Tuareg dialects are midway between these positions. The Proto-Berber consonant
1454:
Sudlow classes the "semivowels" /w, j/ with the vowels, and notes the following possible diphthongs: /əw/ (> ), /ăw/, /aw/, /ew/, /iw/, /ow/, /uw/, /əj/ (> ), /ăj/, /aj/, /ej/, /ij/, /oj/, /uj/.
3540:
3604:
K.-G. Prasse (1990), New Light on the Origin of the Tuareg Vowels E and O, in: H. G. Mukarovsky (ed), Proceedings of the Fifth
International Hamito-Semitic Congress, Vienna, I 163–170.
2696:
Imperfective: future or possible actions, "often used following a verb expressing emotion, decision or thought," it can be marked with "'ad'" (shortened to "'a-'" with prepositions).
4144:
4124:
4273:
4268:
4407:
1419:). Some of the vowels have more open "emphatic" allophones that occur immediately before emphatic consonants, subject to dialectal variation. These allophones include for
4414:
2237:(three-consonant bases) are the most common in Tamasheq. Niels and Regula Christiansen use the root k-t-b (to write) to demonstrate past completed aspect conjugation:
4421:
4283:
4278:
4025:
4020:
4015:
467:
and the government literacy program in
Burkina, while in Niger a different system was used. There is also some variation in Tifinagh and in the Arabic script.
4010:
3015:
Christiansen, Niels, and Regula. "Some verb morphology features of
Tadaksahak ." SIL Electronic Working Papers. 2002. SIL International. 2 December 2007 <
2109:, whose speakers are culturally Tuareg but speak Songhay; this influence includes points of phonology and sometimes grammar as well as extensive loanwords.
4070:
2906:, which tends to be a form of the imperfective aspect, unless the action is to be repeated or continued, in which case the cursive aspect is preferred.
4196:
3994:
3157:
Nicolaisen, Johannes, and Ida
Nicolaisen. The Pastoral Tuareg: Ecology, Culture, and Society. Vol. 1,2. New York: Thames and Hudson, Inc, 1997. 2 vols.
3544:
3437:
3406:
517:
are adjacent to themselves or to each other, the second one is inclined: ⵍ ("l"), ⵏⵏ ("nn"), ⵍⵏ ("ln"), ⵏⵍ ("nl"), ⵍⵍ ("ll"), ⵏⵏⵏ ("nnn").
2230:
1897:
The consonant inventory largely resembles Arabic: differentiated voicing; uvulars, pharyngeals (traditionally referred to as emphatics)
3918:
276:
in some respects; they retain two short vowels where
Northern-Berber languages have one or none, and have a much lower proportion of
2018:
comes out differently in different dialects, a development that is to some degree reflected in the dialect names. It is realized as
1371:
orthography, not indicating initial vowel shortening, always writing the directional particle as < dd⟩, and not indicating all
4531:
3121:
4495:
3491:
3742:
3723:
4485:
3356:
Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). "A Review of the
Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications".
1451:, while /o/ is derived from /u/. Comparative evidence shows that /ə/ derives from a merger of Proto-Berber */ĭ/ and */ŭ/.
4490:
1781:
3891:
3024:
Essai de grammaire de la langue tamachek' : renfermant les principes du langage parlé par les Imouchar' ou Touareg
4191:
3863:
3294:
260:
Tuareg dialects belong to the South Berber group and are sometimes regarded as a single language (as for instance by
3464:
1694:
2951:
1671:
1416:
3911:
1709:
4505:
4579:
1901:; requiring the pharynx muscles to contract and influencing the pronunciation of the following vowel, and no
1747:
4092:
2939:
1678:
2051:
2047:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1898:
1887:
1875:
1871:
1832:
1817:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1404:
4059:
2098:
1762:
1717:
2922:
Langues et litteratures berberes des origines a nos jours. Bibliographie internationale et systematique.
2042:. In Tawallammat and especially Tayart, this kind of palatalization actually does not confine itself to
264:). They are distinguished mainly by a few sound shifts (notably affecting the pronunciation of original
1902:
1572:
1372:
4574:
4569:
4303:
4251:
4077:
4042:
3904:
1836:
1733:
1701:
3441:
3410:
3261:
509:. Gemination is not indicated. Most of the letters have more than one common form. When the letters
4355:
4308:
3953:
3176:À la croisée des études libyco-berbères. Mélanges offerts à Paulette Galand-Pernet et Lionel Galand
2005:
Different dialects have slightly different consonant inventories. Some of these differences can be
1600:
436:
374:– language of the Iwellemmeden, spoken in Mali and Niger by approximately 800,000 people. The term
3331:
4229:
1630:
1624:
1593:
273:
3287:
463:
has established a standard for the Latin alphabet, which is used with modifications in Prasse's
4526:
4457:
4442:
4400:
4129:
4065:
2686:
The verbal correspondence with the use of aspect; Tamasheq uses four, as delineated by Sudlow:
2006:
1754:
1586:
2061:
Other differences can easily be traced back to borrowing. For example, the Arabic pharyngeals
4462:
4452:
4246:
4156:
3942:
3005:. 2nd edition revised; 2 vol. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen.
1955:
Voicing assimilation occurs, with the first consonant taking the voicing of the second (e.g.
1534:
1527:
1448:
261:
68:
3407:"Orthography in a plurigraphic society: the case of Tuareg in Niger (https://www.narcis.nl)"
4345:
4340:
4201:
2959:, showcasing De Foucauld's meticulous handwriting accompanied by detailed illustrations of
1646:
1495:
409:
403:
397:
371:
361:
110:
106:
3988:
3275:
3110:
Chants touaregs. Recueillis et traduits par Charles de Foucauld. Paris, Albin Michel, 1997
3069:"Il n'y a qu'un soleil sur terre". Contes, proverbes et devinettes des Touaregs Kel-Adagh.
