758:
lived nearby, but had less status. The children of the core line also had more status than the children of the junior lines. Geertz refers to this as the principle of "sinking status." Each of these junior lines could potentially sever itself and form an independent dadia. This process of schism formed the internal politics within the royal houses, as distinct from political conflict between houses. The status differentials both within and between houses made patron-client relations the basic idiom of politics. These client relationships were especially important between castes, linking the priestly caste (
895:
regulation of water is thus a serious issue, and encounters regular bottlenecks where control of the supply for a whole subak can be seized. Controlling the complex flow of water within a subak was accomplished through a highly regimented series of rituals. Water temples placed at points of water division would coordinate the flow of water through carefully timed rituals. Geertz emphasizes that there is no central control of the timing of these rituals, and hence that the state is not an "oriental despotism" controlling the population through the control of water.
996:
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974:("inner", to whom one surrendered power in the ritual event thereby making them powerful) and jaba ("outer", a provider of services to those who are jero) between lords and their kawula. Every ritual performance reproduced jero-jaba relations as both symbolic ideal and pragmatic reality, thereby reinforcing social order. Thus, although the state was cross-cut by the conflicting jurisdictions of temples, hamlets, and irrigation societies, they all come together for mass state rituals in which the ideal social order of the state is made real.
1106:
of micro-upheaval." Despite his best effort, Geertz does not transcend the break between expressive and instrumental action, or between power as pomp and power as control of people and resources. He thus leaves himself open to
Marxist critiques that view the state as a mystification, an "illusory representation of the unity of the village communities (as Marx put it in his sketch of 'oriental despotism'), and that the ceremonies of state are nothing but the spiritualizing of material interests and the covering up of material conflicts."
675:
what power was what kings were. Particular kings came and went, 'poor passing facts' anonymized in titles, immobilized in ritual, and annihilated in bonfires. But what they represented, the model-and-copy conception of order, remained unaltered, at least over the period we know much about. The driving aim of higher politics was to construct a state by constructing a king. The more consummate the king, the more exemplary the centre. The more exemplary the centre, the more actual the realm.
987:
thousands; some of these carried the bier forward, while others tried to stop it. The struggle could potentially prevent those who lacked the status and resources from making what others felt were false claims; the scene "was a bit like a playful riot - a deliberated, even studied, violence, designed to set off a no less deliberated and even more studied stillness, which the variously imperturbable priests, agnates, widows and tributary dead contrived to gather about the central tower."
891:." These models viewed the control of irrigation by lords as the major means of also controlling the population that depended on those irrigation works for their sustenance. Geertz views the subak as an autonomous organization separate from the state, much like the banjar. The system of dams, dikes and canals were the property of the subak, and hence controlled by the farmers themselves. Geertz thus dismisses any notion of "primitive communism" - and its spectre, "state capitalism."
911:) that all Balinese hold sacred, and descending into the plains and low-lying rice fields. Drawing on nineteenth century Balinese records, Brigitta Hauser-Schaublin has shown that regional lords and kings played a large role in managing irrigation, and that this role was lost only in the Dutch colonial period. She argues that Geertz's failure to see the larger state role in water management reflects this change in colonial practice, thereby weakening the "theatre state" model.
775:
966:
924:
words, membership in the village was cross-cut by obligations to different perbekels and their lords. Bali was thus not a feudal realm where lords controlled land and people within a fiefdom. Lords and kawulas owned their own land, and lords did not generally seek their kawulas as tenants on their land. Kawulas had only two obligations to their perbekels: ritual service and military support: "He was a stagehand, spear carrier, and
22:
783:
899:
983:
tower itself symbolized the cosmic order the ritual sought to make real. At its base were the world of demons (winged serpents), above which stood a platform called the House, representing the world of man. Above that were the tiers of roofs symbolizing the world of the gods, to which the deceased was ascending; a commoner would ascend to the first heaven (1 tier), whereas a king to the eleventh.
957:(harbour master), who served as an intermediary between the traders and the dadia of the royal house, to whom he paid the rent. This rent was paid to each Lord of the royal house whenever they held a ceremony. The more ceremonies held, the greater share a Lord would receive of the spoils of trade. The point of trade then, was to hold larger spectacles.
