Deep sea mining - Knowledge

22: 178: 170: 794:. In June 2019, the Alliance of Solwara Warriors wrote the PNG government calling for them to cancel all deep sea mining licenses and ban seabed mining in national waters. They claimed that PNG had no need for seabed mining due to its abundant fisheries, productive agricultural lands, and marine life. They claimed that seabed mining benefited only a small number of already wealthy people, but not local communities and Indigenous populations. Others chose to engage in more artistic forms, such as Joy Enomoto. She created a series of woodcut prints titled 775:. The lease licensed access to 59 square kilometers. Nautilus was allowed to mine to a depth of 1,600 meters for a period of 20 years. The company then began the process of gathering the materials and raising money for the project. The intent was to mine a high grade copper-gold resource from a weakly active hydrothermal vent. The target was 1.3 tons of materials, consisting of 80,000 tons of high-grade copper and 150,000 to 200,000 ounces of gold sulfide ore, over 3 years. The project was to operate at 1600 mbsl using 1189: 7475: 7437: 1907: 7485: 1307:(UNEP) emphasizes the need for a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impacts of deep-sea mining, which targets polymetallic nodules at depths of 3–6.5 km (1.9–4.0 mi), polymetallic sulphides at 1–4 km (0.62–2.5 mi), and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts between <400 m and 3.5 km. Researchers and governments have raised significant concerns about the potential impacts on unique and fragile 7466: 7458: 7450: 441:. The hot, mineral-rich water precipitates and condenses when it meets cold seawater. The stock area of the chimney structures of hydrothermal vents can be highly mineralized. The Clipperton Fracture Zone hosts the world's largest deposit nickel resource. These nodules sit on the seafloor and require no drilling or excavation. Nickel, cobalt, copper and manganese make up nearly 100% of the contents. 1391:. Macrofauna (species longer than 0.5mm) were reported to have high species diversity, numbering 80 -100 per square meter. The highest species diversity was found among polymetallic nodules. In a follow-up survey in areas with potential for seabed mining, researchers identified over 1,000 species, 90% previously unknown, with over 50% dependent on polymetallic nodules for survival. 721:, California, and the Gulf of Alaska. Hawaii has both nodules and CRCs, while the other sites hold CRCs. Each area features distinct risks. Mining Hawaii could generate plumes that could damage important fisheries and other marine life. California's waters host massive ship traffic and communication cables. Alaska waters are rich in bottom-dwelling commercially valuable sea life. 846:(ISA) are mostly located in the CCZ. As of May 2024 the ISA has entered into 17 contracts with private companies and national governments in the CCZ, one contract with the Government of India in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB), and one contract with Chinese contractor Beijing Pioneer Hi-Tech Development Corporation in the Prime Crust Zone (PCZ) in the Western Pacific. 5315:

Amon, Diva J.; Gollner, Sabine; Morato, Telmo; Smith, Craig R.; Chen, Chong; Christiansen, Sabine; Currie, Bronwen; Drazen, Jeffrey C.; Fukushima, Tomohiko; Gianni, Matthew; Gjerde, Kristina M.; Gooday, Andrew J.; Grillo, Georgina Guillen; Haeckel, Matthias; Joyini, Thembile; Ju, Se-Jong; Levin, Lisa

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Mestre, Nélia C.; Rocha, Thiago L.; Canals, Miquel; Cardoso, Cátia; Danovaro, Roberto; Dell’Anno, Antonio; Gambi, Cristina; Regoli, Francesco; Sanchez-Vidal, Anna; Bebianno, Maria João (September 2017). "Environmental hazard assessment of a marine mine tailings deposit site and potential implications

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While the Area is primarily regulated by international law, non-state actors must be backed by a sponsoring state that is responsible and guarantees that the non-state actor abides by the contract and UNCLOS regulations. Sponsorship is defined by national law, which stipulates conditions, procedures,

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Plumes are caused when mine tailings (usually fine particles) are returned to the ocean. Because the particles are fine (small and light), they can remain suspended in the water column for extended periods and spread over large areas if regenerated at the surface of the ocean. Tailings increase water

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Sweetman, Andrew K.; Smith, Alycia J.; de Jonge, Danielle S. W.; Hahn, Tobias; Schroedl, Peter; Silverstein, Michael; Andrade, Claire; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Lough, Alastair J. M.; Woulds, Clare; Homoky, William B.; Koschinsky, Andrea; Fuchs, Sebastian; Kuhn, Thomas; Geiger, Franz; Marlow, Jeffrey J.

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Exploitation requires both states and private entities to obtain an approved contract from ISA, after evaluation by ISA's Legal and Technical Commission (LTC). Based on the LTC evaluation, the ISA Council approves or rejects the contract. Approval creates an exclusive right to prospect, explore, and

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was to enable "the effective and responsible management of the seabed minerals of the Cook Islands in a way that also...seeks to maximize the benefits of seabed minerals for present and future generations of Cook Islanders." The Sea Bed Minerals (Exploration) Regulations Act and the Sea Bed Minerals

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In December 2017 the company had difficulties in raising money and eventually could no longer pay what it owed to the Chinese shipyard where the "production support vessel" was docked. Nautilus lost access to the ship and equipment. In August 2019, the company filed for bankruptcy, delisted from the

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A new insight into the complexity of the abyssal environment has been provided by a team of researchers from the Scottish Society of Marine Sciences. They have found that manganese nodules on the deep sea floor produce oxygen.. The manganese nodules act as a kind of battery due to their composition

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Nautilus Minerals held a 70% stake and Papua New Guinea purchased a 30% stake in 2011. PNG's economy relies upon the mining industry, which produces around 30–35% of GDP. Nautilus Minerals is a Canadian deep-sea mining company. The project was approved in January 2011, by PNG's Minister for Mining,

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Submarine seamount provinces are linked to hotspots and seafloor spreading and vary in depth. They show characteristic distributions. In the Western Pacific, a study conducted at <1500 m to 3500 m bsl reported that cobalt crusts concentrate on less than 20° slopes. The high-grade cobalt crust in

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Exploration requires ISA approval. Exploration contracts can last up to 15 years, extendable thereafter for periods up to 5 years. Contracts cover large areas: 150,000 km (58,000 sq mi)) for polymetallic nodules, 10,000 km (3,900 sq mi) for polymetallic sulphides, and

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Green Minerals is another Norwegian company which has expressed interested in mining seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits in the Norwegian EEZ. In January 2023, Green Minerals signed a memorandum of understanding with the ISA to obtain an exploration licence for PMNs in the CCZ. In its May 2024

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Code (2012)-compliant Mineral Resource Statement for parts of the EEZ totalling 6.7 billion tons of polymetallic nodules (wet), grading 0.44% Co, 0.21% Cu, 17.4% Fe, 15.8% Mn, and 0.37% Ni. Of this total resource, 304 million tons of nodules grading 0.5% Co, 0.15% Cu, 18.5% Fe, 15.4% Mn, and 0.25%

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Cobalt-rich crusts (CRCs) form on sediment-free rock surfaces around oceanic seamounts, ocean plateaus, and other elevated features. The deposits are found at depths of 600–7,000 m (2,000–23,000 ft) and form 'carpets' of polymetallic rich layers about 30 cm (12 in) thick at the

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International law influences state legislation within continental shelves, as all states are obliged to protect and preserve the marine environment. All states must evaluate DSM's ecological effects within their jurisdiction. States must also ensure that DSM activities do not damage other states'

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but as for now supplies are controlled by China or “authoritarian countries”. In June the energy ministry submitted "a proposal to announce the first licensing round on the Norwegian continental shelf for public consultation." According to the government, the aim is to understand if a sustainable

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Gollner, Sabine; Kaiser, Stefanie; Menzel, Lena; Jones, Daniel O.B.; Brown, Alastair; Mestre, Nelia C.; van Oevelen, Dick; Menot, Lenaick; Colaço, Ana; Canals, Miquel; Cuvelier, Daphne; Durden, Jennifer M.; Gebruk, Andrey; Egho, Great A.; Haeckel, Matthias; Marcon, Yann; Mevenkamp, Lisa; Morato,

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Muñoz-Royo, Carlos; Peacock, Thomas; Alford, Matthew H.; Smith, Jerome A.; Le Boyer, Arnaud; Kulkarni, Chinmay S.; Lermusiaux, Pierre F. J.; Haley, Patrick J.; Mirabito, Chris; Wang, Dayang; Adams, E. Eric; Ouillon, Raphael; Breugem, Alexander; Decrop, Boudewijn; Lanckriet, Thijs (27 July 2021).

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rights over natural resources within. No other state or non-state actor can prospect/explore/exploit resources in a continental shelf without the consent of the coastal state. If a coastal state allows DSM within its continental shelf, licenses with accompanying conditions and procedures must be

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One report states that biomass loss stemming from deep sea mining is estimated to be significantly smaller than that from mining on land. One estimate of land ore mining reports that it will lead to a loss of 568 megatons of biomass (approximately the same as that of the entire human population)

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precipitate from ocean water or sediment-pore water around a nucleus, which may be a shark's tooth or a quartz grain, forming potato-shaped nodules some 4–14 cm (1.6–5.5 in) in diameter. They accrete at rates of 1–15 mm per million years. These nodules are rich in metals including

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In 2023, the SBMA announced the results of a technical report on the polymetallic nodule deposit of the Cook Islands' exclusive economic zone, undertaken on its behalf by RSC Mining and Mineral Exploration. The study was based on the analysis of both historical samples from previous scientific

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Schematic of a polymetallic nodule mining operation. From top to bottom, the three zoom-in panels illustrate the surface operation vessel, the midwater sediment plume, and the nodule collector operating on the seabed. The midwater plume comprises two stages: (i) the dynamic plume, in which the

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mapped. These ecosystems are essential for ocean and carbon cycling and are vulnerable to climate change. There are widespread calls for a moratorium on deep-sea mining until its environmental, social, and economic risks are fully investigated. The International Seabed Authority (ISA) aims to

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Norway's Institute of Marine Research recommended five to ten years of research before allowing mining. In late April 2024, the Norwegian Offshore Directorate invited interested parties to nominate blocks in this area for a first round of mineral exploration licences. First licence awards are

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Koschinsky, Andrea; Heinrich, Luise; Boehnke, Klaus; Cohrs, J Christopher; Markus, Till; Shani, Maor; Singh, Pradeep; Smith Stegen, Karen; Werner, Welf (November 2018). "Deep-sea mining: Interdisciplinary research on potential environmental, legal, economic, and societal implications".

