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1003:. It was a photo of one of these liners in New York harbour, showing the degaussing coil, which revealed to German Naval Intelligence the fact that the British were using degaussing methods to combat their magnetic mines. This was felt to be impractical for smaller warships and merchant vessels, mainly because the ships lacked the generating capacity to energise such a coil. It was found that "wiping" a current-carrying cable up and down a ship's hull temporarily canceled the ships' magnetic signature sufficiently to nullify the threat. This started in late 1939, and by 1940 merchant vessels and the smaller British warships were largely immune for a few months at a time until they once again built up a field.
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surface before it is launched (3). When the deep line has been unwound to a set length, the anchor is flooded and the mine is released from the anchor (4). The anchor begins to sink and the mooring cable unwinds until the plummet reaches the sea floor (5). Triggered by the decreasing tension on the deep line, the mooring cable is clamped. The anchor continues sinking down to the bottom of the sea, pulling the mine below the water surface to a depth equal to the length of the deep line (6). Thus, even without knowing the exact seafloor depth, an exact depth of the mine below the water surface can be set, limited only by the maximum length of the mooring cable.
377:. The 'torpedo-catamaran' was a coffer-like device balanced on two wooden floats and steered by a man with a paddle. Weighted with lead so as to ride low in the water, the operator was further disguised by wearing dark clothes and a black cap. His task was to approach the French ship, hook the torpedo to the anchor cable and, having activated the device by removing a pin, remove the paddles and escape before the torpedo detonated. Also to be deployed were large numbers of casks filled with gunpowder, ballast and combustible balls. They would float in on the tide and on washing up against an enemy's hull, explode. Also included in the force were several
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40:
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805:. During a period of five months from June 1918, almost 70,000 mines were laid spanning the North Sea's northern exits. The total number of mines laid in the North Sea, the British East Coast, Straits of Dover, and Heligoland Bight is estimated at 190,000 and the total number during the whole of WWI was 235,000 sea mines. Clearing the barrage after the war took 82 ships and five months, working around the clock. It was also during World War I, that the British
2371:, large coils placed along the ship to counter the ship's magnetic field. Using magnetic probes in strategic parts of the ship, the strength of the current in the coils can be adjusted to minimize the total magnetic field. This is a heavy and clumsy solution, suited only to small-to-medium-sized ships. Boats typically lack the generators and space for the solution, while the amount of power needed to overcome the magnetic field of a large ship is impractical.
99:; or defensively, to create "safe" zones protecting friendly sea lanes, harbours, and naval assets. Mines allow the minelaying force commander to concentrate warships or defensive assets in mine-free areas giving the adversary three choices: undertake a resource-intensive and time-consuming minesweeping effort, accept the casualties of challenging the minefield, or use the unmined waters where the greatest concentration of enemy firepower will be encountered.
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after two weeks but have the ship-counter mechanism set to ignore the first two trigger events, and still others in the same minefield (with the magnetic and pressure sensors enabled) may not become armed until three weeks have passed. Groups of mines within this mine-field may have different target signatures which may or may not overlap. The fuzes on influence mines allow many different permutations, which complicates the clearance process.
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destroy the ship itself. These techniques are the only way to sweep pressure mines that is publicly known to be employed. The technique can be simply countered by use of a ship-counter, set to allow a certain number of passes before the mine is actually triggered. Modern doctrine calls for ground mines to be hunted rather than swept. A new system is being introduced for sweeping pressure mines, however counters are going to remain a problem.
2344:) using a special degaussing station that contains many large coils and induces a magnetic field in the hull with alternating current to demagnetize the hull. This is a rather problematic solution, as magnetic compasses need recalibration and all metal objects must be kept in exactly the same place. Ships slowly regain their magnetic field as they travel through the Earth's magnetic field, so the process has to be repeated every six months.
222:
2470:, that are streamed from the sweeping vessel thus keeping the sweep at a determined depth and position. Some large warships were routinely equipped with paravane sweeps near the bows in case they inadvertently sailed into minefields—the mine would be deflected towards the paravane by the wire instead of towards the ship by its wake. More recently, heavy-lift helicopters have dragged minesweeping sleds, as in the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
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from their holders, etc. A badly shaken ship usually sinks quickly, with hundreds, or even thousands of small leaks all over the ship and no way to power the pumps. The crew fare no better, as the violent shaking tosses them around. This shaking is powerful enough to cause disabling injury to knees and other joints in the body, particularly if the affected person stands on surfaces connected directly to the hull (such as steel decks).
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countries currently have mining ability. The number of naval mine producing countries has increased by 75% since 1988. It is also noted that these mines are of an increasing sophistication while even the older type mines present a significant problem. It has been noted that mine warfare may become an issue with terrorist organizations. Mining busy shipping straits and mining shipping harbours remain some of the most serious threats.
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48:
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1470:(or command detonation mines) can be in place in peacetime, which is a huge advantage in blocking important shipping routes. The mines can usually be turned into "normal" mines with a switch (which prevents the enemy from simply capturing the controlling station and deactivating the mines), detonated on a signal or be allowed to detonate on their own. The earliest ones were developed around 1812 by
2589:'s Undersea Research Group was once involved in minehunting operations: They removed or detonated a variety of German mines, but one particularly defusion-resistant batch—equipped with acutely sensitive pressure, magnetic, and acoustic sensors and wired together so that one explosion would trigger the rest—was simply left undisturbed for years until corrosion would (hopefully) disable the mines.
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steel cable, the mines on either side are drawn down the side of the ship's hull, exploding on contact. In this manner it is almost impossible for target ships to pass safely between two individually moored mines. Daisy-chained mines are a very simple concept which was used during World War II. The first prototype of the Daisy-chained mine and the first combat use came in
Finland, 1939.
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801:, mines were used extensively to defend coasts, coastal shipping, ports and naval bases around the globe. The Germans laid mines in shipping lanes to sink merchant and naval vessels serving Britain. The Allies targeted the German U-boats in the Strait of Dover and the Hebrides. In an attempt to seal up the northern exits of the North Sea, the Allies developed the
2020:. In the next 20 months, mines delivered by aircraft sank or damaged 164 Axis ships with the loss of 94 aircraft. By comparison, direct aerial attacks on Axis shipping had sunk or damaged 105 vessels at a cost of 373 aircraft lost. The advantage of aerial mining became clear, and the UK prepared for it. A total of 48,000 aerial mines were laid by the
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surface. If the bubble reaches the surface as it collapses, it can create a pillar of water that can go over a hundred meters into the air (a "columnar plume"). If conditions are right and the bubble collapses onto the ship's hull, the damage to the ship can be extremely serious; the collapsing bubble forms a high-energy jet similar to a
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seabed. This type of mine had a copper wire attached to a buoy that floated above the explosive charge which was weighted to the seabed with a steel cable. If a submarine's steel hull touched the copper wire, the slight voltage change caused by contact between two dissimilar metals was amplified and detonated the explosives.
1625:) or low-powered sensor detects the possible presence of a vessel, at which point the mine fuze powers up fully and the passive acoustic sensors will begin to operate for some minutes. It is possible to program computerised mines to delay activation for days or weeks after being laid. Similarly, they can be programmed to
185:. Offensive mines are placed in enemy waters, outside harbours, and across important shipping routes to sink both merchant and military vessels. Defensive minefields safeguard key stretches of coast from enemy ships and submarines, forcing them into more easily defended areas, or keeping them away from sensitive ones.
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meticulously charted. In Japan, much of the B-29 mine-laying work had been performed at high altitude, with the drifting on the wind of mines carried by parachute adding a randomizing factor to their placement. Generalized danger areas were identified, with only the quantity of mines given in detail. Mines used in
1556:. Whereas early magnetic mine fuses would respond only to changes in a single component of a target vessel's magnetic field, a total field magnetometer responds to changes in the magnitude of the total background field (thus enabling it to better detect even degaussed ships). Similarly, the original broadband
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zone shipping results, comparing the total economic cost of submarine-delivered mines versus air-dropped mines and found that, though 1 in 12 submarine mines connected with the enemy as opposed to 1 in 21 for aircraft mines, the aerial mining operation was about ten times less expensive per enemy ton sunk.
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the typical pressure displacement of such a vessel. As a result, a mine-sweeper must accurately mimic the required target signature to trigger detonation. The task is complicated by the fact that an influence mine may have one or more of a hundred different potential target signatures programmed into it.
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When influence mines are laid in an ocean minefield, they may have various combinations of fuze settings configured. For example, some mines (with the acoustic sensor enabled) may become active within three hours of being laid, others (with the acoustic and magnetic sensors enabled) may become active
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If the mine detonates at a distance from the ship, the change in water pressure causes the ship to resonate. This is frequently the most deadly type of explosion, if it is strong enough. The whole ship is dangerously shaken and everything on board is tossed around. Engines rip from their beds, cables
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wounds are the most common form of damage. Flooding typically occurs in one or two main watertight compartments, which can sink smaller ships or disable larger ones. Contact mine damage often occurs at or close to the waterline near the bow, but depending on circumstances a ship could be hit anywhere
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with land- and carrier-based air power to strike harder against merchant shipping and begin a more extensive aerial mining campaign earlier in the war. Survey analysts projected that this would have starved Japan, forcing an earlier end to the war. After the war, Dr. Johnson looked at the Japan inner
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Plastic drums filled with sand or concrete are periodically rolled off the side of ships as real mines are laid in large mine-fields. These inexpensive false targets (designed to be of a similar shape and size as genuine mines) are intended to slow down the process of mine clearance: a mine-hunter is
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The anti-sweep mine is a very small mine (40 kg (88 lb) warhead) with as small a floating device as possible. When the wire of a mine sweep hits the anchor wire of the mine, it drags the anchor wire along with it, pulling the mine down into contact with the sweeping wire. That detonates the
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into fuses, or program them to detect a single, highly distinctive target signature. In this way, a mine with a passive acoustic fuze can be programmed to ignore all friendly vessels and small enemy vessels, only detonating when a very large enemy target passes over it. Alternatively, the mine can be
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to stop ships from reaching an enemy nation. They are often spread thinly, to create an impression of minefields existing across large areas. A single mine inserted strategically on a shipping route can stop maritime movements for days while the entire area is swept. A mine's capability to sink ships
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can do both tasks. Minehunting pays little attention to the nature of the mine itself. Nor does the method change much. At the current state of the art, minehunting remains the best way to deal with influence mines proving to be both safer and more effective than sweeping. Specialized high-frequency
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Modern influence mines are designed to discriminate against false inputs and are, therefore, much harder to sweep. They often contain inherent anti-sweeping mechanisms. For example, they may be programmed to respond to the unique noise of a particular ship-type, its associated magnetic signature and
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Ships can be designed to be difficult for mines to detect, to avoid detonating them. This is especially true for minesweepers and mine hunters that work in minefields, where a minimal signature outweighs the need for armour and speed. These ships have hulls of glass fibre or wood instead of steel to
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to detect and flag mines. However, they are of questionable effectiveness. Mines in nearshore environments remain a particular challenge. They are small and as technology has developed they can have anechoic coatings, be non-metallic, and oddly shaped to resist detection. Further, oceanic conditions
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is pulled (one end attached to the rail of a ship, aircraft or torpedo tube) which starts an automatic timer countdown before the arming process is complete. Typically, the automatic safety-arming process takes some minutes to complete. This allows the people laying the mines sufficient time to move
1793:), capable of traveling as far as 16 km (10 mi) through or into a channel, harbour, shallow water area, and other zones which would normally be inaccessible to craft laying the device. After reaching the target area they sink to the sea bed and act like conventionally laid influence mines.
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Even as far back as WWII it was possible to incorporate a "ship counter" function in mine fuzes. This might set the mine to ignore the first two ships passing over it (which could be minesweepers deliberately trying to trigger mines) but detonate when the third ship passes overhead, which could be a
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Initially, contact mines (requiring a ship to physically strike a mine to detonate it) were employed, usually tethered at the end of a cable just below the surface of the water. Contact mines usually blew a hole in ships' hulls. By the beginning of World War II, most nations had developed mines that
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The
Quickstrike is a family of shallow-water aircraft-laid mines used by the United States, primarily against surface craft. The MK65 is a 910 kg (2,000 lb) dedicated, purpose-built mine. However, other Quickstrike versions (MK62, MK63, and MK64) are converted general-purpose bombs. These
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drone) that simulate the acoustic and magnetic signatures of larger ships and are built to survive exploding mines. Repeated sweeps would be required in case one or more of the mines had its "ship counter" facility enabled i.e. were programmed to ignore the first 2, 3, or even 6 target activations.
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harbour in
October 1943. One of those mines sank a Japanese freighter. Another B-24 dropped three more mines into the harbour in November, and a second freighter was sunk by a mine. The threat of the remaining mines prevented a convoy of ten ships from entering Haiphong, and six of those ships were
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Laying a minefield is a relatively fast process with specialized ships, which is today the most common method. These minelayers can carry several thousand mines and manoeuvre with high precision. The mines are dropped at predefined intervals into the water behind the ship. Each mine is recorded for
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This comprises two moored, floating contact mines which are tethered together by a length of steel cable or chain. Typically, each mine is situated approximately 18 m (60 ft) away from its neighbor, and each floats a few meters below the surface of the ocean. When the target ship hits the
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Drifting mines were occasionally used during World War I and World War II. However, they were more feared than effective. Sometimes floating mines break from their moorings and become drifting mines; modern mines are designed to deactivate in this event. After several years at sea, the deactivation
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Generally, this type of mine is set to float just below the surface of the water or as deep as five meters. A steel cable connecting the mine to an anchor on the seabed prevents it from drifting away. The explosive and detonating mechanism is contained in a buoyant metal or plastic shell. The depth
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Although international law requires signatory nations to declare mined areas, precise locations remain secret, and non-complying parties might not disclose minelaying. While mines threaten only those who choose to traverse waters that may be mined, the possibility of activating a mine is a powerful
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in WWII were sunk during the war. Alternatively, a shallow draught vessel can be steamed through the minefield at high speed to generate a pressure wave sufficient to trigger mines, with the minesweeper moving fast enough to be sufficiently clear of the pressure wave so that triggered mines do not
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Bottom mines (sometimes called ground mines) are used when the water is no more than 60 meters (200 feet) deep or when mining for submarines down to around 200 meters (660 feet). They are much harder to detect and sweep, and can carry a much larger warhead than a moored mine. Bottom mines commonly
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Early mines had mechanical mechanisms to detonate them, but these were superseded in the 1870s by the "Hertz horn" (or "chemical horn"), which was found to work reliably even after the mine had been in the sea for several years. The mine's upper half is studded with hollow lead protuberances, each
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The earliest mines were usually of this type. They are still used today, as they are extremely low cost compared to any other anti-ship weapon and are effective, both as a psychological weapon and as a method to sink enemy ships. Contact mines need to be touched by the target before they detonate,
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When the war ended, more than 25,000 U.S.-laid mines were still in place, and the Navy proved unable to sweep them all, limiting efforts to critical areas. After sweeping for almost a year, in May 1946, the Navy abandoned the effort with 13,000 mines still unswept. Over the next thirty years, more
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were used for this). Both of these methods had the disadvantage of "sweeping" only a small strip. A better solution was found in the "Double-L Sweep" using electrical cables dragged behind ships that passed large pulses of current through the seawater. This created a large magnetic field and swept
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Later, some ships survived mine blasts, limping into port with buckled plates and broken backs. This appeared to be due to a new type of mine, detecting ships by their proximity to the mine (an influence mine) and detonating at a distance, causing damage with the shock wave of the explosion. Ships
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Shipowners are reluctant to send their ships through known minefields. Port authorities may attempt to clear a mined area, but those without effective minesweeping equipment may cease using the area. Transit of a mined area will be attempted only when strategic interests outweigh potential losses.