841:
social action in which both men and gods are enclosed." The variety of small variations in adat defined the boundaries between pemaksan. The pemaksan thus stands as the moral community, next to the civil community embodied in the hamlet and the economic community in the irrigation society. The pemaksan will draw on one to ten villages for its members.
828:). This range of duties led Geertz to conclude "In brief, perhaps the bulk (though as we shall see, far from the whole) of Balinese government, in the strict sense of authoritative regulation of social life, was carried out by the hamlet, leaving the state free to dramatize power rather than to administer it."
749:, outsiders). MacRae argues that this emphasis on the Indic heritage of Bali is overdrawn, and points out that Geertz himself admits that caste is a misnomer in Bali, and "that the Indic surface of Balinese political institutions has acted to inhibit a comparative reference eastwards... towards the Pacific."
666:, but rather, an organized spectacle. The noble rulers of the island were less interested in administering the lives of the Balinese than in dramatizing their rank and enhance political superiority through large public rituals and ceremonies. These cultural processes did not support the state, he argues, but
986:
While having an eleven-storey tower was iconic of regal status, accomplishing a cremation ritual was an accomplishment - a struggle - that justified that status. The first part of the ceremony, for example, involved transporting the tower in a procession to the cremation ground, a mob scene involving
1105:
Tambiah notes that Geertz presents the
Balinese kings as, at once, the focus of ritual theatre that creates the exemplary centre as a still point, "immobilized into passivity and reflective trances" yet at the same time "Rent by virtually continuous intrigue, dispute, violence and an enormous amount
982:
The cremation ceremony was the largest and most ostentatious of the state rituals, attended by all the political dependants of a lord. At the centre of the ritual was the cremation tower (badΓ©) on which the body of the deceased lord rested in state until the whole was consumed in fire. The cremation
906:
It is Geertz's characterization of the irrigation system as headless that has attracted critique. Stephen
Lansing's examination of Balinese irrigation shows that the need for effective water management links thousands of farmers in clear hierarchies, beginning with the most sacred temples dedicated
757:
The basic unit of the triwangsa castes was the "noble house" or dadia. The commoners, for the most part, lacked these corporate kin groups. The dadia was a kinship group whose leadership passed through the line of the eldest male, from father to son. Younger sons remained identified with the group,
674:
It is perhaps most clear in what was, after all, the master image of political life: kingship. The whole of the negara - court life, the traditions that organized it, the extractions that supported it, the privileges that accompanied it - was essentially directed toward defining what power was; and
923:
made up 90% of the population. Kawulas were attached to a perbekel, a "political foreman" to whom they owed specific obligations and taxes. The perbekels were attached to punggawas, the lords of dadia. Unlike the village, none of these political roles was based upon territorial residence. In other
894:
A subak controls the water flowing from a single up-river dam. The water flows through its rice terraces to other subaks farther downstream. Once water flowed into a subak it was divided through a series of weirs so that each farmer would get the amount of water they needed at the right time. The
815:
The
Balinese village has been falsely described in the colonial literature as a "village republic", bounded, self-contained and wholly autonomous. According to Geertz, an important part of this book was to disrupt colonial images of the closed corporate village. Geertz emphasizes that the village
683:
applicable to all the South East Asian Indic polities. To succinctly summarize his theory, "Power served pomp, not pomp power." Other anthropologists have contested the ahistorical, static nature of the model. They point out that he has depoliticized a political institution by emphasizing culture
765:
Besides these patron-client ties within dadia, alliances also formed between dadia in different kingdoms. These alliances were frequently codified in treaties, although the issues they covered seemed "designed more to codify the pretexts upon which alliances could be broken than to establish the
708:
The book is a consideration of many elements of
Balinese life, such as cremation ceremonies, that many would not consider a part of a state apparatus. In order to understand why cremation ceremonies should be so key to the "Theatre state" Geertz provides a detailed description of Balinese social
840:
Although focused on religious rites, the pemaksan was a corporate public body that was also an agency of government because of the link between religion and custom, i.e. forms of worship and social behaviour in Bali. Such religious rites were considered "adat" (custom), "the entire framework of
790:
The
Balinese ruling classes seemed fragmented, internally torn by intrigues within dadia, and weakly allied between kingdoms. This poor political integration was aggravated by the political independence of the villages under royal dadia rule. The Balinese state was composed of institutions that
721:
For most of the nineteenth century, there were seven principal kingdoms, of which
Klungkung was considered the oldest and most sacred. The others were Tabanan, Badung, Gianyar, Karengasem, Bangli, and Mengwi. They were primarily located on the plain on the south side of the island. Each of the
973:
Geertz argues that state ceremonials in the Negara were "metaphysical theatre"; that is, theatre designed to express a vision of the ultimate nature of reality that at the same time tried to shape current conditions to match that reality. Ritual events all re-created social relations of jero
1098:
By subordinating power to culture, the book ignores the material base of power. Since Geertz's book was published, several other historical studies of particular kingdoms have appeared which emphasize the more conventional political economic forms of power underlying the
699:
Geertz used this model to provide "an alternate conception of what politics is about"; to advance an approach to history as a succession of broad cultural schemata; and to contribute to the cultural dimension of the discussion on
Southeast Asian polities.