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dispatched research vessels in search of deposits. Initial estimates of DSM viability were exaggerated. Depressed metal prices led to the near abandonment of nodule mining by 1982. From the 1960s to 1984 an estimated US $ 650 million was spent on the venture, with little to no return.

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and spread pollution from heavy metal-laden plumes. Critics have called for moratoria or permanent bans. Opposition campaigns enlisted the support of some industry figures, including firms reliant on the target metals. Individual countries with significant deposits within their

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A.; Metaxas, Anna; Mianowicz, Kamila; Molodtsova, Tina N.; Narberhaus, Ingo; Orcutt, Beth N.; Swaddling, Alison; Tuhumwire, Joshua; Palacio, Patricio Urueña; Walker, Michelle; Weaver, Phil; Xu, Xue-Wei; Mulalap, Clement Yow; Edwards, Peter E. T.; Pickens, Chris (1 April 2022).

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This kind of estimation does not take into account the recoverability of the situation: how long does nature need to reclaim an abandoned site. By contrast, a different study reported that deep sea mining would be approximately 25 times worse for biodiversity than land mining.

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and exploitation. Prospecting entails searching for minerals and estimating their size, shape and value. Exploration analyses the resources, testing potential recovery and potential economic/environmental extraction impacts. Exploitation is the recovery of these resources.

1461:. Nodules the size of potatoes have shown to be able to produce an electric current that is almost equal to the voltage in an AA-sized battery. This generate electric currents strong enough to perform electrolysis, which splits water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. 1661:

A 2018 article argued that "the 'new global gold rush' of deep sea mining shares many features with past resource scrambles – including a general disregard for environmental and social impacts, and the marginalisation of indigenous peoples and their rights".

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environment and pollution cannot spread beyond the licensing state's jurisdiction. A contractor must make mandatory contributions to the ISA for mineral exploitation on an extended continental shelf as such extensions impact the 'common heritage of mankind'.

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Near-bottom plumes occur when the tailings are pumped back down to the mining site. Depending on particle size and water currents, surface plumes can spread widely. In shallow water, sediment can resuspend following storms, starting another cycle of damage.

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is governed by various treaties and regulations, based on the principles within UNCLOS (1982): outlined in Part XI and Annexes III and IV and found in the Implementation Agreement of 1994 and ISA regulations. ISA regulations are specific to each of

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The environmental organization "The Oxygen Project" generally proposes, as an alternative to deep sea mining, "system change to sustainable alternative economic models that don't require infinite resource extraction from our environment". The

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Verichev, Stanislav; Drobadenko, Valery; Malukhin, Nikolay; Vilmis, Alexandr; Lucieer, Pieter; Heeren, John; Van Doesburg, Bob (2012). "Assessment of Different Technologies for Vertical Hydraulic Transport in Deep Sea Mining Applications".

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Fuyuan, Zhang; Weiyan, Zhang; Kechao, Zhu; Shuitu, Gao; Haisheng, Zhang; Xiaoyu, Zhang; Benduo, Zhu (August 2008). "Distribution Characteristics of Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crust Resources on Submarine Seamounts in the Western Pacific".

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BMW pledged not to use DSM materials in its cars. In October 2023, the UK joined Canada and New Zealand in calling for a moratorium. In the beginning of August 2024, 32 countries were against the immediate beginning of deep sea mining.

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affects the environment of DSM sites as they are normally pitch dark. Mining efforts may increase light levels to illuminate the bottom. Shrimp found at hydrothermal vents suffered permanent retinal damage when exposed to submersible

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China's COMRA tested its polymetallic nodules collection system at 4,200 feet of depth in the East and South China Seas. The Dayang Yihao was exploring the Clarion-Clipperton Zone for China Minmetals when it crossed into the U.S.

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Hein, James R.; Mizell, Kira; Koschinsky, Andrea; Conrad, Tracey A. (June 2013). "Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources".

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with different metals and release oxygen into the environment. Because it was previously thought that only plants and algae produce dark oxygen (oxygen produced without light), this can be seen as a scientific landslide.

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In July 2024, at the 29th General Assembly of the International Seabed Authority in Kingston, Jamaica, 32 countries united against the imminent start of mining for metallic nodules on the seafloor. In his address titled

1717:(IUCN). However, the effectiveness of the moratorium may be questionable as no enforcement mechanisms have been set up, planned or specified. Researchers have outlined why there is a need to avoid mining the deep sea. 709:) were found in the Central and Eastern Manus Basin around Papua New Guinea and the crater of Conical Seamount to the east. It offers relatively shallow water depth of 1050 m, along with a nearby gold refinery. 26:

sediment-laden discharge water rapidly descends and dilutes to a neutral buoyancy depth, and (ii) the subsequent ambient plume that is advected by the ocean current and subject to background turbulence and settling.

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Capital Markets Day Presentation, it confirmed its ambitions to commence mining operations on SMS deposits on the Norwegian continental shelf and EEZ by 2028, as well as explore for PMNs in the CCZ in the future.

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voted in favor of a Motion for Resolution, expressing environmental concerns regarding Norway's decision to open vast areas in Arctic waters for deep-sea mining activities and reaffirming its support for a

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The continuous-line bucket system (CLB) is an older approach. It operates like a conveyor-belt, running from the bottom to the surface where a ship or mining platform extracts the minerals, and returns the

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Polymetallic minerals require special treatment. Issues include spatial tailing discharges, sediment plumes, disturbance to the benthic environment, and analysis of regions affected by seafloor machines.

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Polymetallic or sulfide deposits form in active oceanic tectonic settings such as island arcs and back-arcs and mid ocean ridge environments. These deposits are associated with hydrothermal activity and

5909: 110:, and then depositing extra discharge down the water column. Related technologies include robotic mining machines, as surface ships, and offshore and onshore metal refineries. Wind farms, solar energy, 1300:

Technology is under development to mitigate these issues. This includes selective pick-up technology that leaves alone nodules that contain life and leaves behind some nodules to maintain the habitat.

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Researchers assess to what extent international law and existing policy support the practice of a proactive knowledge management system that enables systematic addressing of uncertainties about the

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was the first country to approve a deep sea mining permit for the Solwara 1 project, despite three independent reviews highlighting significant gaps and flaws in the environmental impact statement.

1450:. Phytoplankton sit at the bottom of the food chain. Reducing phytoplankton reduces food availability for all other organisms. Metals carried by plumes can accumulate in tissues of shellfish. This 106:

The most common commercial model of deep sea mining proposed involves a caterpillar-track hydraulic collector and a riser lift system bringing the harvested ore to a production support vessel with

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versus 42 megatons of biomass from DSM. In addition, land ore mining will lead to a loss of 47 trillion megafauna organisms, whereas deep-sea mining is expected to lead to a loss of 3 trillion.

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In February 2022, the Cook Islands government Seabed Minerals Agency (SBMA) announced the award of three five-year licences exploration activities in Cook Islands EEZ to private companies

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Ginzky, Harald; Singh, Pradeep A.; Markus, Till (1 April 2020). "Strengthening the International Seabed Authority's knowledge-base: Addressing uncertainties to enhance decision-making".

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Where should metals for the green transition come from? Comparing environmental, social, and economic impacts of supplying base metals from land ores and seafloor polymetallic nodules

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Resource assessment and pilot mining are part of exploration. If successful, "resources" attain a "reserves" classification. Bottom scanning and sampling use technologies such as

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making up 2.5% of their weight. It is estimated that the global ocean floor holds more than 120 million tons of cobalt, five times the amount found in terrestrial reserves.

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activists blocking the collection of data to support a mining permit. Obstructing canoes and dinghies were countered by water hoses. The mining ship was conducting research for

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who attempted to ban seabed mining. Their campaign against the Solwara 1 project lasted for 9 years. Their efforts led the Australian government to ban seabed mining in the

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are delineated at 200 nautical-miles from the coast, but can be extended up to 350 nautical-miles. The continental shelf falls under coastal state jurisdiction, which has

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Deep-sea mining is not governed by a universal legal framework. Various norms and regulations have emerged both at an international level and within individual countries.

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to start mining in the CCZ through its Nauru-domiciled Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. (NORI) subsidiary. It controls two further ISA exploration licences in the CCZ through

1228:(ROVs) are used to collect mineral samples from prospective sites, using drills and other cutting tools. A mining ship or station collects the deposits for processing. 1552:

Prospecting does not require ISA approval and can be done by notifying ISA of the approximate area and formally declaring compliance with UNCLOS and ISA regulations.

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Amon, Diva J.; Ziegler, Amanda F.; Dahlgren, Thomas G.; Glover, Adrian G.; Goineau, Aurélie; Gooday, Andrew J.; Wiklund, Helena; Smith, Craig R. (29 July 2016).

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The Solwara 1 Project was the first time a legitimate legal contract and framework had been developed on deep sea mining. The project was based off the coast of

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hydrothermal crusts and encrustations precipitate quickly, near 1600–1800 mm/Ma, and grow in hydrothermal fluids at approximately 200 °C (392 °F)

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DeLoughrey, Elizabeth (2015). "Ordinary Futures: Interspecies Worldings in the Anthropocene". In Deloughrey, Elizabeth; Didur, Jill; Carrigan, Anthony (eds.).

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affects deep sea fish species and marine mammals. Impacts include behavior changes, communication difficulties, and temporary and permanent hearing damage.

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Ni, are assessed at Indicated Resource, whereas Inferred Resources account for 6.4 billion tons grading 0.4% Co, 0.2% Cu, 17% Fe, 16% Mn, and 0.4% Ni.

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Hydraulic suction mining instead lowers a pipe to the seafloor and pumps nodules up to the ship. Another pipe returns the tailings to the mining site.