8:
2974:
375:
3083:
Poésies et chant touaregs de l'Ayr. Tandis qu'ils dorment tous, je dis mon chant d'amour
1874:
are only used in Arabic words in the Tanəsləmt dialect (most Tamasheq replace them with
4434:
4363:
4139:
3373:
3307:
1545:
1513:
1475:
432:
415:
3842:
158:
4393:
4335:
4295:
4097:
4087:
3859:
3290:
3283:
3109:
2118:
2102:
1962:
1838:
1789:
1773:
1740:
1686:
1637:
1579:
1500:
1480:
355:
347:
102:
3016:
393:(ms, 2006) lists the following as separate languages, with dialects in parentheses:
4385:
4330:
4241:
4179:
4151:
4119:
4051:
3927:
3495:
3365:
2234:
2069:
have been borrowed along with Arabic loanwords by dialects specialized in Islamic (
1490:
1470:
425:
420:
324:
213:
186:
95:
73:
4368:
4263:
4256:
4235:
4224:
4206:
4112:
4107:
4082:
4005:
3981:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3030:
Galand, Lionel. (1974) 'Introduction grammaticale'. In: Petites Soeurs de Jesus,
3023:
2903:
1521:
1485:
1368:
277:
63:
3104:
Textes touaregs en prose de Charles de Foucauld et. A. de Calassanto-Motylinski.
4550:
4521:
4173:
4167:
4134:
4102:
3976:
3874:
2106:
479:
3518:
294:
is commonly used in some areas (and has been since medieval times), while the
4563:
4184:
4032:
2998:
1383:
456:
291:
221:
30:
3489:
2931:
Travaux et Documents de i.R.E.M.A.M. no. 5. Aix-en-Provence: IREMAM / LAPMO.
4162:
4000:
3214:
2992:
2221:
The indirect object marker takes the form i/y in Tudalt and e/y in Tadɣaq.
1986:
1918:
1909:
1610:
452:
390:
339:
and in the north of Niger by around 77,000 people. Also known as Tahaggart.
295:
241:
3249:
130:
3468:
2965:
487:
368:(sometimes spelled Aïr), spoken in Niger by approximately 250,000 people.
328:
3519:"Base extended-Latin characters and combinations for languages of Mali"
3377:
3254:
3218:
3136:
Louali-Raynal, Naïma & Nadine Decourt & Ramada Elghamis (1997)
2693:
Stative: "lasting states as the ongoing results of a completed action."
2070:
3806:
1660:
1382:
In Burkina Faso the emphatics are denoted by "hooked" letters, as in
483:
475:
351:
332:
152:
138:
124:
120:
3369:
2936:
Bibliographie des populations touaregues: Sahara et Soudan centraux.
144:
4447:
3896:
3102:
Chaker, Salem & Hélène Claudot & Marceau Gast, eds. (1984)
2030:
in the Tamajaq dialects Tawallammat and Tayart. In the latter two,
1859:
Sudlow (2001:26) doesn't specify whether these are velar or uvular.
471:
448:
287:
280:
378:(the name of the people) is sometimes used to denote the language.
1559:
497:
365:
286:
The Tuareg languages are traditionally written in the indigenous
233:
217:
3213:
Sudlow (2001:26) does not make it clear whether this is a true
2046:. In these dialects, dentals in general are palatalized before
1914:
460:
42:
167:
3492:"Alphabets of Tamashek in Mali: Alphabetization and Tifinagh"
3230:
Note that the geminate is dropped if not followed by a vowel.
2929:
Etudes touaregues. Bilan des recherches en sciences sociales.
1997:
Contrastive stress may occur in the stative aspect of verbs.
1844:
336:
303:
237:
229:
46:
3541:"alphabet tamajaq (arrété 214-99 de la République du Niger)"
198:
3174:
Cohen, David (1993) 'Racines'. In: Drouin & Roth, eds.
299:
249:
225:
201:
3417:
3123:
Lettres au marabout. Messages touaregs au Père de Foucauld
1917:
instead. Phrase-final /a/ is also followed by a phonetic
759:
204:
3840:
3812:
3041:. (Mouton Grammar Series.) the Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.
3687:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3660:
3658:
3631:
3619:
3607:
3588:
3586:
1352:
1332:
1312:
1291:
1270:
1265:
1244:
1239:
1218:
1197:
1149:
1128:
1107:
1086:
1065:
1044:
1023:
1018:
956:
935:
900:
879:
858:
837:
803:
750:
729:
681:
660:
613:
3782:
3643:
3337:
447:
The Tuareg languages may be written using the ancient
16:
Group of closely related Berber languages and dialects
3794:
3312:
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition
501:
Traditional Tifinagh, including various ligatures of
470:
Early uses of the Tifinagh script have been found on
195:
3818:
3770:
3758:
3730:
3699:
3670:
3655:
3583:
3571:
3559:
3490:
Fukui, Yusuf Yoshinori; Walett Mahmoud, Khadijatou.
3276:"Quelques éléments sur les Kinnin d’Abbéché (Tchad)"
3074:
Aghali-Zakara, Mohamed & Jeannine Drouin (1979)
435:(Tetserret) identify as Tuareg, but the language is
192:
3133:. Berber Linguistics Series. Cologne: Koeppe Verlag
3049:, Berber Studies, vol. 30, Köln: Rüdiger Köppe
1944:are predominantly geminate. In addition, in Tadɣaq
189:
3841:Christiansen, Niels; Christiansen, Regula (2002).