936:
Although Bali lies along major
Indonesian trade roots in the north, its mountainous geography orients it to the south; its only navigable port was at Kuta, on a southern peninsula. The bulk of trade remained in foreign hands, including the Chinese,
945:
and
Europeans. Foreigners were largely restricted to these insulated ports of trade. Trade within Bali occurred in rotating markets characterized by traditional fixed exchange rates. Goods and services were also circulated through large scale
1067:
Geertz made it clear that his emphasis was a general model of the "theatre state" and not a specific Balinese kingdom by referring to the Balinese state with the Indic term Negara, whereas the Balinese refer to their pre-colonial state as a
816:
controlled only certain aspects of the everyday life of Balinese villagers, and that the tax and temple systems cross-cut village membership. That is, the members of a single village might pay taxes through several
791:
cross-cut villages. Villages were not independent, self-contained "village republics" but were cross-cut by membership in three separate locally based political institutions that organized local life: the hamlet (
823:
The village did have a constitution, which spelled out its members responsibilities for road making, upkeep of public facilities, night watch, and settlement of civil disputes. The village had its own leadership
1031:
Although Geertz considered this the pinnacle of his thinking on politics and history, reactions to the book have been mixed, "combining admiration for its scope and ambition with scepticism about its claims."
1035:
One source of the scepticism is that the book is clearly not a history of a specific polity, but a generalized ideal-type model intended to guide representations of the Southeast Asian Indic states found in
588:
713:. Particular aspects of Balinese life have been over-emphasized, according to some, to accommodate his model. Those aspects focus, in particular, on the role of irrigation.
633:
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which had just fallen to Muslim invaders. They, in turn, invaded in 1352 at Gelgel and established an Indic state based upon the caste system.
291:
561:
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1057:
279:
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Geertz, Clifford, Shweder, R. A., & Good, B. (2005). Clifford Geertz by his colleagues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
581:
1102:
Geertz makes the ritual aspect of Balinese culture "more exotic, more extraordinary and more other than the evidence warrants."
947:
322:
1072:. As such, it over-estimates the Indic influence on Bali, and under-estimates its similarities with Polynesian kingdoms in
626:
696:, and who was considered "for three decades...the single most influential cultural anthropologist in the United States."
2099:
Hauser-Schaublin, Brigitta (2005). "Temple and King: Resource Management, Rituals and Redistribution in Early Bali".
1923:
1625:
Hauser-Schaublin, Brigitta (2005). "Temple and King: Resource Management, Rituals and Redistribution in Early Bali".
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The caste system only loosely resembled the caste system in India. The three noble castes were referred to as "
417:
256:
127:
2202:
2187:
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in the fifth to fifteenth centuries. As such, it is one of several models, such as that of O.W. Wolters "
883:
According to Geertz, one of the most important of state institutions in Bali is the irrigation society (
888:
725:
The kingdoms of Bali were said to have been founded by Javanese refugees from the Hinduized kingdom of
692:
Clifford Geertz was an American anthropologist who is remembered for his influence on the practice of
1000:
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856:) used to pacify the not yet cremated and hence dangerous dead. And 3) the Great Council Temple (
545:
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kingdoms controlled a riverine valley and hence the water supply required for rice irrigation.
