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legislation the sub-discipline spread throughout
Australia concentrating initially on shipwrecks due to on-going funding by both the States and the Commonwealth under their shipwreck legislation. Studies now include as an element of underwater archaeology, as a whole, the study of submerged indigenous sites. Nautical Archaeology, (the specialised study of boat and ship construction) is also practised in the region. Often the sites or relics studied in Australia as in the rest of the world are not inundated. The study of historic submerged aircraft, better known as a sub-discipline of
132:, which studies the past through any submerged remains be they of maritime interest or not. An example from the prehistoric era would be the remains of submerged settlements or deposits now lying under water despite having been dry land when sea levels were lower. The study of submerged aircraft lost in lakes, rivers or in the sea is an example from the historical, industrial or modern era. Another example are the remains of discovered and potential medieval bridges connecting the islands on the lake with the mainland. Many specialist sub-disciplines within the broader maritime and
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1291:, seaborne trade increased significantly throughout the region. Though sailing was the safest, fastest, and most efficient method of transportation in the ancient world, some fractional percentage of voyages ended in shipwreck. With the significantly increased sea traffic during the Roman era came a corresponding increase in shipwrecks. These wrecks and their cargo remains offer glimpses through time of the economy, culture, and politics of the ancient world. Particularly useful to archaeologists are studies of
911:
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helmet diving gear was developed, allowing divers to stay underwater for extended periods through a constant air supply pumped down from the surface through a hose. Nevertheless, the widespread utilisation of diving gear for archaeological purposes had to wait until the 20th century, when archaeologists began to appreciate the wealth of material that could be found under the water. This century also saw further advances in technology, most important being the invention of the
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environments, whether on land in the form of peat bogs and wells, or underwater are particularly important for the survival of organic material, such as wood, leather, fabric and horn. Cold and absence of light also aid survival of artifacts, because there is little energy available for either organic activity or chemical reactions. Salt water provides for greater organic activity than freshwater, and in particular, the
285:. Comparative evidence shows that all iron and steel ships, especially those in a highly oxygenated environment, continue to degrade and will continue to do so until only their engines and other machinery project much above the sea-floor. Where it remains even after the passage of time, the iron or steel hull is often fragile with no remaining metal within the layer of concretion and corrosion products.
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182:. Others value an integrated approach, stressing that nautical activity has economic and social links to communities on land and that archaeology is archaeology no matter where the study is conducted. All that is required is the mastering of skills specific to the environment in which the work occurs.
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commenced in the 1970s with the advent of Jeremy Green due to concerns expressed by academics and politicians with the rampant destruction of the Dutch and
British East India ships lost on the west coast. As Commonwealth legislation was enacted and enforced after 1976 and as States enacted their own
778:
Not all maritime sites are underwater. There are many structures at the margin of land and water that provide evidence of the human societies of the past. Some are deliberately created for access - such as bridges and walkways. Other structures remain from exploitation of resources, such as dams and
220:
were able to establish colonies on other continents. Wars were fought at sea over the control of important resources. The material cultural remains that are discovered by maritime archaeologists along former trade routes can be combined with historical documents and material cultural remains found on
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to explore and retrieve material from the lake, although they decided to keep the blueprint of the exact mechanism secret. The following three centuries saw the gradual extension of diving time through the use of bells and submersing barrels filled with air. In the 19th century, the standard copper
311:
in 4,000 feet (1,200 m) of water. The shipwreck lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the
Okeanos Gas Gathering Company (OGGC). Large pipelines can crush sites and render some of their remnants inaccessible as pipe is
299:
Some wrecks, lost to natural obstacles to navigation, are at risk of being smashed by subsequent wrecks sunk by the same hazard, or are deliberately destroyed because they present a hazard to navigation. Even in deep water, commercial activities such as pipe-laying operations and deep sea trawling
280:
does not occur, appears strong and relatively intact, though indications are that it has already incurred irreversible degradation of her steel and iron hull. As such degradation inevitably continues, data will be forever lost, objects' context will be destroyed and the bulk of the wreck will over
526:
now form important archaeological sites that are being protected, managed and conserved. As with shipwrecks, archaeological research can follow multiple themes, including evidence of the final catastrophe, the structures and landscape before the catastrophe and the culture and economy of which it
259:
Saltwater is particularly inimical to iron artefacts including metal shipwrecks, and sea organisms will readily consume organic material such as wooden shipwrecks. On the other hand, out of all the thousands of potential archaeological sites destroyed or grossly eroded by such natural processes,