3711:
3538:
3162:Folklore Twareg. Poésies et Chansons de l'Azawarh.
3001:, Ghoubeid Alojaly and Ghabdouane Mohamed, (2003)
358:), spoken in Mali by approximately 500,000 people.
212:) languages constitute a group of closely related
3435:
3138:Littérature orale touarègue. Contes et proverbes.
3090:Ǎttarikh ən-Kəl-Dənnəg – Histoire des Kel-Denneg.
2963:'tent-pole' and other tent-building terms of the
4561:
3150:Mohamed, Ghabdouane & Karl-G. Prasse (2003)
3143:Mohamed, Ghabdouane & Karl-G. Prasse (1989)
2981:. 4 vol. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale de France.
2117:Tamasheq prefers VSO order; however it contains
2474:
1855:
1853:
3395:. Los Angeles: Undena Publications. p. 3.
3152:əlqissǎt ən-təməddurt-in – Le récit de ma vie.
3081:Albaka, Moussa & Dominique Casajus (1992)
2699:Cursive: ongoing actions, often habitual ones.
2634:
2571:
2416:
2378:
2371:
2357:
2350:
2331:
2324:
2310:
2303:
2286:
2279:
2267:
2260:
2208:
2196:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2128:
3912:
3843:"Some verb morphology features of Tadaksahak"
3438:"Les différents systèmes d'écriture amazighe"
2993:Grammaire, dialogues et dictionnaire touaregs
2533:
2498:
1948:is usually geminate, but in Tudalt singleton
2662:
2599:
2440:
1867:
1865:
1850:
1828:
1826:
1403:The vowel system includes five long vowels,
3741:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKossmann1999 (
3516:
2122:cook porridge" (e denotes Sudlow's schwa):
2038:before palatal vowels, explaining the form
1447:. Karl Prasse argued that /e/ goes back to
3919:
3905:
3462:
3308:"Ethnologue report for language code: thz"
3116:Poésies touarègues. Dialecte de l'Ahaggar.
1985:Syllable structure is CV(C)(C), including
3722:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrasse1969 (
3055:Manuel de grammaire touaregue (tahaggart)
2771:'He stood up (and so he is standing up)'
2009:accounted for. For example, Proto-Berber
1862:
1823:
3736:
3390:
3183:Essai sur la phonologie du proto-berbère
3044:
2950:
2603:
2575:
2502:
2345:
2298:
2000:
496:
4532:Amazigh Cultural Association in America
3876:The Tamasheq of North-East Burkina Faso
2666:
2638:
2537:
2366:
2319:
2183:'Men are not those who cook porridge.'
459:. The Malian national literacy program
4562:
3872:
3856:A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali)
3824:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3764:
3717:
3705:
3693:
3681:
3664:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3592:
3577:
3565:
3423:
3355:
3343:
3131:Tamashek Texts from Timbuktu and Kidal
2986:Dictionnaire tamachek–anglais–français
2073:) learning. Other dialects substitute
272:). The Tuareg varieties are unusually
3900:
3853:
3003:Dictionnaire touareg–francais (Niger)
1467:
490:have been found on one of its walls.
3926:
3813:Christiansen & Christiansen 2002
3217:or something else, possibly a front
3168:
3154:Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
3147:2 vol. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
3097:Peau d'Âne et autres contes touaregs
3039:Grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali)
1924:Gemination is contrastive. Normally
522:Representative alphabets for Tuareg
309:
3892:Souag, L.: Writing Berber Languages
13:
3858:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 745.
3243:
3076:Traditions touarègues nigériennes.
2909:
2171:'It isn't men who cook porridge.'
2097:The basic word order in Tuareg is
1992:
14:
4591:
3885:
2914:
2846:'He will arrive (here) tomorrow'
1788:
1780:
1761:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1670:
1645:
1636:
1629:
1609:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1544:
1533:
1526:
3260:
3047:A Grammar of Ayer Tuareg (Niger)
1367:The DNAFLA system is a somewhat
1351:
1331:
1311:
1290:
1269:
1264:
1243:
1238:
1217:
1196:
1148:
1127:
1106:
1085:
1064:
1043:
1022:
1017:
955:
934:
899:
878:
857:
836:
802:
749:
728:
680:
659:
612:
381:Tamashaq language of Kal Asakan.
185:
166:
3833:
3749:
3598:
3532:
3510:
3483:
3456:
3429:
3224:
3207:
3034:(Paris: SELAF), pp. 15–41.
2946:
2215:'It was millet that I bought.'
2166:wădde meddăn a isakădawăn ăsink
2159:'Porridge, men don't cook it.'
1980:
1881:
1835:only occur in Arabic loans and
1811:
486:, where vestiges of a Tifinagh
3399:
3384:
3349:
3325:
3300:
3268:
2902:Commands are expressed in the
480:1,500 year old monumental tomb
442:
255:
1:
3879:. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
3847:SIL Electronic Working Papers
3237:
3164:BIFAN VI, 1–4, p. 1–463.
3092:Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
3045:Kossmann, Maarten G. (2011),
2979:Dictionnaire touareg–francais
2957:Dictionnaire Touareg–Français
2390:Conjugation of k-t-b 'write'
2224:
2178:meddăn a wăren isekediw ăsink
1457:
3849:. Dallas: SIL International.
3391:Penchoen, Thomas G. (1973).