1730:
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887:) given the theoretical emphasis placed upon irrigation in the materialist models of the "
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MacRae, Graeme (2005). "Negara Ubud: The Theatre-state in Twenty-first-century Bali".
1974:
MacRae, Graeme (2005). "Negara Ubud: The Theatre-state in Twenty-first-century Bali".
1871:
MacRae, Graeme (2005). "Negara Ubud: The Theatre-state in Twenty-first-century Bali".
1813:
MacRae, Graeme (2005). "Negara Ubud: The Theatre-state in Twenty-first-century Bali".
1361:
MacRae, Graeme (2005). "Negara Ubud: The Theatre-state in Twenty-first-century Bali".
1254:
MacRae, Graeme (2005). "Negara Ubud: The Theatre-state in Twenty-first-century Bali".
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MacRae, Graeme (2005). "Negara Ubud: The Theatre-state in Twenty-first-century Bali".
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Priests and Programmers: technologies of power in the engineered landscape of Bali
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As a culturalist approach to history, it is remarkably static and ahistorical.
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215:
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Howe, Leo (1991). "Rice, ideology and the legitimation of hierarchy in Bali".
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Howe, Leo (1991). "Rice, ideology and the legitimation of hierarchy in Bali".
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Howe, Leo (1991). "Rice, ideology and the legitimation of hierarchy in Bali".
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852:) which commemorates the human settlement of the area. 2) The Death Temple (
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The organization of international trade was leased out by the king to a
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803:). Villages were also crosscut by tax obligations to different lords.
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1952:
2061:
Culture, Thought, and Social Action: An Anthropological Perspective
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Culture, Thought, and Social Action: An Anthropological Perspective
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argued that it "depoliticized" a political institution as a result.
1049:
1045:
965:
925:
171:
679:
Geertz used the Balinese case to develop an abstract model of the
21:
782:
93:
898:
658:. Geertz argues that the pre-colonial Balinese state was not a "
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1073:
1012:
1077:
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84:
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Critiques of the book have focused on the following points:
1041:
1037:
2048:. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 320β21.
902:
Balinese rice terraces is part of Subak irrigation system.
2063:. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. p. 319.
1798:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.
1683:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.
1496:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.
1473:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.
1427:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.
1404:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.
1346:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.
1320:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.
1172:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.
860:) for ensuring the overall fertility of the pemaksan.
844:
The pemaksan will maintain the "Three Great Temples" (
1775:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.
1752:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.
1729:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.
1706:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.
1660:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.
1591:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.
1565:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.
1542:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.
1519:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.
1450:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.
1297:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.
1195:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.
990:
977:
831:
2090:
Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
1794:
Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
1515:
Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali
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1188:
1165:
1146:
1003:(circa 5th to 15th century). From north to south;
1856:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp.
2179:
2098:
1914:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.
1624:
960:
1333:
1331:
820:and be part of different temple congregations.
762:) with noble houses in a teacher-disciple tie.
2101:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
1627:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
1852:Fluid Iron: State formation in Southeast Asia
1578:
1576:
627:
2094:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1328:
1153:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
907:to the Goddess of the volcanic Crater Lake (
863:
769:
1614:. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
1573:
634:
620:
562:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
1117:Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)
994:
964:
897:
871:
781:
773:
20:
2081:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2058:
2043:
1605:
806:
766:bases upon which they could be built."
582:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
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2148:
2085:
1973:
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238:Societies without hierarchical leaders
2076:
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2119:
2008:
1938:
741:," (three peoples), the "insiders" (
16:1980 book written by Clifford Geertz
1847:
1064:'s model of the "Galactic polity."
732:
716:
13:
991:Reception and critique of the book
978:The role of the cremation ceremony
684:while ignoring its material base.
14:
2214:
556:Political economy in anthropology
2113:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00260.x
1639:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00260.x
928:in an endless political opera."
799:), and the temple congregation (
2052:
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2002:
1967:
1932:
1899:
1864:
1841:
1806:
1783:
1760:
1737:
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1618:
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1458:
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745:) as opposed to the commoners (
1305:
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1238:
1203:
1180:
1157:
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418:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
1:
2070:
961:Spectacle and political power
687:
589:Journal of Legal Anthropology
257:The Art of Not Being Governed
1132:
778:Diagram of a Balinese temple
752:
7:
1110:
795:), the irrigation society (
703:
10:
2219:
999:Notable mandala states in
889:Asiatic mode of production
651:is a 1980 book written by
595:Journal of Law and Society
315:Colonialism and resistance
2163:10.1080/02757200500344616
2086:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
2059:Tambiah, Stanley (1985).
