2252:
1766:
1819:
1674:
2294:
2238:
1925:
2168:
2045:
2154:
2280:
2224:
2030:
1938:
817:
42:
2182:
2059:
1964:
1951:
1886:
1687:
1661:
1977:
1739:
1832:
1726:
1752:
1793:
2126:
2210:
2098:
2084:
1899:
1845:
2266:
2140:
1990:
1873:
1806:
1648:
1700:
2112:
2196:
2003:
1912:
1780:
2016:
1713:
2850:
some authors have inserted distinctive features into their analytical approaches, at the same time maintaining the general dichotomy. Maurice
Duverger, trying to explain the French Fifth Republic, found that this dichotomy was not adequate for this purpose. He therefore resorted to the concept of 'semi-presidential government': The characteristics of the concept are (Duverger 1974: 122, 1978: 28, 1980: 166):
3624:
powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in
Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to Parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the president into account.
3530:
power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of power. In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By this standard, he recognizes
Duverger's
2697:
The concept of a semi-presidential form of government, as used here, is defined only by the content of the constitution. A political regime is considered as semi-presidential if the constitution which established it, combines three elements: (1) the president of the republic is elected by universal
1519:
based on the constitutional principle that the prime minister is appointed (with the subsequent approval of a parliament majority) and dismissed by the president. On the other hand, whenever the president and the prime minister represent the same political party, which leads the cabinet, they tend to
1584:
Having a separate head of government who needs to command the confidence of the parliament is seen as being more in tune to the political and economic development of the country. Because the head of government is elected from the parliament, there is little potential for political gridlock to occur,
1580:
In most semi-presidential systems, important segments of bureaucracy are taken away from the president, creating additional checks and balances where the running of the day-to-day government and its issues are separate from the head of state, and as such, its issues tend to be looked at on their own
1413:
system, the prime minister and cabinet are dually accountable to the president and to the parliament. The president chooses the prime minister and the cabinet, but must have the support of a parliamentary majority for his choice. In order to remove a prime minister, or the whole cabinet, from power,
3529:
Duhamel has developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops the distinction of 'système politique' and 'régime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises the exercise of
2849:
The conventional analysis of government in democratic countries by political science and constitutional law starts from the traditional types of presidentialism and parliamentarism. There is, however, a general consensus that governments in the various countries work quite differently. This is why
3623:
Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in
Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such
1289:
Maurice
Duverger's original definition of semi-presidentialism stated that the president had to be elected, possess significant power, and serve for a fixed term. Modern definitions merely declare that the head of state has to be elected, and that a separate prime minister that is dependent on
2766:
3341:
2698:
suffrage, (2) he possesses quite considerable powers; (3) he has opposite him, however, a prime minister and ministers who possess executive and governmental power and can stay in office only if the parliament does not show its opposition to them.
1554:
reduced the length of the French president's term to five years. This has significantly lowered the chances of cohabitation occurring, as parliamentary and presidential elections may now be conducted within a shorter span of each other.
2523:, provided for a powerful directly-elected president and for a government dependent on Parliamentary confidence. Neither of these provisions were implemented, as the regime collapsed eight month's after the Constitution's promulgation.
1563:
The incorporation of elements from both presidential and parliamentary republics can bring certain advantageous elements; however, it also creates disadvantages, often related to the confusion produced by mixed authority patterns.
1305:
system, the prime minister and cabinet are exclusively accountable to parliament. The president may choose the prime minister and cabinet, but only the parliament may approve them and remove them from office with a
85:
2390:
1527:
In most cases, cohabitation results from a system in which the two executives are not elected at the same time or for the same term. For example, in 1981, France elected both a
1472:, or a period of bitter and tense stonewalling, depending on the attitudes of the two leaders, the ideologies of themselves/their parties, and the demands of their supporters.
4383:
3769:
3202:
3154:
2604:
2856:
3. he has opposite him a prime minister who possesses executive and governmental powers and can stay in office only if parliament does not express its opposition to him.
125:
1628:
1524:
control over all fields of policy via the prime minister. However, it is up to the president to decide how much autonomy is left to said prime minister.
1269:(from 1919 to 2000) exemplified early semi-presidential systems, the term "semi-presidential" was first introduced in 1959 in an article by journalist
3761:
243:
3637:
3052:
118:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
1160:
3802:
2587:
2366:
2257:
1516:
1468:", a term which originated in France after the situation first arose in the 1980s. Cohabitation can create either an effective system of
1434:. It was also used in Ukraine (first between 1996 and 2005; then from 2010 to 2014), Georgia (from 2004 to 2013), South Korea under the
1464:
In a semi-presidential system, the president and the prime minister may sometimes be from different political parties. This is called "
845:
4482:
2313:
1599:
for the president, as unpopular policies could be blamed on the prime minister, who runs the day-to-day operations of the government.
3550:
3146:
17:
3884:
Bahro, Horst; Bayerlein, Bernhard H.; Veser, Ernst (October 1998). "Duverger's concept: Semi–presidential government revisited".
1865:
In a president-parliamentary system, the prime minister and cabinet are dually accountable to the president and the legislature.
3718:
1531:
president and legislature, which yielded a
Socialist premier. But while the president's term of office was for seven years, the
4000:
3886:
2823:
2677:
1391:
4493:
2624:
All South Korean constitutions since 1963 provided for a strong executive presidency; in addition, the formally-authoritarian
2398:
2394:
2382:
1573:
Parliament has the ability to remove an unpopular prime minister, therefore maintaining stability throughout the president's
964:
4176:
4136:(June 2001). "From Semi-presidentialism to Parliamentary Government: Political and Constitutional Developments in Finland".
2612:
4387:
3206:
3159:
2608:
1193:
236:
2757:
3930:
3789:
3378:
3012:
2441:
2425:
in the additional articles will terminate them in the event of a hypothetical resumption of ROC rule in
Mainland China.
2414:
2402:
1118:
1254:, although named by the president, is responsible to the legislature, which may force the cabinet to resign through a
4441:
4315:
4258:
4123:
4101:
4036:
3985:
3812:
3409:
2892:
2775:
2539:
993:
902:
713:
4326:
3345:
2633:
2406:
1679:
1536:
1009:
319:
2636:, nominally counterbalanced by a binding vote of no confidence. Both of these provisions were retained during the
1640:
In a premier-presidential system, the prime minister and cabinet are exclusively accountable to the legislature.