3280:Études et Documents Berbères
3114:Foucauld, Charles de (1925)
2896:'I used to work over there'
2721:Cursive/intensive imperfect
2718:Imperfective/simple perfect
2690:Perfective: complete actions
2154:ăsinkwăr ti-sekediwăn meddăn
1443:may be less open), and for
1393:
451:(Libyco-Berber) script, the
283:than most Berber languages.
58:2.8 million (2020–2022)
7:
3543:(in French). Archived from
3539:Enguehard, Chantal (2007).
3467:(in French). Archived from
3440:(in French). Archived from
3178:(Paris: Geuthner), 161–175.
3145:Poèmes touarègues de l'Ayr.
3009:
2920:Bougchiche, Lamara. (1997)
2022:in Tamahaq (Tahaggart), as
335:spoken in Algeria, western
244:, with a few speakers, the
10:
4596:
4159:(transitional to Eastern)
3393:Tamazight of the Ayt Ndhir
3221:or some sort of affricate.
3095:Casajus, Dominique (1985)
3067:Ag Erless, Mohamed (1999)
2927:Chaker, Salem, ed. (1988)
2715:Stative/intensive perfect
2712:Perfective/simple perfect
2229:As a root-and-pattern, or
2142:wăr sekediwăn meddăn ăsink
2130:meddăn wăr sekediwăn ăsink
2092:
2058:is pronounced in Tayart.
2026:in Tamasheq and as simple
1965:turns word/morpheme-final
1903:voiceless bilabial plosive
4544:
4514:
4478:
4471:
4433:
4377:
4354:
4321:
4294:
4217:
4050:
4041:
3952:
3934:
3190:A propos de l'origine de
3181:Kossmann, Maarten (1999)
3088:Alojaly, Ghoubeïd (1975)
2876:
2852:
2828:
2824:'I am learning Tamasheq'
2801:
2775:
2752:
2725:
2555:
2466:
2458:
2405:
2394:
2339:
2294:
2275:
2256:
2246:
2242:Tamasheq subject affixes
2112:
1772:
1752:
1699:
1659:
1558:
1520:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1398:
760:
537:
534:
531:
526:
220:. They are spoken by the
165:
151:
137:
119:
88:
64:Linguistic classification
62:
52:
36:
26:
21:
4062:(transitional to Atlas)
3200:
3160:Nicolas, Francis (1944)
3106:Aix-en-Provence: Édisud.
3071:Aix-en-Provence: IREMAM.
3061:
3032:Contes touaregs de l'Air
2821:'I will learn Tamasheq'
1899:/tˤ/,/lˤ/,/sˤ/,/dˤ/,/zˤ/
1431:may be less open), for
1377:⟨Tămašăɣt⟩
482:of the Tuareg matriarch
3854:Heath, Jeffrey (2005).
3436:Ridouane Ziri, Rachid.
3188:Prasse, Karl G. (1969)
3053:Prasse, Karl G. (1973)
2991:Motylinski, A. (1908).
2793:'I am going to market'
2379:
2372:
2358:
2351:
2332:
2325:
2311:
2304:
2287:
2280:
2268:
2261:
2209:
2197:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
290:alphabet. However, the
4527:World Amazigh Congress
4458:Berber Arabic alphabet
4443:Libyco-Berber alphabet
3873:Sudlow, David (2001).
3185:. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
3129:Heath, Jeffrey (2005)
3037:Heath, Jeffrey. 2005.
2970:
2934:Leupen, A.H.A. (1978)
2861:iwan tattănăt alemmoZ
1407:and two short vowels,
518:
478:. Among these are the
4463:Judeo-Berber alphabet
4453:Berber Latin alphabet
4093:South Oran and Figuig
3426:, pp. 28, 35–36.
3099:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
3085:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
2984:Jeffrey Heath (2006)
2955:Page 247 of the 1951
2954:
2001:Dialectal differences
1415:is used to represent
500:
262:Karl-Gottfried Prasse
4580:Languages of Algeria
4408:Fezzan-Tripolitanian
4060:Eastern Middle Atlas
3755:Prasse e.a. 2003:xiv
3517:Osborn, Don (2002).
3282:14 (1996), 199–212 (
3125:. Paris, Belin, 1999
3057:. 4 vol. Copenhagen.
3027:. Alger: A. Jourdan.
3021:Hanoteau, A. (1896)
2995:. Alger: P. Fontana.
2940:Afrika Studiecentrum
1843:only in the name of
1463:Tamasheq consonants
400:(Abalagh/East, West)
3498:on February 1, 2004
3194:touareg (tahaggart)
3140:Paris: L'Harmattan.
3078:Paris: L'Harmattan.
2988:. Paris: Karthala.
2975:Charles de Foucauld
2885:ăru tasăɣalăɣ siha
2809:ad elmedăɣ Tămasăq
2790:'I went to market'
2705:
2391:
2243:
2203:'I bought millet.'
2099:verb–subject–object
1977:> 'Tamasheq').
1464:
1388:⟨ɗ ƭ⟩
523:
3465:"Ecriture amazigh"
3334:, Blench, ms, 2006
2971:
2924:Paris: Ibis Press.
2744:'He has gone out'
2703:
2389:
2241:
2081:respectively with
1890:is rare in Tadɣaq.
1462:
521:
519:
364:– language of the
350:– language of the
327:– language of the
224:in large parts of
4557:
4556:
4551:extinct languages
4540:
4539:
4317:
4316:
3696:, pp. 28–29.
3628:, pp. 26–28.
3616:, pp. 25–26.
3547:on March 10, 2018
3444:on April 30, 2017
3346:, pp. 33–36.