2044:Tambiah, Stanley (1985).
1988:10.1080/02757200500344616
1885:10.1080/02757200500344616
1827:10.1080/02757200500344616
1790:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1767:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1744:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1721:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1698:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1675:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1652:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1606:Lansing, Stephen (1991).
1583:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1557:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1534:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1511:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1488:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1465:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1442:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1419:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1396:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1375:10.1080/02757200500344616
1338:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1312:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1289:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1268:10.1080/02757200500344616
1224:10.1080/02757200500344616
1187:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1164:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
1145:Geertz, Clifford (1980).
848:): 1) the Origin Temple (
832:The temple congregation (
786:Pura Dalem Sidan (temple)
770:The Village and the State
711:in its own cultural terms
269:Non-western state systems
245:African Political Systems
2151:History and Anthropology
1976:History and Anthropology
1873:History and Anthropology
1815:History and Anthropology
1363:History and Anthropology
1256:History and Anthropology
1212:History and Anthropology
969:Balinese Cremation tower
931:
2077:Barth, Fredrik (1993).
1906:Barth, Fredrik (1993).
1001:Southeast Asian history
294:and the State in Africa
25:Topographic map of Bali
1028:
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919:The free, land-owning
903:
880:
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536:Circumscription theory
323:Europe and the People
292:Technology, Tradition,
26:
2193:Books about Indonesia
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777:
694:symbolic anthropology
672:
660:hydraulic bureaucracy
610:cultural anthropology
398:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
251:Papuan Big man system
24:
403:Wolfgang Fikentscher
378:Henri J. M. Claessen
133:Pantribal sodalities
915:The Perbekel system
864:Irrigation system (
546:Leftβright paradigm
2203:Political theories
2188:Anthropology books
1848:Day, Tony (2002).
1029:
971:
904:
881:
788:
780:
664:oriental despotism
541:Legal anthropology
443:Thomas Blom Hansen
373:Robert L. Carneiro
162:Segmentary lineage
99:Leveling mechanism
49:legal anthropology
27:
879:irrigation system
644:
643:
368:Jeremy Boissevain
353:Georges Balandier
348:E. Adamson Hoebel
2210:
2174:
2145:
2116:
2095:
2093:
2082:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1913:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1142:
858:Pura Balai Agung
733:The caste system
717:The Ruling Class
636:
629:
622:
530:Related articles
513:Douglas R. White
503:Jonathan Spencer
483:Marshall Sahlins
473:Sally Falk Moore
29:
28:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2198:History of Bali
2178:
2177:
2134:10.2307/2803877
2079:Balinese worlds
2073:
2068:
2057:
2053:
2042:
2038:
2023:10.2307/2803877
2007:
2003:
1972:
1968:
1953:10.2307/2803877
1937:
1933:
1926:
1910:Balinese worlds
1904:
1900:
1869:
1865:
1846:
1842:
1811:
1807:
1788:
1784:
1765:
1761:
1742:
1738:
1719:
1715:
1696:
1692:
1673:
1669:
1650:
1646:
1623:
1619:
1604:
1600:
1581:
1574:
1555:
1551:
1532:
1528:
1509:
1505:
1486:
1482:
1463:
1459:
1440:
1436:
1417:
1413:
1394:
1390:
1359:
1355:
1336:
1329:
1310:
1306:
1287:
1283:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1208:
1204:
1185:
1181:
1162:
1158:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1113:
1062:Stanley Tambiah
993:
980:
963:
934:
917:
870:
838:
813:
772:
755:
735:
719:
706:
690:
656:Clifford Geertz
640:
600:
599:
576:
568:
567:
551:State formation
531:
523:
522:
508:Bjorn Thomassen
463:Elizabeth Mertz
448:Ted C. Lewellen
393:Pierre Clastres
343:
342:Major theorists
335:
334:
325:Without History
324:
293:
229:
221:
220:
143:Paramount chief
75:Achieved status
70:Ascribed status
62:Status and rank
58:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2216:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2176:
2175:
2157:(4): 393β413.