934:
2373:
being the country's leading political figure despite nominally being ranked third according to the
Constitution.
1298:
There are two distinct subtypes of semi-presidentialism: premier-presidentialism and president-parliamentarism.
4138:
4043:
838:
708:
486:
334:
229:
4550:
4051:
723:
3679:
Kudelia, Serhiy (4 May 2018). "Presidential activism and government termination in dual-executive
Ukraine".
2962:"Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries"
1824:
1375:
2961:
2482:
2474:
1512:
1480:
The distribution of power between the president and the prime minister can vary greatly between countries.
1219:
1155:
897:
472:
304:
275:
4376:
3590:
3195:
4452:
3337:
3275:
2717:
1532:
969:
776:
128:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
4535:
4479:
Governing
Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations. (Presidential, Parliamentary and Hybrid Systems)
2568:
2516:
309:
280:
3394:
Barrington, Lowell; Bosia, Michael J.; Bruhn, Kathleen; Giaimo, Susan; McHenry, Jr., Dean E. (2012) .
3113:
4555:
3648:
3480:
3088:
3063:
2328:
1465:
1459:
1132:
1113:
831:
436:
31:
4429:
4372:
3828:
3586:
3546:
3191:
3142:
2912:
4177:"The government in two semi-presidential systems: France and Portugal in a comparative perspective"
3509:
2629:
1528:
1435:
1127:
551:
441:
4514:
4020:
3747:
2641:
2637:
2358:
1439:
1255:
1186:
1077:
481:
154:
65:
4093:
4083:
1606:, as there is no relatively clear sense of who is responsible for policy successes and failures.
187:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
4545:
3644:
3059:
2583:
2555:
2535:
2449:
2386:
2362:
1363:
1359:
1235:
1089:
870:
718:
660:
606:
194:
144:
75:
3395:
3368:
2976:
1540:
4088:. Power at the Centre: The Organization of Democratic Systems. Basingstoke England New York:
3516:
2543:
2445:
2418:
2370:
1930:
1614:
1278:
1016:
538:
371:
4308:
Comparative constitutional engineering: an inquiry into structures, incentives, and outcomes
3534:
as semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).
2600:
2437:
2318:
1596:
1469:
1418:. This form of semi-presidentialism is much closer to pure presidentialism. It is used in:
1399:
1251:
1227:
1101:
989:
984:
648:
519:
509:
494:
421:
339:
54:
4478:
3762:"Chad's Proposed New Constitution: Between Hopes for Refoundation and an Uncertain Future"
2417:
and replaced Legislative Yuan confirmation for Premieral appointments with a conventional
1270:
8:
4540:
4271:"Are All Semipresidential Regimes the Same? A Comparison of Premier-Presidential Regimes"
3561:
3163:
2625:
2347:
2323:
1551:
1395:
1247:
1239:
1139:
760:
670:
524:
426:
376:
314:
91:
35:
2640:
but repealed upon the transition to democracy and the establishment of the presidential
4291:
4215:
4089:
4082:
Goetz, Klaus H. (2006). Heywood, Paul; Jones, Erik; Rhodes, Martin; Sedelmeier (eds.).
4068:
4013:
3903:
3696:
3302:
3266:
2935:
2840:
2691:
2672:
1581:
merits, with their ebbs and flows and not necessarily tied to who the head of state is.
1574:
1179:
1106:
1096:
1021:
949:
922:
798:
391:
96:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
3952:
4437:
4417:
4409:
4356:
4348:
4311:
4270:
4254:
4207:
4199:
4163:
4155:
4133:
4119:
4097:
4032:
3981:
3936:
3926:
3907:
3862:
3854:
3808:
3700:
3579:
3415:
3405:
3374:
3312:
3294:
3236:
3228:
3026:
3018:
3008:
2972:
2939:
2931:
2913:"Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Semi-Presidentialism: Bringing Parties Back In"
2888:
2844:
2789:
2781:
2771:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2413:. The additional articles made the President directly elected by the citizens of the
2354:
2145:
1347:
997:
862:
793:
467:
329:
324:
285:
258:
164:
4220:
4073:
3790:
https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2017)010-e
3712:
3710:
4503:
4498:
4399:
4340:
4303:
4283:
4244:
4191:
4147:
4060:
4009:
3995:
3971:
3895:
3844:
3688:
3629:
3605:
3460:
3401:
3284:
3218:
2927:
2880:
2832:
2753:
2686:
2410:
2405:, which is the ceremonial figurehead of the state. Executive power rested with the
1414:
the president can either dismiss them, or the parliament can remove them through a
1274:
743:
499:
353:
140:
3692:
3342:
Quelle place la Constitution de 1958 accorde-t-elle au Président de la République?
4486:
4240:
4236:
4225:
3916:
3707:
3442:
3440:
2998:
2580:
2532:
2503:
2434:
2229:
1771:
1504:
1500:
1447:
1262:
1169:
821:
803:
628:
613:
174:
59:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
4522:
blog with posts written by several political scientists, including Robert Elgie.
4404:
4064:
3849:
3832:
3610:
3465:
3448:
3223:
4111:
3948:
3539:
3505:
2818:
2713:
1603:
1544:
1508:
1492:
1488:
1310:. This system is much closer to pure parliamentarism. This subtype is used in:
1231:
1223:
959:
944:
939:
892:
699:
618:
572:
514:
184:
4421:
3918:
Political Institutions in East Timor: Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation
3866:
3437:
3316:
3240:
3000:
Political Institutions in East Timor: Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation
2821:(October 1998). "Duverger's concept: Semi-presidential government revisited".
1585:
since the parliament has the power to remove the head of government if needed.
4529:
4413:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4211:
4203:
4167:
4159:
3858:
3298:
3232:
3030:
2793:
2785:
2490:
2466:
2422:
2035:
1943:
1419:
877:
623:
601:
576:
406:
105:
4151:
3899:
2836:
1539:, the French people elected a right-of-centre assembly, Socialist president
4331:
3998:(June 1980). "A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government".
