640:
679:
wave is a result of the cyclical expansion and contraction of the gas bubble and will bend the submarine back and forth and cause catastrophic hull breach, in a way that can be likened to bending a plastic ruler rapidly back and forth until it snaps. Up to sixteen cycles of secondary shock waves have been recorded in tests. The effect of the secondary shock wave can be reinforced if another depth charge detonates on the other side of the hull in close time proximity to the first detonation, which is why depth charges are normally launched in pairs with different pre-set detonation depths.
1371:, 388 (Court of Customs and Patent Appeals April 15, 1931) ("Meanwhile, however, the Naval Torpedo Station at Newport had developed a type of hydrostatically operated depth charge, which appeared at least the equal of even the latest British design. This firing mechanism was mainly the work of the Bureau's engineer of mines and explosives, Mr. C. T. Minkler. ... The American and British depth charges differ in several main particulars. Ours fires by means of hydrostatic pressure, while the British utilize the seepage principle also.").
360:
161:
279:
2280:
419:
348:
687:) would normally have a killing radius (resulting in a hull breach) of only 10–13 ft (3–4 m) against a conventional 1000-ton submarine, while the disablement radius (where the submarine is not sunk but is put out of commission) would be approximately 26–33 ft (8–10 m). A larger payload increases the radius only slightly because the effect of an underwater explosion decreases as the cube of the distance to the target.
667:
moving away from the gas bubble will create a gaseous void of lower pressure than the surrounding water. Surrounding water pressure then collapses the gas bubble with inward momentum causing excess pressure within the gas bubble. Re-expansion of the gas bubble then propagates another potentially damaging shock wave. Cyclical expansion and contraction can continue for several seconds until the gas bubble vents to the atmosphere.
113:
466:
271:(15 m) increments, from 50 to 200 ft (15 to 61 m). Even slower ships could safely use the Type D at below 100 ft (30 m) and at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph) or more, so the relatively ineffective Type D* was withdrawn. Monthly use of depth charges increased from 100 to 300 per month during 1917 to an average of 1745 per month during the last six months of
1029:, p. 397 May stated publicly that American submarines had a high survival rate in combat with Japanese destroyers because Japanese depth charges were fuzed to explode at too shallow a depth. Admiral Edwards Lockwood wrote, "I hear ... Congressman May ... said the Jap depth charges ... are not set deep enough. ... He would be pleased to know the Japs set'em deeper now."
297:
Cast iron weights of 150 lb (68 kg) were attached to the Mark VII at the end of 1940 to increase sinking velocity to 16.8 ft/s (5.1 m/s). New hydrostatic pistols increased the maximum detonation depth to 900 ft (270 m). The Mark VII's 290 lb (130 kg) amatol charge was estimated to be capable of splitting a
500:) to detect submerged submarines. However, to deliver its depth charges a ship had to pass over the contact to drop them over the stern; sonar contact would be lost just before attack, rendering the hunter blind at the crucial moment. This gave a skilful submarine commander an opportunity to take evasive action. In 1942 the forward-throwing
550:. The congressman, who had just returned from the Pacific theater where he had received confidential intelligence and operational briefings from the US Navy, revealed at a press conference that there were deficiencies in Japanese depth-charge tactics. After various press associations reported the depth issue, the
520:, Japanese depth charge attacks were initially unsuccessful because they were unaware that the latest United States Navy submarines could dive so deep. Unless caught in shallow water, an American submarine could dive below the Japanese depth charge attack. The Japanese had used attack patterns based on the older
473:
The effective use of depth charges required the combined resources and skills of many individuals during an attack. Sonar, helm, depth charge crews and the movement of other ships had to be carefully coordinated. Aircraft depth charge tactics depended on the aircraft using its speed to rapidly appear
292:
The United States requested full working drawings of the device in March 1917. Having received them, Commander
Fullinwider of the U.S. Bureau of Naval Ordnance and U.S. Navy engineer Minkler made some modifications and then patented it in the U.S. It has been argued that this was done to avoid paying
674:
Very large depth charges, including nuclear weapons, may be detonated at sufficient depth to create multiple damaging shock waves. Such depth charges can also cause damage at longer distances, if reflected shock waves from the ocean floor or surface converge to amplify radial shock waves. Submarines
670:
Consequently, explosions where the depth charge is detonated at a shallow depth and the gas bubble vents into the atmosphere very soon after the detonation are quite ineffective, even though they are more dramatic and therefore preferred in movies. A sign of an effective detonation depth is that the
666:
This gas expansion propagates a shock wave. The density difference of the expanding gas bubble from the surrounding water causes the bubble to rise toward the surface. Unless the explosion is shallow enough to vent the gas bubble to the atmosphere during its initial expansion, the momentum of water
662:
The high explosive in a depth charge undergoes a rapid chemical reaction at an approximate rate of 26,000 ft/s (8,000 m/s). The gaseous products of that reaction momentarily occupy the volume previously occupied by the solid explosive, but at very high pressure. This pressure is the source
414:
The K-gun, standardized in 1942, replaced the Y-gun as the primary depth charge projector. The K-guns fired one depth charge at a time and could be mounted on the periphery of a ship's deck, thus freeing valuable centerline space. Four to eight K-guns were typically mounted per ship. The K-guns were
678:
The damage that an underwater explosion inflicts on a submarine comes from a primary and a secondary shock wave. The primary shock wave is the initial shock wave of the depth charge, and will cause damage to personnel and equipment inside the submarine if detonated close enough. The secondary shock
630:
when it was necessary to inform submarines of the other side that they had been detected but without actually launching an attack, low-power "signalling depth charges" (also called "practice depth charges") were sometimes used, powerful enough to be detected when no other means of communication was
430:
Depth charges could also be dropped from an aircraft against submarines. At the start of World War II, Britain's primary aerial anti-submarine weapon was the 100 lb (45 kg) anti-submarine bomb, but it was too light to be effective. To replace it, the Royal Navy's 450 lb (200 kg)
406:
pointing outboard, two depth charges were cradled on shuttles inserted into each arm. An explosive propellant charge was detonated in the vertical column of the Y-gun to propel a depth charge about 45 yd (41 m) over each side of the ship. The main disadvantage of the Y-gun was that it had
397:
created an improved version able to throw a charge 40 yd (37 m). The first was fitted in July 1917 and became operational in August. In all, 351 torpedo boat destroyers and 100 other craft were equipped. Projectors called "Y-guns" (in reference to their basic shape), developed by the U.S.
367:
The first delivery mechanism was to simply roll the "ashcans" off racks at the stern of the moving attacking vessel. Originally depth charges were simply placed at the top of a ramp and allowed to roll. Improved racks, which could hold several depth charges and release them remotely with a trigger,
326:
Although the explosions of the standard United States 600 lb (270 kg) Mark 4 and Mark 7 depth charge used in World War II were nerve-wracking to the target, a U-boat's pressure hull would not rupture unless the charge detonated within about 15 ft (5 m). Getting the weapon within
195:
pistol (developed in 1914 by Thomas Firth and Sons of
Sheffield) preset for 45 ft (14 m) firing, to be launched from a stern platform. Weighing 1,150 lb (520 kg), and effective at 100 ft (30 m), the "cruiser mine" was a potential hazard to the dropping ship. The design
322:
The teardrop-shaped United States Mark 9 depth charge entered service in the spring of 1943. The charge was 200 lb (91 kg) of Torpex with a sinking speed of 14.4 ft/s (4.4 m/s) and depth settings of up to 600 ft (180 m). Later versions increased depth to 1,000 ft
296:
The Royal Navy Type D depth charge was designated the "Mark VII" in 1939. Initial sinking speed was 7 ft/s (2.1 m/s) with a terminal velocity of 9.9 ft/s (3.0 m/s) at a depth of 250 ft (76 m) if rolled off the stern, or upon water contact from a depth charge thrower.
1692:
841:
327:
this range was a matter of luck and quite unlikely as the target took evasive action. Most U-boats sunk by depth charges were destroyed by damage accumulated from an extended barrage rather than by a single charge, and many survived hundreds of depth charges over a period of many hours, such as
179:
charge in a lanyarded can. Two of these lashed together became known as the "depth charge Type A". Problems with the lanyards tangling and failing to function led to the development of a chemical pellet trigger as the "Type B". These were effective at a distance of around 20 ft (6 m).