2146:
2117:
2096:
2083:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2051:
2036:
2001:
1966:
1931:
1924:
1898:
1879:(4): 398β403.
1863:
1840:
1805:
1782:
1759:
1736:
1713:
1690:
1667:
1644:
1617:
1598:
1572:
1549:
1526:
1503:
1480:
1457:
1434:
1411:
1388:
1353:
1327:
1304:
1281:
1246:
1237:
1218:(4): 393β413.
1202:
1179:
1156:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1127:Palace economy
1124:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
992:
989:
979:
976:
962:
959:
948:redistributive
933:
930:
916:
913:
869:
862:
846:Kahyangan Tiga
837:
830:
812:
805:
771:
768:
754:
751:
734:
731:
718:
715:
705:
702:
689:
686:
653:anthropologist
642:
641:
639:
638:
631:
624:
616:
613:
612:
602:
601:
598:
597:
592:
585:
577:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
498:Aidan Southall
495:
490:
488:James C. Scott
485:
480:
478:Rodney Needham
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
423:Ernest Gellner
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:
327:
319:
318:
316:
312:
311:
305:
304:
302:
298:
297:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
271:
270:
267:
265:
261:
260:
253:
248:
240:
239:
236:
234:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
216:Ritual warfare
213:
208:
202:
201:
199:
198:Law and custom
195:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
153:
152:
150:
146:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
109:
108:
106:
102:
101:
96:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
65:
63:
59:
57:Basic concepts
56:
55:
52:
51:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2215:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:(4): 445β67.
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2107:(4): 747β71.
2106:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:(4): 445β67.
1946:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1925:9780226038339
1921:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1633:(4): 747β71.
1632:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:Fredrik Barth
1090:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
988:
984:
975:
967:
958:
956:
951:
949:
944:
940:
929:
927:
922:
912:
910:
900:
896:
892:
890:
886:
878:
874:
867:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
835:
829:
827:
821:
819:
810:
807:The village (
804:
802:
798:
794:
784:
776:
767:
763:
761:
750:
748:
744:
740:
730:
728:
723:
714:
712:
709:organization
701:
697:
695:
685:
682:
681:Theatre state
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
654:
650:
649:
637:
632:
630:
625:
623:
618:
617:
615:
614:
611:
607:
604:
603:
596:
593:
591:
590:
586:
584:
583:
579:
578:
572:
571:
564:
563:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
527:
526:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
493:Elman Service
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
428:David Graeber
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
388:John Comaroff
386:
384:
383:Jean Comaroff
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
363:Fredrik Barth
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
339:
338:
331:
328:
326:
321:
320:
317:
314:
313:
310:
307:
306:
303:
301:Legal systems
300:
299:
296:
295:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
268:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
254:
252:
249:
247:
246:
242:
241:
237:
235:
232:
231:
225:
224:
217:
214:
212:
211:Legal culture
209:
207:
206:Customary law
204:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:Theatre state
190:
188:
185:
183:
182:House society
180:
178:
177:Petty kingdom
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
95:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
80:Social status
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
60:
54:
53:
50:
45:
42:
41:
38:
36:
31:
30:
23:
19:
2154:
2150:
2125:
2121:
2104:
2100:
2089:
2078:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2039:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1909:
1901:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1851:
1843:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1793:
1785:
1770:
1762:
1747:
1739:
1724:
1716:
1701:
1693:
1678:
1670:
1655:
1647:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1609:
1601:
1586:
1560:
1552:
1537:
1529:
1514:
1506:
1491:
1483:
1468:
1460:
1445:
1437:
1422:
1414:
1399:
1391:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1341:
1315:
1307:
1292:
1284:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1190:
1182:
1167:
1159:
1148:
1140:
1086:
1069:
1066:
1060:" model, or
1034:
1030:
985:
981:
972:
954:
952:
950:ceremonies.
