520:
37:
839:
344:
364:
259:"International waters" is not a defined term in international law. It is an informal term, which sometimes refers to waters beyond the "territorial sea" of any country. In other words, "international waters" is sometimes used as an informal synonym for the more formal term "high seas", which under the doctrine of
796:
939:
768:
1028:
959:
1188:
The term "international waters" technically includes the "Contiguous Zone" and "Exclusive
Economic Zone," although the chart only uses this term where no national jurisdiction or special rights apply.
267:
for "freedom of the seas"), do not belong to any state's jurisdiction. As such, states have the right to fishing, navigation, overflight, laying cables and pipelines, as well as scientific research.
290:
extending 200 nautical miles (230 mi; 370 km) from the baseline, where coastal states have sovereign rights to the water column and sea floor as well as the natural resources found there.
775:
422:
764:
The
Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development profiles agreements regarding the Marine Environment, Marine Living Resources and Freshwater Resources.
104:
1694:
282:
of a State" and where "no State may validly purport to subject any part of them to its sovereignty." The
Convention on the High Seas was used as a foundation for the
1407:
1912:
1872:
1663:"Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region; and Protocol (1981)"
949:
1662:
1594:
410:
an international waterway free to all commercial shipping. Separately, the Royal
Ordinance of 1999 regulates the access of foreign warships to Danish waters.
1438:
1713:
97:
283:
211:
63:
1798:
327:
to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction over foreign ships on the high seas if they violate international environmental rules (adopted by the
1086:
1021:
1260:
1001:
90:
785:
1073:
323:
UNCLOS also contains, in its part XII, special provisions for the protection of the marine environment, which, in certain cases, allow
1925:
1482:
1478:
1486:
1014:
1983:
1570:
1691:
1498:
1299:
1918:
1905:
1061:
987:
274:, signed in 1958, which has 63 signatories, defined "high seas" to mean "all parts of the sea that are not included in the
1211:
1417:
1042:
712:
692:
328:
204:
449:, is legally open for all international commercial ships without restriction, it notably gives sea access to landlocked
1962:
824:
1887:
1375:
1958:
1862:
1468:
1670:
1598:
1055:
506:
1376:"Ordinance Governing the Admission of Foreign Warships and Military Aircraft to Danish Territory in Time of Peace"
549:
1105:
1941:
1826:
1524:
1049:
994:
718:
698:
514:
197:
149:
20:
1064:
1978:
1752:
1546:
1130:
1446:
1393:"Anordning om fremmede orlogsfartøjers og militære luftfartøjers adgang til dansk område under fredsforhold"
1710:
1632:
175:
1961:: A new Wiki-based on-line knowledge map and collaboration tool for water-practitioners in the Europe and
1993:
1909:
1833:
1232:
429:
Other international treaties have opened up rivers, which are not traditionally international waterways.
271:
1135:
750:
275:
28:
1856:
1843:
293:
The high seas make up 50% of the surface area of the planet and cover over two-thirds of the ocean.
1257:
640:
317:
586:: Disputes exist between Brunei, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
434:
348:
1988:
1120:
673:
580:: Japanese claim to an EEZ around Okinotorishima is challenged by China, South Korea, and Taiwan.
571:
510:
287:
134:
58:
41:
548:
countries and the United States officially regard the whole region as international waters. The
527:
Current unresolved disputes over whether particular waters are "International waters" include:
305:
237:
1413:
395:
1731:"Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes"
922:
Convention on the
Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (
877:
843:
797:
United
Nations Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses
577:
561:
1922:
8:
1140:
1125:
1010:
The
International Water Boundary Commission (US Section) between Mexico and United States
387:
120:
24:
1165:
1155:
1150:
668:
553:
313:
185:
154:
139:
68:
940:
Helsinki
Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area
769:
Convention on the
Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
300:(if there is one); however, when a ship is involved in certain criminal acts, such as
1778:
1110:
817:
706:
686:
1799:
Framework
Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea
960:
Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea
1307:
614:
1392:
813:
Other global conventions and treaties with implications for International Waters:
534:: While Canada, Denmark, Russia and Norway all regard parts of the Arctic seas as
1945:
1929:
1891:
1717:
1698:
1619:
1264:
1215:
965:
663:
583:
557:
540:
519:
309:
279:
438:
40:
International waters are the areas shown in dark blue in this map, i.e. outside
1753:"Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area"
1208:
1115:
1100:
859:
567:
545:
446:
407:
233:
159:
1277:
1972:
894:
873:
442:
1502:
1348:
Enforcing International Maritime Legislation on Air Pollution through UNCLOS
1884:
1145:
911:
731:
531:
461:
375:
332:
36:
850:
At least ten conventions are included within the Regional Seas Program of
1622:
especially Articles 12–13, as related to transboundary aquatic ecosystems
1472:
1160:
955:
863:
735:
601:
418:
371:
245:
180:
73:
1850:
296:
Ships sailing the high seas are generally under the jurisdiction of the
935:
838:
403:
399:
343:
324:
297:
1469:"Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development"
367:
1364:. University of Virginia: Law of the Sea Institute. pp. 600–619.