333:
The wrecks, and other archaeological sites that have been preserved have generally survived because the dynamic nature of the sea bed can result in artifacts becoming rapidly buried in sediments. These sediments then provide an anaerobic environment which protects from further degradation. Wet
255:
There are significant differences in the survival of archaeological material depending on whether a site is wet or dry, on the nature of the chemical environment, on the presence of biological organisms and on the dynamic forces present. Thus rocky coastlines, especially in shallow water, are
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on land. However, as with terrestrial archaeology, what survives to be investigated by modern archaeologists can often be a tiny fraction of the material originally deposited. A feature of maritime archaeology is that despite all the material that is lost, there are occasional rare examples of
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break up, how does a ship sink to the bottom, and how do the remains of the ship, cargo and the surrounding environment evolve over time? The second tier studies the ship as a machine, both in itself and in a military or economic system. The third tier consists of the archaeology of maritime
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is also practised in the region. In some states maritime and underwater archaeology is practised out of
Museums and in others out of cultural heritage management units, and all practitioners operate under the aegis of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA).
423:
preservation or to provide for satisfactory conservation on recovery. Even the cost of proper and complete archaeological investigation may be too great to enable this to occur within a timescale that ensures that an archaeological record is made before data is inevitably lost.
602:(SSDE or SSBA), which is safer but more expensive, and airline, or hookah equipment, a basic form of surface supplied equipment with limited depth applications. Both open circuit and rebreather scuba have been used, depending on which is best suited to the site.
779:
fish traps. Nautical remains include early harbours and places where ships were built or repaired. At the end of their life, ships were often beached. Valuable or easily accessed timber has often been salvaged leaving just a few frames and bottom planking.
942:, trade and shipboard societies are studied. Some consider this to be the most important tier. Ships and boats are not necessarily wrecked: some are deliberately abandoned, scuttled or beached. Many such abandoned vessels have been extensively salvaged.
382:
While preservation in situ is not assured, material that has survived underwater and is then recovered to land is typically in an unstable state and can only be preserved using highly specialised conservation processes. While the wooden structure of
409:
preservation, or recovery and conservation on land is the preferable option; or to face the fact that preservation in any form, other than as an archaeological record is not feasible. A site that has been discovered has typically been subjected to
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of the very factors that caused its survival in the first place, for example, when a covering of sediment has been removed by storms or the action of man. Active monitoring and deliberate protection may mitigate further rapid destruction making
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contained a staggering collection of marble and bronze statues including the
Antikythera Youth. Discovered in 1900 by Greek sponge divers, the ship probably sank in the 1st century BC and may have been dispatched by the Roman general,
190:
Before the industrial era, travel by water was often easier than over land. As a result, marine channels, navigable rivers and sea crossings formed the trade routes of historic and ancient civilisations. For example, the
527:
formed a part. Unlike the wrecking of a ship, the destruction of a town by a seismic event can take place over many years and there may be evidence for several phases of damage, sometimes with rebuilding in between.
256:
typically inimical to the survival of artifacts, which can be dispersed, smashed or ground by the effect of currents and surf, possibly (but not always) leaving an artifact pattern but little if any wreck structure.
393:
provides an example of a relatively recent (metal) wreck for which extensive conservation has been necessary to preserve the hull. While the hull remains intact, its machinery remains inoperable. The engine of
732:, using techniques developed for the purpose to make the most effective use of time on site, which was restricted to 3 shifts of 12 minute each per day on site. The site of the wreck of the USS Monitor is near
111:
as a whole that specifically studies human interaction with the sea, lakes and rivers through the study of associated physical remains, be they vessels, shore-side facilities, port-related structures, cargoes,
127:
As with archaeology as a whole, maritime archaeology can be practised within the historical, industrial, or prehistoric periods. An associated discipline, and again one that lies within archaeology itself, is
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spread around its coasts. The historic record as well as the remains of harbours, ships and cargoes, testify to the volume of trade that crossed it. Later, nations with a strong maritime culture such as the
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Bodies of water, fresh and saline, have been important sources of food for people for as long as we have existed. It should be no surprise that ancient villages were located at the water's edge. Since the
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that was recovered in 1985 from a saline environment after over a century underwater is presently considered somewhat anomalous, in that after two decades of treatment it can now be turned over by hand.