3430:
2462:
2409:, who is nominated and appointed by the president, with the consent of the
2285:
1311:
386:
1621:
4364:
2520:
2299:
2243:
1610:
1243:
690:
655:
558:
546:
411:
4377:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"
4310:(2nd ed.). Washington Square, New York: New York University Press.
3833:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"
3591:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"
3551:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns"
3510:"Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept — A New Political System Model"
3449:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"
3196:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"
3147:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns"
816:
4453:"Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's concept: A New Political System Model"
4434:
Presidents and assemblies: constitutional design and electoral dynamics
4295:
4195:
3804:
The Foreign Policies of Post-Yugoslav States: From Yugoslavia to Europe
3307:
2718:"Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's concept: A New Political System Model"
2448:
in 1991–2008, a semi-presidential republic in 2008–2018 and has been a
2187:
2064:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1891:
1744:
1692:
1666:
1629:
List of countries by system of government § Semi-presidential republics
1423:
1331:
1319:
1315:
1063:
1051:
929:
912:
780:
770:
765:
504:
366:
47:
4510:
2770:(in French). No. 78. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. pp. 107–120.
41:
4519:
3922:
3004:
1837:
1731:
1379:
1327:
665:
563:
446:
401:
381:
136:
4287:
3289:
1499:, presidential prerogatives) and the prime minister is in charge of
2767:
Pouvoirs, revue française d'études constitutionnelles et politiques
2547:
1798:
1757:
1515:
is not explicitly stated in the constitution, but has evolved as a
1487:, for example, in the case of cohabitation, the president oversees
1367:
1339:
1215:
1084:
1072:
1041:
788:
748:
431:
416:
396:
265:
220:
3940:
3419:
3022:
2852:
1. the president of the republic is elected by universal suffrage,
1230:, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature of the
4044:"A Politics of Institutional Choice: Post-Communist Presidencies"
2551:
2271:
2215:
2159:
2131:
2103:
2089:
1995:
1904:
1878:
1850:
1811:
1653:
1443:
1403:
1371:
1266:
954:
887:
703:
361:
212:
4031:. (Oxford Scholarship Online Politics), Oxford University Press
3960:
Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht
3267:"The French Double Executive and the Experience of Cohabitation"
1273:, and popularized by a 1978 work written by political scientist
4327:"Timor-Leste: Divided Leadership in a Semi-Presidential System"
3721:[Atypical presidential and semi-presidential systems].
2173:
2050:
2021:
1785:
1718:
1484:
1431:
1427:
1383:
1351:
1323:
753:
695:
593:
4494:"Indonesia Outlook 2007: Toward strong, democratic governance"
4384:
Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies
3770:
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
3558:
Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies
3203:
Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies
3155:
Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies
2546:
in 1990–1993, a semi-presidential republic in 1993–2010 and a
177:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
4239:(1995). "From Prime Ministerial power to core executive". In
1705:
1507:. In this case, the division of responsibilities between the
1343:
1046:
2673:"A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government"
2615:
in 1918–1990 and a semi-presidential republic in 1990–1991.
2201:
2117:
2008:
1917:
1335:
4436:. Cambridge England New York: Cambridge University Press.
4025:
Semi-Presidentialism: Sub-Types And Democratic Performance
3393:
203: Dependent territories and places without governments
157:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
3723:
Uchenyye Zapiski Kazanskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta
2421:, superseding the ordinary constitutional provisions. A
1622:
Republics with a semi-presidential system of government
1290:
parliamentary confidence has to lead the legislative.
3759:
3719:"Атипичные президентские и полупрезидентские системы"
2074:
1543:
was forced into cohabitation with right-wing premier
197:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
3638:"Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland"
3137:
3135:
3053:"Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland"
3883:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2590:
in 1918–1991 and semi-presidential republic in 1991
1617:
makes the prime minister respond to the parliament.
4269:
3265:
1860:
1609:It creates both confusion and inefficiency in the
86:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
3132:
2960:Neto, Octávio Amorim; Lobo, Marina Costa (2010).
2632:established a presidential power to dissolve the
1406:(since 2014; previously, between 2006 and 2010).
147:holds significant executive and legislative power
4527:
4253:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 11–37.
3515:. Department of Education, School of Education,
3259:
3257:
2807:
4481:, United Nations Development Programme (n.d.).
1635:
1558:
3387:
3186:
3184:
2748:
2746:
2666:
2664:
2444:in 1990–1991, and after independence it was a
3254:
2854:2. he possesses quite considerable powers and
1187:
839:
237:
4491:
4428:
4118:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
4116:Parliamentary versus presidential government
3397:Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices
3370:Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices
1857:Non-UN members or observers are in italics.
4250:Prime minister, cabinet, and core executive
3181:
2906:
2904:
2873:
2743:
2708:
2706:
2661:
2389:; the semi-presidential system is based on
2070:Non-UN members or observers are in italics.
218:
210:
4460:Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences
4174:
4132:
3366:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2725:Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences
1194:
1180:
846:
832:
244:
230:
4403:
4324:
4219:
4072:
3848:
3800:
3609:
3464:
3447:Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005).
3306:
3288:
3222:
3044:
2990:
2690:
2314:List of countries by system of government
4502:. PT Bina Media Tenggara. Archived from
4110:
3994:
3970:
3801:Keil, S.; Stahl, B. (17 December 2014).
3760:Leubnoudji Tan Nathan (4 October 2023).
3351:
3106:
2959:
2901:
2879:
2752:
2703:
2670:
1602:It creates a sense of confusion towards
1277:, both of whom intended to describe the
40:
4371:
4302:
3827:
3716:
3678:
3585:
3545:
3446:
3263:
3190:
3141:
2946:
14:
4528:
4325:Shoesmith, Dennis (March–April 2003).
4235:
4175:Passarelli, Gianluca (December 2010).
4001:European Journal of Political Research
3914:
3887:European Journal of Political Research
3089:"Poland 1997 (rev. 2009) Constitution"
2996:
2824:European Journal of Political Research
2817:Bahro, Horst; Bayerlein, Bernhard H.;
2678:European Journal of Political Research
46:World's states coloured by systems of
4450:
4267:
4081:
3947:
3821:
3635:
3504:
3367:Barrington, Lowell (1 January 2012).