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air-dropped bombs. Because this latter type of
Quickstrike fuze only takes up a small amount of storage space compared to a dedicated sea mine, the air-dropped bomb casings have dual purpose i.e. can be fitted with conventional contact fuzes and dropped on land targets, or have a Quickstrike fuze
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for armor plate. The models were placed within coils which could simulate the Earth's magnetic field at any location. The magnetic signatures were measured with degaussing coils. The objective was to reduce the vertical component of the combination of the Earth's field and the ship's field at the
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Between 1941 and 1943 the US Naval Gun factory (a division of the Naval
Ordnance Laboratory) in Washington, D.C., built physical models of all US naval ships. Three kinds of steel were used in shipbuilding: mild steel for bulkheads, a mixture of mild steel and high tensile steel for the hull, and
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The bubble jet effect occurs when a mine or torpedo detonates in the water a short distance away from the targeted ship. The explosion creates a bubble in the water, and due to the difference in pressure, the bubble will collapse from the bottom. The bubble is buoyant, and so it rises towards the
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harbour, and 23 of those immobilized ships were sunk in a subsequent bombing raid. The combined operation sank or damaged 36 ships. Two
Avengers were lost, and their crews were recovered. The mines brought port usage to a halt for 20 days. Japanese mine sweeping was unsuccessful; and the Japanese
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A special form of moored contact mines are those equipped with a plummet. When the mine is launched (1), the mine with the anchor floats first and the lead plummet sinks from it (2). In doing so, the plummet unwinds a wire, the deep line, which is used to set the depth of the mine below the water
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The
Germans developed a pressure-activated mine and planned to deploy it as well, but they saved it for later use when it became clear the British had defeated the magnetic system. The U.S. also deployed these, adding "counters" which would allow a variable number of ships to pass unharmed before
50:
2087:(RAAF) carrying out 60% of the sorties and the USAAF and US Navy covering 40%. Both British and American mines were used. Japanese merchant shipping suffered tremendous losses, while Japanese mine sweeping forces were spread too thin attending to far-flung ports and extensive coastlines. Admiral
1971:
The USSR was relatively ineffective in its use of naval mines in WWII in comparison with its record in previous wars. Small mines were developed for use in rivers and lakes, and special mines for shallow water. A very large chemical mine was designed to sink through ice with the aid of a melting
1938:
In the 1930s, Germany had experimented with the laying of mines by aircraft. It became a crucial element in their overall mining strategy. Aircraft had the advantage of speed, and they would never get caught in their own minefields. German mines held a large 450 kg (1,000 lb) explosive
55:
54:
49:
2864:...the Royal Navy does not have any mine stocks and has not had since 1992. Notwithstanding this, the United Kingdom retains the capability to lay mines and continues research into mine exploitation. Practice mines, used for exercises, continue to be laid in order to retain the necessary skills.
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If a contact sweep hits a mine, the wire of the sweep rubs against the mooring wire until it is cut. Sometimes "cutters", explosive devices to cut the mine's wire, are used to lessen the strain on the sweeping wire. Mines cut free are recorded and collected for research or shot with a deck gun.
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value", a combination of the initial strength of the explosion and of the distance between the target and the detonation. When taken in reference to ship hull plating, the term "Hull Shock Factor" (HSF) is used, while keel damage is termed "Keel Shock Factor" (KSF). If the explosion is directly
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The mine is propelled to its intended position by propulsion equipment such as a torpedo. After reaching its destination, it sinks to the seabed and operates like a standard mine. It differs from the homing mine in that its mobile stage is set before it lies in wait, rather than as part of the
1344:
During the initial period of World War I, the Royal Navy used contact mines in the
English Channel and later in large areas of the North Sea to hinder patrols by German submarines. Later, the American antenna mine was widely used because submarines could be at any depth from the surface to the
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Mine warfare remains the most cost-effective form of asymmetrical naval warfare. Mines are relatively cheap and being small allows them to be easily deployed. Indeed, with some kinds of mines, trucks and rafts will suffice. At present there are more than 300 different mines available. Some 50
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Another expedient for clearing mines, especially in a hurry, is counter-mining. By this method an explosive is detonated in the area of a known or suspected minefield and the blast either trips off the fuses or the actual explosive contained within the mine or mines. This latter is known as a
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The moored mine is the backbone of modern mine systems. They are deployed where water is too deep for bottom mines. They can use several kinds of instruments to detect an enemy, usually a combination of acoustic, magnetic and pressure sensors, or more sophisticated optical shadows or electro
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will concentrate the field through it, due to its magnetic permeability; the mine's detector was designed to trigger as a ship passed over when the Earth's magnetic field was concentrated in the ship and away from the mine. The mine detected this loss of the magnetic field which caused it to
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Between 600,000 and 1,000,000 naval mines of all types were laid in WWII. Advancing military forces worked to clear mines from newly-taken areas, but extensive minefields remained in place after the war. Air-dropped mines had an additional problem for mine sweeping operations: they were not
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began in earnest, using 160 of LeMay's B-29 Superfortress bombers to attack Japan's inner zone. Almost half of the mines were the US-built Mark 25 model, carrying 570 kg (1,250 lb) of explosives and weighing about 900 kg (2,000 lb). Other mines used included the smaller
56:
2689:, Valletta, Malta in WW2 when the British dropped depth charges into the harbour entrance to detonate suspected mines prior to the arrival of an important convoy. It is especially useful against acoustic or pressure mines due to their activation by sound or increases in water pressure.
1474:. The first remotely controlled mines were moored mines used in the American Civil War, detonated electrically from shore. They were considered superior to contact mines because they did not put friendly shipping at risk. The extensive American fortifications program initiated by the
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bombers
Wellington DW.Mk I fitted with degaussing coils to trigger magnetic mines. In a parallel development the Luftwaffe adapted some Junkers 52/3m aircraft to also carry a coil operated by electricity supplied from an onboard generator. The Luftwaffe called this adaption
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As naval mines have become more sophisticated, and able to discriminate between targets, so they have become more difficult to deal with by conventional sweeping. This has given rise to the practice of minehunting. Minehunting is very different from sweeping, although some
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sunk by attacks before they reached a safe harbour. The
Japanese closed Haiphong to all steel-hulled ships for the remainder of the war after another small ship was sunk by one of the remaining mines, although they may not have realized no more than three mines remained.
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could be dropped from aircraft, some of which floated on the surface, making it possible to lay them in enemy harbours. The use of dredging and nets was effective against this type of mine, but this consumed valuable time and resources and required harbours to be closed.
509:) the Nobel mines proved to be faulty, exploding while being laid, failing to explode or detaching from their wires, and drifting uncontrollably, at least 70 of them were subsequently disarmed by the British. In 1855, 301 more Jacobi mines were laid around Krostadt and
284:
in 1637, describes naval mines with a ripcord pulled by hidden ambushers located on the nearby shore who rotated a steel wheel flint mechanism to produce sparks and ignite the fuse of the naval mine. Although this is the rotating steel wheel's first use in naval mines,
2515:
Mines with ship-counters, arming delays and highly specific target signatures in mine fuzes can falsely convince a belligerent that a particular area is clear of mines or has been swept effectively because a succession of vessels have already passed through safely.
1741:
A Russian invention, the rocket mine is a bottom distance mine that fires a homing high-speed rocket (not torpedo) upwards towards the target. It is intended to allow a bottom mine to attack surface ships as well as submarines from a greater depth. One type is the
53:
2091:, who directed nearly all RAAF mining operations in CBI, heartily endorsed aerial mining, writing in July 1944 that "aerial mining operations were of the order of 100 times as destructive to the enemy as an equal number of bombing missions against land targets."
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and the double-L sweep, were British inventions. When on operational missions, such as the invasion of Iraq, the US still relies on British and Canadian minesweeping services. The US has worked on some innovative mine-hunting countermeasures, such as the use of
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said after the war that the aerial mining by B-29s had been "equally as effective as the B-29 attacks on Japanese industry at the closing stages of the war when all food supplies and critical material were prevented from reaching the Japanese home islands." The
1255:
issued a warning to freight ships in the area, advising them to "maintain lookouts for mines and pay careful attention to local navigation warnings". Ukrainian forces have mined "from the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea which banks the critical city of Odesa."
1251:, Ukraine accused Russia of deliberately employing drifting mines in the Black Sea area. Around the same time, Turkish and Romanian military diving teams were involved in defusing operations, when stray mines were spotted near the coasts of these countries.
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carried out a lengthy set of experiments to design and test moored mines that could be exploded on contact or be detonated at will as enemy shipping passed near them. This initial development of mines in the United States took place under the purview of the
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waters it is important to ensure that the mine does not become visible when the sea level falls at low tide, so the cable length is adjusted to take account of tides. During WWII there were mines that could be moored in 300 m (980 ft)-deep water.
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As early as 1942, American mining experts such as Naval Ordnance Laboratory scientist Dr. Ellis A. Johnson, CDR USNR, suggested massive aerial mining operations against Japan's "outer zone" (Korea and northern China) as well as the "inner zone", their
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is just one example of a ship that was struck by a magnetic mine during this time. On 21 November 1939, a mine broke her keel, which damaged her engine and boiler rooms, as well as injuring 46 men, one later died from his injuries. She was towed to
204:, requires nations to declare when they mine an area, to make it easier for civil shipping to avoid the mines. The warnings do not have to be specific; for example, during World War II, Britain declared simply that it had mined the English Channel,
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The SLMM was developed by the United States as a submarine deployed mine for use in areas inaccessible for other mine deployment techniques or for covert mining of hostile environments. The SLMM is a shallow-water mine and is basically a modified
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that can break a metre-wide hole straight through the ship, flooding one or more compartments, and is capable of breaking smaller ships apart. The crew in the areas hit by the pillar are usually killed instantly. Other damage is usually limited.
147:—and even by dropping them into a harbour by hand. They can be inexpensive: some variants can cost as little as US $ 2,000, though more sophisticated mines can cost millions of dollars, be equipped with several kinds of sensors, and deliver a
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later clearing, but it is not unusual for these records to be lost together with the ships. Therefore, many countries demand that all mining operations be planned on land and records kept so that the mines can later be recovered more easily.
1054:) remained vulnerable. Japan developed sonic generators to sweep these; the gear was not ready by war's end. The primary method Japan used was small air-delivered bombs. This was profligate and ineffectual; used against acoustic mines at
1446:
After World War I the drifting contact mine was banned, but was occasionally used during World War II. The drifting mines were much harder to remove than tethered mines after the war, and they caused about the same damage to both sides.
2007:
In September 1939, the UK announced the placement of extensive defensive minefields in waters surrounding the Home Islands. Offensive aerial mining operations began in April 1940 when 38 mines were laid at each of these locations: the
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and the sea bottoms of the area of operations can degrade sweeping and hunting efforts. Mining countermeasures are far more expensive and time-consuming than mining operations, and that gap is only growing with new technologies.
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potential sensors. These cost many times more than contact mines. Moored mines are effective against most kinds of ships. As they are cheaper than other anti-ship weapons they can be deployed in large numbers, making them useful
1560:
of 1940s acoustic mines (which operate on the integrated volume of all frequencies) have been replaced by narrow-band sensors which are much more sensitive and selective. Mines can now be programmed to listen for highly specific
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struck a mine on 20 June, the Royal Navy had had enough, and the next day began carrying out the first minesweeping operation in history, recovering thirty-three 'infernal machines,' the standard British term of the day for sea
2287:
Weapons are frequently a few steps ahead of countermeasures, and mines are no exception. In this field the British, with their large seagoing navy, have had the bulk of world experience, and most anti-mine developments, such as
1618:, it is important to conserve power because they may need to remain active for months or even years. For this reason, most influence mines are designed to remain in a semi-dormant state until an unpowered (e.g. deflection of a
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to investigate the mine. The Royal Navy knew that mines could use magnetic sensors, Britain having developed magnetic mines in World War I, so everyone removed all metal, including their buttons, and made tools of non-magnetic
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500 kg (1,000 lb) Mark 26. Fifteen B-29s were lost while 293 Japanese merchant ships were sunk or damaged. Twelve thousand aerial mines were laid, a significant barrier to Japan's access to outside resources. Prince
1442:
because he thought they were leading him into a trap: he believed it possible that the Germans were either leaving floating mines in their wake, or were drawing him towards submarines, although neither of these was the case.
967:
While these methods were useful for clearing mines from local ports, they were of little or no use for enemy-controlled areas. These were typically visited by warships, and the majority of the fleet then underwent a massive
6072:
3747:
2755:
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mine and cuts the sweeping wire. They are very cheap and usually used in combination with other mines in a minefield to make sweeping more difficult. One type is the Mark 23 used by the United States during World War II.