3258:(27th ed., 2024)
3169:Linguistic topics
2900:
2899:
2872:'Cows eat straw'
2812:lammădăɣ Tămasăq
2684:
2683:
2624:
2561:
2523:
2464:
2386:
2385:
2219:
2218:
2187:
2186:
2103:Songhay languages
1963:Cluster reduction
1807:
1806:
1516:
1509:
1365:
1364:
421:Tahaggart/Ahaggar
356:Adrar des Ifoghas
310:Subclassification
174:
173:
4587:
4575:Berber languages
4570:Tuareg languages
4476:
4475:
4304:Moroccan Amazigh
4252:Sanhaja de Srayr
4192:Western Algerian
4130:Eastern Moroccan
4078:Northern Saharan
4048:
4047:
3928:Berber languages
3921:
3914:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3880:
3869:
3850:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3668:
3662:
3653:
3652:, pp. 26–7.
3647:
3641:
3640:, p. 26-28.
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3494:. Archived from
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3471:on April 5, 2001
3463:Bizari, Brahim.
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3409:. Archived from
3403:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3304:
3298:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3247:
3231:
3228:
3222:
3211:
3050:
2706:
2702:
2668:
2664:
2640:
2636:
2622:
2605:
2601:
2577:
2573:
2559:
2539:
2535:
2521:
2504:
2500:
2476:
2462:
2442:
2418:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:Participle form,
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2290:
2283:
2271:
2264:
2244:
2240:
2235:triliteral roots
2212:
2210:enăle a essensăɣ
2200:
2193:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2125:
2124:
2053:
2049:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1857:
1848:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1792:
1784:
1765:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1649:
1640:
1633:
1621:
1613:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1566:
1548:
1537:
1530:
1512:
1507:
1465:
1461:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1389:
1378:
1355:
1335:
1315:
1294:
1273:
1268:
1247:
1242:
1221:
1200:
1152:
1131:
1110:
1089:
1068:
1047:
1026:
1021:
959:
938:
903:
882:
861:
840:
806:
762:
753:
732:
684:
663:
616:
524:
520:
214:Berber languages
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
184:
170:
161:
147:
133:
19:
18:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4536:
4510:
4496:IRCAM (Morocco)
4467:
4429:
4373:
4350:
4313:
4309:Algerian Berber
4290:
4274:Central-Western
4269:Central-Eastern
4225:Atlas languages
4213:
4157:Tunisian-Zuwara
4145:Western Riffian
4125:Central Riffian
4037:
3948:
3930:
3925:
3888:
3883:
3866:
3836:
3831:
3823:
3819:
3811:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3791:, p. 1.1..
3787:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3671:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3413:on May 3, 2008.
3405:
3404:
3400:
3389:
3385:
3370:10.2307/2793877
3354:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3171:
3064:
3012:
2949:
2917:
2912:
2910:Further reading
2904:imperative mood
2835:a-dd-as asekka
2680:
2670:
2652:
2642:
2617:
2607:
2589:
2579:
2551:
2541:
2516:
2506:
2488:
2478:
2454:
2444:
2430:
2420:
2387:
2342:i.e. "who ..."
2341:
2227:
2115:
2095:
2054:. For example,
2034:is realised as
2003:
1995:
1993:Suprasegmentals
1983:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1725:
1665:
1619:
1564:
1460:
1411:(on this page,
1401:
1396:
1387:
1376:
528:
474:and in various
445:
388:
354:(also known as
312:
298:is official in
258:
188:
182:
181:
157:
143:
129:
55:
54:Native speakers
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4593:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4555:
4554:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4522:Berber Academy
4518:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4486:AAAL (Algeria)
4482:
4480:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4390:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4232:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4170:
4165:
4154:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4056:
4054:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4003:
3998:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3924:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3886:External links
3884:
3882:
3881:
3870:
3864:
3851:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3803:, p. 118.
3793:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3748:
3729:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3669:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3597:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3531:
3509:
3482:
3455:
3428:
3416:
3398:
3383:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3299:
3267:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3223:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3186:
3179:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3118:Paris: Leroux.
3112:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3019:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2932:
2925:
2916:
2915:Bibliographies
2913:
2911:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:'He stood up'
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:'He went out'
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2239:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:essensăɣ enăle
2185:
2184:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2114:
2111:
2094:
2091:
2007:diachronically
2002:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1982:
1979:
1932:becomes , and
1893:
1892:
1880:
1878:respectively).
1861:
1849:
1822:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1459:
1456:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1369:morphophonemic
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
992:
990:
988:
985:
981:
980:
978:
976:
974:
971:
967:
966:
963:
960:
953:
950:
946:
945:
942:
939:
932:
929:
925:
924:
922:
920:
918:
915:
911:
910:
907:
904:
897:
894:
890:
889:
886:
883:
876:
873:
869:
868:
865:
862:
855:
852:
848:
847:
844:
841:
834:
831:
827:
826:
824:
822:
820:
817:
814:
813:
810:
807:
800:
797:
793:
792:
790:
788:
786:
783:
780:
779:
777:
775:
773:
770:
766:
765:
757:
754:
747:
744:
740:
739:
736:
733:
726:
723:
719:
718:
716:
714:
712:
709:
706:
705:
703:
701:
699:
696:
692:
691:
688:
685:
678:
675:
671:
670:
667:
664:
657:
654:
650:
649:
647:
645:
643:
640:
637:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
624:
623:
620:
617:
610:
607:
603:
602:
600:
598:
596:
593:
589:
588:
586:
584:
582:
579:
575:
574:
572:
570:
568:
565:
562:
561:
559:
557:
555:
552:
548:
547:
544:
540:
539:
536:
533:
530:
444:
441:
437:Western Berber
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
407:
406:(Ingal, Gofat)
401:
387:
386:
385:
384:
383:
382:
379:
369:
359:
342:
341:
340:
313:
311:
308:
257:
254:
222:Tuareg Berbers
172:
171:
163:
162:
155:
149:
148:
141:
135:
134:
127:
117:
116:
115:
114:
99:
90:
86:
85:
84:
83:
82:
81:
66:
60:
59:
56:
53:
50:
49:
40:
34:
33:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4592:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:DNAFLA (Mali)
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:HCA (Algeria)
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4423:
4422:West Numidian
4419:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4401:East Numidian
4398:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4230:Central Atlas
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:Reconstructed
3933:
3929:
3922:
3917:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3867:
3865:3-11-018484-2
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3827:, p. 57.