3050:
2910:
2712:
2395:Constitution of the Republic of China
1475:
965:President of the Council of Ministers
4041:
2760:[The Republican Monarchies]
2519:, enacted in the waning days of the
1550:However, in 2000, amendments to the
4388:University of California, San Diego
3207:University of California, San Diego
3160:University of California, San Diego
1535:only served for five. When, in the
24:
4014:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1980.tb00569.x
2692:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1980.tb00569.x
2340:
2075:Former semi-presidential republics
25:
4567:
4472:
4085:Developments in European politics
2148:(1991–1995, 2004–2005, 2011–2019)
1680:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
1390:between 2014 and 2018, until the
994:Cabinet collective responsibility
903:President of the council of state
714:Biology and political orientation
3643:. School of Law and Government,
3346:Constitutional Council of France
3336:See article 5, title II, of the
3058:. School of Law and Government,
2932:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01345.x
2911:Elgie, Robert (2 January 2013).
2292:
2278:
2264:
2250:
2236:
2222:
2208:
2194:
2180:
2166:
2152:
2138:
2124:
2110:
2096:
2082:
2057:
2043:
2028:
2014:
2001:
1988:
1975:
1962:
1949:
1936:
1923:
1910:
1897:
1884:
1871:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1804:
1791:
1778:
1764:
1750:
1737:
1724:
1711:
1698:
1685:
1672:
1659:
1646:
1627:This section is an excerpt from
1497:les prérogatives présidentielles
815:
4492:J. Kristiadi (April 22, 2008).
4268:Roper, Steven D. (April 2002).
3794:
3783:
3753:
3741:
3672:
3666:
3498:
3473:
3360:
3330:
3081:
2618:
2593:
2574:
2561:
2526:
2509:
2496:
2455:
2428:
2407:President of the Executive Yuan
2376:
1861:President-parliamentary systems
1453:
217:systems of government, not the
4139:Scandinavian Political Studies
4042:Frye, Timothy (October 1997).
3953:"The Semi-Presidential System"
2969:APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper
2861:
2758:"Les monarchies républicaines"
2361:, however behaves more like a
709:Theories of political behavior
335:Political history of the world
13:
1:
4052:Comparative Political Studies
3693:10.1080/1060586X.2018.1465251
3357:Le Petit Larousse 2013 p. 880
2650:
2391:temporary additional articles
1284:
1161:Heads of state and government
724:Critique of political economy
167:: Monarch has unlimited power
126:Assembly-independent republic
3400:(2nd ed.). Boston, MA:
2655:
2550:semi-presidential republic;
2357:according to the country's
1636:Premier-presidential systems
1559:Advantages and disadvantages
1495:(these are generally called
1394:to switch the government to
1358:, however, according to the
305:Outline of political science
155:Semi-constitutional monarchy
7:
4405:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087
4065:10.1177/0010414097030005001
3850:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087
3611:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087
3466:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087
3338:French Constitution of 1958
3276:Political Science Quarterly
3224:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087
2307:
1293:
970:President of the government
101: Presidential republic
78:with a ceremonial president
10:
4572:
3876:
3402:Wadsworth Cengage Learning
3264:Poulard JV (Summer 1990).
2569:Fourth Philippine Republic
2567:For more information, see
2517:Greek Constitution of 1973
2502:For more information, see
1626:
1457:
1208:semi-presidential republic
310:Index of politics articles
116:Semi-presidential republic
29:
4511:The Semi-Presidential One
4432:; Carey, John M. (1992).
3943:– via Google Books.
3915:Beuman, Lydia M. (2016).
3485:www.constituteproject.org
3481:"Poland 1997 (rev. 2009)"
3383:– via Google Books.
3040:– via Google Books.
2997:Beuman, Lydia M. (2016).
2920:Government and Opposition
2403:President of the Republic
2367:constitutional convention
2329:Semi-parliamentary system
1537:1986 legislative election
1460:Cohabitation (government)
68:with a ceremonial monarch
32:Semi-parliamentary system
4485:10 February 2010 at the
4345:10.1525/as.2003.43.2.231
3120:. CIA. 22 September 2021
2465:and after independence,
2334:
1613:, since the capacity of
1392:constitutional amendment
30:Not to be confused with
18:Semi-presidential system
4430:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
4373:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
4152:10.1111/1467-9477.00048
3900:10.1111/1475-6765.00405
3829:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
3748:Constitution of Belarus
3587:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
3547:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
3192:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
3143:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
2837:10.1111/1475-6765.00405
1411:president-parliamentary
1281:(established in 1958).
1256:motion of no confidence
1212:dual executive republic
719:Political organisations
482:International relations
320:Politics by subdivision
66:Constitutional monarchy
3717:Zaznaev, Oleg (2005).
3645:Dublin City University
3060:Dublin City University
2584:parliamentary republic
2556:parliamentary republic
2536:parliamentary republic
2450:parliamentary republic
2438:parliamentary republic
2401:indirectly elects the
2387:parliamentary republic
2363:parliamentary republic
1931:Congo, Republic of the
1364:parliamentary republic
1236:parliamentary republic
251:
219:
211:
209:this chart represents
195:Provisional government
76:Parliamentary republic
4451:Veser, Ernst (1997).
3517:University of Cologne
3508:(23 September 1997).
2609:state-sponsored party
2544:presidential republic
2446:presidential republic
2419:vote of no confidence
1825:São Tomé and Príncipe
1458:Further information:
1416:vote of no confidence
1376:São Tomé and Príncipe
1308:vote of no confidence
1279:French Fifth Republic
799:Political campaigning
539:Public administration
372:Collective leadership
225:degree of democracy.
55:Parliamentary systems
44:
4551:Separation of powers
4276:Comparative Politics
4029:Comparative Politics
3980:. Paris: A. Michel.
3519:, zh. pp. 39–60
3404:. pp. 169–170.
3373:. Cengage Learning.
3348:website (in French).
2887:. Paris: A. Michel.