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The United States did not ratify UNCLOS. Instead, it is governed by the Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act, which was originally enacted in 1980.

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Petterson, Michael G.; Tawake, Akuila (January 2019). "The Cook Islands (South Pacific) experience in governance of seabed manganese nodule mining".

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Robotics and AI technologies used to selectively harvest nodules while minimizing disturbances to the deep sea environment are under development.

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A moratorium on deep-sea mining until rigorous and transparent impact assessments are carried out is enacted at the 2021 world congress of the

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Community and environmental activists launched the Deep Sea Mining Campaign and Alliance of Solwara Warriors, comprising 20 communities in the

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A 2023 study identified four regions in US territorial waters where deep sea mining would be possible: the Hawaiian Islands, the southeastern

4345: 2490: 2090: 5293: 5206:"Challenging the Need for Deep Seabed Mining From the Perspective of Metal Demand, Biodiversity, Ecosystems Services, and Benefit Sharing" 4600: 7119: 5996: 5437: 2114: 1359:. A study of benthic communities in the CCZ assessed a 350 square mile area with an ROV. They reported that the area contained a diverse 1151:

declared that it would take legal action against the decision. According to the government, the seabed contains many resources including

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Deep sea ore deposits are classified into three main types: polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulfide deposits, and cobalt-rich crusts.

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subsidiary UK Seabed Resources Limited (UKSRL). This saw UKSRL's two PMN exploration licences in the CCZ, as well as its 19.9% stake in

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Telmo; Pham, Christopher K.; Purser, Autun; Sanchez-Vidal, Anna; Vanreusel, Ann; Vink, Annemiek; Martinez Arbizu, Pedro (August 2017).

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at sea depths mostly between 1 and 4 km (0.62 and 2.5 mi). These minerals are rich in copper, gold, lead, silver and others.

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Kuhn, T; Wegorzewski, A; Vink, A (2017). "Composition, Formation, and Occurrence of Polymetallic Nodules". In Sharma, Rahul (ed.).

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Petterson, Michael G.; Kim, Hyeon-Ju; Gill, Joel C. (2021). "Conserve and Sustainably Use the Oceans, Seas, and Marine Resources".

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Polymetallic nodules are found at depths of 4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi) in all major oceans, but also in shallow waters like the

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10,909 meters (35,790 feet). Chief designer Ye Cong said the seabed was abundant with resources and a "treasure map" can be made.

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John J. Gurney, Alfred A. Levinson, and H. Stuart Smith (1991) Marine mining of diamonds off the West Coast of Southern Africa,

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In 2001, China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association (COMRA), received China's first exploration license.

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and has granted 31 exploration licenses so far: 19 for polymetallic nodules, mostly in the CCZ; 7 for polymetallic sulphides in

5409:"The Metals Company announces a controversial timeline for deep sea mining that worsens the divide in an already bitter battle" 3412: 2349: 2183: 3684: 3599: 193:. These nodules typically range in size from 4–14 cm (1.6–5.5 in) in diameter, though some can be as large as 15 cm (5.9 in). 7401: 5960: 5468: 5008: 4328: 4300: 2891: 2641: 3456: 6689: 6501: 1582:

A DSM moratorium was adopted at the 2021 Global biodiversity summit. At the 2023 ISA meeting a DSM moratorium was enacted.

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cruises, as well as data from recent work undertaken by SBMA PMN exploration contractors CIIC-SR and Moana. RSC produced a

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Seabed Minerals Authority (SBMA) granted three exploration licenses for cobalt-rich polymetallic nodules within their EEZ.

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Shewry, Teresa (2017). "Going Fishing: Activism against Deep Ocean Mining, from the Raukūmara Basin to the Bismarck Sea".

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hydrogenetic cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts grow at 1–5 mm/Ma, but offer higher concentrations of critical metals.

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As of July 2024, only exploratory licenses have been issued, with no commercial-scale deep sea mining operations yet. The

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Glasby, G. P.; Emelyanov, E. M.; Zhamoida, V. A.; Baturin, G. N.; Leipe, T.; Bahlo, R.; Bonacker, P. (3 December 1996).

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MMP, focused on underwater mining activities, and worked on underwater mining systems used for subsea diamond mining.

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After in April 2024, the Norwegian government opened up an exploration area in the Norwegian and Greenland Seas, the

1082: 564: 434: 84:. There is a push for deep sea mining to commence by 2025, when regulations by the ISA are expected to be completed. 4503:"An Overview of Seabed Mining Including the Current State of Development, Environmental Impacts, and Knowledge Gaps" 2235: 7388: 5374: 3571: 1868: 799: 146: 4189: 7134: 6871: 6261: 5989: 3109: 2961:

Deep Sea Minerals: Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts, a physical, biological, environmental, and technical review

2960: 2907: 2750: 2593: 2543:"The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) has refused an application by Chatham Rock Phosphate Limited (CRP)" 1743:(CCZ) with a prototype mining vehicle named Patania II. This test was the first of its kind since the late 1970s. 122: 2208: 6080: 6075: 5898: 1700: 1522: 843: 680: 69: 5899:"Who Will Claim Common Heritage?–Corporate interests endanger international agreement on deep seabed minerals" 1065:-based Marawa Research and Exploration Ltd., and Tonga Offshore Mining Limited (TOML), which it acquired from 177: 7469: 7444: 6749: 1754: 1592: 1268: 3073:

Ahnert, A.; Borowski, C. (2000). "Environmental risk assessment of anthropogenic activity in the deep-sea".

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Deep Sea Minerals: Sea-Floor Massive Sulphides, a physical, biological, environmental, and technical review

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Extraction involves gathering material (mining), vertical transport, storing, offloading, transport, and

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Preliminary studies indicated that the seabed requires decades to recover from even minor disturbances.

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Nauru requested the ISA to finalize rules so that The Metals Company be approved to begin work in 2023.

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Chinese prospecting ship Dayang Hao prospected in China-licensed areas in the Clarion Clipperton Zone.

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the Western Pacific correlated with latitude and longitude, a region within 150°E–140°W and 30°S–30°N

7156: 7114: 7076: 6641: 6435: 5496: 5062: 4918:

Marine Policy: The current status of deep-sea mining governance at the International Seabed Authority

1942: 1827:

highlighted the critical need to protect the deep ocean from exploitation and modern-day colonialism.

1762: 3225: 2666: 7151: 6674: 6615: 6526: 1477: 1297:

Environmental impacts include sediment plumes, disturbance of the bottom, and tailing disposition.

470: 466:, and rare earth elements. Temperature, depth and seawater sources shape how the formations grow. 141:

As of 2021, the majority of marine mining used dredging operations at depths of about 200 m, where

115: 5431: 5429: 5402: 5400: 2482: 7363: 7129: 6659: 6210: 5840: 5616: 4813: 3791: 3111:

Deep Sea Minerals: Manganese Nodules, a physical, biological, environmental, and technical review

2751:

Deep Sea Minerals: Manganese Nodules, a physical, biological, environmental, and technical review

1740: 1725: 1419: 827: 803: 599: 135: 88: 50: 4129: 3480: 3478: 7322: 6712: 6134: 5865: 5778:"Magellan Calls for Greenpeace to Leave Their Research Vessel Under Increasing Safety Concerns" 5455: 5426: 5397: 5285: 2931:"Massive deposit of battery-grade nickel on deep-sea floor gets confidence boost with new data" 1513:(UNCLOS) sets the overarching framework. The United States did not ratify the founding treaty. 1193: 1132:, an ISA contractor for PMNs in the CCZ. OMS is majority-controlled by Singaporean state-owned 811: 142: 4039: 3920: 3256:"China breaks national record for Mariana Trench manned-dive amid race for deep sea resources" 2667:"Environments of formation of ferromanganese concretions in the Baltic Sea: a critical review" 2483:"Google, BMW, Volvo, and Samsung SDI sign up to WWF call for temporary ban on deep-sea mining" 842:

Licences for mineral exploration in the area beyond national jurisdiction registered with the

734:

The world's first large-scale mining of hydrothermal vent mineral deposits was carried out by

53:(CCZ) alone contains over 21 billion metric tons of these nodules, with minerals such as 7292: 7124: 7000: 6908: 6598: 6491: 6291: 5903: 4614:

Nath, B. Nagender; Sharma, R. (July 2000). "Environment and Deep-Sea Mining: A Perspective".

4501:

Miller, Kathryn A.; Thompson, Kirsten F.; Johnston, Paul; Santillo, David (10 January 2018).

3521: 3475: 3386: 2297:

Costa, Corrado; Fanelli, Emanuela; Marini, Simone; Danovaro, Roberto; Aguzzi, Jacopo (2020).

1888: 1203: 695: 81: 6032: 5204:

Miller, K. A.; Brigden, K.; Santillo, D.; Currie, D.; Johnston, P.; Thompson, K. F. (2021).

4959: 3890:"The Metals Company acquires third seabed contract area to explore for polymetallic nodules" 2140:"Greenpeace responds to Norway's proposal to licence first Arctic areas for deep sea mining" 1442:. Because they block the sun, they inhibit growth of photosynthesizing organisms, including 7099: 6754: 6450: 5329: 5132: 4667: 4623: 4554: 4454: 4381: 4254: 3026: 2990: 2844: 2790: 2716: 2261: 1998: 1481: 1252: 759: 73: 42: 1783:

Supporters of mining were led by Norway, Mexico, and the United Kingdom, and supported by

8: 7166: 7104: 7071: 7010: 6942: 6807: 6802: 6780: 6354: 3546: 2775: 1892: 1820: 1807: 1758: 1363:

megafaunal community. Megafauna (species longer than 20 mm (0.79 in)) included

107: 5333: 5136: 5044: 4671: 4627: 4558: 4458: 4385: 4372:

Sharma, R. (October 2005). "Deep-Sea Impact Experiments and their Future Requirements".

4258: 3030: 2994: 2848: 2794: 2720: 2265: 2002: 606:. It stretches over 4.5 million square kilometers of the Northern Pacific Ocean between 129:

and the Deep Sea Mining Campaign claimed that seabed mining has the potential to damage

7479: 7440: 7373: 7348: 7343: 7161: 7038: 6832: 6704: 6468: 6339: 6266: 6203: 5355: 5156: 4759:

Paulikas, Dana; Katona, Steven; Ilves, Erika; Stone, Greg; O'Sullivan, Anthony (2020).