3826:
3821:
3814:
3809:
3802:
3797:
3790:
3785:
3779:, p. 48.
3778:
3773:
3767:, p. 46.
3766:
3761:
3752:
3744:
3738:
3737:Kossmann 1999
3733:
3725:
3719:
3714:
3708:, p. 29.
3707:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3684:, p. 28.
3683:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3667:, p. 27.
3666:
3661:
3659:
3651:
3646:
3639:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3601:
3595:, p. 25.
3594:
3589:
3587:
3580:, p. 33.
3579:
3574:
3568:, p. 34.
3567:
3562:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3520:
3513:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3296:
3295:2-85744-972-0
3292:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3274:Monique Jay,
3271:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3227:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3196:. Copenhagen.
3195:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3004:
3000:
2999:Karl-G Prasse
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2907:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:topic–comment
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1990:
1989:(see above).
1988:
1987:glottal stops
1978:
1971:/-kt,-ɟt,-ɡt/
1964:
1960:
1953:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1884:
1868:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1829:
1827:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1418:
1391:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1373:assimilations
1370:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
996:
993:
991:
989:
986:
983:
982:
979:
977:
975:
972:
969:
968:
964:
961:
958:
954:
951:
948:
947:
943:
940:
937:
933:
930:
927:
926:
923:
921:
919:
916:
913:
912:
908:
905:
902:
898:
895:
892:
891:
887:
884:
881:
877:
874:
871:
870:
866:
863:
860:
856:
853:
850:
849:
845:
842:
839:
835:
832:
829:
828:
825:
823:
821:
818:
816:
815:
811:
808:
805:
801:
798:
795:
794:
791:
789:
787:
784:
782:
781:
778:
776:
774:
771:
768:
767:
764:
758:
755:
752:
748:
745:
742:
741:
737:
734:
731:
727:
724:
721:
720:
717:
715:
713:
710:
708:
707:
704:
702:
700:
697:
694:
693:
689:
686:
683:
679:
676:
673:
672:
668:
665:
662:
658:
655:
652:
651:
648:
646:
644:
641:
639:
638:
635:
633:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:
615:
611:
608:
605:
604:
601:
599:
597:
594:
591:
590:
587:
585:
583:
580:
577:
576:
573:
571:
569:
566:
564:
563:
560:
558:
556:
553:
550:
549:
545:
542:
541:
525:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
495:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
457:Arabic script
454:
450:
440:
438:
434:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
395:
394:
392:
380:
377:
373:
370:
367:
363:
360:
357:
353:
349:
346:
345:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
322:
320:
319:
318:
315:
314:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:Arabic script
289:
284:
282:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
209:
179:
169:
164:
160:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
126:
122:
118:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
92:
91:
87:
80:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:
67:
65:
61:
57:
51:
48:
44:
41:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
4546:
4506:CRB (France)
4479:Governmental
4472:Institutions
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4322:
4296:Standardised
4247:Judeo-Berber
4234:
4172:
3993:
3943:Proto-Berber
3941:
3875:
3855:
3846:
3834:Bibliography
3820:
3815:, p. 5.
3808:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3751:
3732:
3713:
3701:
3689:
3645:
3633:
3621:
3609:
3600:
3573:
3561:
3549:. Retrieved
3545:the original
3534:
3522:. Retrieved
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3496:the original
3485:
3473:. Retrieved
3469:the original
3458:
3446:. Retrieved
3442:the original
3431:
3419:
3411:the original
3401:
3392:
3386:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3339:
3327:
3315:. Retrieved
3311:
3302:
3279:
3270:
3253:
3245:
3226:
3215:palatal stop
3209:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3161:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3115:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3031:
3022:
3002:
2985:
2978:
2977:(1951–1952)
2964:
2960:
2956:
2947:Dictionaries
2935:
2928:
2921:
2901:
2685:
2678:'They wrote'
2677:
2674:
2671:
2660:
2657:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2632:
2629:
2615:'They wrote'
2614:
2611:
2608:
2597:
2594:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2569:
2566:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2531:
2528:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2496:
2493:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2228:
2220:
2188:
2116:
2096:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1984:
1981:Phonotactics
1973:into (e.g.
1961:
1954:
1923:
1919:glottal stop
1910:glottal stop
1907:
1896:
1883:
1813:
1453:
1449:Proto-Berber
1402:
1381:
1366:
514:
510:
506:
502:
492:
469:
464:
453:Latin script
446:
431:Speakers of
430:
389:
376:Iwellemmeden
316:
296:Latin script
285:
274:conservative
269:
265:
259:
245:
242:Burkina Faso
177:
175:
89:Subdivisions
78:
69:Afro-Asiatic
39:distribution
4435:Orthography
4415:Mauretanian
4341:Tawellemmet
4066:Seghrouchen
3825:Sudlow 2001
3801:Sudlow 2001
3789:Sudlow 2001
3777:Sudlow 2001
3765:Sudlow 2001
3718:Prasse 1969
3706:Sudlow 2001
3694:Sudlow 2001
3682:Sudlow 2001
3665:Sudlow 2001
3650:Sudlow 2001
3638:Sudlow 2001
3626:Sudlow 2001
3614:Sudlow 2001
3593:Sudlow 2001
3578:Sudlow 2001
3566:Sudlow 2001
3424:Sudlow 2001
3344:Sudlow 2001
2966:Kel Ahaggar
2781:ekkêɣ hebu
2778:ekkeɣ hebu
2650:'She wrote'
2549:'You wrote'
2514:'You wrote'
2486:'You wrote'
2295:3rd person
2276:2nd person
2257:1st person
1952:may occur.