270:
Numbers of depth charges carried per ship increased to four in June 1917, to six in August, and 30–50 by 1918. The weight of charges and racks caused ship instability unless heavy guns and torpedo tubes were removed to compensate. Improved pistols allowed greater depth settings in 50 ft
27:
578:
mortars. These weapons threw a pattern of warheads ahead of the attacking vessel to bracket a submerged contact. The
Hedgehog was contact fuzed, while the Squid fired a pattern of three large, 440 lb (200 kg) depth charges with clockwork detonators. Later developments included the
223:
the charge. Initial depth settings were 40 or 80 ft (12 or 24 m). Because production could not keep up with demand, anti-submarine vessels initially carried only two depth charges, to be released from a chute at the stern of the ship. The first success was the sinking of
383:
for a single depth charge, but there do not seem to be any records of it being used in action. Specialized depth charge throwers were developed to generate a wider dispersal pattern when used in conjunction with rack-deployed charges. The first of these was developed from a
215:
was also used when TNT became scarce). There were initially two sizes—Type D, with a 300 lb (140 kg) charge for fast ships, and Type D* with a 120 lb (54 kg) charge for ships too slow to leave the danger area before the more powerful charge detonated.
318:
of older destroyers to achieve a sinking velocity of 21 ft/s (6.4 m/s). The launching ship needed to clear the area at 11 knots to avoid damage, and the charge was seldom used. Only 32 were actually fired, and they were known to be troublesome.
1751:
1912:
1806:
682:
The killing radius of a depth charge depends on the depth of detonation, the payload of the depth charge and the size and strength of the submarine hull. A depth charge of approximately 220 lb (100 kg) of TNT (400
1726:
1716:
1796:
431:
Mark VII depth charge was modified for aerial use by the addition of a streamlined nose fairing and stabilising fins on the tail; it entered service in 1941 as the Mark VII Airborne DC. Other designs followed in 1942.
1637:
1504:
1642:
275:. The Type D could be detonated as deep as 300 ft (90 m) by that date. By the war's end, 74,441 depth charges had been issued by the RN, and 16,451 fired, scoring 38 kills in all, and aiding in 140 more.
1552:
1985:
1776:
1582:
1990:
1975:
1607:
415:
often used together with stern racks to create patterns of six to ten charges. In all cases, the attacking ship needed to be moving fast enough to get out of the danger zone before the charges exploded.
1602:
1514:
1489:
1970:
1947:
1547:
1902:
1684:
1612:
1562:
1557:
1887:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1572:
1567:
663:
of the damage and is proportional to the explosive density and the square of the detonation velocity. A depth charge gas bubble expands to equalize with the pressure of the surrounding water.
1937:
1688:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1980:
1932:
1494:
391:. 1277 were issued, 174 installed in auxiliaries during 1917 and 1918. The bombs they launched were too light to be truly effective; only one U-boat is known to have been sunk by them.
469:
To be effective depth charges had to explode at the correct depth. To ensure this, a pattern of charges set to different depths would be laid atop the submarine's suspected position.
570:
For the reasons expressed above, the depth charge was generally replaced as an anti-submarine weapon. Initially, this was by ahead-throwing weapons such as the
British-developed
1736:
474:
from over the horizon and surprising the submarine on the surface (where it spent most of its time) during the day or night (at night using radar to detect the target and a
175:
The first attempt to fire charges against submerged targets was with aircraft bombs attached to lanyards which triggered them. A similar idea was a 16 lb (7.3 kg)
1882:
855:
493:
forces became particularly adept at depth charge tactics, and formed some of the first destroyer hunter-killer groups to actively seek out and destroy German U-boats.
307: in (22 mm) submarine pressure hull at a distance of 20 ft (6 m), and forcing the submarine to surface at twice that. The change of explosive to
132:
from a surface ship, or another submarine, located a safe distance away. By the late 1990s all nuclear anti-submarine weapons had been withdrawn from service by the
504:
mortar, which fired a spread salvo of bombs with contact fuzes at a "stand-off" distance while still in sonar contact, was introduced, and proved to be effective.
558:, commander of the U.S. submarine fleet in the Pacific, later estimated that May's ill-advised comments cost the US Navy as many as ten submarines and 800 seamen
1826:
1368:
453:
Later depth charges for dedicated aerial use were developed. These are still useful today and remain in use, particularly for shallow-water situations where a
1711:
1674:
1811:
1781:
1731:
1678:
1846:
1831:
1821:
1791:
1746:
879:
1836:
1761:
1741:
1721:
1841:
1816:
1771:
1756:
1801:
1509:
1133:
543:
1246:
Sea War II pilots in the sky: Marine
Aviation, the Finnish sea pilots stages of vv. 1918-39, the Winter and Continuation War, the battle flights
1995:
1892:
1786:
407:
to be mounted on the centerline of a ship's deck, which could otherwise be occupied by superstructure, masts, or guns. The first were built by
1089:
2334:
457:
may not be effective. Depth charges are especially useful for "flushing the prey" in the event of a diesel submarine hiding on the bottom.