4639: 4578: 4475: 4442: 4397: 3843:"Deep sea mining and killing the seas so you can drive an electric car - Green Prophet" 3175: 3090: 3042: 3038: 2860: 2814: 2647: 2401: 1958: 1947: 1847: 1784: 1600: 1431: 1054: 791: 645: 251: 205: 130: 5063:"Broadening Common Heritage: Addressing Gaps in the Deep Sea Mining Regulatory Regime" 2705: 2299:"Global Deep-Sea Biodiversity Research Trends Highlighted by Science Mapping Approach" 1180:

deep sea mining there can occur. Otherwise, "deep-sea mining would not be permitted".

746:, which contains 15 confirmed vent fields according to the InterRidge Vents Database. 7368: 7228: 7048: 6957: 6925: 6842: 6795: 6722: 6694: 6463: 6458: 6256: 5956: 5697: 5359: 5347: 5237: 5160: 5148: 5004: 4731: 4693: 4643: 4570: 4480: 4401: 4324: 4296: 4137: 4074: 3934: 3908: 3431: 3179: 3167: 3046: 2887: 2864: 2806: 2732: 2728: 2706:"Manganese cycles and the origin of manganese nodules, Oneida Lake, New York, U.S.A." 2686: 2651: 2637: 2405: 2393: 2024: 1986: 1964: 1567: 834:

conducted pilot test work, recovering over ten thousand tons of nodules in the CCZ.

763: 706: 560: 438: 427: 118:

are the main driver of the critical metals demand that incentivises deep sea mining.

4582: 3094: 3002: 2856: 2818: 2802: 2341: 2179: 742:, at the 'Izena hole/cauldron' vent field within the hydrothermally active back-arc 637:

contains the world's fourth largest deposit in the South Penrhyn basin close to the

7312: 7213: 7171: 7139: 7033: 6987: 6947: 6854: 6822: 6790: 6775: 6759: 6734: 6519: 6473: 6169: 6047: 5948: 5642:"European Parliament Calls for a Global Moratorium on the Deep-Sea Mining Industry" 5337: 5227: 5217: 5140: 4996: 4896: 4771: 4739: 4683: 4675: 4631: 4562: 4524: 4514: 4470: 4462: 4389: 4288: 4262: 3676: 3658: 3595: 3159: 3082: 3034: 2998: 2852: 2798: 2724: 2678: 2629: 2385: 2320: 2310: 2277: 2269: 2046: 2014: 2006: 1880: 1876: 1770: 1620: 1542: 1215: 1176: 755: 684: 649: 638: 619: 556: 507: 111: 100: 5375:"Out of our depth? Why deep seabed mining is not the answer to the climate crisis" 4067:"Ocean Mineral Singapore complies with rules for deep sea mining exploration: MTI" 2917:. Baker, E., and Beaudoin, Y. (Eds.) Vol. 1A, Secretariat of the Pacific Community 2760:. Baker, E., and Beaudoin, Y. (Eds.) Vol. 1B, Secretariat of the Pacific Community 2682: 437:. They appear on and within the seafloor when mineralized water discharges from a 7518: 7513: 7176: 7086: 7052: 6937: 6817: 6744: 6664: 6567: 6509: 6364: 6139: 6116: 6022: 5641: 5342: 5317: 5256:"'False choice': is deep-sea mining required for an electric vehicle revolution?" 5144: 4933:"'Momentous' Moratorium on Deep-Sea Mining Adopted at Global Biodiversity Summit" 4711: 4679: 3525: 3163: 2970:. Baker, E. and Beaudoin, Y. (Eds.) Vol. 1C, Secretariat of the Pacific Community 2967: 2914: 2757: 2633: 2273: 2218:. Baker, E., and Beaudoin, Y. (Eds.) Vol. 2, Secretariat of the Pacific Community 2215: 1451: 1410: 1404: 1264: 1125: 653: 77: 4775: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3390: 2064: 1929: – Economy based on exploitation and preservation of the marine environment 1545:, polymetallic sulfides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. The Area is the ' 1529:. Continental shelves are subject to the jurisdictions of the adjoining states. 7489: 7223: 7109: 7066: 7060: 7056: 6901: 6886: 6837: 6827: 6739: 6593: 6349: 6320: 6164: 6144: 6014: 4901: 4744: 2880:

Deep-Sea Mining: Resource Potential, Technical and Environmental Considerations

2010: 1950: – Using a drilling rig to bore holes for petroleum extraction in deep sea 1884: 1489: 1102: 1081:'s parliament allowed multiple companies to prospect for DSM resources, mainly 831: 743: 699: 672: 568: 5969: 5222: 5205: 4805: 4635: 4393: 4292: 4266: 4245:

Sharma, B. N. N. R. (2000). "Environment and Deep-Sea Mining: A Perspective".

3086: 2376:

Halfar, Jochen; Fujita, Rodney M. (18 May 2007). "Danger of Deep-Sea Mining".

2153: 1188: 45:, which are found at depths of 4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi) primarily on the 7502: 7474: 7243: 7144: 6930: 6859: 6631: 6379: 6243: 6184: 6106: 6037: 5920: 5617:"🟡 Semafor Flagship: Bedlam, brilliance, and brightness | Semafor | Semafor" 5351: 5241: 5152: 4519: 4502: 4141: 4078: 3812: 3662: 3614: 2736: 2690: 2315: 2298: 2028: 1920: 1912: 1654: 1447: 1435: 1364: 1360: 1260: 718: 615: 603: 46: 5935: 3580:. Vol. 381, no. 8506. 30 November 2006. p. 10. Archived from 2389: 2042: 798:

The activist community argued that authorities had not adequately addressed

563:

at about 3,000–6,500 meters (10,000–21,000 ft) depth. The vents create

189:

and in freshwater lakes. They are the most readily minable type of deep sea

7264: 7238: 7218: 7042: 7005: 6969: 6605: 6552: 6428: 6384: 6369: 6298: 6101: 6096: 5952: 4858:"The impact of deep-sea mining on biodiversity, climate and human cultures" 4697: 4574: 4484: 3171: 2810: 2397: 2019: 1932: 1926: 1683:

Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020 to the present § Seabed mining

1641:

In the 1960s, the prospect of deep-sea mining was assessed in J. L. Mero's

1454:

works its way through the food web, impacting predators, including humans.

1400: 1380: 1168: 1164: 855: 783: 772: 768: 676: 634: 125:

of deep sea mining is controversial. Environmental advocacy groups such as

96: 5000: 4163:"Green Minerals AS: MoU for First International License | Industry | News" 3321: 7201: 7196: 6881: 6876: 6847: 6812: 6785: 6315: 6179: 6042: 5892: 5753:"Deep sea miners turn water hoses on Greenpeace activists in the Pacific" 4836:"Biodiversity: Deep-sea mining will be 25 times as bad as mining on land" 4688: 1571: 1556:

300 km (120 sq mi) for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts.

1458: 1368: 1316:

finalize exploitation regulations by 2025, and a new agreement under the

1248: 1086: 787: 5232: 4529: 3677:"About the Deep Sea Mining campaign | Deep Sea Mining: Out Of Our Depth" 3581: 2325: 2252:

Kim, Rakhyun E. (August 2017). "Should deep seabed mining be allowed?".

2091:"Deep-sea mining's future still murky as negotiations end on mixed note" 1803:

approved commercial deep-sea mining. 80% of Parliament voted to approve.

622:, potato-sized rocklike deposits containing minerals such as manganese, 450:

feature surface. Crusts are rich in a range of metals including cobalt,

7378: 6995: 6310: 6303: 6286: 6271: 5587:"Mining robot stranded on Pacific Ocean floor in deep-sea mining trial" 3988:"Green Minerals AS: Capital Markets Day and Q1 report - Green Minerals" 3304:"Japan successfully undertakes large-scale deep-sea mineral extraction" 2282: 1872: 1843: 1612: 1439: 1430:

Polymetallic nodule fields are hotspots of abundance and diversity for

1415: 1372: 1356: 1275: 213: 186: 126: 5793:"Nations join ranks to delay deep-sea mining approval by UN regulator" 5683:"Nations join ranks to delay deep-sea mining approval by UN regulator" 5497:"Impossible Metals demonstrates its super-careful seabed mining robot" 4915: 4566: 4466: 3644: 3642: 3150:

Glasby, G. P. (28 July 2000). "Lessons Learned from Deep-Sea Mining".

2585: 1906: 1757:, 'Eureka 1', has completed its first trial of selectively harvesting 1476:: "Not only is deep-sea mining an energy-intensive industry with high 7307: 7259: 7233: 7181: 7015: 6977: 6727: 6717: 6389: 6251: 6226: 5438:"China is set to dominate the deep sea and its wealth of rare metals" 4321:

Deep Sea Mining Value Chain: Organization, Technology and Development

3708:"Collapse of PNG deep-sea mining venture sparks calls for moratorium" 3576: 3381:"Papua New Guinea awards first deep sea mining licence to Nautilus". 3117:(Vol. 1B ed.). Secretariat of the Pacific Community. p. 8. 2423:"Collapse of PNG deep-sea mining venture sparks calls for moratorium" 2115:"China is set to dominate the deep sea and its wealth of rare metals" 1588:

New Zealand regulates DSM via its 2011 Marine and Coastal Area Bill.

1484:

as well as the release of large amounts of the potent greenhouse gas

1384: 1376: 1330: 1308: 1094: 889: 823: 584: 459: 451: 200: 196: 5974: 2050: 1967: – Establishing of human activities at sea and use of the ocean 6952: 6896: 6557: 6406: 6374: 6111: 5026:"David Attenborough calls for ban on 'devastating' deep sea mining" 3639: 2453:"David Attenborough calls for ban on 'devastating' deep sea mining" 1729: 1233: 1172: 1137: 1098: 1062: 688: 668: 544: 463: 455: 150: 38: 5094:"Deep-sea mining possibly as damaging as land mining, lawyers say" 3411:

Allen, Colin Filer, Jennifer Gabriel, Matthew G. (27 April 2020).