2601:parliamentary system
2319:Parliamentary system
1595:The system provides
1517:political convention
1303:premier-presidential
1234:. It differs from a
1156:National governments
990:Government formation
871:Executive government
649:Separation of powers
520:Political psychology
495:Comparative politics
473:political scientists
460:Academic disciplines
340:Political philosophy
27:System of government
3681:Post-Soviet Affairs
3654:on 12 February 2012
3069:on 12 February 2012
2626:Yushin Constitution
2588:Soviet member-state
2540:Soviet member-state
2442:Soviet member-state
2393:. According to the
2348:Republic of Austria
2324:Presidential system
1615:votes of confidence
1611:legislative process
1552:French constitution
1541:François Mitterrand
1470:checks and balances
1248:presidential system
1242:independent of the
1240:executive president
1222:exists alongside a
863:the Politics series
822:Politics portal
671:Election commission
642:Government branches
525:Political sociology
377:Confessional system
315:Politics by country
92:Presidential system
36:Presidential system
4520:Presidential Power
4196:10.1057/fp.2010.21
4134:Nousiainen, Jaakko
4090:Palgrave Macmillan
3921:. Abingdon, Oxon:
3549:(September 2005).
3145:(September 2005).
3118:The World Factbook
3003:. Abingdon, Oxon:
2756:(September 1996).
1476:Division of powers
1442:republics, and in
1238:in that it has an
1114:Semi-parliamentary
950:Minister-president
923:Head of government
505:Political analysis
437:Semi-parliamentary
252:
4536:Political systems
4506:on 21 April 2008.
4375:(December 2005).
4304:Sartori, Giovanni
4245:Dunleavy, Patrick
3996:Duverger, Maurice
3972:Duverger, Maurice
3831:(December 2005).
3750:, 106, 97.5 97.7.
3636:McMenamin, Iain.
3589:(December 2005).
3567:on 19 August 2008
3194:(December 2005).
3169:on 19 August 2008
3158:. United States:
3051:McMenamin, Iain.
2881:Duverger, Maurice
2870:, 8 January 1959.
2754:Duverger, Maurice
2671:Duverger (1980).
2634:National Assembly
2489:in 2011–2019 and
2487:Semi-presidential
2481:in 2004–2005 and
2479:semi-presidential
2471:semi-presidential
2399:National Assembly
2355:semi-presidential
1533:National Assembly
1271:Hubert Beuve-Méry
1204:
1203:
1128:Semi-presidential
856:
855:
804:Political parties
744:Electoral systems
468:Political science
442:Semi-presidential
354:Political systems
330:Political history
325:Political economy
165:Absolute monarchy
16:(Redirected from
4563:
4556:1950s neologisms
4507:
4499:The Jakarta Post
4467:
4457:
4447:
4425:
4407:
4381:
4368:
4367:on Oct 28, 2021.
4363:. Archived from
4321:
4299:
4273:
4264:
4241:Rhodes, R. A. W.
4237:Rhodes, R. A. W.
4232:
4230:
4224:. Archived from
4223:
4181:
4171:
4129:
4107:
4078:
4076:
4048:
4017:
3991:
3967:
3957:
3944:
3911:
3871:
3870:
3852:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3798:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3647:. Archived from
3642:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3595:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3566:
3560:. Archived from
3555:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3514:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3310:
3292:
3272:
3269:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3226:
3200:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3162:. Archived from
3151:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3068:
3062:. Archived from
3057:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2966:
2957:
2944:
2943:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2763:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2722:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2668:
2645:
2630:Fourth Republic
2622:
2616:
2597:
2591:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2542:in 1936–1990, a
2530:
2524:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2459:
2453:
2432:
2426:
2411:Legislative Yuan
2380:
2374:
2344:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1275:Maurice Duverger
1265:(1919–1933) and
1196:
1189:
1182:
1136:
1124:
1110:
1093:
1081:
858:
857:
848:
841:
834:
820:
819:
610:
555:
510:Political theory
500:Election science
490:
476:
254:
253:
246:
239:
232:
224:
216:
202:
192:
182:
172:
162:
152:
134:
123:
113:
100:
83:
73:
63:
21:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4526:
4525:
4487:Wayback Machine
4475:
4470:
4455:
4444:
4392:French Politics
4379:
4318:
4288:10.2307/4146953
4261:
4231:on Oct 2, 2018.
4228:
4184:French Politics
4179:
4126:
4112:Lijphart, Arend
4104:
4046:
3988:
3955:
3949:Canas, Vitalino
3933:
3879:
3874:
3837:French Politics
3826:
3822:
3815:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3772:
3766:ConstitutionNet
3758:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3715:
3708:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3616:
3614:
3598:French Politics
3593:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3553:
3544:
3540:
3522:
3520:
3512:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3453:French Politics
3445:
3438:
3424:
3422:
3412:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3340:. Jean Massot,
3335:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3290:10.2307/2151025
3270:
3262:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3211:French Politics
3198:
3189:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3149:
3140:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3015:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2964:
2958:
2947:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2815:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2778:
2761:
2751:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2720:
2711:
2704:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2623:
2619:
2598:
2594:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2562:
2531:
2527:
2514:
2510:
2504:Weimar Republic
2501:
2497:
2460:
2456:
2433:
2429:
2381:
2377:
2365:in practice by
2345:
2341:
2337:
2310:
2305:
2293:
2291:
2279:
2277:
2265:
2263:
2251:
2249:
2237:
2235:
2230:North Macedonia
2223:
2221:
2209:
2207:
2195:
2193:
2181:
2179:
2167:
2165:
2153:
2151:
2139:
2137:
2125:
2123:
2111:
2109:
2097:
2095:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2058:
2056:
2044:
2042:
2029:
2027:
2015:
2013:
2002:
2000:
1989:
1987:
1976:
1974:
1963:
1961:
1950:
1948:
1937:
1935:
1924:
1922:
1911:
1909:
1898:
1896:
1885:
1883:
1872:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1844:
1842:
1831:
1829:
1818:
1816:
1805:
1803:
1792:
1790:
1779:
1777:
1772:Northern Cyprus
1765:
1763:
1751:
1749:
1738:
1736:
1725:
1723:
1712:
1710:
1699:
1697:
1686:
1684:
1673:
1671:
1660:
1658:
1647:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1561:
1505:economic policy
1501:domestic policy
1478:
1462:
1456:
1448:Weimar Republic
1296:
1287:
1263:Weimar Republic
1246:; and from the
1200:
1170:Politics portal
1130:
1116:
1104:
1087:
1075:
1056:
1026:
996:
992:
988:
974:
935:Chief executive
907:
852:
814:
809:
808:
739:
738:
729:
728:
686:
685:
676:
675:
644:
643:
634:
633:
629:Public interest
614:Domestic policy
604:
597:
596:
585:
584:
549:
542:
541:
530:
529:
491:
484:
477:
470:
462:
461:
452:
451:
357:
356:
345:
344:
300:
299:
290:
259:Politics series
250:
205:
204:
200:
198:
190:
188:
180:
178:
175:One-party state
170:
168:
160:
158:
150:
148:
132:
130:
129:
121:
119:
111:
103:
102:
98:
89:
88:
81:
79:
71:
69:
61:
52:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4569:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4524:
4523:
4517:
4508:
4489:
4474:
4473:External links
4471:
4469:
4468:
4448:
4442:
4426:
4398:(3): 323–351.
