783:—an effect whereby a reader begins a sentence with one interpretation, and later is forced to backtrack and re-analyze the sentence's structure. The diagram below illustrates the garden path effect in the sentence "the florist sent the flowers was pleased," where (1) represents the initial structure assigned to the sentence, (2) represents the garden path effect elicited when the reader encounters "was" and has nowhere to put it, and (3) represents the re-analysis of the sentence as containing a reduced relative clause.
779:) he or she can interpret it in two different ways: as a main verb, or the first verb of a reduced relative clause. Linguist David W. Carrol gives the example of "the florist sent...", which could either go on to form a sentence such as "the florist sent the flowers to the elderly widow" (in which "sent" is the main verb), or one such as "the florist sent the flowers was very pleased" (in which "sent" is the beginning of a reduced relative clause). Sentences like this often produce a
448:
868:
subject "defendant" is animate and could be the do-er of the action) and sentences in which the garden path effect was less likely (as in "the evidence examined...", where the subject "evidence" is not animate and thus could not be doing the examining). Reduced relative clauses have also been used in studies of
867:
can affect how a reader or listener initially parses a sentence. For example, one study compared sentences in which the garden path effect was more likely because the reduced relative verb was one that was likely to be used as a main verb for its subject (as in "the defendant examined...", where the
891:, non-reduced relative clauses may also cause temporary ambiguity because the relativizer does not precede the relative clause (and thus a person reading or hearing the relative clause has no "warning" that they are in a relative clause).
720:, the use of reduced relative clauses, particularly when nested, can give rise to sentences which, while theoretically correct grammatically, are not readily parsed by listeners. A well-known example put forward by linguists is "
855:
Across languages, reduced relative clauses often give rise to temporary ambiguity (garden path effects), since the first word of a reduced clause may initially be interpreted as part of the
625:
Reduced relative clauses have no such relative pronoun or complementizer introducing them. The example below contrasts an
English non-reduced relative clause and reduced relative clause.
721:
787:
859:. Therefore, reduced relative clauses have been the subject of "an enormous number of experiments" in psycholinguistics, especially for investigating whether
813:, which assumes deep structures and surface structures in language. Frameworks that assume no underlying form label non-finite reduced relative clauses as
801:, or words that can have more than one meaning), they are the "classic" example of garden path sentences, and have been the subject of the most research.
619:
998:彭聃龄 (Peng Danling); 刘松林 (Liu Songlin) (1993). "汉语句子理解中语义分析与句法分析的关系 (Syntactic and semantic analysis in Chinese sentence comprehension)".
809:
Not all grammatical frameworks include reduced relative clauses. The term reduced relative clause comes from transformational
475:
365:
1090:
325:
1123:
Juffs, Alan (1998). "Main Verb Versus
Reduced Relative Clause Ambiguity Resolution in L2 Sentence Processing".
385:
330:
103:
360:
51:
932:
305:
171:
767:
of the relative clause, and the relative clause is in passive voice), the most famous example of which is
1214:
869:
793:
While reduced relative clauses are not the only structures that create garden path sentences in
English (
425:
131:
1209:
468:
415:
315:
141:
872:, to compare how native speakers handled reduced relatives and how non-native speakers handle them.
794:
1204:
539:
Another form of reduced relative clause is the "reduced object passive relative clause", a type of
320:
263:
78:
420:
258:
235:
864:
759:") can give rise to confusion concerning a special form of reduced relative clause, called the
370:
337:
290:
206:
186:
166:
68:
46:
41:
1019:"Meaning Through Syntax: Language Comprehension and the Reduced Relative Clause Construction"
146:
16:
Dependent clause without a connecting pronoun, such as "the man (that) I saw" without "that"
1023:
924:
461:
390:
300:
181:
126:
23:
1151:
Issues in head-final relative clauses in
Chinese: Derivation, processing, and acquisition.
8:
571:
231:
161:
136:
108:
775:
In sentences such as this, when the reader or hearer encounters the verb (in this case,
1045:
1018:
810:
780:
563:
451:
430:
400:
355:
310:
278:
268:
156:
151:
1050:
884:
798:
567:
447:
295:
273:
216:
1132:
1040:
1032:
888:
880:
737:
583:
540:
501:
395:
226:
221:
196:
191:
176:
544:
493:
1036:
505:
240:
1198:
900:
856:
764:
752:
717:
1136:
1054:
741:
283:
73:
615:
435:
410:
31:
876:
814:
744:
405:
88:
860:
559:
528:." Unreduced forms of this relative clause would be "This is the man
380:
375:
211:
201:
93:
83:
997:
786:
590:. They are typically introduced by one of the relative pronouns
722:
Buffalo buffalo
Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo
98:
614:, which may be analyzed either as a relative pronoun or as a
1187:
587:
839:
must be left in the bicycle racks. (full relative clause)
846:
must be left in the bicycle racks. (participial phrase)
1184:
728:(meaning "which buffalo from Buffalo (do) buffalo").