738:(JOGMEC) from August to September 2017, using the research vessel 595:. The deposits are mined using hydraulic pumps or bucket systems. 6913: 6416: 6394: 6281: 6276: 6126: 3813:"Seabed Mineral Resource Estimate completed for the Cook Islands" 3226:"Minerals: Polymetallic Nodules | International Seabed Authority" 1650: 1616: 1526: 1485: 1388: 1346: 1124:

were expected to apply for licenses. In March 2023 Loke acquired

657: 255: 217: 5941: 5910:

Geophysical Methods for the Mapping of Deep-Sea Mineral Deposits

5557:"Proposed deep-sea mining would kill animals not yet discovered" 4319:

Abramowski, Tomasz (2016). "Value chain of deep seabed mining".

4214: 4013: 3413:"How PNG lost US$ 120 million and the future of deep-sea mining" 879:

Cook Islands Investment Corporation - Seabed Resources (CIIC-SR)

469:

Cobalt-rich formations exist in two categories depending on the

7317: 7297: 7191: 6866: 6359: 6027: 6005: 5668:"European Parliament Calls for a Moratorium on Deep-Sea Mining" 3773: 3487:"A lease is granted for the first ever deep-sea mining project" 1800: 1646: 1608: 1355:

Nodule fields provide hard substrate on the bottom, attracting

1312: 1291: 1160: 1152: 1078: 762:. The project was a joint venture between Papua New Guinea and 627: 623: 611: 607: 588: 580: 572: 209: 92: 62: 58: 54: 34: 5464:"Homes fitted with new technology could make the grid smarter" 4916:

Blanchard Harrould-Kolieb Jones Taylor, C. E. E. M.L. (2023).

4543: 4500: 2664: 2342:"Out of Our Depth: Mining the Ocean Floor in Papua New Guinea" 1703:

to actively engage in generating and synthesizing information.

1564:

measures, fees and sanctions for non-state actor involvement.

1422:

patterns, ability to communicate, and ability to detect prey.

779:(ROV) technology developed by UK-based Soil Machine Dynamics. 181:

Example of manganese nodule that can be found on the sea floor

7327: 7269: 6610: 6542: 6440: 6332: 1824: 1443: 1320:(UNCLOS) on marine biodiversity was adopted on 19 June 2023. 1058: 661: 6195: 4885:"Evidence of dark oxygen production at the abyssal seafloor" 4732:"Evidence of dark oxygen production at the abyssal seafloor" 3376: 3374: 3372: 1983: 866:

Amendment Act were enacted in 2020 and 2021, respectively.

114:, and battery technologies use many of the deep-sea metals. 7302: 6423: 6411: 6327: 5895:"The international forum for deep sea mining professionals" 5527:"These fearsome robots will bring mining to the deep ocean" 5203: 3960:"Nomination of blocks for mineral activities on the seabed" 3935:"Norway to Begin Deep-Sea Mining Exploration in the Arctic" 2776:"Resilience of benthic deep-sea fauna to mining activities" 2704:

Dean, W. E.; Moore, W. S.; Nealson, K. H. (November 1981).

2512: 1736: 1459:

oxygen production in the absent of light and photosynthesis

1156: 897: 592: 576: 5816:"DEEP-SEA MINING BLOCKS TRANSITION TO A SUSTAINABLE WORLD" 4100:"Seatrium is born from Keppel O&M and Sembcorp Marine" 3863: 2979: 2628:. Sustainable Development Goals Series. pp. 339–367. 2296: 2209:

Deep Sea Minerals: Deep Sea Minerals and the Green Economy

1399:

Deep sea mining generates ambient noise in normally quiet

1267:, deep-towed photography, remotely-operated vehicles, and 5175:"Conservationists call for urgent ban on deep-sea mining" 4881: 4806:"Where Should Metals for the Green Transition Come From?" 4728: 4440: 4344:

UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme (6 May 2024).

3369: 3279:"In Graphic Detail: Deep-Sea Mining in the United States" 3196: 1604: 190: 5286:"Warning over start of commercial-scale deep-sea mining" 4884: 4758: 4656: 3457:"Deep sea mining plans for Papua New Guinea raise alarm" 3015: 2772: 1521:

Activities in international waters are regulated by the

1345:

Removing parts of the sea floor disturbs the habitat of

5936:"Why are countries laying claim to the deep-sea floor?" 4209: 4207: 3514:"Concerns for marine life near deep sea mining project" 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 5314: 2180:"Campaign Reports | Deep Sea Mining: Out Of Our Depth" 526:

Mainly cobalt, some vanadium, molybdenum and platinum

224:

Nodule chemical composition from selected areas (wt%)

4957: 4323:. Interoceanmetal Joint Organization. pp. 9–18. 4130:"These Mining Companies Are Ready to Raid the Seabed" 1938:

Copper mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

5912:– November 2014 Ocean News & Technology magazine 4417:"Deep water: the emerging threat of deep sea mining" 4204: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3053: 2045:(Report). U.S. Geological Survey. 2024. p. 63. 1902: 1728:

near Hawaii, where for five days it looped south of

771:. The company leased a portion of the seabed in the 3326:

Mining the deep seabed is about to become a reality

2877: 1923: – Mineral recovery from the bottom of the sea 1511:

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

5698:"Palau calls for halt on seabed mining until 2030" 4597:"University of Ghent press bulletin, June 7, 2016" 4547:Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 4314: 4312: 3485: 3352:"Vent Fields | InterRidge Vents Database Ver. 3.4" 2417: 2415: 2348:. MiningWatch Canada, CELCoR, Packard Foundation. 1715:International Union for the Conservation of Nature 173:Polymetallic nodules on the deep seabed in the CCZ 72:(ISA) regulates all mineral-related activities in 5122: 4993:Global Ecologies and the Environmental Humanities 4496: 4494: 3444: 3417:Devpolicy Blog from the Development Policy Centre 2925: 2923: 2830: 2828: 2626:Geosciences and the Sustainable Development Goals 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 1516: 7500: 5724:"Deep-sea mining's future rests on crucial vote" 4804:Katona, Steven; Paulikas, Daina (24 July 2020). 4240: 4238: 4236: 3543:"Solwara 1 Project – High Grade Copper and Gold" 3075:Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery 2703: 2671:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2623: 4309: 4014:"10 Deep Sea Mining Companies to Watch in 2024" 2834: 2768: 2766: 2412: 1474:International Union for Conservation of Nature 5045:"Companies back moratorium on deep sea mining" 4862:International Union for Conservation of Nature 4803: 4607: 4491: 3072: 2920: 2825: 2608: 2154:"Cook Islands Seabed Minerals Authority - Map" 1732:without having requested entry into US waters. 1699:via regulations that, for example, enable the 736:Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation 694:On November 10, 2020, the Chinese submersible 6211: 5990: 4367: 4365: 4233: 3545:. Nautilus Minerals Inc. 2010. Archived from 705:Promising sulfide deposits (an average of 26 4875: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 3436:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2763: 2375: 1632: 1394: 537:Copper, lead and zinc, some gold and silver 143:sand, silt and mud for construction purposes 4650: 4190:"Deep distrust of Norway's deep-sea mining" 4038:Helland, Wenche Rosengren (16 March 2023). 3566: 3564: 3220: 3218: 3191: 3189: 1201:on 10 July 2010. In the background are the 1136:, now part of also Singaporean state-owned 1048: 724: 679:, as well as countries such as the Pacific 95:, where it has been approved. In 2022, the 41:. The main ores of commercial interest are 6218: 6204: 5997: 5983: 4990: 4712:"Dark oxygen made by deep sea 'batteries'" 4613: 4362: 4318: 3864:"NORI Project – Nauru Ocean Resources Inc" 2203: 2201: 1817:Upholding the Common Heritage of Humankind 1761:rocks from the seabed to help address the 1696: 802:for affected communities and violated the 644:Polymetallic nodules are found within the 5746: 5744: 5341: 5231: 5221: 4900: 4743: 4687: 4528: 4518: 4474: 4427: 4040:"Acquiring licences in the Pacific Ocean" 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3107: 2513:"SPC-EU Deep Sea Minerals Project - Home" 2371: 2369: 2367: 2339: 2324: 2314: 2281: 2018: 1636: 5406: 4960:"DEEP SEABED HARD MINERAL RESOURCES ACT" 4282: 3561: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3276: 3215: 3186: 1285: 1247:The three stages of deep-sea mining are 1187: 420: 176: 168: 87:Deep sea mining is also possible in the 20: 7359:Pollutant release and transfer register 5945:Volume 3: Pipeline and Riser Technology 5091: 5042: 5023: 4616:Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 4374:Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 4037: 3887: 3705: 3537: 3535: 3019:Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 2198: 1504: 164: 33:is the extraction of minerals from the 16:Mineral extraction from the ocean floor 7501: 5790: 5741: 5695: 5680: 5372: 4939:from the original on 17 September 2021 4930: 4414: 4371: 4244: 4127: 3817:Cook Islands Seabed Minerals Authority 3648: 3149: 3136: 2364: 2340:Rosenbaum, Dr. Helen (November 2011). 1991:Communications Earth & Environment 1838:In December 2023, the research vessel 1753:Impossible Metals announces its first 1697:environmental effects of seabed mining 1340: 1057:, partnered with the island nation of 543:Diamonds are mined from the seabed by 515:Nickel, copper, cobalt, and manganese 80:; and 5 for cobalt-rich crusts in the 6199: 6004: 5978: 5750: 5665: 5537:from the original on 15 November 2022 5469:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 5461: 5407:Clifford, Catherine (4 August 2023). 4816:from the original on 15 December 2021 4589: 4278: 4276: 4247:Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 4123: 4121: 3982: 3980: 3836: 3834: 3410: 3397: 3332:from the original on 3 September 2019 2596:from the original on 8 September 2021 2523:from the original on 6 September 2021 2493:from the original on 6 September 2021 2463:from the original on 6 September 2021 2352:from the original on 13 December 2019 2186:from the original on 13 December 2019 1183: 858:passed two deep sea mining laws. The 777:remotely operated underwater vehicles 444: 7449: 6690:Electromagnetic radiation and health 5597:from the original on 2 February 2023 5507:from the original on 17 January 2023 5477:from the original on 26 October 2022 5385:from the original on 16 October 2021 5266:from the original on 25 October 2021 5185:from the original on 6 November 2021 4972:from the original on 23 October 2020 4343: 4187: 3888:Company, The Metals (7 April 2020). 3840: 3687:from the original on 9 November 2018 3602:from the original on 9 November 2018 3596:"About the Deep Sea Mining Campaign" 3532: 3277:Shabahat, Elham (16 February 2024). 2553:from the original on 24 January 2016 2108: 2106: 2104: 1773:system components, mainly batteries. 1305:United Nations Environment Programme 1197:delivers new containment cap to the 1163:, which are necessary for producing 1112:Three Norwegian start-up companies, 7465: 7457: 6548:Radium and radon in the environment 5917:"Deep Sea Mining: Out Of Our Depth" 5435: 5373:Duthie, Lizzie (1 September 2021). 4931:Conley, Julia (11 September 2021). 4064: 3124:from the original on 12 August 2021 2251: 2112: 1457:The nodules are also important for 1318:UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 13: 5296:from the original on 8 August 2022 5104:from the original on 18 April 2018 5073:from the original on 19 April 2018 4273: 4128:Meaker, Morgan (12 January 2024). 4118: 3994:(in Norwegian Bokmål). 14 May 2024 3977: 3831: 3732:from the original on 22 March 2022 3706:Doherty, Ben (15 September 2019). 3681:www.deepseaminingoutofourdepth.org 3511: 3262:. 11 November 2020. Archived from 3108:Beaudoin, Yannick; Baker, Elaine. 3039:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2008.tb00633.x 2433:from the original on 11 April 2021 1323: 884:Moana Minerals is a subsidiary of 598:The largest deposits occur in the 14: 7530: 5886: 5791:Wright, Stephen (1 August 2024). 5751:Gayle, Damien (3 December 2023). 5721: 5696:Magick, Samantha (7 April 2023). 3780:from the original on 17 May 2021. 3762:from the original on 17 May 2021. 2937:. 27 January 2021. Archived from 2884:Springer International Publishing 2160:from the original on 30 June 2022 2101: 489:Deposit types and related depths 435:seafloor massive sulfide deposits 433:Polymetallic sulphides appear on 7483: 7473: 7464: 7456: 7448: 7436: 7435: 5919:. 3 January 2012. Archived from 5858: 5845:Environmental Justice Foundation 5833: 5813: 5807: 5784: 5770: 5715: 5689: 5681:Wright, Stephen (31 July 2024). 5674: 5659: 5634: 5609: 5579: 5549: 5519: 5489: 5366: 5308: 5278: 5248: 5197: 5167: 5116: 5085: 5067:Harvard Environmental Law Review 5055: 5024:McVeigh, Karen (12 March 2020). 4221:from the original on 8 June 2022 3841:Weil, Ariel (5 September 2023). 3236:from the original on 11 May 2024 2043:Mineral commodity summaries 2024 1905: 1869:Environmental Justice Foundation 1681:This section is an excerpt from 1149:World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 800:free, prior and informed consent 712: 667:Cobalt-rich crusts are found on 550: 156: 136:exclusive economic zones (EEZ's) 6262:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 5893:The Deep Sea Mining Summit 2023 5666:Woody, Todd (1 February 2018). 5379:Fauna & Flora International 5043:Shukman, David (3 April 2021). 5036: 5017: 4984: 4951: 4924: 4909: 4850: 4828: 4797: 4752: 4722: 4704: 4537: 4408: 4337: 4181: 4155: 4092: 4058: 4031: 4006: 3952: 3927: 3881: 3856: 3805: 3784: 3766: 3744: 3718: 3699: 3669: 3588: 3505: 3344: 3314: 3296: 3270: 3248: 3101: 3009: 3003:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.12.001 2973: 2953: 2900: 2871: 2857:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.09.010 2803:10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.04.010 2743: 2697: 2658: 2578: 2565: 2535: 2505: 2475: 2445: 2333: 2290: 2245: 2221: 1861: 1067:Deep Sea Mining Finance Limited 849: 5563:. 1 April 2022. Archived from 5092:Doherty, Ben (18 April 2018). 4958:U.S. Ocean Commission (2002). 2837:Ocean & Coastal Management 2172: 2146: 2132: 2083: 2069:International Seabed Authority 2057: 2035: 1977: 1701:International Seabed Authority 1633:§ Deep sea mining efforts 1547:common heritage of all mankind 1532: 1523:International Seabed Authority 1517:International Seabed Authority 1495: 1311:, with only 24.9% of the deep 1269:autonomous underwater vehicles 1130:Ocean Minerals Singapore (OMS) 844:International Seabed Authority 681:Federated States of Micronesia 559:or surround active or extinct 531:Polymetallic sulfide deposits 70:International Seabed Authority 1: 6750:Electrical resistance heating 6225: 5795:. Benar News. Radio Free Asia 5436:Kuo, Lily (19 October 2023). 4415:Hooper, Ellie (5 July 2019). 4065:Tan, Cheryl (6 August 2022). 3572:"Treasure on the ocean floor" 3197:"The Clarion-Clipperton Zone" 2783:Marine Environmental Research 2683:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.119.01.14 2113:Kuo, Lily (19 October 2023). 1971: 1593:Fauna and Flora International 1418:. Behavioral changes include 1053:In 2023, a Canadian company, 875:Cook Islands Consortium (CIC) 6402:Persistent organic pollutant 5343:10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006 5145:10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103823 4680:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.027 4188:Hall, Linda (29 June 2024). 3512:Om, Jason (25 August 2014). 3164:10.1126/science.289.5479.551 2729:10.1016/0009-2541(81)90071-1 2634:10.1007/978-3-030-38815-7_14 2274:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.010 1737:Global Sea Mineral Resources 1643:Mineral Resources of the Sea 1425: 1134:Keppel Offshore & Marine 749: 91:(EEZ) of countries, such as 7: 7412:Least polluted cities by PM 5866:"What EV makers need to do" 5210:Frontiers in Marine Science 4935:. Common Dreams. Ecowatch. 4776:10.13140/RG.2.2.21346.66242 4748:– via www.nature.com. 4507:Frontiers in Marine Science 3752:"Sea Bed Minerals Act 2019" 3461:Mongabay Environmental News 3383:BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific 3310:. Kyodo. 26 September 2017. 2303:Frontiers in Marine Science 2229:"Breaking Free From Mining" 1961: – Type of ocean claim 1954:Human impact on marine life 1898: 1833: 1637:§ Laws and regulations 1199:Deepwater Horizon oil spill 837: 555:Deep sea mining sites hold 138:are exploring the subject. 10: 7535: 7354:Pollution haven hypothesis 7277:Brain health and pollution 6515:Ecological light pollution 6345:Internal combustion engine 5938:- BBC article 21 June 2017 4902:10.1038/s41561-024-01480-8 4745:10.1038/s41561-024-01480-8 4285:Regulating Deep Sea Mining 3756:Sea Bed Minerals Authority 2011:10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8 1755:underwater robotic vehicle 1680: 1630: 1626: 1597:World Wide Fund for Nature 1290:Deep sea mining (like all 1242: 1226:Remotely operated vehicles 1210:GSF Development Driller II 1109:expected for early 2025. 729: 698:reached the bottom of the 116:Electric vehicle batteries 7433: 7387: 7336: 7285: 7252: 7157:Nonpoint source pollution 7085: 7077:War and environmental law 7024: 6986: 6968: 6768: 6703: 6640: 6566: 6535: 6500: 6484: 6449: 6436:Volatile organic compound 6242: 6233: 6157: 6125: 6089: 6068: 6061: 6013: 5223:10.3389/fmars.2021.706161 4838:. The Hindu. 30 June 2023 4636:10.1080/10641190009353796 4394:10.1080/10641190500446698 4293:10.1007/978-3-030-82834-9 4287:. SpringerBriefs in Law. 4267:10.1080/10641190051092993 3356:vents-data.interridge.org 1943:Deepsea mining in Namibia 1806:On February 7, 2024, the 1575:defined by legislation., 1395:Noise and light pollution 1083:Seafloor Massive Sulfides 1072: 916: 6616:Marine mammals and sonar 6527:Radio spectrum pollution 4520:10.3389/fmars.2017.00418 4283:Willaert, Klaas (2021). 