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was subject to salvage from the sixteenth century and later, but a very large amount of material, buried in the sediments, remained to be found by maritime archaeologists of the twentieth century.
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The
Exosuit, a relatively lightweight and low powered Atmospheic diving suit intended for marine research. was first used in 2014 at the Bluewater and Antikythera underwater research expeditions.
1463:
1985:
Benjamin, J. and MacKintosh, R. (2016) ‘Regulating
Scientific Diving and Underwater Archaeology: legal and historical considerations: REGULATING SCIENTIFIC DIVING AND UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY’,
178:
There are those in the archaeology community who see maritime archaeology as a separate discipline with its own concerns (such as shipwrecks) and requiring the specialized skills of the
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and are constructed of hollowed out logs or sewn planks. Vessels have been discovered where they have been preserved in sediments underwater or in waterlogged land sites, such as the
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Site survey and mapping, and recording of artifact positioning relative to a datum. This may be done manually or with the aid of high resolution multibeam sonar and photogrammetry
163:) where objects are lost or thrown off structures over extended periods of time. This fact has led to shipwrecks often being described in the media and in popular accounts as '
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have been discovered in the
Mediterranean, constructed of edge joined planks. This shipbuilding technology continued through the classical period. The 2023 announcement of the
594:, the latter of whom would go on to use the technology for underwater excavation by 1948. Modern archaeologists use two kinds of equipment to provide breathing gas underwater:
96:
A maritime archaeologist with the
Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program in St. Augustine, Florida, recording the ship's bell discovered on the 18th century "Storm Wreck."
482:
sites off the coast of western Europe such as the Grotto
Cosquer can be reached only by diving, because the cave entrances are underwater, though the upper portions of the
654:
can be useful if the current removes the lifted material before it settles, but must be used with discretion as artifacts may be entrained in the flow if it is too strong.
221:
land to understand the economic, social and political environment of the past. Of late maritime archaeologists have been examining the submerged cultural remains of
147:, and thus represent a moment in time rather than a slow deposition of material accumulated over a period of years, as is the case with port-related structures (such as
296:
preservation, for example, but deterioration of the vessel progressed at such a rate that the rescue of her turret was undertaken lest nothing be saved from the wreck.
767:. When it was realised that recovering the whole vessel was not economically viable, work was done by saturation divers to recover the propeller, engine and turret.
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Extensive research has been carried out on the Mediterranean and Aegean coastlines of Turkey. Complete excavations have been performed on several wrecks from the
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dropped from the ocean surface to the substrate thousands of feet below. Trawl nets snag and tear superstructures and separate artifacts from their context.
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preservation an option, but long-term survival can never be guaranteed. For very many sites, the costs are too great for either active measures to ensure
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Ships wrecked in the sea have probably not survived, although remains of cargo (particularly bronze material) have been discovered, such as those at the
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was announced by NOAA on February 11, 2011, the 188th anniversary of her sinking. The wreck is the first discovery of a wrecked Nantucket whaling ship.
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Archaeological sites can also be found on the foreshore today that would have been on dry land when they were constructed. An example of such a site is
1423:
1713:"From acoustics to underwater archaeology: Deep investigation of a shallow lake using high-resolution hydroacoustics—The case of Lake Lednica, Poland"
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The archaeology of shipwrecks can be divided into a three-tier hierarchy, of which the first tier considers the wrecking process itself: how does a
569:, Italy. Just a few decades later, in 1535, the same site saw the first use of a sophisticated breathing apparatus for archaeological purposes, when
1335:), Italy. In the cases of Antikythera and Riace, however, the artifacts were recovered without the direct participation of maritime archaeologists.
1327:, believed to be an astronomical calculator. Further examples of fabulous works of art recovered from the sea floor are the two "bronzi" found in
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980:. A close collection of artefacts on the sea bed may imply that artefacts were from a ship, even if there are no remains of the actual vessel.