1388:
below the surface at which the mine floats can be set so that only deep draft vessels such as aircraft carriers, battleships or large cargo ships are at risk, saving the mine from being used on a less valuable target. In
2443:. Each run covers between one hundred and two hundred metres (330 and 660 ft), and the ships must move slowly in a straight line, making them vulnerable to enemy fire. This was exploited by the Turkish army in the
2434:
A sweep is either a contact sweep, a wire dragged through the water by one or two ships to cut the mooring wire of floating mines, or a distance sweep that mimics a ship to detonate the mines. The sweeps are dragged by
2555:(remote controlled unmanned mini-submarines). It is slow, but also the most reliable way to remove mines. Minehunting started during the Second World War, but it was only after the war that it became truly effective.
1679:
The bouquet mine is a single anchor attached to several floating mines. It is designed so that when one mine is swept or detonated, another takes its place. It is a very sensitive construction and lacks reliability.
103:
disincentive to shipping. In the absence of effective measures to limit each mine's lifespan, the hazard to shipping can remain long after the war in which the mines were laid is over. Unless detonated by a parallel
2891:
displacement target detection sensors. Stonefish can be deployed by fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, surface vessels and submarines. An optional kit is available to allow Stonefish to be air-dropped, comprising an
1646:
or "channelizing" weapons. Moored mines usually have lifetimes of more than 10 years, and some almost unlimited. These mines usually weigh 200 kg (440 lb), including 80 kg (180 lb) of explosives
3638:
1585:
because several sensors working together (e.g. magnetic, passive acoustic and water pressure) allow it to ignore signals which are not recognised as being the unique signature of an intended target vessel.
130:
using various measures to either capture or detonate the mines, but sometimes also with an aircraft made for that purpose. There are also mines that release a homing torpedo rather than explode themselves.
2319:. They are built with hulls that produce a minimal pressure signature. These measures create other problems. They are expensive, slow, and vulnerable to enemy fire. Many modern ships have a mine-warning
954:
From this data, known methods were used to clear these mines. Early methods included the use of large electromagnets dragged behind ships or below low-flying aircraft (a number of older bombers like the
43:
Polish wz. 08/39 contact mine. The protuberances near the top of the mine, here with their protective covers, are called Hertz horns, and these trigger the mine's detonation when a ship bumps into them.
648:, at a time when the Chilean squadron was blockading the Peruvian ports, formed a brigade of torpedo boats under the command of the frigate captain Leopoldo Sánchez Calderón and the Peruvian engineer
52:
1705:
The ascending mine is a floating distance mine that may cut its mooring or in some other way float higher when it detects a target. It lets a single floating mine cover a much larger depth range.
4349:
4176:
3521:, almost the last to arrive, was struck by an infernal. The following day the boats fished up several of the primitive mines, and both Dundas and Seymour inspected them aboard their flagships.
2876:
influence mine for export to friendly countries such as Australia, which has both war stock and training versions of Stonefish, in addition to stocks of smaller Italian MN103 Manta mines. The
922:. They disarmed the mine and rushed it to the labs at HMS Vernon, where scientists discovered that the mine had a magnetic arming mechanism. A large ferrous object passing through the Earth's
174:. The cost of producing and laying a mine is usually between 0.5% and 10% of the cost of removing it, and it can take up to 200 times as long to clear a minefield as to lay it. Parts of some
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3615:
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that had successfully run the gantlet of the Atlantic crossing were sometimes destroyed entering freshly cleared British harbours. More shipping was being lost than could be replaced, and
4206:
2364:
usual depth of German mines. From the measurements, coils were placed and coil currents were determined to minimize the chance of detonation for any ship at any heading at any latitude.
1827:
forced to investigate each suspicious sonar contact on the sea bed, whether it is real or not. Often a maker of naval mines will provide both training and dummy versions of their mines.
1651:). In excess of 150 kg (330 lb) of explosives the mine becomes inefficient, as it becomes too large to handle and the extra explosives add little to the mine's effectiveness.
2508:) after a pre-set time. During the pre-set arming delay (which could last days or even weeks) the mine would remain dormant and ignore any target stimulus, whether genuine or false.
557:
after its inventor, caused the word "torpedo" to apply to self-propelled underwater missiles as well as to static devices. These mobile devices were also known as "fish torpedoes".
3755:
2150:
were supposed to be self-sterilizing, but the circuit did not always work. Clearing the mines from Japanese waters took so many years that the task was eventually given to the
5901:, by Stephan L'H. Slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanza Chaffee, United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division, a publication from 1901, now in the
5882:, by United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division, Stephen L'H. Slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanga Chaffee, a publication from 1901, now in the
3260:
2710:(short for "encapsulated torpedo"), the MK62 and MK63 Quickstrike and the MK67 SLMM (Submarine Launched Mobile Mine). Today, most U.S. naval mines are delivered by aircraft.
2900:
pack to retard the weapon's descent. The operating depth of Stonefish ranges between 30 and 200 metres. The mine weighs 990 kilograms and contains a 600 kilogram aluminised
6147:
979:
fitted around the perimeter of the hull, energized by the ship's electrical system whenever in suspected magnetic-mined waters. Some of the first to be so fitted were the
6129:
6159:
4621:
1359:
Limpet mines are a special form of contact mine that are manually attached to the target by magnets and remain in place. They are named because of the similarity to the
652:, who perfected the naval torpedo or mine system to be electrically activated when the cargo weight was lifted. This is how, on 3 July 1880, in front of the port of
5685:
2504:
has been triggered a pre-set number of times. To further complicate matters, influence mines may be programmed to arm themselves (or disarm automatically—known as
2379:
Active countermeasures are ways to clear a path through a minefield or remove it completely. This is one of the most important tasks of any mine warfare flotilla.
1663:
These mines usually weigh between 150 and 1,500 kg (330 and 3,310 lb), including between 125 and 1,400 kg (276 and 3,086 lb) of explosives.
1873:
to lay mines around the UK. In WWII, aircraft came into favour for mine laying with one of the largest examples being the mining of the Japanese sea routes in
867:
fleet, which dominated much of the battle of the Atlantic, was small at the beginning of the war and much of the early action by German forces involved mining
5475:
2493:(lit. mine-search). In both cases pilots were required to fly at low altitude (up to about 200 feet above the sea) and at fairly low speeds to be effective.
2157:
For the purpose of clearing all types of naval mines, the Royal Navy employed German crews and minesweepers from June 1945 to January 1948, organised in the
4850:
2053:. First, aerial mines would have to be developed further and manufactured in large numbers. Second, laying the mines would require a sizable air group. The
1544:
First used during WWI, their use became more general in WWII. The sophistication of influence mine fuses has increased considerably over the years as first
744:
lost two battleships, four cruisers, two destroyers and a torpedo-boat to offensively laid mines during the war. Most famously, on 15 May 1904, the Russian
3513:
took Penaud and several British captains to examine Cronstadt. While still 2 miles out the two surveying ships were struck by 'infernals'. The fleet left
2110:
on 30 March 1944 in concert with simultaneous conventional bombing and strafing attacks. The dropping of 78 mines deterred 32 Japanese ships from escaping
107:
at the end of their useful life, naval mines need to be found and dismantled after the end of hostilities; an often prolonged, costly, and hazardous task.
786:
Beginning around the start of the 20th century, submarine mines played a major role in the defense of U.S. harbours against enemy attacks as part of the
5397:
4346:
4084:
408:, scuttled the project as "not fair and honest warfare". In 1854, during the unsuccessful attempt of the Anglo-French (101 warships) fleet to seize the
3261:
National Research Council (U.S.). Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources (2000).
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or render themselves safe after a preset period of time. Generally, the more sophisticated the mine design, the more likely it is to have some form of
3822:
2551:
sonars and high fidelity sidescaning sonar are used for mine location. Mines are hunted using sonar, then inspected and destroyed either by divers or
4168:
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and 300 vessels. Mine clearing was not always successful: a number of ships were damaged or sunk by mines after the war. Two such examples were the
5651:
4539:
4507:
3295:
2612:
A more drastic method is simply to run a ship through the minefield, letting other ships safely follow the same path. An early example of this was
1805:. This weapon was experimental and never went into production. There have been some reports that North Korea may be developing a nuclear mine. The
618:). In 1901 underwater minefields became the responsibility of the US Army's Artillery Corps, and in 1907 this was a founding responsibility of the
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4475:
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4405:
4141:
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3214:
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had the carrying capacity but considered mining to be the navy's job. The US Navy lacked suitable aircraft. Johnson set about convincing General
1479:
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201:
181:
Mines have been employed as offensive or defensive weapons in rivers, lakes, estuaries, seas, and oceans, but they can also be used as tools of
4198:
4062:
178:
naval minefields still exist because they are too extensive and expensive to clear. Some 1940s-era mines may remain dangerous for many years.
5226:
DSTO-GD-0109, September 1996. Ship Structures and Materials Division, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
4011:
3407:
The Crimean War (1854–1856) was the first war to see the successful use of land and sea mines, both of which were the work of Immanuel Nobel.
2323:—a simple sonar looking forward and warning the crew if it detects possible mines ahead. It is only effective when the ship is moving slowly.
1697:
The mine is hydrostatically controlled to maintain a pre-set depth below the water's surface independently of the rise and fall of the tide.
2247:
broke in half and sank off the coast South Korea in 2010, was caused by the bubble jet effect, according to an international investigation.
465:
was designed by German-born, Russian engineer Jacobi, in 1853. The mine was tied to the sea bottom by an anchor. A cable connected it to a
92:, they are deposited and left to wait until, depending on their fusing, they are triggered by the approach of or contact with any vessel.
4651:
536:
was a mine attached to a long pole and detonated when the ship carrying it rammed another one and withdrew a safe distance. The submarine
189:
The decision-makers' perception of the minefield is a critical factor. Minefields designed for psychological effect are usually placed on
6224:
5554:
2473:
The distance sweep mimics the sound and magnetism of a ship and is pulled behind the sweeper. It has floating coils and large underwater
910:
during low tide. Additionally, the land belonged to the army and a base with men and workshops was at hand. Experts were dispatched from
2199:
underneath the keel, then HSF is equal to KSF, but explosions that are not directly underneath the ship will have a lower value of KSF.
1341:
and sugar. When the vial was crushed, the acid ignited the perchlorate-sugar mix, and the resulting flame ignited the gunpowder charge.
5363:
5281:
2083:
in February 1943. Aerial minelaying operations involved a coalition of British, Australian and American aircrews, with the RAF and the
2072:
430:
suffered damage due to the underwater explosions of Russian naval mines. Russian naval specialists set more than 1,500 naval mines, or
253:
3558:
3097:
5954:(Personal account of mine countermeasures operations in Operation Desert Storm during the Gulf War 1991, including the mining of USS
2076:
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5219:
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struck first one and then another mine, giving her the dubious distinction of being the first warship damaged by enemy mines. HMS
5419:
4564:
906:
The British experienced a stroke of luck in November 1939, when a German mine was dropped from an aircraft onto the mudflats off
790:. The mines employed were controlled mines, anchored to the bottoms of the harbours, and detonated under control from large mine
727:
6138:
5453:
1396:
Floating mines typically have a mass of around 200 kg (440 lb), including 80 kg (180 lb) of explosives e.g.
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5709:
4702:
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in 2003. The US Navy claims that these dolphins were effective in helping to clear more than 100 antiship mines and underwater
2129:
1065:
Mining campaigns could have devastating consequences. The U.S. effort against Japan, for instance, closed major ports, such as
783:
or mechanical devices that activated a blast upon tipping. Several mine-laying ships were destroyed when their cargo exploded.
6156:
4613:
2685:. Counter-mining is normally used as a last resort or if other equipment is not available. One example was at the entrance to
1025:
6081:
6007:
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4321:
4275:
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3169:
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Another anti-sweeping mechanism is a ship-counter in the mine fuze. When enabled, this allows detonation only after the mine
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process, where their hulls had a slight "south" bias induced into them which offset the concentration-effect almost to zero.
607:
598:
587:
474:
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abandoned Palau as a base when their first ship attempting to traverse the swept channel was damaged by a mine detonation.
1330:. When a ship's hull crushes the metal horn, it cracks the vial inside it, allowing the acid to run down a tube and into a
549:
on 17 February 1864. A Harvey torpedo was a type of floating mine towed alongside a ship and was briefly in service in the
122:
mines requiring physical ignition. Mines may be placed by aircraft, ships, submarines, or individual swimmers and boatmen.
3420:
1801:
During the Cold War, a test was conducted with a naval mine fitted with tactical nuclear warheads for the "Baker" shot of
308:
to make weapons, including the failed "floating petard". Weapons of this type were apparently tried by the English at the
6244:
2632:
2158:
1241:
5304:
3308:
Gilbert, Jason A., L/Cdr, USN. "Combined Mine Countermeasures Force", Naval War College paper (Newport, RI, 2001), p. 2.
2623:. However, as mine warfare became more developed this method became uneconomical. This method was revived by the German
1458:
in France to float down the river, becoming active after a time calculated to be long enough to reach German territory.
3777:
3648:
2653:
obviated the need to continuous and painstaking sweeping, but the cost was high. Over half the 100 or so ships used as
1939:
charge. From April to June 1940, the Luftwaffe laid 1,000 mines in British waters. Soviet ports were mined, as was the
1127:, mines laid by North Korean forces caused 70% of the casualties suffered by U.S. naval vessels and caused 4 sinkings.
851:
6102:
5731:
Hanning, Marcus A.; Smyers, Richard Paul & Thorne, Phil (2010). "Question 11/46: Japanese Use of Mines in WW II".
4949:
1513:
These mines are triggered by the influence of a ship or submarine, rather than direct contact. Such mines incorporate
672:, on 13 September 1880, which having captured and checked a beautiful boat, it exploded when hoisting it on its side.
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5947:
5927:
5827:
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1322:
limiting the damage to the direct effects of the explosion and usually affecting only the vessel that triggers them.