4369:
4339:(2): 231–252.
4322:
4316:
4300:
4282:(3): 253–272.
4265:
4259:
4233:
4190:(4): 402–428.
4172:
4130:
4124:
4108:
4102:
4079:
4059:(5): 523–552.
4039:
4018:
4008:(2): 165–187.
3992:
3986:
3968:
3945:
3932:978-1317362128
3931:
3912:
3894:(2): 201–224.
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3820:
3813:
3793:
3782:
3752:
3740:
3725:(in Russian).
3706:
3687:(4): 246–261.
3671:
3665:
3628:
3604:(3): 323–351.
3578:
3538:
3497:
3472:
3459:(3): 323–351.
3436:
3410:
3386:
3380:978-1111341930
3379:
3359:
3350:
3329:
3283:(2): 243–267.
3253:
3217:(3): 323–351.
3180:
3131:
3105:
3080:
3043:
3014:978-1317362128
3013:
2989:
2945:
2926:(3): 392–409.
2900:
2893:
2872:
2860:
2831:(2): 201–224.
2806:
2776:
2742:
2702:
2685:(2): 165–187.
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2642:Sixth Republic
2638:Fifth Republic
2617:
2592:
2573:
2560:
2525:
2508:
2495:
2477:in 1995–2004,
2473:in 1991–1995,
2469:in 1990–1991,
2454:
2427:
2375:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2289:
2275:
2261:
2247:
2233:
2219:
2205:
2191:
2177:
2163:
2149:
2135:
2121:
2107:
2093:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2054:
2039:
2024:
2011:
1998:
1985:
1972:
1959:
1946:
1933:
1920:
1907:
1894:
1881:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1840:
1827:
1814:
1801:
1788:
1775:
1760:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1682:
1669:
1656:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1604:accountability
1600:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1560:
1557:
1545:Jacques Chirac
1509:prime minister
1493:defense policy
1489:foreign policy
1477:
1474:
1455:
1452:
1362:, Poland is a
1295:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1224:prime minister
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1133:cohabitational
1125:
1111:
1099:
1094:
1082:
1078:Constitutional
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
978:
977:
976:
975:
973:
972:
967:
962:
960:Prime minister
957:
952:
947:
945:First minister
942:
940:Chief minister
937:
932:
926:
916:
915:
909:
908:
906:
905:
900:
895:
893:Supreme leader
890:
884:
881:
880:
874:
873:
867:
866:
854:
853:
851:
850:
843:
836:
828:
825:
824:
811:
810:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
785:
784:
768:
763:
758:
757:
756:
746:
740:
736:
735:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
693:
687:
684:Related topics
683:
682:
681:
678:
677:
674:
673:
668:
663:
658:
652:
651:
645:
641:
640:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
626:
621:
619:Foreign policy
616:
611:
598:
592:
591:
590:
587:
586:
583:
582:
581:
580:
566:
561:
556:
543:
537:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
522:
517:
515:Policy studies
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
480:
478:
466:
463:
459:
458:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
358:
352:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
301:
298:Primary topics
297:
296:
295:
292:
291:
289:
288:
283:
278:
272:
269:
268:
262:
261:
249:
248:
241:
234:
226:
199:
189:
185:Military junta
179:
169:
159:
149:
145:Supreme Leader
131:
120:
110:
106:Hybrid systems
97:
80:
70:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4568:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4546:Republicanism
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4443:9780521429900
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4335:(bimonthly).
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4317:9780333675090
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4262:
4260:9780333555286
4256:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4146:(2): 95–109.
4145:
4142:(quarterly).
4141:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4125:9780198780441
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4103:9780230000414
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4037:9780199585984
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4021:Elgie, Robert
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4004:(quarterly).
4003:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3987:9782226005809
3983:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3890:(quarterly).
3889:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3816:
3814:9781137384133
3810:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3791:
3786:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3711:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3669:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3535:
3533:
3518:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3441:
3432:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3411:9781111341930
3407:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3363:
3354:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3279:(quarterly).
3278:
3277:
3268:
3260:
3258:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2905:
2896:
2894:9782226005809
2890:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2857:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2827:(quarterly).
2826:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2777:2-02-030123-7
2773:
2769:
2768:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2681:(quarterly).
2680:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:in which the
2602:
2596:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2558:in 2010–2021.