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Of the many examples where the sea bed provides an extremely hostile environment for submerged evidence of history, one of the most notable,
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events have at times caused submergence of human settlements. The remains of such catastrophes exist all over the world, and sites such as
1443:
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1346:) show other interesting elements of ancient life. The Sarno projects suggests that on the Tyrrhenian shore there were little towns with
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Nine historic trade ships carrying ceramics dating back to the 10th century until the 19th century were excavated under Swedish engineer
325:, a Swedish warship that foundered and sank on its maiden voyage in 1628. It was salvaged in 1961 and is now on permanent display at the
1779:
McCarthy, M., 2000, Iron and steamship archaeology : success and failure of the SS Xantho. New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
344:, lives only in salt water, so some of the best preservation in the absence of sediments has been found in the cold, dark waters of the
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The depth of sites can vary within the range of ocean depth, but most sites that are accessible to diving work are relatively shallow.
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1609:– Iron-hulled steamship, lost in 1872 off Western Australia. Its historic engine was raised in 1985 and can now be turned over by hand
5689:
4734:
1752:
Withgott, Jay, Scott Brennan, J. 2007. Environment: the science behind the stories. 2nd ed. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.
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1036:(NOAA). The identity of the ship was not immediately known so it was called the "Shark Island Whaler"; the ship's identification as
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occasionally sites survive with exceptional preservation of a related collection of artifacts. An example of such a collection is
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substantial survival, from which a great deal can be learned, due to the difficulties often experienced in accessing the sites.
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1743:
Delgado, J. P., (ed.). 1997. British Museum Encyclopaedia of Underwater and Maritime Archaeology, British Museum Press, London
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UK resource, with access to information on more than 45,000 wrecks, mapped thematically for a wide variety of search criteria
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973:. These may be an evolution from boats made of sewn hides, but it is highly unlikely that hide boats could have survived.
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1295:, the ceramic shipping containers used in the Mediterranean region from the 15th century BC through the Medieval period.
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Position fixing of the site datum. Various methods were used historically, but DGPS is relatively accurate and available.
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Archaeological material in the sea or in other underwater environments is typically subject to different factors than
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2152:"Lost & Found: In Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument: The Possible Wreck Site of the Nantucket Whaleship
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475:) submerged a great deal of human activity that had been gathered round what had been an enormous, fresh-water lake.
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While the land surface is continuously reused by societies, the sea bed was largely inaccessible until the advent of
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1798:"Underwater Power Tools for In Situ Preservation, Cleaning and Consolidation of Submerged Archaeological Remains"
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1287:. After the 2nd century BC, the Roman fleet ruled the Mediterranean and actively suppressed piracy. During this
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Therefore, a great deal of the record of human activity throughout the Ice Age is now to be found under water.
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1575:– A racing sailboat which sank in 1930 near Miami, Florida, United States - and one of the sites in the
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Renfrew, C., & Bahn, P., 1991, Archaeology, theories, methods and practice. Thames and Hudson, NY.
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In addition to many discoveries in the sea, some wrecks have been examined in lakes. Most notable are
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Staniforth, M., & Nash, M., (eds.) Underwater Archaeology: Australian Approaches. Springer, NY
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have operated in much earlier times, but much of the material was beyond the reach of anyone. Thus
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and other shipwreck sites occasionally yield objects of unique artistic value. For instance, the
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Nash, M., (ed), 2007 Shipwreck Archaeology in Australia. University of Western Australia Press.
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2279:"MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY AND SHIPWRECK CERAMICS IN MALAYSIA | Department of Museums Malaysia"
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598:, which allows for greater mobility but limits the time the diver can spend in the water, and
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1882:"Challenges Facing the State Management of Historic Shipwrecks in English Territorial Waters"
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Maritime archaeological studies in Italy illuminate the naval and maritime activities of the
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Janowski, Lukasz; Kubacka, Maria; Pydyn, Andrzej; Popek, Mateusz; Gajewski, Lukasz (2021).