2324:
1617:
1301:
1242:
Merilentäjät sodan taivaalla: meri-ilmailusta, suomalaisten merilentäjien vaiheista vv. 1918–39, talvi- ja jatkosodan taistelulennoista
1927:
1897:
1499:
1524:
478:
to illuminate it immediately before attacking), then quickly attacking once it had been located, as the submarine would normally
1647:
1063:
203:. The first effective depth charge, the Type D, became available in January 1916. It was a barrel-like casing containing a high
1766:
536:
30:
US World War II Mark IX depth charge. Streamlined and equipped with fins to impart rotation, allowing it to fall in a straight
1851:
1577:
1277:
152:. They have been replaced by conventional weapons whose accuracy and range had improved greatly as ASW technology improved.
1484:
836:, Fullinwider, Simon P. & Minkler, Chester T., "Horn Mine", published 1919-11-17, assigned to
639:
1952:
1942:
342:
314:
The
British Mark X depth charge weighed 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) and was launched from the 21 in (530 mm)
97:, and were one of the first viable methods of attacking a submarine underwater. They were widely used in World War I and
554:
began setting their depth charges to explode at a more effective average depth of 246 ft (75 m). Vice
Admiral
1907:
1297:
408:
1402:
1347:
1253:
1223:
1162:
1922:
1917:
1428:
402:
from the
Thornycroft thrower, became available in 1918. Mounted on the centerline of the ship with the arms of the
197:
2309:
2304:
1542:
1479:
521:
323:(300 m) and sinking speed to 22.7 ft/s (6.9 m/s) with increased weight and improved streamlining.
311:(or Minol) at the end of 1942 was estimated to increase those distances to 26 and 52 ft (8 and 16 m).
2147:
1534:
885:
675:
or surface ships may be damaged if operating in the convergence zones of their own depth charge detonations.
20:
66:
set to detonate the charge, typically at a specific depth from the surface. Depth charges can be dropped by
2152:
1703:
600:
2329:
1451:
1339:
2314:
2265:
2157:
1877:
1872:
1665:
833:
2192:
2015:
1446:
1441:
1115:
837:
372:. These racks remained in use throughout World War II because they were simple and easy to reload.
1466:
1436:
525:
490:
446:
contacted a navy friend to use
Finnish Navy depth charges from aircraft, which led to his unit's
34:
with less chance of drifting off target. This depth charge contained 200 lb (91 kg) of
2339:
2319:
2105:
551:
486:
369:
129:
47:
1286:
McKee, Fraser M. (January 1993), "An
Explosive Story: The Rise and Fall of the Depth Charge",
547:
2040:
2035:
2030:
1456:
1395:
1263:
1215:
1203:
1152:
643:
529:
352:
1474:
604:
8:
2085:
555:
434:
Experiencing the same problems as the RAF with ineffective anti-submarine bombs, Captain
2090:
2050:
2020:
1419:
1323:
700:
592:
399:
125:
2167:
2142:
2137:
2070:
2045:
1670:
1374:
1343:
1327:
1315:
1273:
1249:
1219:
1158:
655:
571:
501:
439:
105:, during which they were supplemented, and later largely replaced, by anti-submarine
71:
2283:
2222:
2187:
2177:
2110:
2065:
2060:
2025:
1519:
1388:
1305:
1288:
559:
423:
328:
165:
255:
on 20 April 1916. The only other submarines sunk by depth charge during 1916 were
2207:
2075:
1657:
359:
283:
238:
208:
160:
121:
83:
2227:
2182:
2172:
2132:
610:
Russia has also developed homing (but unpropelled) depth charges including the
575:
137:
106:
59:
599:
retains a depth charge labelled as Mk11 Mod 3, which can be deployed from its
54:
by detonating in the water near the target and subjecting it to a destructive
2298:
2260:
2250:
2197:
2120:
2100:
1962:
1319:
1269:
696:
671:
surface just slightly rises and only after a while vents into a water burst.