1170:
was probably responsible for the minelaying. In response the U.S., Britain, France, and three other nations launched
772:
Following the end of the Russo-Japanese War, several nations attempted to have mines banned as weapons of war at the
478:
5963:
2706:
MK56 ASW mine (the oldest still in use by the United States) was developed in 1966. More advanced mines include the
5863:, by United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division, a publication from 1901, now in the
5483:
3068:
2025:
1435:
1248:
4676:
2645:. Typically an old cargo ship, loaded with cargo that made her less vulnerable to sinking (wood for example), the
740:, and most of his crew in the process. The toll inflicted by mines was not confined to the Russians, however. The
6234:
6204:
6199:
6013:
5798:
4842:
3734:
15 June, it was learned that the mouth of the river was protected by electric mines, that the forts at Taku were.
2563:
1786:
502:
396:
used an electric detonator to destroy a moving vessel to demonstrate an underwater mine of his own design to the
5131:
4820:
846:
4740:
2966:
2213:
1940:
1204:
1146:
1097:
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from attacking them. It gradually phased out its direct competitor the Nobel mine on the insistence of Admiral
6111:
6093:
5057:
1438:'s British fleet did not pursue and destroy the outnumbered German High Seas Fleet when it turned away at the
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3135:
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634:
486:
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that was floated toward the enemy, detonated by a sparking mechanism if it struck a ship. It was used on the
4088:
1602:
programmed specifically to ignore all surface vessels regardless of size and exclusively target submarines.
6214:
3818:
2532:
1485:
Modern examples usually weigh 200 kg (440 lb), including 80 kg (180 lb) of explosives (
1334:
which until then contained no acid electrolyte. This energizes the battery, which detonates the explosive.
553:
in the 1870s. Other "torpedoes" were attached to ships or propelled themselves. One such weapon called the
469:
which powered it from the shore, the power of its explosive charge was equal to 14 kg (31 lb) of
331:
5237:"Investigation Result on the Sinking of ROKS "Cheonan" by The Joint Civilian-Military Investigation Group"
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2308:
1754:
A torpedo mine is a self-propelled variety, able to lie in wait for a target and then pursue it e.g. the
764:
758:
748:
712:
5659:
5523:
4531:
4499:
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3380:. Praeger Security International; War, technology, and history. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29.
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was run ahead of the ship to be protected, detonating any mines that might be in their path. The use of
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1806:
1743:
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flies when capturing a sloop mined by the Peruvians. A similar fate occurred with the gunboat schooner
126:
is the practice of the removal of explosive naval mines, usually by a specially designed ship called a
17:
3778:"Climate Change & Naval War—A Scientific Assessment 2005—Trafford on demand publishing, Canada/UK"
3677:
1972:
compound. Special aerial mine designs finally arrived in 1943–1944, the AMD-500 and AMD-1000. Various
779:
Many early mines were fragile and dangerous to handle, as they contained glass containers filled with
5236:
2666:
2662:
2601:
2327:
1578:
821:
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Page: 41, author: Gordon Williamson, John White, publisher: Osprey Publishing, accessed: 9 July 2008
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3819:"Mark Chirnside's Reception Room: Olympic, Titanic & Britannic: Olympic Interview, January 2005"
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the entire area between the two ships. The older methods continued to be used in smaller areas. The
5752:
2901:
2877:
2208:
1759:
1594:
537:
473:. In the summer of 1853, the production of the mine was approved by the Committee for Mines of the
296:
The first plan for a sea mine in the West was by Ralph Rabbards, who presented his design to Queen
170:
Their flexibility and cost-effectiveness make mines attractive to the less powerful belligerent in
5795:"WW2 People's War—An archive of World War Two memories—written by the public, gathered by the BBC"
4015:
3722:
2219:
mine attack being a good example of a contact mine detonating amidships and underneath the ship).
2207:
Usually only created by contact mines, direct damage is a hole blown in the ship. Among the crew,
1914:
In some cases, mines are automatically activated upon contact with the water. In others, a safety
2360:
1552:
have been incorporated into designs. Simple magnetic sensors have been superseded by total-field
1475:
787:
2799:
Type: aircraft-laid bottom mine (with descent to water slowed by a parachute or other mechanism)
1577:) and ignore all others. The sophistication of modern electronic mine fuzes incorporating these
6229:
5559:
4643:
3001:
2682:
2459:
2241:
1767:
1451:
1244:
have made frequent use of naval mines, laying over 150 in the Red Sea throughout the conflict.
802:
741:
733:
297:
95:
Naval mines can be used offensively, to hamper enemy shipping movements or lock vessels into a
5178:
5163:
3354:
Power struggles: scientific authority and the creation of practical electricity before Edison.
2466:
instead of a second minesweeper. These are torpedo-shaped towed bodies, similar in shape to a
5273:
5147:
4267:
4260:
3737:(Issue 143 of Document (United States. War Dept.))(Original from the New York Public Library)
3717:. Adjutant-General's Office, Military Information Division, Washington, D.C., United States:
3262:
3159:
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which was scrapped after hitting a mine in a previously cleared area off the Greek island of
1973:
1615:
1338:
1331:
1224:
1178:
716:
626:
543:
182:
5359:
1671:
Several specialized mines have been developed for other purposes than the common minefield.
1313:
Naval mines may be classified into three major groups; contact, remote and influence mines.
1069:, for days, and by the end of the Pacific War had cut the amount of freight passing through
754:
6219:
4142:"Houthis increase use of suicide drone boats in recent weeks | FDD's Long War Journal"
3554:
3452:
came to her assistance after the first explosion, only to strike a mine herself. When HMS
3089:
2624:
2616:
2237:
2147:
2133:
2119:
2050:
1874:
1869:
Historically several methods were used to lay mines. During WWI and WWII, the Germans used
1802:
1630:
1337:
Earlier forms of the detonator employed a vial of sulfuric acid surrounded by a mixture of
1231:
695:
against the French; they planted nine torpedo mines in the river and blocked the entrance.
615:
583:
309:
2132:
concluded that it would have been more efficient to combine the United States's effective
1046:
The Allies and Germany deployed acoustic mines in World War II, against which even wooden-
8:
6060:
3444:
While nosing about the defences off Kronstadt on 9 June 1855, the British paddle steamer
2986:
2481:
2444:
2103:
1722:
997:
664:
81:
6181:
updates to above article on naval mines due to Korean War and types and measures against
5658:. Corpus Christi, Texas: Commander Mobile Mine Assembly Group, U.S. Navy. Archived from
3853:
3748:"Naval mine - contained explosive device placed in water to destroy ships or submarines"
3712:
2106:
torpedo bombers, the US Navy mounted a direct aerial mining attack on enemy shipping in
1096:
In 1988, an Iranian M-08 mine made a 25-foot (8 m) hole in the hull of the frigate
5213:
4561:
3888:
3289:
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2436:
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2316:
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956:
939:
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641:
602:
561:
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397:
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359:
171:
5427:
3843:
Campbell, John, "Naval Weapons of World War Two" (London: Conway Maritime Press, 1985)
2036:
1809:
prohibits the placement of nuclear weapons on the seabed beyond a 12-mile coast zone.
1197:. A Soviet tanker was among the ships damaged by these mines. In 1986, in the case of
969:
707:, Imperial Chinese forces deployed a command-detonated mine field at the mouth of the
342:
as a drift mine, destroying a small boat near its intended target, a British warship.
256:
tell of naval explosives in the 16th century, used to fight against Japanese pirates (
6003:
5969:
5943:
5923:
5823:
5760:
5740:
5449:
5343:
5109:
5084:
5033:
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4357:
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3426:
3391:
3381:
3357:
3268:
3241:
3165:
2463:
2414:
2088:
1597:, with all the programmability this implies, such as the ability to quickly load new
1439:
1401:
1131:
1047:
891:
ordered the intact recovery of one of these new mines to be of the highest priority.
888:
872:
649:
554:
435:
413:
405:
301:
197:
5706:
5342:
Oceanography and Mine Warfare. Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council, 2000
5212:
Department of Defence. Defence Science and Technology Organisation. Warren D. Reid,
5054:"United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report (Pacific War). July 1, 1946"
4710:
4262:
The Russian Rockefellers: the Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry
4199:"Here's what makes sea mines Russia's biggest challenge in Ukraine's Mariupol port"
2996:
2873:
2451:
batteries prevented the British and French from clearing a way through minefields.
2294:
1622:
1607:
1590:
1467:
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680:
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381:, carrying 40 barrels of gunpowder and rigged to explode by a clockwork mechanism.
370:
235:
6157:"Fighting The Submarine Mine – How Navies Combat A Deadly Sea Weapon" October 1941
6078:
4325:
1482:, which were emplaced or in reserve from the 1890s until the end of World War II.
1081:
than 500 minesweepers (of a variety of types) were damaged or sunk clearing them.
736:, sending the holed vessel to the bottom and killing the fleet commander, Admiral
564:
of 1861–1865 also saw the successful use of mines. The first ship sunk by a mine,
6178:
6163:
6151:
6133:
6115:
6097:
6085:
6067:
6049:
5713:
5223:
5135:
5003:
4568:
4353:
4236:
3473:
3375:
2721:
2312:
2021:
1790:
1730:
1713:
1574:
1397:
1036:
1015:
704:
684:
591:
443:
31:
6026:(Describes American efforts to combat Iranian mine campaign in the Persian Gulf)
5603:
4815:
The Soviet Navy at the Outbreak and During the Great Patriotic War: Introduction
3126:
Greer, William L.; Bartholomew, James (1986). "The Psychology of Mine Warfare".
2387:
2307:
avoid magnetic signatures. These ships may use special propulsion systems, with
1529:. The fuses on such mines may incorporate one or more of the following sensors:
194:
makes it a credible threat, but minefields work more on the mind than on ships.
3469:
2932:
2613:
2467:
2124:
2064:
1960:
1944:
1928:
1770:
1755:
1729:
These are mines containing a moving weapon as a warhead, either a torpedo or a
1549:
1190:
1018:
for repairs. Incidents like this resulted in many of the boats that sailed to
990:
923:
810:
737:
579:
529:
494:
439:
385:
339:
327:
319:
272:
111:
4928:
Mines Away!: The Significance of US Army Air Forces Minelaying in World War II
3878:
Piekalkiewicz, Janusz, "Sea War: 1939–1945" (Poole, UK: Blandford Press, 1987)
270:
made several timed, drifting explosives, to harass Japanese pirate ships. The
6188:
5902:
5883:
5864:
5744:
5602:. U.S. Navy Small Business Innovation Research. 21 March 2007. Archived from
5312:
4899:
Spying Without Spies: Origins of America's Secret Nuclear Surveillance System
3395:
2927:
2686:
2579:
2275:
2263:-differential over the width of the human body is sufficient to stun or kill
2229:
2183:
1989:
1985:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1895:
1861:
Camouflaged Iraqi mines hidden inside oil barrels on a shipping barge in the
1850:
1626:
1471:
1327:
1156:
876:
806:
780:
688:
645:
521:
506:
466:
374:
355:
281:
39:
1835:
477:. In 1854, 60 Jacobi mines were laid in the vicinity of the Forts Pavel and
330:
developed the first American naval mine, for use against the British in the
5193:
4941:
3784:
3583:
3007:
2976:
2802:
Detection System: Magnetic/seismic/pressure target detection devices (TDDs)
2736:
Detection System: Magnetic/seismic/pressure target detection devices (TDDs)
2642:
2637:
2567:
2429:
2400:
2195:
2168:
2163:
2080:
2068:
2058:
1862:
1763:
1553:
1416:
1162:
In the summer of 1984, magnetic sea mines damaged at least 19 ships in the
1153:
1135:
1116:
1084:
The U.S. began adding delay counters to their magnetic mines in June 1945.
928:
907:
902:, magnetic–minesweeping gear being deployed behind a Royal Navy minesweeper
860:
658:
630:
576:
533:
525:
490:
470:
455:
350:
239:
175:
123:
89:
73:
4997:"The United States Strategic Bombing Surveys (European War) (Pacific War)"
2524:
2424:, 7 June 1944. Note her broken back, with white smoke billowing amidships.
2071:
and other bomber aircraft took part in localized mining operations in the
1264:
1237:. When the war concluded, eight countries conducted clearance operations.
225:
A 14th-century illustration of a naval mine and page description from the
6036:
5450:"Paravane – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
4169:"Ukraine says Russia planting mines in Black Sea as shipping perils grow"
2950:
2893:
2869:
2707:
2628:
2605:
2539:
2411:
2260:
1718:
1643:
1566:
1514:
1354:
1007:
832:
798:
572:
462:
447:
393:
363:
248:
227:
190:
162:
127:
6103:
Belgian-Netherlands Naval Mine Warfare School, NATO Center of Excellence
5979:
3060:
1509:
bomber during WWII and landed on the ground. Fuse mechanisms are visible
1434:
mechanism might not function as intended and the mines may remain live.
1174:, a minesweeping operation in the Red Sea involving more than 46 ships.
871:
routes and ports around Britain. German submarines also operated in the
597:
After 1865 the United States adopted the mine as its primary weapon for
5106:
The Development of Mine Warfare: A Most Murderous and Barbarous Conduct
5030:
The Development of Mine Warfare: A Most Murderous and Barbarous Conduct
4973:
The Development of Mine Warfare: A Most Murderous and Barbarous Conduct
4874:
The Development of Mine Warfare: A Most Murderous and Barbarous Conduct
4764:
The Development of Mine Warfare: A Most Murderous and Barbarous Conduct
4680:
3377:
The Development of Mine Warfare: A Most Murderous and Barbarous Conduct
2575:
2547:
2421:
2336:
2289:
2009:
1996:
1993:
1977:
1840:
1611:
1570:
1557:
1545:
1518:
1466:
Frequently used in combination with coastal artillery and hydrophones,
1124:
961:
934:
911:
550:
409:
401:
267:
85:
5997:
4111:
2186:, Italy in December 1945, caught fire, was beached, and broke in two.
1022:
being degaussed in a marathon four-day effort by degaussing stations.
5999:
Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987–88
5965:
No Higher Honor: Saving the USS Samuel B. Roberts in the Persian Gulf
5789:] (in Russian). Vol. II. Moscow: Soviet Academy of Sciences.
5128:
4812:
3711:
Slocum, Stephan L'H.; Reichmann, Carl; Chaffee, Adna Romanza (1901).