3774:"Laws & Regulations" 3663:10.1215/00382876-3749625 3651:South Atlantic Quarterly 2346:Deep Sea Mining Campaign 2316:10.3389/fmars.2020.00384 1675: 1665: 1603:, and companies such as 1478:greenhouse gas emissions 1049:The Metals Company (TMC) 886:Ocean Minerals LLC (OML) 817: 725:Deep sea mining projects 471:depositional environment 145:is abundant, along with 7462:WikiProject Environment 7420:Most polluted countries 7364:Polluter pays principle 7095:Agricultural wastewater 4660:Environmental Pollution 3322:"Deep Sea Mining Watch" 3087:10.1023/A:1009963912171 2390:10.1126/science.1138289 2065:"Exploration Contracts" 1854:is owned by Magellan. 1794: 1777: 1747: 1741:Clarion-Clipperton Zone 1726:exclusive economic zone 1707: 1689: 804:precautionary principle 796:Nautilus the Protector. 614:. Scattered across the 600:Clarion-Clipperton Zone 89:exclusive economic zone 51:Clarion-Clipperton Zone 7480:Environment portal 6713:Agricultural pollution 5953:10.1115/OMAE2012-83156 5841:"STOP DEEP-SEA MINING" 4812:. Energy Futures Lab. 4658:for deep-sea mining". 3792:"Executive Management" 1821:Surangel S. Whipps Jr. 1219: 1194:Discoverer Inspiration 871:Moana Minerals Limited 860:Sea Bed Minerals (SBM) 812:Toronto Stock Exchange 764:Nautilus Minerals Inc. 664:, and the Peru Basin. 182: 174: 27: 7135:Industrial wastewater 7001:Clutter (advertising) 6909:Municipal solid waste 6755:Soil guideline values 6599:Sustainable transport 6492:Information pollution 6292:Open burning of waste 5904:Multinational Monitor 5262:. 28 September 2021. 5001:10.4324/9781315738635 4046:(in Norwegian Bokmål) 2429:. 15 September 2019. 1286:Environmental impacts 1204:Discoverer Enterprise 1191: 421:Polymetallic sulfides 180: 172: 82:Western Pacific Ocean 24: 7407:Most polluted cities 7100:Biological pollution 7011:Overhead power lines 5947:. pp. 137–144. 5290:University of Exeter 5181:. 9 September 2021. 4995:. pp. 352–372. 4044:Loke marine minerals 3683:. 19 November 2011. 3598:. 19 November 2011. 3584:on 25 February 2018. 3266:on 11 November 2020. 2590:The Ocean Foundation 2241:on 23 December 2021. 2182:. 19 November 2011. 1645:. Nations including 1560:exploit resources. 1543:polymetallic nodules 1505:Laws and regulations 1482:carbon sequestration 1434:. Sediment can clog 1114:Loke Marine Minerals 760:New Ireland province 626:, copper, zinc, and 620:polymetallic nodules 557:polymetallic nodules 505:Polymetallic nodules 497:Typical depth range 165:Polymetallic nodules 123:environmental impact 74:international waters 43:polymetallic nodules 7470:WikiProject Ecology 7167:Ocean acidification 7072:Unexploded ordnance 6943:Post-consumer waste 6803:Foam food container 6781:Biodegradable waste 6355:Global distillation 6053:Mountaintop removal 5970:Mining the Deep Sea 5780:. 30 November 2023. 5561:National Geographic 5503:. 8 December 2022. 5334:2022MarPo.13805006A 5137:2020MarPo.11403823G 4785:on 12 February 2021 4672:2017EPoll.228..169M 4628:2000MGG....18..285N 4559:2018IEAM...14..672K 4459:2016NatSR...630492A 4421:Greenpeace Aotearoa 4386:2005MGG....23..331S 4259:2000MGG....18..285S 4215:"Impossible Mining" 3635:. 11 February 2021. 3031:2008AcGlS..82..796Z 2995:2013OGRv...51....1H 2983:Ore Geology Reviews 2849:2019OCM...167..271P 2795:2017MarER.129...76G 2721:1981ChGeo..34...53D 2573:Gems & Gemology 2266:2017MarPo..82..134K 2003:2021ComEE...2..148M 1893:resource efficiency 1808:European Parliament 1759:polymetallic nodule 1568:Continental Shelves 1488:, exacerbating the 1341:Benthic disturbance 905: 490: 225: 206:rare earth elements 131:deep sea ecosystems 108:dynamic positioning 7490:Ecology portal 7374:Waste minimisation 7349:Industrial ecology 7344:Cleaner production 7162:Nutrient pollution 7039:Herbicidal warfare 6833:Construction waste 6469:Introduced species 6340:Indoor air quality 6267:Chlorofluorocarbon 5923:on 8 December 2015 5820:The Oxygen Project 5646:www.soalliance.org 5567:on 2 February 2023 5471:via techxplore.com 4447:Scientific Reports 4167:Ocean Mining Intel 3939:www.soalliance.org 3919:has generic name ( 3894:The Metals Company 3868:The Metals Company 3633:MiningWatch Canada 3463:. 18 November 2016 3203:. 15 December 2017 2966:2021-09-06 at the 2913:2021-09-06 at the 2886:. pp. 30–33. 2756:2021-08-12 at the 2214:2021-11-04 at the 1959:Ocean colonization 1948:Deepwater drilling 1848:The Metals Company 1785:The Metals Company 1763:rising global need 1601:David Attenborough 1438:organisms such as 1420:vertical migration 1220: 1184:Extraction methods 1055:The Metals Company 904: 792:Northern Territory 646:Mid-Atlantic Ridge 561:hydrothermal vents 488: 454:, nickel, copper, 445:Cobalt-rich crusts 428:hydrothermal vents 223: 183: 175: 147:mineral rich sands 28: 7509:Underwater mining 7496: 7495: 7369:Pollution control 7049:Nuclear holocaust 6958:Thermal treatment 6926:Plastic pollution 6843:Mercury poisoning 6796:Battery recycling 6695:Radioactive waste 6464:Genetic pollution 6459:Biological hazard 6257:Air quality index 6193: 6192: 6153: 6152: 5962:978-0-7918-4490-8 5593:. 28 April 2021. 5069:. 16 April 2018. 5010:978-1-315-73863-5 4920:. Science Direct. 4889:Nature Geoscience 4736:Nature Geoscience 4567:10.1002/ieam.4071 4467:10.1038/srep30492 4346:"Deep-Sea Mining" 4330:978-83-944323-0-0 4302:978-3-030-82833-2 4169:. 24 January 2023 4104:Seatrade Maritime 4071:The Straits Times 3728:. 22 March 2022. 3549:on 12 August 2010 3385:. 5 August 2010. 3232:. 17 March 2022. 3158:(5479): 551–553. 2893:978-3-319-52556-3 2643:978-3-030-38814-0 2592:. 7 August 2010. 2489:. 31 March 2021. 2459:. 12 March 2020. 1965:Ocean development 1889:energy efficiency 1842:was disrupted by 1472:According to the 1347:benthic organisms 1046: 1045: 917:Metal grades (%) 707:parts per million 618:are trillions of 541: 540: 520:Manganese crusts 508:Manganese nodules 439:hydrothermal vent 418: 417: 112:electric vehicles 7526: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7478: 7477: 7468: 7467: 7460: 7459: 7452: 7451: 7439: 7438: 7313:Legacy pollution 7172:Oil exploitation 7034:Chemical warfare 6948:Waste management 6855:Industrial waste 6823:Biomedical waste 6791:Electronic waste 6776:Advertising mail 6760:Phytoremediation 6735:Land degradation 6520:Overillumination 6474:Invasive species 6220: 6213: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6066: 6065: 6048:Hydraulic mining 5999: 5992: 5985: 5976: 5975: 5966: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5748: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5702:Islands Business 5693: 5687: 5686: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5462:Ledbetter, Tim. 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5433: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5404: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5345: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5235: 5225: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5021: 5015: 5014: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4971: 4964: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4784: 4778:. Archived from 4765: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4730:(22 July 2024). 4726: 4720: 4719: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4691: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4603:on 14 June 2016. 4599:. Archived from 4593: 4587: 4586: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4522: 4498: 4489: 4488: 4478: 4438: 4425: 4424: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4350: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4316: 4307: 4306: 4280: 4271: 4270: 4242: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4211: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4125: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3992:greenminerals.no 3984: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3912: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3838: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3625: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3568: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3539: 3530: 3529: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3453: 3442: 3441: 3435: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3408: 3395: 3394: 3378: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3147: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3123: 3116: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3070: 3051: 3050: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2977: 2971: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2927: 2918: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2780: 2770: 2761: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2709:Chemical Geology 2701: 2695: 2694: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2621: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2582: 2576: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2419: 2410: 2409: 2373: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2318: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2234:. Archived from 2233: 2225: 2219: 2205: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2110: 2099: 2098: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2022: 1981: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1881:public transport 1877:circular economy 1771:renewable energy 1735:Belgian company 1265:side scan sonars 1216:Helix Producer I 1077:In January 2024 1069:in April 2020. 906: 903: 830:(Kennecott) and 756:Papua New Guinea 685:Marshall Islands 650:Papua New Guinea 639:Manihiki Plateau 567:, which collect 565:sulfide deposits 534:1,400 – 3,700 m 512:4,000 – 6,000 m 491: 487: 226: 222: 101:Papua New Guinea 78:mid-ocean ridges 7534: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7484: 7482: 7472: 7429: 7415: 7383: 7332: 7281: 7248: 7187:Pharmaceuticals 7177:Oil exploration 7081: 7053:Nuclear fallout 7020: 6982: 6964: 6938:Packaging waste 6892:Deep sea mining 6818:Hazardous waste 6764: 6745:Open defecation 6699: 6665:Nuclear fallout 6660:Nuclear fission 6636: 6562: 6531: 6502:Electromagnetic 6496: 6480: 6445: 6365:Ozone depletion 6238: 6229: 6224: 6194: 6189: 6175:Deep sea mining 6149: 6135:Room and pillar 6121: 6085: 6057: 6009: 6003: 5963: 5926: 5924: 5915: 5889: 5884: 5874: 5872: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5847: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5824: 5822: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5789: 5785: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5749: 5742: 5732: 5730: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5694: 5690: 5679: 5675: 5664: 5660: 5650: 5648: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5621:www.semafor.com 5615: 5614: 5610: 5600: 5598: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5568: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5510: 5508: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5442:Washington Post 5434: 5427: 5417: 5415: 5405: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5371: 5367: 5313: 5309: 5299: 5297: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5202: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5074: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5041: 5037: 5022: 5018: 5011: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4929: 4925: 4914: 4910: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4802: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4727: 4723: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4655: 4651: 4612: 4608: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4542: 4538: 4499: 4492: 4439: 4428: 4413: 4409: 4370: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4281: 4274: 4243: 4234: 4224: 4222: 4213: 4212: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4146: 4144: 4126: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4018:Deep Sea Mining 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3916: 3915: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3896: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3839: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3647: 3640: 3627: 3626: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3533: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3492:country.eiu.com 3484: 3483: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3455: 3454: 3445: 3429: 3428: 3421: 3419: 3409: 3398: 3380: 3379: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3308:The Japan Times 3302: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3275: 3271: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3224: 3223: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3148: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3071: 3054: 3014: 3010: 2978: 2974: 2968:Wayback Machine 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2941:on 7 March 2021 2929: 2928: 2921: 2915:Wayback Machine 2905: 2901: 2894: 2876: 2872: 2833: 2826: 2778: 2771: 2764: 2758:Wayback Machine 2748: 2744: 2702: 2698: 2663: 2659: 2644: 2622: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2586:"Seabed Mining" 2584: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2547:Deepwater group 2541: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2517:dsm.gsd.spc.int 2511: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2421: 2420: 2413: 2374: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2338: 2334: 2295: 2291: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2216:Wayback Machine 2206: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2142:. 