539:
388:
376:
188:
133:
101:, and remained part of the anti-submarine arsenals of many navies during the
2255:
2202:
2162:
1310:
710:
588:
580:
517:
385:
315:
243:
Germany became aware of the depth charge following unsuccessful attacks on
231:
128:". These were designed to be dropped from a patrol plane or deployed by an
98:
55:
699:, the specialized air-delivered depth charge–like bomb used for the RAF's
278:
196:
work was carried out by Herbert Taylor at the RN Torpedo and Mine School,
2095:
2080:
513:
475:
394:
272:
192:
116:
The Mk 101 Lulu was a US nuclear depth bomb operational from 1958 to 1972
94:
219:
A hydrostatic pistol actuated by water pressure at a pre-selected depth
183:
A 1913 Royal Navy Torpedo School report described a device intended for
705:
596:
479:
447:
418:
380:
379:
used for anti-submarine work during 1917 and 1918 had a thrower on the
87:
31:
347:
2055:
1375:
Depth Charges, Mark 6, Mark 6 Mod. 1, Mark 7, Mark 7, Mod. 1 - PART 2
684:
611:
435:
204:
176:
75:
51:
1091:
Written answer 4.5.2.5 (Type 26 Frigate) to Defence Select Committee
1861:
627:
615:
262:
256:
220:
184:
102:
112:
26:
2245:
2217:
2212:
2127:
1134:"PLANAF conducts live-fire exercise with new guided depth charge"
454:
250:
244:
225:
79:
1411:
654:
anti-submarine rocket, armed with a nuclear depth bomb, during
584:
443:
308:
235:
212:
145:
141:
35:
465:
651:
497:
450:
bombers being modified in early 1942 to carry depth charges.
149:
1232:
Jones, Charles R. (January 1978), "Weapons Effects Primer",
67:
63:
1380:
583:
acoustic homing torpedo (and later such weapons), and the
191:'s request, the standard Mark II mine was fitted with a
507:
881:
Inventor Of The Depth Charge Discovered At Explosion!
1087:
587:, which was armed with a nuclear depth charge. The
1200:Silent Victory: The US Submarine War against Japan
832:
333:, which survived 678 depth charges in April 1945.
351:Loading a drum-type Mark VII depth charge onto a
2296:
1116:"Anti-submarine rocket launcher system RPK-8 |"
282:Depth charge exploding after being released by
1248:] (in Finnish), Helsinki, Finland: Otava,
1178:
1176:
1174:
1396:
591:, United States and United Kingdom developed
532:(1943) could reach 400 ft (120 m).
1171:
528:of 200 ft (61 m); while the WWII
422:Depth bombs hung under the wings of an RAF
1403:
1389:
1302:North American Society for Oceanic History
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
1309:
1234:United States Naval Institute Proceedings
1069:. Fleet Air Arm Association. 21 June 2018
884:, Brighton, UK: Culture24, archived from
1377:illustration and operation of the pistol
1239:
1209:
1014:
949:
920:
877:
638:
634:
618:. China has also produced such weapons.
464:
417:
358:
346:
277:
159:
111:
25:
1333:
1261:
1108:
1038:
945:
943:
941:
899:
860:, Explosion – Museum of Naval Firepower
820:
776:
2297:
1157:. Macmillan Education UK. p. 43.
1088:Ministry of Defence (9 October 2014),
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
336:
1384:
1285:
1231:
1197:
1182:
1150:
1050:
1026:
1002:
990:
961:
932:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
797:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
751:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
728:
565:
1154:Leadership: Limits and Possibilities
938:
508:Pacific theater and the May Incident
234:, Ireland, on 22 March 1916, by the
93:Depth charges were developed during
2335:Naval weapons of the United Kingdom
967:
343:Anti-submarine unguided projectiles
13:
2325:Naval weapons of the United States
1298:Canadian Nautical Research Society
878:Prudames, David (20 August 2003),
803:
782:
757:
734:
496:Surface ships usually used ASDIC (
409:New London Ship and Engine Company
14:
2351:
1356:
857:Museum Discovers Unknown Inventor
50:(ASW) weapon designed to destroy
2279:
2278:
544:House Military Affairs Committee
522:United States S-class submarines
460:
187:, a "dropping mine". At Admiral
1144:
1126:
1081:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
955:
926:
631:possible, but not destructive.
535:This changed in June 1943 when
411:beginning on 24 November 1917.