945:
884:
493:
414:
241:
1938:
1640:
232:
apply where any of the following types of bodies of water (or their
919:
776:
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
624:
523:
The Atlantic Ocean has the busiest ocean trade routes in the world.
477:
450:
379:
352:
1756:
556:
is one of the more prominent examples, with Canada claiming it as
363:
1810:
1779:"Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution"
1730:
907:
806:
Transboundary Groundwater Treaty, Bellagio Draft – proposed, but
560:, while the United States and the European Union considers it an
489:
481:
473:
469:
465:
454:
356:
253:
249:
359:, and navigation is free for all international commercial ships.
1934:
1070:
984:
779:
485:
423:
Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits
301:
1949:
1867:
968:(Convention for the Sustainable Management of Lake Tanganyika)
1842:
The Integrated Management of Transboundary Waters in Europe (
923:
761:
International Freshwater Treaties Database (freshwater only).
606:
425:, maintains the straits' status as an international waterway.
304:, any nation can exercise jurisdiction under the doctrine of
264:
1953:
1811:
Convention for the Sustainable Management of Lake Tanganyika
1595:"Text of Ramsar Convention and other key original documents"
1007:
The International Shared Aquifer Resource Management project
1897:
851:
743: restrictions on national jurisdiction and sovereignty
610:
1878:
1836:
1080:
1359:
1406:
Carnaghan, Matthew; Goody, Allison (26 January 2006),
1827:
Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law
500:
972:
1029:Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine
918:Addressing regional freshwater issues is the 1992
590:
19:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
929:
1970:
596:Limits of national jurisdiction and sovereignty
386:Several international treaties have established
284:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1620:Text of the Convention on Biological Diversity
1405:
788:(United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea,
308:. International waters can be contrasted with
240:, enclosed or semi-enclosed regional seas and
236:) transcend international boundaries: oceans,
1525:"United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea"
205:
98:
1439:"International Freshwater Treaties Database"
1002:International Network of Basin Organizations
869:the North-East Pacific (Antigua Convention)
786:United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea
574:(EEZ) in Antarctica is challenged by Japan.
286:(UNCLOS), signed in 1982, which recognized
1074:Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
997:between Canada and United States (IJC-CMI)
977:
338:
212:
198:
105:
91:
1915:from which this article has been adapted.
1857:International Water Resources Association
1267:(U.N.T.S. No. 6465, vol. 450, pp. 82–103)
1089:Global Marine and Polar Programme (GMPP)
1015:International Water Management Institute
837:
518:
362:
342:
35:
1913:article describing international waters
1224:
1971:
1184:
1182:
1035:
833:
16:Water outside of national jurisdiction
1499:"International Maritime Organization"
903:the Kuwait region (Kuwait Convention)
749: international jurisdiction per
682:
464:is an international waterway so that
1873:Transboundary Marine Protected Areas
1837:International Waters Resource Centre
1230:
1220:United Nations Development Programme
1172:
988:International Hydrological Programme
755:
413:Several conventions have opened the
378:which is an important international
1179:
1043:International Maritime Organization
13:
1024:Water and Nature Initiative (WANI)
825:Convention on Biological Diversity
501:Disputes over international waters
14:
2005:
1863:Food and Agriculture Organization
1820:
1360:Law of the Sea Institute (1983).
973:International waters institutions
1056:International Whaling Commission
594:
507:Territorial claims in the Arctic
51:International ownership treaties
1851:International Water Law Project
1804:
1792:
1771:
1745:
1723:
1704:
1685:
1655:
1625:
1613:
1587:
1563:
1539:
1517:
1491:
1461:
1431:
1399:
1385:
1368:
1362:The Law of the Sea in the 1980s
1106:Birth aboard aircraft and ships
842:Map showing the parties of the
655:Exclusive Economic Zone surface
591:International waters agreements
351:gives sea access to landlocked
1921:freshwater thematic portal on
1353:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1292:
1270:
1250:
1202:
1050:International Seabed Authority
995:International Joint Commission
930:Water-body-specific agreements
515:Australian Antarctic Territory
492:can have secure access to the
150:International Seabed Authority
21:International Waters (podcast)
1:
1984:International water transport
1195:
1131:Extraterritorial jurisdiction
1081:International Ocean Institute
658:international waters surface
421:to shipping. The latest, the
398:of 1857 opened access to the
1597:. Ramsar.org. Archived from
1443:Transboundarywaters.orst.edu
926:/Helsinki Water Convention)
792:; especially parts XII–XIV).