26 June 2024. 2138: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2119:Washington Post 2111: 2102: 2097:. 2 April 2024. 2089: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2072: 2071:. 17 March 2022 2063: 2062: 2058: 2051:10.3133/mcs2024 2041: 2040: 2036: 2020:1721.1/138864.2 1982: 1978: 1974: 1911: 1904: 1901: 1864: 1836: 1831: 1830: 1797: 1780: 1750: 1710: 1692: 1686: 1678: 1668: 1639: 1629: 1535: 1519: 1507: 1498: 1452:bioaccumulation 1428: 1411:Light pollution 1405:Noise pollution 1397: 1343: 1326: 1324:Sediment plumes 1288: 1245: 1236:to the ocean. 1186: 1126:Lockheed Martin 1122:Adepth Minerals 1075: 1051: 922:Classification 852: 840: 820: 752: 732: 727: 715: 654:Solomon Islands 648:system, around 553: 506: 447: 423: 167: 159: 31:Deep sea mining 17: 12: 11: 5: 7532: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7494: 7493: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7404: 7402:Law by country 7399: 7393: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7340: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7224:Surface runoff 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7110:Eutrophication 7107: 7102: 7097: 7091: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7067:Scorched earth 7064: 7061:nuclear winter 7057:nuclear famine 7046: 7036: 7030: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6992: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6974: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6923: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6902:Uranium mining 6899: 6894: 6889: 6887:Surface mining 6884: 6879: 6869: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6838:Lead poisoning 6835: 6830: 6828:Chemical waste 6825: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6740:Bioremediation 6737: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6709: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6655:Bioremediation 6652: 6646: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6608: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576:Transportation 6572: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6506: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6466: 6461: 6455: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6350:Global dimming 6347: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6321:Diesel exhaust 6313: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6223: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6200: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6070: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6002: 6001: 5994: 5987: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5961: 5939: 5933: 5913: 5907: 5896: 5888: 5887:External links 5885: 5883: 5882: 5857: 5832: 5814:Koop, Fermín. 5806: 5783: 5769: 5740: 5722:Tahir, Tariq. 5714: 5688: 5673: 5658: 5633: 5608: 5578: 5548: 5518: 5488: 5454: 5425: 5396: 5365: 5307: 5277: 5247: 5196: 5166: 5115: 5084: 5054: 5035: 5016: 5009: 4983: 4950: 4923: 4908: 4874: 4849: 4827: 4796: 4770:(Report). DG. 4751: 4721: 4703: 4649: 4622:(3): 285–294. 4606: 4588: 4553:(6): 672–691. 4536: 4490: 4426: 4407: 4380:(4): 331–338. 4361: 4336: 4329: 4308: 4301: 4272: 4253:(3): 285–294. 4232: 4203: 4180: 4154: 4117: 4091: 4057: 4030: 4005: 3976: 3951: 3926: 3880: 3855: 3830: 3804: 3783: 3765: 3743: 3717: 3698: 3668: 3657:(1): 207–217. 3638: 3613: 3587: 3560: 3531: 3504: 3474: 3443: 3396: 3368: 3343: 3313: 3295: 3283:Hakai Magazine 3269: 3247: 3230:www.isa.org.jm 3214: 3185: 3135: 3100: 3081:(4): 299–315. 3052: 3025:(4): 796–803. 3008: 2972: 2952: 2919: 2899: 2892: 2870: 2824: 2762: 2742: 2696: 2677:(1): 213–237. 2657: 2642: 2607: 2577: 2564: 2534: 2504: 2474: 2444: 2411: 2363: 2332: 2289: 2244: 2220: 2197: 2171: 2145: 2131: 2100: 2082: 2056: 2034: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1951: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1924: 1917: 1916: 1900: 1897: 1885:car dependency 1863: 1860: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1812: 1804: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1733: 1721: 1718: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1628: 1625: 1599:, broadcaster 1534: 1531: 1518: 1515: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1490:climate crisis 1436:filter-feeding 1427: 1424: 1403:environments. 1396: 1393: 1342: 1339: 1325: 1322: 1287: 1284: 1244: 1241: 1185: 1182: 1118:Green Minerals 1103:North Atlantic 1074: 1071: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 986: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 957: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 935: 929: 923: 919: 918: 915: 913: 911: 909: 851: 848: 839: 836: 819: 816: 751: 748: 744:Okinawa Trough 731: 728: 726: 723: 714: 711: 700:Mariana Trench 552: 549: 539: 538: 535: 532: 528: 527: 524: 523:800 – 2,400 m 521: 517: 516: 513: 510: 502: 501: 498: 495: 482: 481: 478: 446: 443: 422: 419: 416: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 394: 390: 389: 386: 383: 380: 377: 374: 371: 368: 364: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 338: 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 312: 311: 308: 305: 302: 299: 296: 293: 290: 286: 285: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 264: 260: 259: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 166: 163: 158: 155: 153:and diamonds. 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7531: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7491: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7463: 7455: 7446: 7442: 7432: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7245: 7244:Water quality 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7006:Traffic signs 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6967: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6932: 6931:Microplastics 6929: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6921:Nanomaterials 6919: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6860:Lead smelting 6858: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6680:Radioactivity 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6632:Noise control 6630: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6380:Metal working 6378: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6228: 6221: 6216: 6214: 6209: 6207: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6186: 6185:Seabed mining 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6000: 5995: 5993: 5988: 5986: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5794: 5787: 5779: 5773: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5745: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5684: 5677: 5669: 5662: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5476: 5472: 5470: 5465: 5458: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5430: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5401: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5322:Marine Policy 5319: 5311: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5200: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5125:Marine Policy 5119: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5012: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4919: 4912: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4837: 4831: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4689:10400.1/10388 4685: 4681: 4677: 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Euro Weekly 4191: 4184: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4122: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4019: 4015: 4009: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3981: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3922: 3910: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3844: 3837: 3835: 3819:. 10 May 2023 3818: 3814: 3808: 3793: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3643: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3567: 3565: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3493: 3488: 3481: 3479: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3439: 3433: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3219: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3120: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2829: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2769: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2568: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2416: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2384:(5827): 987. 2383: 2379: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2254:Marine Policy 2248: 2237: 2230: 2224: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2141: 2135: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1921:Seabed mining 1919: 1918: 1914: 1913:Oceans portal 1908: 1903: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1850:. The vessel 1849: 1845: 1841: 1826: 1822: 1819:", President 1818: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1684: 1670: 1669: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1655:United States 1652: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1619:called for a 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1514: 1512: 1502: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1448:phytoplankton 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432:abyssal fauna 1423: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365:glass sponges 1362: 1361:abyssal plain 1358: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1276:metallurgical 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261:echo-sounders 1257: 1254: 1250: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169:wind turbines 1166: 1165:mobile phones 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 987: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 958: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 940: 936: 934: 930: 928: 924: 921: 920: 914: 912: 910: 908: 907: 902: 899: 893: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 867: 864: 861: 857: 854:In 2019, the 847: 845: 835: 833: 829: 825: 822:In the 1970s 815: 813: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 780: 778: 774: 770: 765: 761: 757: 747: 745: 741: 737: 722: 720: 719:Blake Plateau 713:United States 710: 708: 703: 701: 697: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 642: 640: 636: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 616:abyssal plain 613: 609: 605: 604:Pacific Ocean 601: 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 551:Deposit sites 548: 546: 536: 533: 530: 529: 525: 522: 519: 518: 514: 511: 509: 504: 503: 499: 496: 493: 492: 486: 479: 476: 475: 474: 472: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 442: 440: 436: 431: 429: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 393:Cook Islands 392: 391: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 367:Indian Ocean 366: 365: 361: 358: 355: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 339: 335: 332: 329: 326: 323: 320: 317: 314: 313: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 287: 283: 280: 277: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 261: 257: 253: 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 227: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 198: 194: 192: 188: 179: 171: 162: 157:Deposit types 154: 152: 148: 144: 139: 137: 132: 128: 124: 119: 117: 113: 109: 104: 102: 98: 94: 90: 85: 83: 79: 75: 71: 66: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 47:abyssal plain 44: 40: 36: 32: 23: 19: 7323:Point source 7265:Heavy metals 7239:Urban runoff 7219:Sulfur water 7197:Septic tanks 7043:Agent Orange 6897:Mining waste 6891: 6723:Manure waste 6553:Volcanic ash 6429:Black carbon 6385:Oil refining 6370:Particulates 6299:Construction 6174: 5944: 5925:. 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6008:techniques 5870:Greenpeace 5626:11 January 5601:2 February 5571:2 February 5541:2 February 5511:17 January 5481:26 October 5328:: 105006. 5189:6 November 5131:: 103823. 4768:deep.green 3848:30 October 3691:2 November 3606:2 November 3526:1555634379 3361:29 October 3128:1 February 2789:: 76–101. 1997:(1): 148. 1972:References 1873:Greenpeace 1844:Greenpeace 1631:See also: 1621:moratorium 1613:Volvo Cars 1440:manta rays 1357:macrofauna 1309:ecosystems 960:Indicated 931:Abundance 500:Resources 232:Manganese 214:molybdenum 212:, copper, 208:, cobalt, 201:hydroxides 187:Baltic Sea 127:Greenpeace 7337:Responses 7308:Garbology 7234:Turbidity 7182:Oil spill 7115:Firewater 7016:Vandalism 6978:Satellite 6675:Poisoning 6670:Plutonium 6650:Actinides 6642:Radiation 6390:Wood dust 6252:Acid rain 6227:Pollution 6170:Automated 6165:Abandoned 6081:Soft rock 6076:Hard rock 6028:Quarrying 5501:New Atlas 5360:247350879 5352:0308-597X 5242:2296-7745 5161:212808129 5153:0308-597X 4842:14 August 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