1336:The U-Boat Offensive 1914-1945
1296:(1), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada:
1212:Naval Weapons of World War Two
1120:Catalog Rosoboronexport roe.ru
871:
848:
826:
722:
370:the end of the First World War
1:
1191:
120:A depth charge fitted with a
21:Depth charge (disambiguation)
621:
7:
1693:National Revolutionary Army
1410:
1340:Sterling Publishing Company
1151:Grint, Keith (2005-01-20).
690:
10:
2358:
1505:War of the Triple Alliance
363:Y-gun depth charge thrower
340:
155:
18:
2274:
2238:
2008:
1961:
1860:
1702:
1656:
1533:
1525:Pre-20th century firearms
1465:
1427:
1418:
58:. Most depth charges use
1913:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
1903:South African Border War
1685:Second Sino-Japanese War
1300:in association with the
1240:Karhunen, Joppe (1980),
1198:Blair, Clay Jr. (2001),
1064:"815 NAVAL AIR SQUADRON"
838:United States Government
716:
1893:Portuguese Colonial War
1334:Tarrant, V. E. (1989),
1210:Campbell, John (1985),
1202:, Annapolis, Maryland:
605:Merlin HM.2 helicopters
524:(1918–1925) that had a
368:were developed towards
293:the original inventor.
70:(typically fast, agile
2310:Anti-submarine weapons
2305:Anti-submarine warfare
2261:Civilian gun ownership
1311:10.25071/2561-5467.767
1262:Kershaw, Alex (2008),
659:
601:AgustaWestland Wildcat
552:Japanese Imperial Navy
530:Balao-class submarines
487:Battle of the Atlantic
470:
427:
364:
356:
289:
249:on 15 April 1916, and
172:
130:anti-submarine missile
117:
48:anti-submarine warfare
39:
1938:Nicaraguan Revolution
1888:Araguaia Guerilla War
1457:Early thermal weapons
1216:Naval Institute Press
1204:Naval Institute Press
642:
635:Underwater explosions
489:wore on, British and
468:
421:
362:
353:Flower-class corvette
350:
281:
163:
115:
29:
16:Anti-submarine weapon
1943:Salvadoran Civil War
1510:Spanish–American War
1485:American Indian Wars
1289:The Northern Mariner
1265:Escape from the Deep
888:on 29 September 2012
124:is also known as a "
19:For other uses, see
1996:Russo-Ukrainian War
1933:Dominican Civil War
1908:Cambodian Civil War
1869:First Indochina War
1369:48 F.2d 386
1140:. December 8, 2020.
593:nuclear depth bombs
556:Charles A. Lockwood
337:Delivery mechanisms
2330:British inventions
1986:Russo-Georgian War
1928:Lebanese Civil War
1898:Rhodesian Bush War
1515:Mexican Revolution
1500:American Civil War
1490:War of the Pacific
1480:Napoleonic Warfare
701:Operation Chastise
660:
595:. As of 2018, the
566:Later developments
482:to escape attack.
471:
428:
400:Bureau of Ordnance
365:
357:
290:
173:
126:nuclear depth bomb
118:
72:surface combatants
40:
2315:Explosive weapons
2292:
2291:
2004:
2003:
1948:Soviet–Afghan War
1923:Laotian Civil War
1671:Spanish Civil War
1279:978-0-306-81519-5
1214:, New York City:
656:Dominic Swordfish
440:Finnish Air Force
164:Depth charges on
2347:
2282:
2281:
2158:Mass destruction
2066:Blunt instrument
1991:Syrian Civil War
1425:
1424:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1366:
1352:
1330:
1313:
1282:
1258:
1236:
1228:
1206:
1186:
1185:, pp. 50–55
1180:
1169:
1168:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1005:, pp. 51–52
1000:
994:
988:
965:
959:
953:
947:
936:
930:
924:
918:
897:
896:
895:
893:
875:
869:
868:
867:
865:
852:
846:
845:
844:
840:
830:
824:
818:
801:
795:
780:
774:
755:
749:
732:
726:
560:killed in action
548:The May Incident
537:U.S. Congressman
424:Short Sunderland
306:
305:
301:
107:homing torpedoes
2357:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2270:
2266:Science fiction
2234:
2106:Directed-energy
2000:
1976:Afghanistan War
1957:
1856:
1698:
1658:Interwar period
1652:
1553:Austria-Hungary
1529:
1461:
1414:
1409:
1362:
1359:
1350:
1280:
1256:
1226:
1194:
1189:
1181:
1172:
1165:
1149:
1145:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1098:
1097:, parliament.uk
1094:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
989:
968:
960:
956:
948:
939:
931:
927:
919:
900:
891:
889:
876:
872:
863:
861:
854:
853:
849:
842:
831:
827:
819:
804:
796:
783:
775:
758:
750:
735:
727:
723:
719:
693:
637:
624:
568:
514:Pacific Theater
510:
463:
345:
339:
303:
299:
298:
158:
122:nuclear warhead
84:patrol aircraft
60:high explosives
56:hydraulic shock
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:Anti-personnel
2038:
2036:Anti-ballistic
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1837:United Kingdom
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1752:Czechoslovakia
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1682:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1638:United Kingdom
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1358:
1357:External links
1355:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1331:
1283:
1278:
1259:
1254:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1207:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1170:
1163:
1143:
1125:
1107:
1080:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
995:
966:
954:
937:
925:
898:
870:
847:
825:
802:
781:
756:
733:
720:
718:
715:
714:
713:
708:
703:
692:
689:
636:
633:
623:
620:
581:Mark 24 "Fido"
567:
564:
509:
506:
462:
459:
455:homing torpedo
338:
335:
170: (DD-793)
157:
154:
138:United Kingdom
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2353:
2352:
2341:
2340:Depth charges
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:Naval weapons
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Anti-aircraft
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Yugoslav Wars
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1963:Post-Cold War
1960:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:Iran–Iraq War
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:United States
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:United States
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Early Warfare
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1364:in re Hermans
1361:
1360:
1351:
1349:1-85409-520-X
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1270:Da Capo Press
1267:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1255:951-1-05830-4
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1225:0-87021-459-4
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1164:9781137070586
1160:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1065:
1059:
1053:, p. 397
1052:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1015:Karhunen 1980
1011:
1004:
999:
992:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
963:
958:
952:, p. 163
951:
950:Campbell 1985
946:
944:
942:
934:
929:
922:
921:Campbell 1985
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
887:
883:
882:
874:
859:
858:
851:
839:
835:
829:
822:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
799:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
778:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
753:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
730:
725:
721:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
698:
697:Bouncing bomb
695:
694:
688:
686:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
657:
653:
649:
647:
641:
632:
629:
619:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
573:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:Andrew J. May
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
505:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
467:
461:Effectiveness
458:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
425:
420:
416:
412:
410:
405:
401:
396:
392:
390:
389:trench mortar
387:
382:
378:
377:Navy trawlers
373:
371:
361:
354:
349:
344:
334:
332:
331:
324:
320:
317:
316:torpedo tubes
312:
310:
294:
288:
287:
280:
276:
274:
268:
266:
265:
260:
259:
254:
253:
248:
247:
242:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:
222:
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:
194:
190:
189:John Jellicoe
186:
185:countermining
181:
178:
171:
169:
162:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:United States
131:
127:
123:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
33:
28:
22:
2153:Martial arts
2116:Depth charge
2115:
2086:Conventional
1827:Soviet Union
1704:World War II
1363:
1338:, New York:
1335:
1293:
1287:
1264:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1211:
1199:
1153:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1099:, retrieved
1090:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1058:
1046:
1041:, p. 22
1039:Kershaw 2008
1034:
1022:
1010:
998:
993:, p. 52
964:, p. 51
957:
935:, p. 53
928:
923:, p. 89
892:29 September
890:, retrieved
886:the original
880:
873:
864:29 September
862:, retrieved
856:
850:
828:
823:, p. 40
821:Tarrant 1989
800:, p. 50
779:, p. 27
777:Tarrant 1989
754:, p. 49
731:, p. 46
724:
711:Shock factor
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
650:launches an
645:
625:
609:
569:
534:
518:World War II
511:
495:
491:Commonwealth
484:
472:
452:
433:
429:
413:
403:
393:
386:British Army
374:
366:
329:
325:
321:
313:
295:
291:
285:
269:
263:
257:
251:
245:
240:Farnborough.
239:
232:County Kerry
226:
218:
199:
182:
174:
168:Cassin Young
167:
119:
99:World War II
92:
44:depth charge
43:
41:
2091:Crew-served
2051:Area denial
1883:Six-Day War
1878:Vietnam War
1807:New Zealand
1802:Netherlands
1675:Nationalist
1608:New Zealand
1535:World War I
1495:Crimean War
626:During the
476:Leigh light
426:flying boat
395:Thornycroft
375:Some Royal
273:World War I
193:hydrostatic
95:World War I
88:helicopters
2299:Categories
2168:Non-lethal
2148:Insurgency
2143:Incendiary
2138:Improvised
2071:Ceremonial
2061:Biological
2021:Amphibious
1873:Korean War
1847:Yugoslavia
1679:Republican
1603:Montenegro
1192:References
1183:Jones 1978
1051:Blair 2001
1027:Blair 2001
1017:, p.