176:Extraterrestrial real estate
7:
1755:. Helcom.fi. Archived from
1409:Canadian Arctic Sovereignty
1258:CONVENTION ON THE HIGH SEAS
1093:
629:territorial waters airspace
272:Convention on the High Seas
10:
2010:
1136:Extraterritorial operation
751:common heritage of mankind
713:extended continental shelf
693:extended continental shelf
683:land territory underground
649:territorial waters surface
504:
29:High seas (disambiguation)
18:
1885:Regional Fisheries Bodies
1881:fisheries research portal
1346:Jesper Jarl Fanø (2019).
900:the East African seaboard
771:(London Convention 1972).
705:
685:
677:
672:
662:
657:
634:
622:
600:
570:: Australian claim to an
1954:coasts and small islands
1280:. National Ocean Service
1263:22 February 2019 at the
632:contiguous zone airspace
472:, as well as landlocked
318:exclusive economic zones
288:exclusive economic zones
44:which are in light blue.
42:exclusive economic zones
1633:"Regional Seas Program"
1483:Marine Living Resources
1233:"Who's in charge here?"
1214:27 January 2009 at the
1121:Exclusive economic zone
1065:Regional Seas Programme
978:Freshwater institutions
674:exclusive economic zone
652:contiguous zone surface
646:internal waters surface
635:international airspace
572:exclusive economic zone
511:South China Sea dispute
437:, including the rivers
390:on semi-enclosed seas.
339:International waterways
238:large marine ecosystems
135:Antarctic Treaty System
59:Antarctic Treaty System
890:the South-East Pacific
887:(Cartagena Convention)
847:
524:
383:
360:
306:universal jurisdiction
45:
1937:thematic portals for
1928:31 March 2007 at the
1697:17 April 2019 at the
1414:Library of Parliament
841:
678:international waters
522:
435:RĂo de la Plata basin
396:Copenhagen Convention
388:freedom of navigation
366:
349:RĂo de la Plata basin
346:
121:Extraterritorialities
39:
1979:International waters
1944:11 July 2006 at the
1923:transboundary waters
1829:Peace Palace Library
1759:on 28 September 2011
1487:Freshwater Resources
1475:on 12 February 2009.
1328:UNCLOS article 92(1)
1209:International Waters
950:Bucharest Convention
878:Barcelona Convention
844:Barcelona Convention
730: full national
719:international seabed
699:international seabed
562:international strait
230:transboundary waters
226:international waters
145:International waters
79:International waters
1894:of the World portal
1890:14 May 2008 at the
1716:26 May 2013 at the
1449:on 12 November 2011
1231:Buchanan, Michael.
1141:Freedom of the seas
1126:Extraterritoriality
1036:Marine institutions
914:(Jeddah Convention)
897:(Nouméa Convention)
834:Regional agreements
617:, and their orbits)
597:
25:Mare Liberum (book)
1994:Water and politics
1711:Nairobi Convention
1643:on 6 November 2011
1601:on 4 November 2011
1505:on 26 October 2008
1479:Marine Environment
1420:on 2 December 2016
1350:. Hart Publishing.
1337:UNCLOS article 105
1166:Territorial waters
1156:Ocean colonization
1151:International zone
866:and Central Africa
848:
669:territorial waters
595:
554:Arctic Archipelago
525:
402:by abolishing the
384:
370:in Slovakia is an
361:
314:territorial waters
186:Outer Space Treaty
155:International zone
140:Diplomatic mission
69:Outer Space Treaty
46:
27:, and
1673:on 9 January 2004
1278:"What is the EEZ"
1173:Explanatory notes
1111:Continental shelf
818:Ramsar Convention
756:Global agreements
725:
724:
707:continental shelf
687:continental shelf
618:
605:(including Earth
550:Northwest Passage
244:, rivers, lakes,
222:
221:
115:
114:
2001:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1775:
1769:
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1766:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1727:
1721:
1708:
1702:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1669:. Archived from
1667:Sedac.ciesin.org
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1639:. Archived from
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1571:"Bellagio Draft"
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1501:. Archived from
1495:
1489:
1476:
1471:. Archived from
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1445:. Archived from
1435:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1416:, archived from
1403:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1306:. Archived from
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1274:
1268:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1228:
1222:
1206:
1189:
1186:
748:
742:
729:
615:celestial bodies
604:
598:
214:
207:
200:
117:
116:
107:
100:
93:
48:
47:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1969:
1968:
1946:Wayback Machine
1930:Wayback Machine
1892:Wayback Machine
1823:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
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1751:
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1746:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1718:Wayback Machine
1709:
1705:
1699:Wayback Machine
1692:Lima Convention
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1661:
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1656:
1646:
1644:
1631:
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1626:
1618:
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1593:
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1588:
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1576:
1573:
1569:
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1528:
1523:
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1518:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1437:
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1432:
1423:
1421:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1300:"THE HIGH SEAS"
1298:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1265:Wayback Machine
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1229:
1225:
1216:Wayback Machine
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1096:
1038:
980:
975:
966:Lake Tanganyika
932:
836:
758:
753:
746:
744:
740:
738:
727:
664:internal waters
593:
584:South China Sea
558:internal waters
541:internal waters
536:national waters
517:
503:
406:and making the
341:
331:), such as the
310:internal waters
280:internal waters
276:territorial sea
234:drainage basins
218:
111:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2007:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1989:Law of the sea
1986:
1981:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1932:
1916:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1882:
1876:
1875:(MPAs) article
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1860:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1830:
1822:
1821:External links
1819:
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1703:
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1624:
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1586:
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1538:
1516:
1490:
1460:
1430:
1398:
1384:
1367:
1352:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1310:on 9 July 2021
1291:
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1116:Duty-free shop
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790:United Nations
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641:land territory
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581:
578:Okinotorishima
575:
568:Southern Ocean
565:
546:European Union
502:
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458:
427:
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411:
408:Danish straits
340:
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64:Law of the Sea
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1898:Fishing Zeal
1806:
1794:
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1773:
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1757:the original
1747:
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1725:
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1671:the original
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1503:the original
1493:
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1418:the original
1408:
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1272:
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1237:ShareAmerica
1236:
1226:
1219:
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1146:Hugo Grotius
917:
912:Gulf of Aden
849:
820:on Wetlands.
807:
801:not ratified
800:
789:
774:1973 London
767:1972 London
732:jurisdiction
721:underground
552:through the
539:
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532:Arctic Ocean
526:
462:Danube River
428:
385:
376:Danube River
335:Convention.
322:
295:
292:
269:
261:mare liberum
260:
258:
229:
225:
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1868:Ocean Atlas
1733:. Unece.org
1424:16 December
1304:Ocean Unite
1284:8 September
1161:Seasteading
956:Caspian Sea
736:sovereignty
715:underground
709:underground
602:Outer space
419:Dardanelles
372:inland port
325:port States
246:groundwater
181:Moon Treaty
74:Moon Treaty
1973:Categories
1839:(GEF IWRC)
1763:8 November
1737:8 November
1677:8 November
1647:8 November
1605:8 November
1579:8 November
1555:8 November
1531:8 November
1453:8 November
1196:References
936:Baltic Sea
883:the wider
808:not signed
613:and other
505:See also:
404:Sound Dues
400:Baltic Sea
298:flag state
278:or in the
224:The terms
1959:WaterWiki
1314:7 January
946:Black Sea
885:Caribbean
862:Coast of
623:national
494:Black Sea
415:Bosphorus
248:systems (
242:estuaries
1942:Archived
1926:Archived
1888:Archived
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1714:Archived
1695:Archived
1637:Unep.org
1527:. Un.org
1261:Archived
1256:Text of
1242:3 August
1212:Archived
1101:Baseline
1094:See also
920:Helsinki
910:and the
860:Atlantic
799:(CIW) –
701:surface
625:airspace
478:Slovakia
451:Paraguay
447:Paraguay
380:waterway
353:Paraguay
254:wetlands
250:aquifers
1879:OneFish
1784:1 April
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1509:1 April
942:, 1992)
908:Red Sea
778:, 1973
695:surface
689:surface
643:surface
544:, most
490:Moldova
482:Hungary
474:Austria
470:Croatia
466:Germany
455:Bolivia
443:Uruguay
374:on the
368:Komárno
357:Bolivia
252:), and
1965:region
1939:oceans
1935:UNESCO
1859:(IWRA)
1813:, 2003
1801:, 2003
1071:UNESCO
1031:(CCNR)
1017:(IWMI)
1004:(INBO)
985:UNESCO
780:MARPOL
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609:; the
607:orbits
513:, and
486:Serbia
439:Paraná
333:MARPOL
302:piracy
23:,
1950:water
1574:(PDF)
1550:(PDF)
1547:"CIW"
1379:(PDF)
1076:(IOC)
1045:(IMO)
990:(IHP)
924:UNECE
823:1992
816:1971
795:1997
784:1982
265:Latin
168:Space
127:Earth
1919:UNEP
1906:UNDP
1904:The
1855:The
1849:The
1832:The
1786:2017
1765:2011
1739:2011
1679:2011
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1607:2011
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1286:2019
1244:2020
1087:IUCN
1085:The
1079:The
1069:The
1062:UNEP
1060:The
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852:UNEP
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417:and
394:The
355:and
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