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1323:, to carry booty back to Rome. The sponge divers also recovered from the wreck the famous
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at a depth of about 110 metres (360 ft) has been partially excavated by divers using
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1569:– the first submarine to sink an enemy ship, lost off Charleston, South Carolina, in 1864
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An example of maritime archaeology in the Pacific Ocean is the discovery of the wreck of
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1914:"Guglielmo's Secret: The Enigma of the First Diving Bell Used in Underwater Archaeology"
1796:
Scalercio, Emiliano; Sangiovanni, Francesco; Gallo, Alessandro; Barbieri, Loris (2021).
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area, maritime archaeologists have investigated several ancient cultures. Notable early
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The sea floor elsewhere in the Mediterranean holds countless archaeological sites. In
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and the individual artifacts have been undergoing conservation since their recovery,
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has been extensively studied. Other finds are consistent with some passages of the
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266:. Survival in this instance is largely due to the remains being buried in sediment
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2315:"THE WANLI SHIPWRECK AND ITS CERAMIC CARGO | Department of Museums Malaysia"
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1650:"Maritime, Offshore and Logistics Degree & Training Programs - EduMaritime"
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Ironclad; The Epic Battle, Calamitous Loss, and Historic Recovery of the USS
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292:, having been found in the 1970s, was subjected to a program of attempted
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2351:"MYSTERIES OF MALAYSIAN SHIPWRECKS | Department of Museums Malaysia"
1918:
The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology
1692:
Muckelroy, K., "Maritime archaeology.", Cambridge University Press, 1978.
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438:
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326:
320:
286:
205:
108:
5841:
3898:
1814:
1797:
315:
5338:
5169:
5028:
5016:
4928:
4837:
4426:
4178:
3846:
3821:
3800:
3742:
3604:
3577:
3293:
3173:
2869:
2801:
2244:"CNN - Rare Ming dynasty ceramics found in shipwrecks - Sept. 24, 1996"
1729:
1712:
1616:
1591:
1548:
1532:
1485:
1480:
1464:
UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
1367:
1311:
1288:
951:
685:
to record state of site in detail, stratigraphy, and for dive planning.
519:
515:
349:
277:
5093:
116:
and submerged landscapes. A specialty within maritime archaeology is
5348:
5261:
4277:
4235:
4208:
4018:
3963:
3947:
3805:
3645:
3599:
3524:
3499:
3466:
3320:
3263:
3238:
2857:
2816:
2446:
1894:
1606:
1347:
1269:
1238:
1234:
1004:
721:
595:
583:
566:
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464:
395:
360:
304:
261:
246:
140:
3117:
1120:
805:
92:
5496:
3998:
3993:
3861:
3816:
3737:
3625:
3620:
3589:
3346:
3303:
3268:
3233:
3181:
2612:
2420:
2262:
1551:
sewn plank boats dated by radiocarbon to between 1890 BC to 1700 BC
1507:
1496:
Interactive 3D model of an ancient Roman shipwreck found in Croatia
1355:
1332:
1299:
1230:
783:
678:
video recordings by each diver keep continuous record of work done.
562:
479:
468:
335:
213:
117:
3943:
1393:, which appears to have been in use during the first century AD).
671:
Relatively recent developments, mainly for special circumstances:
5781:
5228:
4724:
4616:
4013:
3983:
3938:
3923:
3908:
3903:
3856:
3826:
3549:
3356:
3351:
3288:
3228:
3191:
2678:
2500:
1795:
1343:
1292:
1245:. The crew of the U.S. Navy deep submergence research submarine
1242:
926:
922:
511:
446:
442:
405:
A challenge for the modern archaeologist is to consider whether
270:
209:
160:
152:
2407:
991:
is considered the earliest deep-sea shipwreck to be discovered.
5832:
5477:
5298:
4282:
4188:
4033:
3988:
3933:
3893:
3877:
3851:
3795:
3640:
3567:
3471:
3439:
3429:
3377:
3278:
3211:
1649:
1595:
1374:
1359:
1351:
2505:
647:
to remove silt lifted by fanning, to be deposited downcurrent.
4193:
4183:
4028:
4008:
3953:
3913:
3887:
3831:
3330:
2192:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2011-02-11
2026:. Rebreather Forum 4 – via Global Underwater Explorers.
1386:
1339:
1328:
1320:
1307:
725:
483:
230:
226:
222:
217:
2470:
1631:– Blackbeard's flagship, 18th century frigate, Beaufort, NC.