1016:
586:(or "subordinate clause") that usually modifies a
1175:
850:
1075:
1073:
984:
982:
980:
763:(so called because the noun being modified is the
1149:See, e.g., Peng (1993), and Hsu, Natalie (2006).
1196:
1178:Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar
1171:(5 ed.). Belmont: Thomson & Wadsworth.
1070:
977:
1180:. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
724:", which contains the reduced relative clause
825:will receive a refund. (full relative clause)
469:
947:
1153:Ph.D. dissertation, University of Delaware.
970:
968:
832:will receive a refund. (participial phrase)
1185:Townsend, David J; Thomas G Bever (2001).
476:
462:
1176:Li, Charles N; Sandra A Thompson (1981).
1107:
1044:
524:in the English sentence "This is the man
965:
956:
627:
582:Regular relative clauses are a class of
1088:
1197:
1166:
1061:
761:reduced object relative passive clause
558:Reduced relative clauses are given to
1122:
1017:McKoon, Gail; Roger Ratcliff (2003).
953:Li & Thompson 1981:579–580.
919:
917:
915:
1095:. American Book Company. p. 232
863:information or information from the
795:other forms of garden path sentences
366:Conservative and innovative language
991:
771:The horse raced past the barn fell.
731:
13:
1089:Kimball, Lillian Gertrude (1912).
912:
785:
570:study, especially in the field of
566:, and have been a common topic of
14:
1226:
851:Use in psycholinguistic research
755:past tense (i.e., "the ball was
446:
1159:
1143:
1116:
1082:
1000:心理学报 (Acta Psychologica Sinica)
929:The Internet Grammar of English
577:
1079:Townsend & Bever 2001:248.
1010:
610:—and, in English, by the word
1:
988:Townsend & Bever 2001:247
740:, the similarity between the
933:University College of London
804:
306:Functional discourse grammar
172:Ethnography of communication
7:
1037:10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.490
894:
870:second-language acquisition
747:form of verbs (i.e., "John
716:Because of the omission of
520:. An example is the clause
426:Second-language acquisition
10:
1231:
879:relative clauses, such as
104:Syntax–semantics interface
837:that are ridden to school
416:Philosophy of linguistics
316:Interactional linguistics
1167:Carrol, David W (2008).
906:
823:who are living on campus
797:include those caused by
1189:. Cambridge: MIT Press.
1137:10.1111/1467-9922.00034
726:Buffalo buffalo buffalo
702:Reduced relative clause
674:Reduced relative clause
490:reduced relative clause
1169:Psychology of Language
790:
773:
618:(complementizer); see
500:marked by an explicit
253:Theoretical frameworks
207:Philosophy of language
187:History of linguistics
925:"Subordinate Clauses"
789:
769:
547:, such as the clause
147:Conversation analysis
1024:Psychological Review
391:Internet linguistics
301:Construction grammar
815:participial phrases
751:the ball") and the
620:That as relativizer
572:sentence processing
564:garden path effects
555:can be dangerous."
326:Systemic functional
121:Applied linguistics
63:General linguistics
1215:Syntactic entities
875:In languages with
811:generative grammar
791:
781:garden path effect
431:Theory of language
401:Origin of language
356:Autonomy of syntax
311:Grammaticalization
157:Discourse analysis
152:Corpus linguistics
1210:Psycholinguistics
1125:Language Learning
799:lexical ambiguity
714:
713:
710:
703:
698:
668:
661:
656:
551:in: "The animals
486:
485:
274:Distributionalism
217:Psycholinguistics
1222:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1120:
1114:
1113:Carrol 2008:137.
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1014:
1008:
1007:
995:
989:
986:
975:
974:Carrol 2008:136.
972:
963:
962:Carrol 2008:294.
960:
954:
951:
945:
944:
942:
940:
921:
844:ridden to school
830:living on campus
732:Non-finite types
706:
701:
694:
664:
659:
652:
628:
584:dependent clause
568:psycholinguistic
541:nonfinite clause
502:relative pronoun
478:
471:
464:
450:
396:LGBT linguistics
386:Internationalism
361:Compositionality
222:Sociolinguistics
197:Neurolinguistics
192:Interlinguistics
177:Ethnomethodology
19:
18:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1205:English grammar
1195:
1194:
1193:
1162:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1092:English Grammar
1087:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1015:
1011:
996:
992:
987:
978:
973:
966:
961:
957:
952:
948:
938:
936:
923:
922:
913:
909:
897:
853:
807:
734:
708:
696:
687:was humongous.