2955:
2945:
2897:
2341:
1981:
1898:
or deployed from specialized mine racks on the sides of the submarine
1660:
use multiple types of sensors, which are less sensitive to sweeping.
1522:
1506:
1186:
1123:
ships, whereas air and missile attacks have damaged four. During the
1066:
927:
detonate. The mechanism had an adjustable sensitivity, calibrated in
745:
708:
629:, a pioneer in mine warfare, successfully deployed mines against the
565:
498:
482:
378:
335:
290:
221:
205:
140:
119:
77:
69:
30:"Naval mining" redirects here. For civilian resource extraction, see
5880:
Reports on military operations in South Africa and China. July, 1901
4732:
2013:
1581:
capabilities makes it much more difficult to detonate the mine with
1375:
894:
6108:
6090:
5053:
4590:
2888:
2884:
2571:
2448:
2407:
2368:
2095:
1976:
torpedo bombers were pressed into the role of aerial mining in the
1845:
1773:. The mine designation was disinformation to conceal its function.
1619:
1538:
1530:
1454:" in 1940 and again in 1944 where floating mines were put into the
1389:
1216:
1104:
1092:
1074:
947:
791:
510:
262:). This kind of naval mine was loaded in a wooden box, sealed with
144:
5794:
3640:
Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West
3422:
Very Special Ships: Abdiel Class Fast Minelayers of World War Two
2905:
2597:
2562:) have been trained to hunt and mark mines, most famously by the
2264:
2175:
1915:
1526:
1364:
1194:
1163:
825:
669:
517:
315:
286:
243:
156:
148:
96:
4614:"U.S. military enters new generation of sea mine warfare – News"
1907:
Dropping from the shore – typically smaller, shallow-water mines
1633:
to hinder clearance by divers or remotely piloted submersibles.
1614:. Even though modern mines are generally powered by a long life
1501:
104:
3514:
3478:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. (published 2011). pp. 288–289.
3475:
The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy Against Russia, 1853–56
1870:
1490:
1405:
1360:
1134:
from 1980 to 1988, the belligerents mined several areas of the
1055:
868:
864:
692:
653:
152:
3142:
3183:
3181:
2396:
2320:
2111:
2107:
1455:
1207:
ruled that this mining was a violation of international law.
1167:
1108:
919:
373:
made extensive use of explosive devices designed by inventor
263:
258:
5544:
Slide 34 of 81. Hosted by Federation of American Scientists.
4552:
Slide 40 of 81. Hosted by Federation of American Scientists.
4520:
Slide 33 of 81. Hosted by Federation of American Scientists.
4488:
Slide 31 of 81. Hosted by Federation of American Scientists.
4453:
Slide 17 of 81. Hosted by Federation of American Scientists.
3973:(Annapolis, Md. : Naval Institute Press, 1993), p. 200.
3532:
Brown. D.K., Before the Ironclad, London (1990), pp. 152–154
2860:
According to a statement made to the UK Parliament in 2002:
2773:
latter three mines are actually a single type of electronic
2661:
An updated form of this method is the use of small unmanned
975:
Initially, major warships and large troopships had a copper
27:
Weapon for use in waters, triggered by the target's approach
4418:
Slide 1 of 81. Hosted by Federation of American Scientists.
2880:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2501:
2017:
1220:
1070:
816:, became the largest vessel ever sunk by a naval mine. The
115:
4292:"World War 2 Era Contact Sea Mine - Victorian Collections"
3190:
3178:
458:
operation. During the next 72 hours, 33 mines were swept.
6039:(1912) by United States War Department (Document no. 399)
5861:
Publication, Issue 33 Document (United States. War Dept.)
5196:
after hitting a mine in December 1947. (Elphick, p. 402.)
1648:
1486:
1182:
1062:
detonating. This made them a great deal harder to sweep.
493:. The Nobel mines were bought from Swedish industrialist
234:
Naval mines were first invented by Chinese innovators of
5899:
Reports on military operations in South Africa and China
5309:
US Naval Submarine Medical Research Lab Technical Report
4671:
4669:
4085:"U.S. Mining Nicaragua's harbours (February–March 1984)"
3907:
3714:
Reports on military operations in South Africa and China
2739:
Dimensions: 0.485 by 4.09 m (19.1 by 161.0 in)
2403:
sled while conducting simulated mine clearing operations
2194:
The damage that may be caused by a mine depends on the "
2161:(GMSA), which consisted of 27,000 members of the former
1891:
Aircraft – descent to the water is slowed by a parachute
1517:
sensors designed to detect the presence of a vessel and
850:
A contact mine being deployed from the German minelayer
3854:"The Double-L Sweep – Biography of Sir Charles Goodeve"
3036:(1985). "Mine Warfare: A Pillar of Maritime Strategy".
2839:
Dimensions: 0.570 by 2.9 m (22.4 by 114.2 in)
2477:. It is the only sweep effective against bottom mines.
1420:
Sequence of laying a moored contact mine with a plummet
419:(9 June 1855, the first successful mining in history),
6043:
Technical details of German Second World War sea mines
5530:. Surface Warfare Officers School Command, U.S. Navy.
5215:
The Response of Surface Ships to Underwater Explosions
4538:. Surface Warfare Officers School Command, U.S. Navy.
4506:. Surface Warfare Officers School Command, U.S. Navy.
4474:. Surface Warfare Officers School Command, U.S. Navy.
4439:. Surface Warfare Officers School Command, U.S. Navy.
4404:. Surface Warfare Officers School Command, U.S. Navy.
3710:
3535:
3004:(aerial mining campaign against North Vietnam in 1972)
2061:
of the efficacy of heavy bombers laying aerial mines.
6091:
Henry Norton Sulivan: a depiction of early Naval Mine
4666:
3701:(Original from the University of Wisconsin – Madison)
610:, which trained officers and men in their use at the
246:, in his 14th-century military treatise known as the
2748:
Explosives: 230 kg (510 lb) high explosive
2283:
during mine clearance operations in the Persian Gulf
2130:
United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific War)
2079:
theaters, beginning with a successful attack on the
1888:
Converted merchant ships – rolled or slid down ramps
1505:
German parachute-retarded magnetic mine. Dropped by
1411:
1138:
and nearby waters. On 24 July 1987, the supertanker
5775:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 7
5730:
5498:
4845:
Sovet Air Forces "Autumn Storm" Air Order of Battle
2805:
Dimensions: 0.74 by 3.25 m (29 by 128 in)
2439:, either purpose-built military ships or converted
1947:could carry two medium or one large mine while the
1058:, 200 bombs were needed to detonate just 13 mines.
238:and were described in thorough detail by the early
5839:Aircraft Profile No. 177: The Junkers Ju 52 Series
5302:
4259:
1541:displacement caused by the proximity of a vessel.
1103:, forcing the ship to seek temporary repairs in a
757:and succeeded in sinking the Japanese battleships
5942:. Clementsport: The Canadian Peacekeeping Press.
3942:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3643:(illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. p. 97.
3207:"Historic Figures: Cornelius Drebbel (1572–1633)"
3157:
3058:
2641:("block breaker"). The type was also used during
1904:Camouflaged boats – masquerading as fishing boats
964:continued to be swept by aircraft, for instance.
139:Mines can be laid in many ways: by purpose-built
6186:
5934:(Canonical general text about U.S. mine warfare)
5920:Weapons That Wait: Mine Warfare in the U.S. Navy
5383:
5381:
4375:(Third ed.). CDSG Press. pp. 333–374.
3679:Reilly's Battery: a story of the Boxer Rebellion
3235:
3125:
1922:
5918:Hartmann, Gregory K.; Truver, Scott C. (1991).
5684:. Publications.parliament.uk. 4 November 2002.
5476:"Britain's Vickers Wellington bomber, 'Wimpey'"
4709:. SinoDefence.com. 16 June 2008. Archived from
4226:
4224:
4035:
4033:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3588:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War
3090:"Isle of Wight: WW2 sea mine detonated by Navy"
2992:Submarine mines in United States harbor defense
2836:Detection System: Total field magnetic exploder
2631:. Left with a surfeit of idle ships due to the
2566:. Mine-clearance dolphins were deployed in the
513:. British ships did not dare to approach them.
6079:Description of mines used by the United States
5917:
3937:
3919:
3238:Discoveries and inventions of the 19th century
1901:Combat boats – rolled off the side of the boat
118:mechanisms are much more effective than early
5707:SSK Collins Class (Type 471) Attack Submarine
5517:
5515:
5513:
5378:
5192:, which broke in three and sank in the North
4461:
4459:
4373:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide
3987:. U.S. Naval History & Heritage Command.
2347:A simpler variation of this technique called
2140:
1145:by Iran near Farsi Island. On 14 April 1988,
5716:. Naval Technology. Retrieved on 2010-12-02.
4221:
4030:
3949:
3294:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2044:dropping sea mines over Japanese home waters
1461:
404:. However, opposition from former president
72:device placed in water to damage or destroy
5480:World War II Vehicles, Tanks, and Airplanes
5305:"The Effects of Underwater Blast on Divers"
5208:
5206:
5204:
5202:
3889:"Wiping – Biography of Sir Charles Goodeve"
2967:Royal Navy's Admiralty Mining Establishment
2848:Explosives: 164 kg (362 lb) HBX-3
2790:fitted which converts them into sea mines.
1910:Attack divers – smaller shallow-water mines
722:The next major use of mines was during the
5589:, p. 58. New York: 1953, Harper & Row.
5510:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5274:"South Korea Cites Attack in Ship Sinking"
5129:German Mine Sweeping Administration (GMSA)
5103:
5027:
4970:
4871:
4761:
4456:
4426:
4424:
3675:
3555:"Coast Artillery: Submarine Mine Defenses"
3373:
2531:minehunting drone, such are operated from
2301:
304:was employed in the Office of Ordnance by
5992:(Describes mine damage to a U.S. frigate)
4230:
3971:Japanese Merchant Marine in World War Two
3578:
3576:
3418:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3311:
3164:(3 ed.). Asiapac Books. p. 18.
3161:Origins of Chinese science and technology
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
2635:, the Germans introduced a ship known as
2374:
1884:Other methods to lay minefields include:
1428:
726:of 1904–1905. Two mines blew up when the
5961:
5271:
5199:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4644:"The Origins of Military Mines: Part II"
4611:
4347:"How Mines Help Guard America's Harbors"
3267:. National Academies Press. p. 12.
3061:"Swedish navy locates German WWII mines"
3032:
2754:
2715:MK67 SLMM Submarine Launched Mobile Mine
2596:
2523:
2458:Minesweepers protect themselves with an
2406:
2386:
2281:United States Navy Marine Mammal Program
2274:
2035:
1856:
1834:
1712:
1500:
1415:
1374:
1263:
1091:
1024:
933:
893:
845:
620:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
614:at Willets Point, New York (later named
582:'s famous/apocryphal command during the
349:
314:
220:
161:
46:
38:
5813:
5521:
5390:"Sunday Ship History: Degaussing Ships"
5387:
5327:
4896:
4580:
4562:MK 67 Submarine-Laid Mobile Mine (SLMM)
4529:
4497:
4465:
4430:
4421:
4395:
4087:. Homepage.ntlworld.com. Archived from
4012:"Terrorism: Scouring the Red Sea Floor"
3982:
3913:
3468:
2883:on a Stonefish mine contains acoustic,
2094:A single B-24 dropped three mines into
1919:out of its activation and blast zones.
1758:. Generally, torpedo mines incorporate
1370:
516:In the 19th century, mines were called
322:mines destroying a British ship in 1777
278:The Exploitation of the Works of Nature
14:
6187:
6055:'Stonefish' – a British influence mine
5937:
5751:
5600:"Influence Sweeping of Pressure Mines"
5524:"Mine Counter-Counter Measures (MCCM)"
4370:
4231:Hartshorn, Derick S. (17 April 2010).
3582:
3573:
3561:from the original on 11 September 2017
3326:
3112:
2911:
1152:struck an Iranian mine in the central
601:. In the decade following 1868, Major
334:. It was a watertight keg filled with
5836:
5801:from the original on 18 February 2007
5780:
5528:Mine Warfare Introduction: The Threat
5504:
5253:from the original on 26 February 2021
5078:
4915:
4853:from the original on 13 February 2012
4786:
4542:from the original on 22 December 2015
4536:Mine Warfare Introduction: The Threat
4504:Mine Warfare Introduction: The Threat
4472:Mine Warfare Introduction: The Threat
4437:Mine Warfare Introduction: The Threat
4402:Mine Warfare Introduction: The Threat
4302:from the original on 15 November 2023
4009:
3983:Marolda, Edward J. (26 August 2003).
3541:
3356:Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
3217:from the original on 27 December 2019
2811:Weight: 1,086 kg (2,394 lb)
1812:
698:
588:Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!
475:Ministry of War of the Russian Empire
388:exploded an underwater mine using an
6002:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
5995:
5968:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
5922:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
5897:This article incorporates text from
5878:This article incorporates text from
5859:This article incorporates text from
5688:from the original on 26 October 2016
5456:from the original on 28 January 2012
5184:A third example is the liberty ship
4952:from the original on 4 December 2008
4624:from the original on 8 February 2012
4581:Stewart, Cameron (30 October 2011).
4266:. Hoover Institution Press. p.
4257:
4166:
4109:
4010:Smith, William E. (27 August 1984).
3895:from the original on 18 October 2008
3860:from the original on 18 October 2008
3825:from the original on 29 January 2021
3636:
3618:from the original on 15 October 2022
3590:. The Scarecrow Press. p. 238.
3100:from the original on 7 November 2020
2692:
2311:, to reduce magnetic signature, and
2222:
1326:containing a glass vial filled with
633:during both the Crimean War and the
88:, and unlike purpose launched naval
6016:from the original on 29 August 2009
5400:from the original on 5 October 2011
4654:from the original on 31 August 2021
4571:. Fas.org. Retrieved on 2010-12-02.
4065:from the original on 4 January 2010
3425:. Seaforth Publishing. p. 11.
3148:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 203–205.
2845:Weight: 909 kg (2,004 lb)
2759:MK 62 Quick Strike deployed from a
2745:Weight: 754 kg (1,662 lb)
2367:Some ships are built with magnetic
2159:German Mine Sweeping Administration
1766:, code-named Fido, was actually an
1692:
1589:Modern influence mines such as the
1573:sounds from a particular design of
345:
24:
6225:Naval weapons of the United States
5911:
5482:. Wwiivehicles.com. Archived from
5303:Cudahy, E & Parvin, S (2001).