1003:McKee 1993
991:McKee 1993
962:McKee 1993
933:McKee 1993
834:US 1321428
798:McKee 1993
752:McKee 1993
729:McKee 1993
706:Naval mine
597:Royal Navy
574:and later
526:test depth
502:"hedgehog"
480:crash dive
448:Tupolev SB
381:forecastle
341:See also:
76:destroyers
52:submarines
32:trajectory
2188:Pneumatic
2178:Offensive
2111:Explosive
2056:Artillery
2046:Anti-tank
2026:Ancillary
1712:Australia
1666:Chaco War
1548:Australia
1429:Premodern
1328:159700228
1320:1183-112X
1304:: 45–58,
1138:Janes.com
622:Signaling
612:S3V Zagon
442:squadron
436:Birger Ek
221:detonated
207:(usually
205:explosive
177:guncotton
166:USS
2284:Category
2251:Industry
2208:Tectonic
2193:Practice
2183:Personal
2076:Chemical
2016:Aircraft
1981:Iraq War
1953:Gulf War
1862:Cold War
1852:Infantry
1832:Thailand
1732:Bulgaria
1689:Japanese
1648:Infantry
1613:Portugal
1563:Bulgaria
1543:Chemical
1452:Japanese
1447:Medieval
691:See also
648:(DD-826)
646:Agerholm
628:Cold War
614:and the
572:Hedgehog
355:'s K-gun
103:Cold War
80:frigates
74:such as
2246:Arsenal
2223:Vehicle
2213:Torpedo
2173:Nuclear
2133:Hunting
2128:Firearm
1822:Romania
1782:Hungary
1772:Germany
1762:Finland
1757:Denmark
1747:Croatia
1722:Belgium
1717:Austria
1618:Romania
1578:Germany
1558:Belgium
1520:Antique
1442:Chinese
1437:African
1420:History
1412:Weapons
1101:21 June
1073:21 June
546:caused
542:of the
516:during
512:In the
485:As the
398:Navy's
302:⁄
156:History
62:with a
2228:Combat
2198:Ranged
2101:Deadly
1817:Poland
1812:Norway
1797:Mexico
1777:Greece
1767:France
1737:Canada
1727:Brazil
1633:Turkey
1628:Serbia
1623:Russia
1583:Greece
1573:France
1568:Canada
1467:Modern
1367:,
1346:
1326:
1318:
1276:
1252:
1222:
1161:
843:
658:(1962)
585:SUBROC
444:LeLv 6
309:Torpex
286:Ceylon
236:Q-ship
213:amatol
211:, but
200:Vernon
146:Russia
142:France
136:, the
46:is an
36:Torpex
2256:Mount
2239:Other
2203:Space
2163:Melee
2096:Cyber
2009:Types
1792:Japan
1787:Italy
1742:China
1598:Japan
1593:Italy
1588:India
1324:S2CID
1244:[
1095:(PDF)
1067:(PDF)
717:Notes
652:ASROC
576:Squid
498:sonar
330:U-427
264:UB-29
258:UC-19
150:China
68:ships
2121:List
2081:Cold
1344:ISBN
1316:ISSN
1274:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1103:2018
1075:2018
894:2012
866:2012
644:USS
616:90SG
603:and
589:USSR
284:HMS
261:and
252:U-69
246:U-67
230:off
227:U-68
198:HMS
148:and
86:and
64:fuze
2218:Toy
1306:doi
1294:III
438:of
209:TNT
82:),
78:or
2301::
1342:,
1322:,
1314:,
1292:,
1272:,
1268:,
1218:,
1173:^
1136:.
1118:.
969:^
940:^
901:^
805:^
784:^
759:^
736:^
685:MJ
607:.
562:.
267:.
144:,
140:,
109:.
90:.
42:A
1695:)
1691:/
1687:(
1681:)
1677:/
1673:(
1404:e
1397:t
1390:v
1308::
1167:.
1122:.
1077:.
404:Y
304:8
300:7
38:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