666:
660:Relative clause
654:
645:was humongous.
632:Relative clause
580:
545:past participle
494:relative clause
482:
441:
440:
351:
343:
342:
254:
246:
245:
241:Writing systems
132:Anthropological
122:
114:
113:
64:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1142:
1131:(1): 107–147.
1115:
1106:
1081:
1069:
1067:Carrol 2008:5.
1060:
1031:(3): 490–525.
1009:
990:
976:
964:
955:
946:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
896:
893:
852:
849:
848:
847:
840:
833:
826:
806:
803:
733:
730:
718:function words
712:
711:
704:
699:
692:
689:
688:
685:
680:
677:
670:
669:
662:
657:
650:
647:
646:
643:
638:
635:
579:
576:
506:complementizer
484:
483:
481:
480:
473:
466:
458:
455:
454:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
421:Prescriptivism
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
288:
287:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
65:
62:
61:
58:
57:
55:
54:
49:
44:
38:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1227:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1110:
1094:
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1085:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1005:
1001:
994:
985:
983:
981:
971:
969:
959:
950:
934:
930:
926:
920:
918:
916:
911:
902:
901:Dummy pronoun
899:
898:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
866:
862:
858:
845:
841:
838:
834:
831:
827:
824:
820:
819:
818:
816:
812:
802:
800:
796:
788:
784:
782:
778:
772:
768:
766:
765:direct object
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:
739:
729:
727:
723:
719:
705:
700:
693:
691:
690:
686:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
671:
663:
658:
651:
649:
648:
644:
642:
639:
636:
633:
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629:
626:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
479:
474:
472:
467:
465:
460:
459:
457:
456:
453:
449:
445:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
371:Descriptivism
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
347:
346:
339:
338:Structuralism
336:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
321:Prague circle
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
292:
289:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
256:
250:
249:
242:
239:
237:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
167:Documentation
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
142:Computational
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
118:
117:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
60:
59:
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:
39:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1160:Bibliography
1150:
1145:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1091:
1084:
1063:
1028:
1022:
1012:
1003:
999:
993:
958:
949:
937:. Retrieved
928:
874:
854:
843:
836:
829:
822:
808:
792:
776:
774:
770:
760:
756:
748:
735:
725:
715:
707:Predicate of
682:
673:
665:Predicate of
641:who(m) I saw
640:
631:
624:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
581:
578:Finite types
557:
552:
548:
543:headed by a
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
497:
489:
487:
284:Glossematics
264:Constituency
236:interpreting
74:Lexicography
1099:29 December
857:main clause
709:main clause
697:main clause
667:main clause
655:main clause
616:relativizer
436:Terminology
411:Orthography
331:Usage-based
232:Translating
127:Acquisition
32:Linguistics
1199:Categories
1006:: 132–139.
877:head-final
745:past tense
695:Subject of
679:The Viking
653:Subject of
637:The Viking
553:found here
549:found here
534:whom I saw
532:." or "...
530:that I saw
406:Orismology
291:Functional
279:Generative
269:Dependency
89:Pragmatics
79:Morphology
69:Diachronic
828:Students
821:Students
805:Criticism
560:ambiguity
381:Iconicity
376:Etymology
296:Cognitive
259:Formalist
212:Phonetics
202:Philology
94:Semantics
84:Phonology
1055:12885112
939:15 March
895:See also
885:Japanese
861:semantic
508:such as
496:that is
182:Forensic
162:Distance
109:Typology
24:a series
22:Part of
1046:1403829
889:Turkish
881:Chinese
865:context
753:passive
738:English
137:Applied
47:History
42:Outline
1053:
1043:
935:. 1998
887:, and
842:Bikes
835:Bikes
757:kicked
749:kicked
742:active
452:Portal
350:Topics
99:Syntax
907:Notes
777:raced
683:I saw
608:which
606:, or
600:whose
526:I saw
522:I saw
514:which
492:is a
52:Index
1101:2020
1051:PMID
941:2009
612:that
604:what
596:whom
588:noun
518:that
234:and
227:Text
1133:doi
1041:PMC
1033:doi
1029:110
736:In
592:who
562:or
536:."
516:or
510:who
504:or
498:not
1201::
1129:48
1127:.
1072:^
1049:.
1039:.
1027:.
1021:.
1002:.
979:^
967:^
931:.
927:.
914:^
883:,
817:.
622:.
602:,
598:,
594:,
574:.
512:,
488:A
26:on
1139:.
1135::
1103:.
1057:.
1035::
1004:2
943:.
676::
634::
477:e
470:t
463:v
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