5284:from the original on 28 April 2010
5138:(in German), accessed: 9 June 2008
4703:"Type 918 (Wolei Class) Minelayer"
4532:"Russian UDM-E Bottom Cylindrical"
4235:. Mineman Memories. Archived from
4148:from the original on 24 March 2020
4122:from the original on 30 April 2011
3754:. 24 November 2009. Archived from
3317:
2340:(more correctly, de-oerstedted or
2270:
1683:
1496:
25:
6256:
6030:
5630:Jane's Underwater Warfare Systems
5534:from the original on 4 March 2016
5388:Tempest, Mark (4 November 2007).
5366:from the original on 26 June 2017
4823:from the original on 16 June 2008
4743:from the original on 31 July 2019
4510:from the original on 9 March 2016
4478:from the original on 2 April 2015
4443:from the original on 2 April 2015
4408:from the original on 19 July 2016
4179:from the original on 8 April 2022
3071:from the original on 9 March 2016
2675:
2259:The resulting gas cavitation and
2152:Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
2002:
1762:acoustic and magnetic fuzes. The
1700:
1412:Moored contact mines with plummet
687:, Chinese forces in Taiwan under
143:, refitted ships, submarines, or
5890:
5871:
5852:
5700:
5674:
5644:
5618:
5592:
5563:. September 2003. Archived from
5272:Sang-Hun, Choe (25 April 2010).
5060:from the original on 16 May 2008
4209:from the original on 18 May 2022
4167:Saul, Jonathan (30 March 2022).
3337:
2733:Type: Submarine-laid bottom mine
2382:
2355:which saved time and resources.
2202:
2031:
1666:
1316:
1249:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1210:
753:planted a 50-mine minefield off
590:" refers to a minefield laid at
114:detonated by complex electronic
5938:Hewitt, James Terrance (1998).
5822:. London: Imperial War Museum.
5579:
5547:
5468:
5442:
5412:
5352:
5296:
5265:
5229:
5171:
5156:
5141:
5122:
5097:
5072:
5046:
5021:
4989:
4964:
4934:
4890:
4876:. Greenwood. pp. 129–130.
4865:
4835:
4805:
4780:
4755:
4725:
4695:
4636:
4605:
4574:
4555:
4523:
4491:
4389:
4364:
4340:
4314:
4284:
4251:
4191:
4160:
4134:
4103:
4077:
4051:
4042:
4003:
3991:from the original on 1 May 2015
3976:
3963:
3881:
3872:
3846:
3837:
3811:
3802:
3770:
3740:
3704:
3669:
3630:
3604:
3547:
3526:
3462:
3412:
3367:
3346:
3302:
3254:
3229:
3196:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 199.
3187:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 205.
2833:Type: Aircraft laid moored mine
2592:
2564:U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program
2250:
2212:on its outer hull surface (the
1966:
1941:Arctic convoy route to Murmansk
1796:
1749:
1708:
1674:
1654:
1636:
1348:
1193:port in 1984 in support of the
1087:
841:
520:, a name probably conferred by
505:. Despite their high cost (100
503:Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov
5522:Garrold, Tim (December 1998).
5426:. Charles Lees. Archived from
4530:Garrold, Tim (December 1998).
4498:Garrold, Tim (December 1998).
4466:Garrold, Tim (December 1998).
4431:Garrold, Tim (December 1998).
4396:Garrold, Tim (December 1998).
3682:. R. Rosen Press. p. 95.
3637:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2009).
3240:. Bracken Books. p. 161.
3199:
3151:
3082:
3059:Paul O'Mahony (16 June 2009),
3052:
3026:
2519:
2134:anti-shipping submarine effort
1830:
1787:Submarine Launched Mobile Mine
1776:
1736:
1205:International Court of Justice
898:The towed, electric cables of
719:from sending ships to attack.
612:Engineer School of Application
501:with the Russian head of navy
134:
13:
1:
6126:Can Mines Conqueror Sea Power
5816:In Trust for the Nation: HMS
5632:. Janes.com. 8 September 2011
4371:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015).
3352:Schiffer, Michael B. (2008).
3264:Oceanography and Mine Warfare
3136:United States Naval Institute
3046:United States Naval Institute
3014:
2855:
2016:and the German naval base at
1923:Aerial mining in World War II
1821:
1785:One such design is the Mk 67
1606:high-value target such as an
1223:naval mines severely damaged
774:Hague Peace Conference (1907)
635:Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
412:fortress, British steamships
5940:Desert Sailor: A War of Mine
5311:. NSMRL-1218. Archived from
4897:Ziegler, Charles A. (1995).
3019:
2868:However, a British company (
2842:Depth Range: Moderate depths
2309:low magnetic electric motors
2279:A bottlenose dolphin of the
879:, and along the U.S. coast.
608:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
450:of 1853–1856. The mining of
332:American War of Independence
300:in 1574. The Dutch inventor
216:
60:An explosion of a naval mine
7:
6105:(archived 12 November 2011)
6037:Manual for submarine mining
5841:. Profile Publications Ltd.
5777:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
5757:Winston Churchill's Toyshop
5104:Youngblood, Norman (2006).
5028:Youngblood, Norman (2006).
4971:Youngblood, Norman (2006).
4872:Youngblood, Norman (2006).
4762:Youngblood, Norman (2006).
4296:victoriancollections.net.au
4118:. Unofficial US Navy Site.
3374:Youngblood, Norman (2006).
2920:
2697:
2334:A steel-hulled ship can be
1894:Submarines – launched from
1305:-torpedo mine/CAPTOR mine,
1297:-moored mine (short wire),
691:took measures to reinforce
571:, foundered in 1862 in the
10:
6261:
6245:American Civil War weapons
6075:(archived 3 November 2013)
6073:List of various mine types
6061:Development of Minewarfare
6057:(archived 6 December 2008)
5962:Peniston, Bradley (2006).
5723:
5652:"General Mine Information"
5420:"Mine Sweeping Operations"
5108:. Greenwood. p. 141.
5032:. Greenwood. p. 139.
4975:. Greenwood. p. 138.
4766:. Greenwood. p. 127.
4014:. Time.com. Archived from
3676:MacCloskey, Monro (1969).
3419:Nicholson, Arthur (2015).
3158:Asiapac Editorial (2007).
2972:Royal Naval Patrol Service
2808:Depth Range: Shallow water
2742:Depth Range: Shallow water
2427:
2420:after striking a mine off
2182:which hit a minefield off
2141:Clearing WWII aerial mines
2085:Royal Australian Air Force
1933:
1926:
1807:Seabed Arms Control Treaty
1744:Te-1 rocket propelled mine
1583:electronic countermeasures
1352:
1293:-moored mine (long wire),
1247:In the first month of the
1200:Nicaragua v. United States
946:, magnetic mine exploder,
788:Endicott and Taft Programs
384:In 1812, Russian engineer
211:
200:, specifically the Eighth
29:
6170:"Mines Are Dirty Tricks"
5996:Wise, Harold Lee (2007).
5682:"Hansard Written Answers"
5626:"Pressure sweep (Sweden)"
5079:Levie, Howard S. (1992).
4787:Levie, Howard S. (1992).
4679:. Sei Spa. Archived from
4583:"Australian Mine Warfare"
3236:Robert Routledge (1989).
2814:Explosives: Various loads
2328:SQQ-32 Mine-hunting sonar
2315:propellers, to limit the
2189:
1579:digital signal processing
1521:when it comes within the
1480:remotely controlled mines
1462:Remotely controlled mines
1381:laid in Australian waters
715:, to prevent the western
454:led to the world's first
354:Infernal machines in the
306:King Charles I of England
6084:18 December 2014 at the
6066:8 September 2019 at the
5773:Needham, Joseph (1986).
5585:Cousteau, Jacques Yves.
5083:. Springer. p. 89.
4942:"National Park Service.
4901:. Praeger. p. 118.
4791:. Springer. p. 92.
4258:Tolf, Robert W. (1982).
2997:Stonefish influence mine
2558:Sea mammals (mainly the
1259:
1119:, mines have damaged 14
1035:lays naval mines in the
668:in front of the port of
289:described their use for
202:Hague Convention of 1907
110:Modern mines containing
5781:Tarle, Yevgeny (1944).
5452:. Merriam-webster.com.
4677:"MN103-MANTA Sea Mines"
4567:14 October 2015 at the
4059:"Reagan foreign policy"
3821:. Markchirnside.co.uk.
2872:) does manufacture the
2828:General characteristics
2794:General characteristics
2728:General characteristics
2361:special treatment steel
2302:Passive countermeasures
2077:China Burma India (CBI)
1849:(left), with U.S. Navy
1476:Board of Fortifications
1159:, wounding 10 sailors.
656:, the gunned transport
528:, which gives powerful
280:) treatise, written by
6235:Coastal fortifications
6205:Anti-submarine weapons
6200:Anti-submarine warfare
6114:28 August 2011 at the
6096:28 August 2011 at the
6048:4 October 2011 at the
5814:Wingate, John (2004).
5555:"Uncle Sam's Dolphins"
3612:"The Port-Hopping War"
3002:Operation Pocket Money
2866:
2763:
2683:sympathetic detonation
2609:
2542:
2425:
2404:
2375:Active countermeasures
2284:
2045:
1866:
1854:
1726:
1510:
1452:Operation Royal Marine
1429:Drifting contact mines
1421:
1384:
1379:A German contact mine
1310:
1172:Operation Intense Look
1112:
1043:
1029:The Finnish minelayer
951:
903:
856:
803:North Sea Mine Barrage
366:
323:
298:Elizabeth I of England
231:
167:
166:British Mk 14 sea mine
61:
44:
6177:15 April 2023 at the
6150:15 April 2023 at the
5905:in the United States.
5886:in the United States.
5867:in the United States.
5837:Smith, J. R. (1966).
5733:Warship International
5712:18 April 2009 at the
5222:16 March 2022 at the
5150:German Seaman 1939–45
4739:. The Ordnance Shop.
4733:"Aircraft-Laid Mines"
4707:Naval Forces: Vessels
3752:World Wide Inventions
2982:Mine planter (vessel)
2961:Destroyer minesweeper
2896:tail-fin section and
2862:
2758:
2617:actions at Mobile Bay
2608:used for minesweeping
2600:
2587:Jacques Yves Cousteau
2585:French naval officer
2527:
2447:in 1915, when mobile
2410:
2390:
2278:
2039:
2028:during World War II.
1974:Soviet Naval Aviation
1860:
1838:
1789:(which is based on a
1716:
1504:
1419:
1378:
1339:potassium perchlorate
1268:Types of naval mines:
1267:
1240:Houthi forces in the
1179:Reagan administration
1177:On the orders of the
1166:. The U.S. concluded
1095:
1050:ships (in particular
1028:
937:
897:
849:
627:Imperial Russian Navy
497:who had entered into
353:
318:
293:in the 14th century.
224:
183:psychological warfare
165:
59:
42:
6144:Mine Killers at Work
5560:Smithsonian Magazine
5148:Google book review:
2625:Imperial German Navy
2238:Baengnyeong incident
2148:Operation Starvation
2120:Operation Starvation
1875:Operation Starvation
1803:Operation Crossroads
1721:being loaded onto a
1631:anti-handling device
1450:Churchill promoted "
1371:Moored contact mines
584:Battle of Mobile Bay
487:British Baltic Fleet
310:Siege of La Rochelle
68:is a self-contained
6215:Area denial weapons
5759:. Roundwood Press.
5567:on 1 September 2007
5486:on 18 November 2011
5081:Mine Warfare at Sea
4843:"George Mellinger.
4789:Mine Warfare at Sea
4110:Doehring, Thoralf.
4061:. Ontheissues.org.
3790:on 8 September 2008
3065:The Local Europe AB
2987:Singer (naval mine)
2912:Modern mine warfare
2851:Date Deployed: 1966
2817:Date Deployed: 1983
2751:Date Deployed: 1987
2482:RAF Coastal Command
2445:Battle of Gallipoli
2351:, was developed by
2104:Grumman TBF Avenger
1997:Douglas Boston IIIs
1764:U.S. Mark 24 "mine"
1723:B-52 Stratofortress
1599:acoustic signatures
1563:acoustic signatures
1383:during World War II
1253:London P&I Club
1143:Bridgeton was mined
358:in 1861 during the
6240:Chinese inventions
6162:6 May 2023 at the
6132:6 May 2023 at the
6109:W.L.Clowes in 1855
5662:on 7 November 2006
5278:The New York Times
5134:2008-04-20 at the
4849:. J-aircraft.com.
4593:on 7 February 2011
4587:Naval Mine Warfare
4352:6 May 2023 at the
4018:on 29 October 2010
3758:on 3 November 2013
3470:Lambert, Andrew D.
2941:Corfu Channel case
2764:
2704:United States Navy
2621:American Civil War
2610:
2560:bottlenose dolphin
2543:
2536:-class minehunters
2506:self-sterilization
2486:Vickers Wellington
2426:
2405:
2353:Charles F. Goodeve
2317:acoustic signature
2285:
2178:in June 1945, and
2055:US Army Air Forces
2046:
2042:B-29 Superfortress
1963:could carry more.
1867:
1855:
1813:Daisy-chained mine
1727:
1511:
1422:
1385:
1311:
1121:United States Navy
1113:
1044:
957:Vickers Wellington
952:
940:Vickers Wellington
904:
857:
724:Russo-Japanese War
699:Early 20th century
642:War of the Pacific
603:Henry Larcom Abbot
562:American Civil War
398:United States Navy
390:electrical circuit
367:
360:American Civil War
324:
242:artillery officer
232:
208:and French coast.
172:asymmetric warfare
168:
62:
45:
6210:Anti-ship weapons
6195:Explosive weapons
6142:, November 1943,
6009:978-1-59114-970-5
5396:. Eaglespeak.us.
5009:on 25 August 2003
4500:"Influence Mines"
4382:978-0-9748167-3-9
4358:Popular Mechanics
4277:978-0-8179-6581-5
4144:. 11 March 2020.