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2491:parliamentary
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2467:parliamentary
2464:
2458:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2423:sunset clause
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2290:
2287:
2276:
2273:
2262:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2234:
2231:
2220:
2217:
2206:
2203:
2192:
2189:
2178:
2175:
2164:
2161:
2150:
2147:
2136:
2133:
2122:
2119:
2108:
2105:
2094:
2091:
2080:
2079:
2066:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:South Ossetia
2025:
2023:
2012:
2010:
1999:
1997:
1986:
1984:
1973:
1971:
1960:
1958:
1947:
1945:
1944:Guinea-Bissau
1934:
1932:
1921:
1919:
1908:
1906:
1895:
1893:
1882:
1880:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1852:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1826:
1815:
1813:
1802:
1800:
1789:
1787:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1761:
1759:
1748:
1746:
1735:
1733:
1722:
1720:
1709:
1707:
1696:
1694:
1683:
1681:
1670:
1668:
1657:
1655:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1630:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:Disadvantages
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:Guinea-Bissau
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1400:parliamentary
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:(2013–2018),
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1102:Parliamentary
1100:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1090:Parliamentary
1086:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:
982:
981:
980:
979:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
925:
924:
920:
919:
918:
917:
914:
911:
910:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
883:
882:
879:
878:Head of state
876:
875:
872:
869:
868:
864:
860:
859:
849:
844:
842:
837:
835:
830:
829:
827:
826:
823:
818:
813:
812:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
782:
778:
774:
773:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
755:
752:
751:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
733:
732:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
701:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
680:
679:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
650:
647:
646:
638:
637:
630:
627:
625:
624:Civil society
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
608:
603:
602:Public policy
600:
599:
595:
589:
588:
578:
574:
570:
569:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
553:
548:
545:
544:
540:
534:
533:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
488:
483:
479:
474:
469:
465:
464:
456:
455:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
422:Parliamentary
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
407:Hybrid regime
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
355:
349:
348:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
294:
293:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
271:
270:
267:
264:
263:
260:
256:
255:
247:
242:
240:
235:
233:
228:
227:
223:
222:
215:
214:
208:
196:
186:
176:
166:
156:
146:
142:
138:
127:
117:
109:
107:
95:
93:
87:
77:
67:
58:
56:
50:
49:
43:
37:
33:
19:
4515:Robert Elgie
4504:the original
4497:
4463:
4459:
4433:
4395:
4391:
4365:the original
4336:
4332:Asian Survey
4330:
4307:
4279:
4275:
4251:
4248:
4226:the original
4187:
4183:
4143:
4137:
4115:
4084:
4056:
4050:
4028:
4024:
4005:
3999:
3978:
3977:Échec au roi
3975:
3966:(1): 95–124.
3963:
3959:
3917:
3891:
3885:
3840:
3836:
3823:
3803:
3796:
3785:
3773:. Retrieved
3765:
3755:
3743:
3731:. Retrieved
3726:
3722:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3656:. Retrieved
3649:the original
3631:
3622:
3615:. Retrieved
3601:
3597:
3581:
3569:. Retrieved
3562:the original
3557:
3541:
3531:
3528:
3521:. Retrieved
3506:Veser, Ernst
3500:
3488:. Retrieved
3484:
3475:
3456:
3452:
3431:Google Books
3429:– via
3423:. Retrieved
3396:
3389:
3369:
3362:
3353:
3332:
3320:. Retrieved
3280:
3274:
3244:. Retrieved
3214:
3210:
3171:. Retrieved
3164:the original
3153:
3122:. Retrieved
3117:
3108:
3096:. Retrieved
3092:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3064:the original
3046:
3034:. Retrieved
2999:
2992:
2980:. Retrieved
2968:
2923:
2919:
2885:Échec au roi
2884:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2848:
2828:
2822:
2819:Veser, Ernst
2799:10 September
2797:. Retrieved
2765:
2733:. Retrieved
2728:
2724:
2714:Veser, Ernst
2696:
2682:
2676:
2620:
2595:
2576:
2563:
2528:
2511:
2498:
2483:presidential
2475:presidential
2463:Georgian SSR
2457:
2430:
2378:
2359:Constitution
2351:
2342:
2286:Soviet Union
2258:Russian SFSR
2041:
2026:
1864:
1856:
1762:
1639:
1589:
1588:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1549:
1526:
1521:
1496:
1482:
1479:
1466:cohabitation
1463:
1454:Cohabitation
1415:
1410:
1408:
1396:presidential
1387:
1360:Constitution
1355:
1312:Burkina Faso
1307:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1288:
1260:
1250:in that the
1211:
1207:
1205:
1140:Presidential
1119:
1035:
1008:
983:
921:
552:street-level
427:Presidential
387:Dictatorship
257:Part of the
206:
115:
104:
90:
53:
45:
4466:(1): 39–60.
4092:. pp.
3658:11 December
3425:9 September
3073:11 December
2521:Greek Junta
2493:since 2019.
2485:2005–2011.
2452:since 2018.
2369:, with the
2302:(1972–1988)
2300:South Korea
2288:(1990–1991)
2274:(1960–1969)
2246:(1978–1986)
2244:Philippines
2232:(1991–2001)
2218:(1990–2001)
2204:(1991–2023)
2190:(1993–2021)
2176:(1973–1974)
2162:(1919–1933)
2134:(1919–2000)
2120:(1940–1976)
2106:(1990–2000)
2092:(2008–2018)
1446:during the
1244:legislature
1218:in which a
1120:simul simul
1107:Westminster
1097:Directorial
691:Sovereignty
656:Legislature
559:Technocracy
547:Bureaucracy
412:Meritocracy
392:Directorial
4541:Presidents
4530:Categories
4513:, blog of
4422:6895745903
3941:2015036590
3867:6895745903
3729:(1): 62–64
3420:2011942386
3317:4951242513
3246:12 October
3241:6895745903
3173:12 October
3093:Constitute
3023:2015036590
2731:(1): 39–60
2651:References
2371:Chancellor
2188:Kyrgyzstan
2065:Uzbekistan
1983:Mozambique
1970:Mauritania
1957:Kazakhstan
1892:Azerbaijan
1745:Madagascar
1693:East Timor
1667:Cape Verde
1575:fixed term
1568:Advantages
1424:Mozambique
1409:Under the
1332:Madagascar
1320:East Timor
1316:Cape Verde
1301:Under the
1285:Definition
1261:While the
1052:Presidency
930:Chancellor
913:Government
781:Governance
771:Government
766:Federalism
367:City-state
139:republic (
137:Theocratic
48:government
4414:1476-3427
4361:905451085
4353:0004-4687
4212:300271555
4204:1476-3427
4168:715091099
4160:0080-6757
3923:Routledge
3908:153349701
3859:1476-3427
3843:(3): 11.