1405:/a,e,i,o,u/
488:inscription
443:Orthography
362:Air Tamajaq
329:Kel Ahaggar
256:Description
111:Tawellemmet
107:Air Tamajeq
4564:Categories
4394:Old Libyan
4218:Non-Zenati
3551:August 19,
3524:August 18,
3502:August 18,
3475:August 19,
3448:August 19,
3317:August 17,
3255:Ethnologue
3238:References
3219:velar stop
2675:write.3P/F
2647:write.3S/F
2612:write.3P/M
2587:'He wrote'
2584:write.3S/M
2546:write.2P/F
2511:write.2P/M
2452:'We wrote'
2233:language,
2225:Morphology
2071:Maraboutic
1975:/tămaʃăɣt/
1969:into and
1936:becomes .
1928:becomes ,
1496:Pharyngeal
1458:Consonants
1439:(although
1427:(although
476:sepulchres
410:Tamesgrest
398:Tawellemet
372:Tawellemet
183:English:
101:Southern (
94:Northern (
37:Geographic
4549:indicate
4364:Tetserret
3364:: 20–23.
3288:0295-5245
2543:tektabmat
2529:tektabmat
2428:'I wrote'
2398:Singular
2312:t-...-măt
2249:singular
2231:templatic
1967:/-ɣt,-ɣk/
1666:voiceless
1661:Fricative
1565:voiceless
1394:Phonology
535:Tifinagh
484:Tin Hinan
416:Tafaghist
412:(Azerori)
352:Kel Adrar
344:Southern
333:Kel Ajjer
321:Northern
281:loanwords
153:Glottolog
139:ISO 639-3
121:ISO 639-2
27:Ethnicity
4448:Tifinagh
4336:Tamashek
4108:Wad Righ
4098:Tidikelt
4088:Mozabite
4043:Northern
3989:Ghadamès
3250:Tamashek
3010:Grammars
2938:Leiden:
2704:aspects
2672:ektabnat
2658:ektabnat
2508:tektabam
2494:tektabam
2483:write.2S
2480:tektabad
2470:tektabad
2449:write.1P
2425:write.1S
2373:t-...-ăt
2352:y-...-ăn
2288:t-...-ăm
2281:t-...-ăd
2105:such as
1959:> ).
1957:/edˤkăr/
1820:is rare.
1514:emphatic
1476:Alveolar
546:Unicode
472:rock art
449:Tifinagh
433:Tin Sert
366:Kel Ayer
348:Tamasheq
288:Tifinagh
218:dialects
159:tuar1240
103:Tamasheq
79:Tamashek
22:Tamashek
4547:Italics
4386:Guanche
4356:Western
4331:Tamahaq
4284:Western
4279:Eastern
4242:Ghomara
4197:Gouraya
4180:Douiret
4168:Matmata
4152:Shawiya
4135:Iznasen
4120:Riffian
3995:Jaghbub
3954:Eastern
3378:2793877
3332:AA list
2961:tasdest
2609:ektaban
2595:ektaban
2422:ektabaɣ
2412:ektabaɣ
2401:Plural
2395:Person
2380:...-nen
2359:...-năt
2252:plural
2093:Grammar
2040:Tamajaq
1915:liaison
1833:/lˤ,sˤ/
1774:Lateral
1560:Plosive
1501:Glottal
1481:Palatal
1386:, e.g.
1379:for ).
763:
538:Arabic
529:(Mali)
465:Lexique
455:or the
325:Tamahaq
234:Algeria
96:Tamahaq
4378:Others
4369:Zenaga
4346:Tayart
4323:Tuareg
4264:Kabyle
4257:Shilha
4207:Shenwa
4202:Shelif
4185:Zuwara
4140:Snouss
4113:Wargla
4083:Gurara
4071:Warayn
4052:Zenati
4026:Yefren
4021:Wazzin
4006:Nafusi
3982:Tmessa
3972:Foqaha
3967:Fezzan
3962:Awjila
3862:
3376:
3293:
3286:
2802:l-m-d
2759:ibdăd
2756:ibdăd
2753:b-d-d
2732:izgăr
2729:izgăr
2726:z-g-r
2661:write.
2644:tektab
2633:write.
2630:tektab
2598:write.
2570:write.
2532:write.
2497:write.
2473:write.
2446:nektab
2439:write.
2436:nektab
2415:write.
2333:...-ăn
2262:...-ăɣ
2113:Syntax
1934:/dˤdˤ/
1726:voiced
1620:voiced
1491:Uvular
1471:Labial
1399:Vowels
1375:(e.g.
543:Image
532:Niger
527:DNAFLA
461:DNAFLA
404:Tayiṛt
391:Blench
331:, and
317:Tuareg
278:Arabic
246:Kinnin
178:Tuareg
74:Berber
43:Sahara
31:Tuareg
4236:Gharb
4174:Sened
4163:Jerba
4103:Tuwat
4016:Nalut
4001:Kufra
3977:Sokna
3374:JSTOR
3201:Notes
3062:Texts
3018:>.