1563:– Dutch East Indies ship, lost in 1629 off Western Australia
1469:
471:
is now, collapsed under the pressure of rising water in the
3790:
3449:
3434:
3414:
3315:
3196:
1303:
1246:
934:
148:
1584:– A 5th century BC boat discovered off the coast of Israel
557:. The first known use of the method comes from 1446, when
3424:
2348:
2312:
2276:
1710:
1557:– French explorer La Salle's ship, lost in 1686 off Texas
1008:
Try pot from a 19th-century whaling ship that wrecked on
1763:"BBC World Service - Documentaries - What Lies Beneath"
27:
Archaeological study of human interaction with the sea
1020:
Divers explored a wreck site at Pearl and Hermes atoll
457:
sea level has risen as much as 400 feet (120 m).
281:
centuries completely deteriorate on the floor of the
236:
3681:
596:
self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA)
195:
was known to the Romans as the inner sea because the
2659:
Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
2123:"The Exosuit: What Tony Stark Would Wear Underwater"
1522:
c 80-50 BC, includes the astronomical computer, the
1501:
1249:
discovered the sites in 1997. In 1999 a team led by
958:
Examples of sewn-plank boats include those found at
2145:
2143:
1594:sunk of the coast of La Madrague de Giens, east of
1354:. In the same area, the submerged town of Puteoli (
506:
imagery using a Humminbird 981c Side Imaging system
1424:Australasian Underwater Cultural Heritage Database
441:objects and sites that are, because of changes in
1674:. Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology, 2008
1444:Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP)
994:
5868:
2190:Discovered in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands"
2186:"Lost Whaling Shipwreck with Link to Melville's
2140:
300:can place a wreck at risk. Such a wreck is the
139:Maritime archaeological sites often result from
2447:"Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology"
2408:"Shipwrecks in the seas of Britain and Ireland"
1034:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2035:
2033:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1907:
1905:
3133:
2521:
1987:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1960:
1253:and Harvard University archaeology Professor
736:at 230 feet (70 m) depth at coordinates
2078:. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 2014
950:The earliest boats discovered date from the
561:explored and attempted to lift the ships of
2370:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2334:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2298:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2030:
2000:
1961:Feulner, Mark A.; Arnold, J. Barto (2005).
1902:
1603:discovered at Leamington Wharf, Union Canal
1149:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
834:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
605:
348:in North America and in the (low salinity)
185:
5675:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
5622:International Congress of Maritime Museums
5602:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
4894:
3140:
3126:
2528:
2514:
2149:
2066:
2064:
1491:Maritime Heritage Trail - Battle of Saipan
1362:) contains the "portus Julius" created by
463:The flooding of the area now known as the
5735:
5690:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
2178:
2098:"Getting a Clear View of the USS Monitor"
1929:
1893:
1813:
1802:Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
1728:
1622:Condura Croatica – 11th century, port of
1470:Submerged historic and pre-historic sites
1213:Learn how and when to remove this message
1162:"Mediterranean" maritime archaeology
898:Learn how and when to remove this message
432:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
2349:19 October 2022 - 6:39 am (2014-03-22).
2313:19 October 2022 - 6:39 am (2014-03-22).
2277:19 October 2022 - 6:38 am (2014-03-22).
2150:Kelly, Gleason; Raupp, Jason T. (2010).
1015:
1003:
938:cultures, in which nautical technology,
909:
773:
612:Underwater archaeology § Techniques
530:
502:in 160 ft (49 m) of fresh water seen on
493:
314:
240:
91:
43:This article includes a list of general
5660:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
2482:
2115:
2061:
789:
192:
14:
5869:
5612:European Association of Archaeologists
2019:
1237:ships of c. 750 BC that foundered off
956:discovery of a canoe near St Botolphs.
5734:
4893:
4868:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
4826:
4696:
4695:
4078:
3680:
3159:
3147:
3121:
2509:
2485:"1300 BC - The Dover Bronze Age Boat"
2023:Use Of CCRs In Malta Shipwreck Diving
1911:
1879:
1110:
369:remotely operated underwater vehicles
2425:The Museum of Underwater Archaeology
1965:. AltaMira Press. pp. 271–279.