3701:158492144
3617:21 August
3571:21 August
3523:21 August
3490:9 October
3322:7 October
3299:0032-3195
3233:1476-3427
3124:8 October
3098:9 October
3036:18 August
3031:983148216
3005:Routledge
2982:18 August
2940:145748468
2845:153349701
2794:909782158
2786:0152-0768
2735:21 August
2656:Citations
2581:One-party
2533:One-party
2435:One-party
2415:free area
2383:Nominally
1838:Sri Lanka
1732:Lithuania
1529:Socialist
1520:exercise
1513:president
1380:Sri Lanka
1328:Lithuania
1220:president
1022:Secretary
998:Secretary
898:President
761:Unitarism
749:Elections
737:Subseries
666:Judiciary
661:Executive
564:Adhocracy
447:Theocracy
402:Feudalism
382:Democracy
4483:Archived
4306:(1997).
4247:(eds.).
4221:55204235
4114:(1992).
4074:18049875
4023:(2011).
3974:(1978).
3951:(2004).
3114:"Poland"
2883:(1978).
2868:Le Monde
2716:(1997).
2548:de facto
2308:See also
1799:Portugal
1758:Mongolia
1522:de facto
1511:and the
1388:de facto
1368:Portugal
1356:de facto
1340:Mongolia
1294:Subtypes
1216:republic
1085:Republic
1073:Monarchy
1042:Governor
1017:Minister
1010:Ministry
861:Part of
789:Ideology
607:doctrine
568:Service
432:Republic
417:Monarchy
397:Federacy
286:Category
266:Politics
221:de facto
4296:4146953
3877:Sources
3775:12 June
3733:3 April
3532:pléiade
3308:2151025
2977:1644026
2628:of the
2613:supreme
2607:of the
2552:de jure
2461:As the
2352:de jure
2272:Somalia
2216:Moldova
2160:Germany
2146:Georgia
2132:Finland
2104:Croatia
2090:Armenia
1996:Namibia
1905:Belarus
1879:Austria
1851:Ukraine
1812:Romania
1654:Algeria
1444:Germany
1404:Ukraine
1402:), and
1372:Romania
1348:Georgia
1267:Finland
1252:cabinet
1228:cabinet
1214:, is a
1064:Systems
985:Cabinet
955:Premier
888:Monarch
794:Culture
704:Country
362:Anarchy
276:Outline
213:de jure
4440:
4420:
4412:
4359:
4351:
4314:
4294:
4257:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4166:
4158:
4122:
4100:
4071:
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3984:
3939:
3929:
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3865:
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3811:
3699:
3418:
3408:
3377:
3315:
3305:
3297:
3239:
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3029:
3021:
3011:
2975:
2938:
2891:
2843:
2792:
2784:
2774:
2605:leader
2397:, the
2297:
2283:
2269:
2260:(1991)
2255:
2241:
2227:
2213:
2199:
2185:
2174:Greece
2171:
2157:
2143:
2129:
2115:
2101:
2087:
2062:
2051:Taiwan
2048:
2033:
2022:Russia
2019:
2006:
1993:
1980:
1967:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1902:
1889:
1876:
1848:
1835:
1822:
1809:
1796:
1786:Poland
1783:
1769:
1755:
1742:
1729:
1719:France
1716:
1703:
1690:
1677:
1664:
1651:
1485:France
1436:Fourth
1432:Taiwan
1430:, and
1428:Russia
1384:Turkey
1352:Poland
1324:France
1226:and a
754:voting
696:Polity
594:Policy
573:Public
487:theory
201:
193:
191:
183:
181:
173:
171:
163:
161:
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135:
133:
124:
122:
114:
112:
99:
84:
82:
74:
72:
64:
62:
4456:(PDF)
4380:(PDF)
4292:JSTOR
4229:(PDF)
4216:S2CID
4180:(PDF)
4069:S2CID
4047:(PDF)
3956:(PDF)
3904:S2CID
3697:S2CID
3652:(PDF)
3641:(PDF)
3594:(PDF)
3565:(PDF)
3554:(PDF)
3513:(PDF)
3303:JSTOR
3271:(PDF)
3199:(PDF)
3167:(PDF)
3150:(PDF)
3067:(PDF)
3056:(PDF)
2965:(PDF)
2936:S2CID
2916:(PDF)
2841:S2CID
2762:(PDF)
2721:(PDF)
2586:as a
2538:as a
2440:as a
2335:Notes
1706:Egypt
1597:cover
1440:Fifth
1398:from
1344:Niger
1232:state
1210:, or
1148:Lists
1047:Mayor
1036:Other
777:forms
700:State
577:Civil
281:Index
207:Note:
4438:ISBN
4418:OCLC
4410:ISSN
4357:OCLC
4349:ISSN
4312:ISBN
4255:ISBN
4208:OCLC
4200:ISSN
4164:OCLC
4156:ISSN
4120:ISBN
4098:ISBN
4033:ISBN
3982:ISBN
3937:LCCN
3927:ISBN
3863:OCLC
3855:ISSN
3809:ISBN
3777:2024
3735:2021
3660:2017
3619:2017
3573:2017
3525:2017
3492:2021
3427:2017
3416:LCCN
3406:ISBN
3375:ISBN
3324:2017
3313:OCLC
3295:ISSN
3248:2017
3237:OCLC
3229:ISSN
3175:2017
3126:2021
3100:2021
3075:2017
3038:2017
3027:OCLC
3019:LCCN
3009:ISBN
2984:2017
2973:SSRN
2889:ISBN
2801:2016
2790:OCLC
2782:ISSN
2772:ISBN
2737:2016
2611:was
2515:The
2346:The
2202:Mali
2118:Cuba
2009:Peru
1918:Chad
1503:and
1491:and
1438:and
1336:Mali
141:Iran
4400:doi
4341:doi
4284:doi
4192:doi
4148:doi
4094:368
4061:doi
4010:doi
3896:doi
3845:doi
3727:147
3689:doi
3606:doi
3461:doi
3285:doi
3281:105
3219:doi
2928:doi
2833:doi
2687:doi
2350:is
1483:In
1366:),
143:):
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