2709:Verb
2581:iktab
2567:iktab
2326:t-...
2305:y-...
2269:n-...
2107:Sawaq
2056:tidət
1876:/x,ɣ/
1872:/ħ,ʕ/
1845:Allah
1522:Nasal
1508:plain
1486:Velar
1409:/ə,ă/
1305:ž (ʒ)
1100:š (ʃ)
337:Libya
304:Niger
248:, in
238:Libya
230:Niger
47:Sahel
4515:NGOs
4033:Siwa
4011:Jadu
3860:ISBN
3743:help
3724:help
3553:2012
3526:2012
3504:2012
3477:2012
3450:2012
3319:2012
3291:ISBN
3284:ISSN
2556:3rd
2459:2nd
2406:1st
2147:VSO
2135:SVO
2085:and
2077:and
2065:and
2050:and
1942:/tˤ/
1940:and
1930:/ww/
1926:/ɣɣ/
1908:The
1435:and
1423:and
1384:Fula
1276:ⵌ, ⵣ
1250:ⵢ, ⵉ
1029:ⵆ, ⵈ
513:and
505:and
426:Ghat
302:and
300:Mali
268:and
250:Chad
240:and
226:Mali
216:and
176:The
45:and
3366:doi
3358:Man
3252:at
2623:(f)
2560:(m)
2522:(f)
2463:(m)
2052:/j/
2048:/i/
1950:/ɡ/
1946:/ɡ/
1938:/q/
1888:/ʒ/
1818:/ŋ/
1445:/ə/
1441:/u/
1437:/u/
1433:/o/
1429:/i/
1425:/i/
1421:/e/
1417:IPA
1413:/ă/
1346:(ʕ)
761:گ ݣ
627:(ḅ)
199:ɑːr
145:tmh
131:tmh
4566::
3845:.
3672:^
3657:^
3585:^
3372:.
3362:56
3360:.
3310:.
3297:).
3278:.
2663:3P
2635:3S
2600:3P
2572:3S
2534:2P
2499:2P
2475:2S
2441:1P
2417:1S
2089:.
2032:*z
2016:*z
2011:*h
1921:.
1905:.
1864:^
1852:^
1839:lˤ
1825:^
1793:)
1790:lˤ
1766:)
1741:zˤ
1713:)
1690:)
1687:sˤ
1638:dˤ
1614:)
1580:tˤ
1390:.
1361:ع
1341:ح
1321:ج
1300:ظ
1279:ز
1253:ي
1227:خ
1206:و
1158:ط
1137:ت
1116:ش
1095:ص
1074:س
1053:ر
1032:ق
965:ن
944:م
909:ل
888:ک
867:ه
846:غ
812:چ
738:ف
690:ض
669:د
622:ب
439:.
306:.
252:.
236:,
232:,
228:,
123:/
109:,
105:,
4389:?
3920:e
3913:t
3906:v
3868:.
3745:)
3739:.
3726:)
3720:.
3555:.
3528:.
3506:.
3479:.
3452:.
3380:.
3368::
3321:.
3192:h
2969:.
2942:.
2667:F
2665:/
2639:F
2637:/
2604:M
2602:/
2576:M
2574:/
2538:F
2536:/
2503:M
2501:/
2367:F
2346:M
2320:F
2299:M
2087:ɣ
2083:x
2079:ʻ
2075:ħ
2067:ʻ
2063:ħ
2044:z
2036:ž
2028:z
2024:š
2020:h
1847:.
1841:/
1837:/
1787:(
1782:l
1763:ʕ
1760:(
1755:ɣ
1748:ʒ
1734:z
1718:h
1710:ħ
1707:(
1702:x
1695:ʃ
1684:(
1679:s
1672:f
1647:ɡ
1631:d
1625:b
1611:ʔ
1608:(
1601:q
1594:k
1587:ɟ
1573:t
1546:ŋ
1535:n
1528:m
1358:ⵄ
1338:ⵆ
1326:ḥ
1318:ⵊ
1308:ǧ
1297:ⵥ
1287:ẓ
1284:ẓ
1261:z
1258:z
1235:y
1232:y
1224:ⵅ
1214:x
1211:x
1203:ⵓ
1193:w
1190:w
1179:û
1166:u
1163:u
1155:ⵟ
1145:ṭ
1142:ṭ
1134:ⵜ
1124:t
1121:t
1113:ⵛ
1103:š
1092:ⵚ
1082:ṣ
1079:ṣ
1071:ⵙ
1061:s
1058:s
1050:ⵔ
1040:r
1037:r
1014:q
1011:q
1000:ô
987:o
984:o
973:ŋ
970:ŋ
962:ⵏ
952:n
949:n
941:ⵎ
931:m
928:m
917:ḷ
914:ḷ
906:ⵍ
896:l
893:l
885:ⴾ
875:k
872:k
864:ⵂ
854:h
851:h
843:ⵗ
833:ɣ
830:ɣ
819:ǰ
809:ⴶ
799:j
796:j
785:î
772:i
769:i
756:ⴳ
746:g
743:g
735:ⴼ
725:f
722:f
711:ê
698:e
695:e
687:ⴹ
677:ḍ
674:ḍ
666:ⴷ
656:d
653:d
642:c
619:ⵀ
609:b
606:b
595:ǝ
592:ǝ
581:ă
578:ă
567:â
554:a
551:a
515:n
511:l
507:n
503:t
270:h
266:z
208:/
205:ɡ
202:ɛ
196:w
193:t
190:ˈ
187:/
180:(
125:5
113:)
98:)
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