3969:Parillo, Mark P.
3916:, pp. 34–35.
3544:, pp. 44–45.
3362:978-0-262-19582-9
3171:978-981-229-376-3
2693:National arsenals
2331:
2295:military dolphins
2223:Bubble jet effect
2216:Samuel B. Roberts
2089:Thomas C. Kinkaid
2073:Southwest Pacific
1839:Captured Iranian
1782:attacking phase.
1478:in 1885 included
1440:Battle of Jutland
1332:lead–acid battery
1149:Samuel B. Roberts
1100:Samuel B. Roberts
873:Mediterranean Sea
853:Hansestadt Danzig
732:struck them near
644:(1879-1883), the
555:Whitehead torpedo
542:used one to sink
436:Moritz von Jacobi
432:infernal machines
406:John Quincy Adams
302:Cornelius Drebbel
198:International law
57:
16:(Redirected from
6252:
6025:
6023:
6021:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5978:. Archived from
5953:
5933:
5894:
5893:
5875:
5874:
5856:
5855:
5842:
5833:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5790:
5770:
5748:
5717:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5596:
5590:
5587:The Silent World
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5551:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5519:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5385:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5356:
5350:
5340:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5252:
5241:
5233:
5227:
5210:
5197:
5186:Robert Dale Owen
5177:Elphick, Peter.
5175:
5169:
5162:Elphick, Peter.
5160:
5154:
5145:
5139:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5008:
5002:. Archived from
5001:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4924:
4913:
4912:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4713:on 9 August 2010
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4673:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4589:. Archived from
4578:
4572:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4463:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4428:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4368:
4362:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4324:. Archived from
4322:"Mines – Hormuz"
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4265:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4233:"Moored-contact"
4228:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4091:on 13 March 2013
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3980:
3974:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3947:
3946:Parillo, p. 201.
3944:
3935:
3934:Parillo, p. 200.
3932:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3789:
3783:. Archived from
3782:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3653:. Archived from
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3494:
3492:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3441:
3439:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3371:
3365:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3335:
3324:
3323:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3123:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3034:McDonald, Wesley
3030:
2768:MK65 Quickstrike
2325:
2026:European Theatre
1693:Oscillating mine
1608:aircraft carrier
1468:controlled mines
1436:Admiral Jellicoe
1289:-drifting mine,
1285:-drifting mine,
1242:Yemeni Civil War
1041:Continuation War
681:Keelung Campaign
677:Battle of Tamsui
485:), to deter the
371:Raid on Boulogne
346:The 19th century
320:David Bushnell’s
58:
21:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6185:
6184:
6179:Wayback Machine
6172:, February 1951
6164:Wayback Machine
6152:Wayback Machine
6140:Popular Science
6134:Wayback Machine
6122:Popular Science
6116:Wayback Machine
6098:Wayback Machine
6086:Wayback Machine
6068:Wayback Machine
6050:Wayback Machine
6033:
6019:
6017:
6010:
5985:
5983:
5982:on 12 July 2006
5976:
5950:
5930:
5914:
5912:Further reading
5909:
5891:
5872:
5853:
5830:
5804:
5802:
5793:
5767:
5726:
5721:
5720:
5714:Wayback Machine
5705:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5665:
5663:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5635:
5633:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5606:on 8 March 2012
5598:
5597:
5593:
5584:
5580:
5570:
5568:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5537:
5535:
5520:
5511:
5503:
5499:
5489:
5487:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5459:
5457:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5433:
5431:
5430:on 2 April 2009
5418:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5401:
5386:
5379:
5369:
5367:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5341:
5328:
5318:
5316:
5301:
5297:
5287:
5285:
5270:
5266:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5246:. 20 May 2010.
5239:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5224:Wayback Machine
5211:
5200:
5176:
5172:
5161:
5157:
5146:
5142:
5136:Wayback Machine
5127:
5123:
5116:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5077:
5073:
5063:
5061:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5026:
5022:
5012:
5010:
5006:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4969:
4965:
4955:
4953:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4926:
4925:
4916:
4909:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4854:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4826:
4824:
4819:. Rusnavy.com.
4811:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4785:
4781:
4774:
4760:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4714:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4686:
4684:
4683:on 16 July 2011
4675:
4674:
4667:
4657:
4655:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4627:
4625:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4594:
4579:
4575:
4569:Wayback Machine
4560:
4556:
4545:
4543:
4528:
4524:
4513:
4511:
4496:
4492:
4481:
4479:
4464:
4457:
4446:
4444:
4429:
4422:
4411:
4409:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4369:
4365:
4361:, December 1940
4354:Wayback Machine
4345:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4328:on 30 July 2019
4320:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4303:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4256:
4252:
4242:
4240:
4239:on 12 July 2012
4229:
4222:
4212:
4210:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4149:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3981:
3977:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3950:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3727:
3725:
3709:
3705:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3657:on 13 July 2010
3651:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3581:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3557:. 25 May 2016.
3553:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3467:
3463:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3417:
3413:
3400:
3398:
3388:
3372:
3368:
3351:
3347:
3336:
3327:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3124:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3096:. 19 May 2019.
3088:
3087:
3083:
3074:
3072:
3057:
3053:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
2923:
2914:
2858:
2826:
2825:
2771:
2770:
2722:Mark 37 torpedo
2718:
2717:
2700:
2695:
2678:
2633:Allied blockade
2595:
2522:
2432:
2385:
2377:
2324:
2313:Voith-Schneider
2304:
2273:
2271:Countermeasures
2253:
2240:, in which the
2225:
2205:
2192:
2180:Nathaniel Bacon
2143:
2118:In March 1945,
2065:B-24 Liberators
2034:
2022:Royal Air Force
2005:
1969:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1853:alongside. 1987
1833:
1824:
1815:
1799:
1791:Mark 37 torpedo
1779:
1752:
1739:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1686:
1684:Anti-sweep mine
1677:
1669:
1657:
1639:
1616:lithium battery
1550:microprocessors
1499:
1497:Influence mines
1464:
1431:
1414:
1373:
1357:
1351:
1319:
1301:-bottom mines,
1269:
1262:
1213:
1090:
1037:Gulf of Finland
1000:Queen Elizabeth
989:and the liners
977:degaussing coil
844:
822:the sister ship
705:Boxer Rebellion
701:
685:Sino-French War
679:(1884), in the
599:coastal defense
530:electric shocks
444:Gulf of Finland
348:
254:Chinese records
219:
214:
137:
112:high explosives
47:
35:
32:deep sea mining
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6258:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6183:
6182:
6166:
6154:
6136:
6124:, March 1940,
6118:
6106:
6100:
6088:
6076:
6070:
6058:
6052:
6040:
6032:
6031:External links
6029:
6028:
6027:
6008:
5993:
5974:
5959:
5948:
5935:
5928:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5888:
5869:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5834:
5828:
5811:
5791:
5783:Крымская война
5778:
5771:
5765:
5753:Macrae, Stuart
5749:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5699:
5673:
5643:
5617:
5591:
5578:
5546:
5509:
5497:
5467:
5441:
5411:
5377:
5351:
5326:
5315:on 3 July 2009
5295:
5264:
5228:
5198:
5170:
5155:
5140:
5121:
5114:
5096:
5089:
5071:
5045:
5038:
5020:
4988:
4981:
4963:
4933:
4930:. Diane. 1992.
4914:
4907:
4889:
4882:
4864:
4834:
4813:"Rusnavy.com.
4804:
4797:
4779:
4772:
4754:
4724:
4694:
4665:
4635:
4612:Jon Rabiroff.
4604:
4573:
4554:
4522:
4490:
4455:
4433:"World War II"
4420:
4388:
4381:
4363:
4339:
4313:
4283:
4276:
4250:
4220:
4205:. 5 May 2022.
4190:
4159:
4133:
4102:
4076:
4050:
4048:Gilbert, p.v5.
4041:
4039:Gilbert, p. 8.
4029:
4002:
3985:"Mine Warfare"
3975:
3962:
3960:Gilbert, p. 5.
3948:
3936:
3918:
3906:
3880:
3871:
3845:
3836:
3810:
3808:Gilbert, p. 4.
3801:
3769:
3739:
3703:
3688:
3668:
3650:978-0765623287
3649:
3629:
3603:
3596:
3572:
3546:
3534:
3525:
3484:
3461:
3431:
3411:
3386:
3366:
3345:
3325:
3322:. p. 161.
3310:
3301:
3273:
3253:
3246:
3228:
3198:
3189:
3177:
3170:
3150:
3141:
3111:
3081:
3051:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2766:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2713:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2677:
2676:Counter-mining
2674:
2594:
2591:
2521:
2518:
2468:Harvey torpedo
2428:Main article:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2303:
2300:
2272:
2269:
2252:
2249:
2224:
2221:
2204:
2201:
2191:
2188:
2172:Pierre Gibault
2142:
2139:
2125:Fumimaro Konoe
2033:
2030:
2012:, the port of
2004:
2003:United Kingdom
2001:
1986:Ilyushin DB-3s
1968:
1965:
1961:Heinkel He 111
1945:Heinkel He 115
1935:
1932:
1929:Parachute mine
1924:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1798:
1795:
1778:
1775:
1771:homing torpedo
1756:Mark 60 CAPTOR
1751:
1748:
1738:
1735:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1701:Ascending mine
1699:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1656:
1653:
1638:
1635:
1569:powerplant or
1498:
1495:
1463:
1460:
1430:
1427:
1413:
1410:
1372:
1369:
1353:Main article:
1350:
1347:
1318:
1315:
1261:
1258:
1212:
1209:
1089:
1086:
942:fitted with a
924:magnetic field
843:
840:
738:Stepan Makarov
700:
697:
650:Manuel Cuadros
580:David Farragut
507:Russian rubles
495:Immanuel Nobel
440:Immanuel Nobel
434:, designed by
400:and President
386:Pavel Shilling
347:
344:
340:Delaware River
328:David Bushnell
273:Tiangong Kaiwu
236:Imperial China
218:
215:
213:
210:
136:
133:
82:anti-personnel
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6257:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6230:Naval weapons
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5994:
5981:
5977:
5975:1-59114-661-5
5971:
5967:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5951:
5949:1-896551-17-3
5945:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5929:0-87021-753-4
5925:
5921:
5916:
5915:
5906:
5904:
5903:public domain
5898:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5884:public domain
5879:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5865:public domain
5860:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5831:
5829:1-901623-72-6
5825:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5766:0-900093-22-6
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5728:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5703:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5588:
5582:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5550:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5507:, p. 16.
5506:
5501:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5384:
5382:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5348:0-309-51587-4
5345:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5299:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5268:
5249:
5245:
5238:
5232:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5181:
5174:
5168:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5125:
5117:
5115:0-275-98419-2
5111:
5107:
5100:
5092:
5090:0-7923-1526-X
5086:
5082:
5075:
5059:
5056:. Anesi.com.
5055:
5049:
5041:
5039:0-275-98419-2
5035:
5031:
5024:
5005:
4998:
4992:
4984:
4982:0-275-98419-2
4978:
4974:
4967:
4951:
4947:
4946:. Appendices"
4945:
4937:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4910:
4908:0-275-95049-2
4904:
4900:
4893:
4885:
4883:0-275-98419-2
4879:
4875:
4868:
4852:
4848:
4846:
4838:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4808:
4800:
4798:0-7923-1526-X
4794:
4790:
4783:
4775:
4773:0-275-98419-2
4769:
4765:
4758:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4460:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4425:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4398:"Title Slide"
4392:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4279:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4254:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4225:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4106:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4034:
4017:
4013:
4006:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3966:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3915:
3910:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3875:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3840:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3805:
3786:
3779:
3773:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3735:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3707:
3691:
3689:9780823901456
3685:
3681:
3680:
3672:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3633:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3599:
3597:0-8108-4927-5
3593:
3589:
3585:
3584:Kowner, Rotem
3579:
3577:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3517:on the 20th.
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3487:
3485:9781409410119
3481:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3434:
3432:9781848322356
3428:
3424:
3423:
3415:
3408:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3387:9780275984199
3383:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3342:. p. 80.
3341:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3321:
3320:Robert Fulton
3314:
3305:
3297:
3291:
3276:
3274:0-309-06798-7
3270:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3247:1-85170-267-9
3243:
3239:
3232:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3193:
3184:
3182:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2928:Bomb disposal
2926:
2925:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2690:
2688:
2687:Grand Harbour
2684:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:(such as the
2664:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2580:Umm Qasr Port
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2480:During WWII,
2478:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2383:Mine sweeping
2380:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2282:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2230:shaped charge
2220:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2209:fragmentation
2203:Direct damage
2200:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2184:Civitavecchia
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:liberty ships
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:PBY Catalinas
2066:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2038:
2032:United States
2029:
2027:
2024:(RAF) in the
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:Junkers Ju 88
1954:
1953:Dornier Do 18
1950:
1949:Heinkel He 59
1946:
1942:
1930:
1920:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1896:torpedo tubes
1893:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1851:landing craft
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1667:Unusual mines
1664:
1661:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:self-destruct
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:BAE Stonefish
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1554:magnetometers
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:range of the
1524:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:Robert Fulton
1469:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1426:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1382:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1328:sulfuric acid
1323:
1317:Contact mines
1314:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:-underwater,
1272:
1266:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1211:Post Cold War
1208:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1157:shipping lane
1155:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1132:Iran–Iraq War
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1002:
1001:
995:
994:
988:
987:
982:
978:
973:
971:
965:
963:
958:
949:
945:
941:
936:
932:
930:
925:
921:
916:
915:
909:
901:
896:
892:
890:
884:
880:
878:
877:Caribbean Sea
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
854:
848:
839:
837:
836:
830:
829:
823:
819:
815:
814:
808:
807:hospital ship
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
784:
782:
781:nitroglycerin
777:
775:
770:
768:
767:
762:
761:
756:
752:
751:
747:
743:
742:Japanese Navy
739:
735:
731:
730:
729:Petropavlovsk
725:
720:
718:
717:Allied forces
714:
710:
706:
696:
694:
690:
689:Liu Mingchuan
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
666:
661:
660:
655:
651:
647:
646:Peruvian Navy
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
578:
574:
570:
569:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
547:
541:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:Robert Fulton
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:galvanic cell
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:
418:
417:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
375:Robert Fulton
372:
365:
361:
357:
356:Potomac River
352:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
321:
317:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
283:
282:Song Yingxing
279:
275:
274:
269:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
237:
230:
229:
223:
209:
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199:
195:
192:
186:
184:
179:
177:
173:
164:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
100:
98:
93:
91:
90:depth charges
87:
83:
80:. Similar to
79:
75:
74:surface ships
71:
67:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6169:
6143:
6139:
6125:
6121:
6018:. Retrieved
5998:
5984:. Retrieved
5980:the original
5964:
5955:
5939:
5919:
5900:
5896:
5881:
5877:
5862:
5858:
5838:
5819:
5815:
5803:. Retrieved
5786:
5782:
5774:
5756:
5739:(2): 95–99.