935:
920:
918:
905:
893:
884:
882:
865:
857:
853:
849:
845:
843:
839:
833:
826:klian banjar
825:
822:
817:
814:
808:
800:
796:
792:
789:
764:
759:
756:
746:
742:
738:
736:
724:
720:
707:
698:
691:
678:
673:
667:
647:
646:
645:
594:
587:
580:
560:
468:Sidney Mintz
458:Ralph Linton
453:Edmund Leach
413:Morton Fried
408:Meyer Fortes
358:F. G. Bailey
290:
274:
255:
243:
228:Case studies
187:Ethnic group
157:Band society
32:
18:
1122:Rajamandala
909:Mount Agung
670:the state.
438:Ulf Hannerz
433:Lesley Gill
2182:Categories
2071:References
2017:(4): 451.
1982:(4): 395.
1821:(4): 394.
1369:(4): 398.
1262:(4): 398.
854:Pura Dalem
850:Pura Puseh
688:Background
330:Cargo cult
233:Acephelous
123:Matriarchy
118:Patriarchy
105:Leadership
2171:143808513
1996:143808513
1893:143808513
1835:143808513
1383:143808513
1276:143808513
1232:143808513
1133:Footnotes
1025:Majapahit
1021:Srivijaya
1009:Ayutthaya
753:The dadia
747:wong jaba
743:wong jero
739:triwangsa
727:Majapahit
662:" nor an
518:Eric Wolf
90:Age grade
44:Political
1176:β17, 21.
1111:See also
1070:kerajaan
1050:Thailand
1046:Malaysia
955:subandar
943:Buginese
939:Javanese
926:claqueur
834:pemaksan
818:perbekel
801:pemaksan
704:Synopsis
575:Journals
172:Chiefdom
149:Polities
35:a series
33:Part of
2142:2803877
2031:2803877
1961:2803877
1058:mandala
921:kawulas
760:padanda
280:Mandala
113:Big man
94:Age set
2169:
2140:
2029:
1994:
1959:
1922:
1891:
1833:
1381:
1274:
1230:
1099:state.
1082:Hawaii
1074:Tahiti
1017:Angkor
1013:Champa
809:banjar
793:banjar
606:Social
275:Negara
2167:S2CID
2138:JSTOR
2027:JSTOR
1992:S2CID
1957:JSTOR
1889:S2CID
1831:S2CID
1498:48β49
1475:45β47
1429:34β37
1406:27β31
1379:S2CID
1322:14β17
1272:S2CID
1228:S2CID
1078:Samoa
1054:Burma
1005:Bagan
932:Trade
885:subak
877:Subak
866:Subak
797:subak
264:State
167:Tribe
138:Chief
128:Elder
85:Caste
1920:ISBN
1860:β10.
1802:β19.
1687:β66.
1348:26β7
1080:and
1052:and
1042:Java
1038:Bali
1023:and
668:were
608:and
309:Kapu
2159:doi
2130:doi
2122:Man
2109:doi
2019:doi
2011:Man
1984:doi
1949:doi
1941:Man
1916:222
1881:doi
1823:doi
1800:118
1777:119
1754:104
1635:doi
1371:doi
1264:doi
1220:doi
1197:124
46:and
2184::
2165:.
2155:16
2153:.
2136:.
2126:26
2124:.
2105:11
2103:.
2025:.
2015:26
2013:.
1990:.
1980:16
1978:.
1955:.
1945:26
1943:.
1918:.
1887:.
1877:16
1875:.
1829:.
1819:16
1817:.
1731:95
1708:87
1685:65
1662:63
1631:11
1629:.
1593:69
1575:^
1567:52
1544:51
1521:48
1452:43
1377:.
1367:16
1365:.
1330:^
1299:11
1270:.
1260:16
1258:.
1226:.
1216:16
1214:.
1174:13
1084:.
1076:,
1048:,
1044:,
1040:,
1019:,
1015:,
1011:,
1007:,
941:,
37:on
2173:.
2161::
2144:.
2132::
2115:.
2111::
2033:.
2021::
1998:.
1986::
1963:.
1951::
1928:.
1895:.
1883::
1858:8
1837:.
1825::
1779:.
1756:.
1733:.
1710:.
1664:.
1641:.
1637::
1595:.
1569:.
1546:.
1523:.
1500:.
1477:.
1454:.
1431:.
1408:.
1385:.
1373::
1350:.
1324:.
1301:.
1278:.
1266::
1234:.
1222::
1199:.
1027:.
868:)
836:)
824:(
811:)
635:e
628:t
621:v
92:/
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