5736:
5732:
5702:
5690:. Retrieved
5676:
5664:. Retrieved
5660:the original
5656:Mine History
5655:
5646:
5634:. Retrieved
5629:
5620:
5608:. Retrieved
5604:the original
5594:
5586:
5581:
5569:. Retrieved
5565:the original
5558:
5549:
5536:. Retrieved
5527:
5500:
5488:. Retrieved
5484:the original
5479:
5470:
5458:. Retrieved
5444:
5432:. Retrieved
5428:the original
5424:Minesweeping
5423:
5414:
5402:. Retrieved
5393:
5368:. Retrieved
5360:"Degaussing"
5354:
5317:. Retrieved
5313:the original
5308:
5298:
5286:. Retrieved
5277:
5267:
5255:. Retrieved
5243:
5231:
5214:
5194:Adriatic Sea
5189:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5164:
5158:
5149:
5143:
5124:
5105:
5099:
5080:
5074:
5062:. Retrieved
5048:
5029:
5023:
5011:. Retrieved
5004:the original
4991:
4972:
4966:
4954:. Retrieved
4943:
4936:
4927:
4898:
4892:
4873:
4867:
4855:. Retrieved
4844:
4837:
4825:. Retrieved
4814:
4807:
4788:
4782:
4763:
4757:
4745:. Retrieved
4736:
4727:
4715:. Retrieved
4711:the original
4706:
4697:
4685:. Retrieved
4681:the original
4656:. Retrieved
4647:
4638:
4626:. Retrieved
4617:
4607:
4595:. Retrieved
4591:the original
4586:
4576:
4557:
4544:. Retrieved
4535:
4525:
4512:. Retrieved
4503:
4493:
4480:. Retrieved
4471:
4445:. Retrieved
4436:
4410:. Retrieved
4401:
4391:
4372:
4366:
4356:
4342:
4330:. Retrieved
4326:the original
4316:
4304:. Retrieved
4295:
4286:
4261:
4253:
4241:. Retrieved
4237:the original
4211:. Retrieved
4202:
4193:
4181:. Retrieved
4172:
4162:
4150:. Retrieved
4136:
4124:. Retrieved
4113:
4105:
4093:. Retrieved
4089:the original
4079:
4067:. Retrieved
4053:
4044:
4020:. Retrieved
4016:the original
4005:
3993:. Retrieved
3978:
3970:
3965:
3914:Wingate 2004
3909:
3897:. Retrieved
3883:
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3848:
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3813:
3804:
3792:. Retrieved
3785:the original
3772:
3760:. Retrieved
3756:the original
3751:
3742:
3733:
3726:. Retrieved
3713:
3706:
3693:. Retrieved
3678:
3671:
3659:. Retrieved
3655:the original
3639:
3632:
3620:. Retrieved
3606:
3587:
3565:11 September
3563:. Retrieved
3549:
3537:
3528:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3489:. Retrieved
3474:
3464:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3436:. Retrieved
3421:
3414:
3406:
3399:. Retrieved
3376:
3369:
3353:
3348:
3339:
3319:
3313:
3304:
3278:. Retrieved
3263:
3256:
3237:
3231:
3219:. Retrieved
3210:
3201:
3192:
3160:
3153:
3144:
3131:
3127:
3102:. Retrieved
3093:
3084:
3073:, retrieved
3064:
3054:
3041:
3037:
3028:
3008:George Gosse
2977:Shock factor
2934:
2915:
2878:computerised
2867:
2863:
2859:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2793:
2792:
2767:
2765:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2712:
2701:
2679:
2667:
2660:
2655:Sperrbrecher
2654:
2651:Sperrbrecher
2650:
2647:Sperrbrecher
2646:
2643:World War II
2638:Sperrbrecher
2636:
2611:
2604:ROVs of the
2593:Mine running
2584:
2568:Persian Gulf
2557:
2544:
2533:
2528:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2491:Minensuch(e)
2490:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2457:
2453:
2437:minesweepers
2433:
2430:Minesweeping
2416:
2401:minesweeping
2378:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2346:
2335:
2333:
2305:
2286:
2258:
2254:
2251:Shock effect
2243:
2235:
2226:
2215:
2206:
2196:shock factor
2193:
2179:
2171:
2164:Kriegsmarine
2162:
2156:
2144:
2117:
2101:
2093:
2081:Yangon River
2063:
2059:Curtis LeMay
2051:home islands
2047:
2006:
1984:, including
1970:
1967:Soviet Union
1937:
1913:
1883:
1879:
1868:
1863:Persian Gulf
1844:
1825:
1816:
1800:
1797:Nuclear mine
1784:
1780:
1760:computerised
1753:
1750:Torpedo mine
1740:
1728:
1709:Homing mines
1704:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1675:Bouquet mine
1670:
1662:
1658:
1655:Bottom mines
1640:
1637:Moored mines
1604:
1595:computerised
1588:
1543:
1512:
1484:
1465:
1449:
1445:
1432:
1423:
1395:
1386:
1358:
1349:Limpet mines
1343:
1336:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1309:-rising mine
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:-submarine.
1278:
1274:
1270:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1214:
1198:
1176:
1171:
1161:
1154:Persian Gulf
1148:
1140:
1136:Persian Gulf
1129:
1117:World War II
1114:
1099:
1088:Cold War era
1083:
1079:
1064:
1060:
1052:minesweepers
1045:
1032:Ruotsinsalmi
1030:
1009:
1006:The cruiser
1005:
999:
992:
985:
976:
974:
966:
953:
943:
913:
908:Shoeburyness
905:
899:
885:
881:
861:World War II
858:
852:
842:World War II
834:
827:
817:
812:
796:
785:
778:
771:
765:
759:
749:
728:
721:
702:
674:
663:
657:
639:
631:Ottoman Navy
624:
596:
577:Rear Admiral
567:
559:
545:
539:H. L. Hunley
538:
534:spar torpedo
526:torpedo fish
515:
491:Fyodor Litke
471:black powder
460:
456:minesweeping
451:
431:
427:
422:
415:
383:
368:
362:, sketch by
325:
295:
277:
271:
257:
247:
240:Ming dynasty
233:
226:
196:
191:trade routes
187:
180:
176:World War II
169:
138:
124:Minesweeping
109:
101:
94:
65:
63:
36:
6220:Naval mines
5986:31 December
5847:Attribution
5805:19 February
5787:Crimean War
5692:5 September
5666:31 December
5636:31 December
5610:31 December
5571:31 December
5538:31 December
5490:31 December
5460:31 December
5434:31 December
5404:31 December
5013:31 December
4747:31 December
4717:31 December
4687:31 December
4648:man.fas.org
4597:31 December
4546:31 December
4514:31 December
4482:31 December
4468:"Mechanism"
4447:31 December
4412:31 December
4243:31 December
4203:India Today
4126:31 December
3995:31 December
3728:19 February
3695:19 February
3280:31 December
3211:BBC History
3128:Proceedings
3104:18 November
3038:Proceedings
2951:Minesweeper
2894:aerodynamic
2870:BAE Systems
2708:MK60 CAPTOR
2629:World War I
2619:during the
2606:German Navy
2576:booby traps
2570:during the
2548:minehunters
2540:German Navy
2534:Frankenthal
2520:Minehunting
2412:Minesweeper
2261:shock-front
1831:Mine laying
1777:Mobile mine
1737:Rocket mine
1719:CAPTOR mine
1644:area denial
1567:gas turbine
1558:hydrophones
1546:transistors
1355:Limpet mine
1215:During the
1130:During the
1039:during the
799:World War I
755:Port Arthur
734:Port Arthur
711:before the
703:During the
675:During the
640:During the
616:Fort Totten
594:, Alabama.
573:Yazoo River
463:Jacobi mine
448:Crimean War
446:during the
394:Samuel Colt
364:Alfred Waud
249:Huolongjing
228:Huolongjing
135:Description
128:minesweeper
6189:Categories
5505:Smith 1966
5394:EagleSpeak
5257:27 January
5188:, renamed
4332:26 October
4306:26 October
3829:16 January
3794:10 October
3721:. p.
3622:15 October
3542:Tarle 1944
3497:On 9 June
3491:31 January
3438:31 January
3401:31 January
3015:References
2933:HMHS
2904:explosive
2887:and water
2856:Royal Navy
2777:fitted to
2614:Farragut's
2529:Pinguin B3
2422:Utah Beach
2326:(See also
2290:degaussing
2010:Elbe River
1994:Lend-Lease
1978:Baltic Sea
1927:See also:
1841:mine layer
1822:Dummy mine
1612:oil tanker
1571:cavitation
1533:, passive
1515:electronic
1125:Korean War
1109:Dubai, UAE
993:Queen Mary
970:degaussing
962:Suez Canal
929:milligauss
831:, and the
811:HMHS
713:Dagu forts
586:in 1864, "
551:Royal Navy
546:Housatonic
524:after the
402:John Tyler
392:. In 1842
291:land mines
268:Qi Jiguang
266:. General
141:minelayers
86:land mines
84:and other
78:submarines
66:naval mine
18:Naval Mine
5820:1939–1972
5745:0043-0374
5370:1 October
5182:, p. 108.
5167:, p. 309.
4658:31 August
4114:Princeton
3762:12 August
3396:1556-4924
3340:Trafalgar
3290:cite book
3020:Citations
2956:Minelayer
2946:Land mine
2935:Britannic
2898:parachute
2874:Stonefish
2761:P-3 Orion
2415:USS
2369:inductors
2337:degaussed
2214:USS
1982:Black Sea
1575:propeller
1548:and then
1537:or water
1507:Luftwaffe
1277:-bottom,
1232:USS
1227:Princeton
1225:USS
1187:Nicaragua
1147:USS
1098:USS
1067:Hiroshima
1008:HMS
998:RMS
991:RMS
986:Ark Royal
984:HMS
912:HMS
889:Churchill
875:, in the
833:RMS
818:Britannic
813:Britannic
794:onshore.
792:casemates
746:minelayer
709:Hai River
665:Covadonga
566:USS
544:USS
518:torpedoes
499:collusion
483:Kronstadt
479:Alexander
442:, in the
421:HMS
414:HMS
410:Kronstadt
379:fireships
369:The 1804
336:gunpowder
326:American
312:in 1627.
217:Early use
206:North Sea
120:gunpowder
105:time fuze
70:explosive
6175:Archived
6160:Archived
6148:Archived
6130:Archived
6112:Archived
6094:Archived
6082:Archived
6064:Archived
6046:Archived
6020:27 April
6014:Archived
5799:Archived
5755:(1971).
5710:Archived
5686:Archived
5532:Archived
5454:Archived
5398:Archived
5364:Archived
5319:22 March
5288:25 April
5282:Archived
5248:Archived
5244:BBC News
5220:Archived
5190:Kalliopi
5132:Archived
5058:Archived
4950:Archived
4851:Archived
4821:Archived
4741:Archived
4652:Archived
4622:Archived
4565:Archived
4540:Archived
4508:Archived
4476:Archived
4441:Archived
4406:Archived
4350:Archived
4300:Archived
4207:Archived
4177:Archived
4152:12 March
4146:Archived
4120:Archived
4116:(CG 59)"
4063:Archived
3989:Archived
3893:Archived
3858:Archived
3823:Archived
3661:24 April
3616:Archived
3586:(2006).
3559:Archived
3472:(1990).
3318:Philip.
3215:Archived
3138:: 58–62.
3098:Archived
3094:BBC News
3069:archived
2921:See also
2889:pressure
2885:magnetic
2698:US mines
2572:Iraq War
2464:paravane
2449:howitzer
2441:trawlers
2342:depermed
2096:Haiphong
2075:and the
1980:and the
1846:Iran Ajr
1620:mu-metal
1565:(e.g. a
1539:pressure
1535:acoustic
1531:magnetic
1519:detonate
1390:littoral
1217:Gulf War
1105:dry dock
1077:by 90%.
1075:Yokohama
948:Ismailia
900:Double-L
511:Lisy Nos
426:and HMS
145:aircraft
5956:Tripoli
5818:Belfast
5797:. BBC.
5724:Sources
5180:Liberty
5165:Liberty
4944:Peleliu
4847:(2001)"
4618:Stripes
4183:8 April
4173:Reuters
3899:10 July
3519:Vulture
3511:D'Assas
3507:Firefly
3450:Firefly
3221:5 March
3075:8 March
2906:warhead
2668:Seehund
2627:during
2602:Seehund
2538:of the
2460:oropesa
2399:tows a
2244:Cheonan
2176:Kythira
1934:Germany
1916:lanyard
1871:U-boats
1725:in 1989
1527:warhead
1365:mollusk
1234:Tripoli
1195:Contras
1191:Sandino
1164:Red Sea
1020:Dunkirk
1010:Belfast
981:carrier
950:, Egypt
859:During
835:Olympic
828:Titanic
824:of the
797:During
766:Yashima
760:Hatsuse
683:of the
670:Chancay
438:and by
428:Firefly
423:Vulture
287:Jiao Yu
244:Jiao Yu
212:History
157:torpedo
149:warhead
97:harbour
6006:
5972:
5946:
5926:
5895:
5876:
5857:
5826:
5763:
5743:
5346:
5112:
5087:
5064:7 July
5036:
4979:
4956:24 May
4905:
4880:
4857:7 July
4827:7 July
4795:
4770:
4628:7 July
4379:
4274:
4213:18 May
4095:7 July
4069:7 July
4022:7 July
3864:9 July
3686:
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