1147:adding citations to reliable sources
1114:
832:adding citations to reliable sources
799:
134:underwater archaeological categories
29:
5607:Archaeological Institute of America
1989:, 45(1), pp. 153–169. Available at
1429:Maritime archaeology of East Africa
1106:(early 17th century), found in 2003
983:Late Bronze Age ships, such as the
541:Archaeological diving is a type of
245:The final phases of the salvage of
237:Preservation of material underwater
24:
2020:Gambin, Timmy (20–22 April 2023).
1954:
1513:
1028:, discovered in 2008 by a team of
665:Artifact recovery and conservation
427:
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
5898:
5617:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
5007:Coastal defence and fortification
4382:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
3682:Navigation, and ports and harbors
2497:ULIXES la guida dei Campi Flegrei
2475:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
2400:
1502:Coastal and foreshore archaeology
1459:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
1402:Maritime archaeology in Australia
1032:working on an expedition for the
712:
600:Surface-supplied diving equipment
489:
371:(ROVs) in the twentieth century.
5851:
5717:
5642:Society for American Archaeology
4876:
4809:
4678:
4061:
3663:
3100:
3090:
3089:
2479:Affiliated with Texas University
1541:– 19th century clipper, Scotland
1119:
804:
467:(when a land bridge, where the
34:
5074:Phoenician discovery of America
2535:
2387:
2378:
2342:
2306:
2270:
2250:
2236:
2217:
2203:
2090:
1979:
1931:10.1179/1758120614Z.00000000060
1873:
1851:
1822:
1789:
1577:Florida Maritime Heritage Trail
1411:underwater aviation archaeology
4766:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
2483:Parfitt, Keith (24 May 2007).
1830:"Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck"
1773:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1660:
1642:
995:Maritime archaeology by region
786:, a Bronze Age timber circle.
136:have emerged in recent years.
13:
1:
5685:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
4360:Phoenician maritime expansion
2072:"New technology: The Exosuit"
1635:
1100:(AD 960- 1127), found in 2001
945:
847:"archaeology" shipwrecks
437:Maritime archaeology studies
5627:Nautical Archaeology Society
2674:electrical resistance survey
2434:"Research & Archaeology"
1912:Eliav, Joseph (2015-01-01).
1434:Nautical Archaeology Society
1396:
1366:in 37 BC, later sunk due to
486:themselves are not flooded.
7:
5680:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
5057:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
4863:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
4720:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
4079:
3160:
2047:. New York: Koehler Books.
2039:
1672:Encyclopedia of Archaeology
1417:
1302:'s pleasure barges in Lake
1094:(circa 1830), found in 2001
1088:(circa 1550), found in 1998
1082:(circa 1370), found in 1996
1076:(circa 1400), found in 1996
1070:(circa 1540), found in 1995
1064:(circa 1380), found in 1995
1058:(circa 1460), found in 1995
500:Lake Murray, South Carolina
120:archaeology, which studies
10:
5903:
5536:Phoenician Ship Expedition
4827:
4377:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
4370:Circumnavigation of Africa
2563:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
1619:shipwreck, 14th century BC
1439:Maritime Archaeology Trust
999:
966:which is now displayed at
793:
676:First person point of view
609:
534:
5849:
5741:
5730:
5715:
5650:
5592:
5395:
5379:
5127:
5062:Samothrace temple complex
4997:
4952:
4911:
4904:
4900:
4889:
4874:
4833:
4822:
4807:
4705:
4691:
4676:
4629:
4582:
4435:
4402:
4395:
4333:
4134:
4091:
4087:
4074:
4059:
3778:
3691:
3687:
3676:
3661:
3613:
3548:
3485:
3370:
3339:
3172:
3168:
3155:
3085:
3037:
2932:
2825:
2769:
2718:
2709:
2644:Philosophy of archaeology
2631:
2543:
2463:Western Australian Museum
2226:History hunter underwater
1257:investigated the wrecks.
971:The Dover Bronze Age Boat
796:Archaeology of shipwrecks
233:and other Asian nations.
107:) is a discipline within
4350:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
2438:St Augustine Light House
1364:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
1241:with cargoes of wine in
707:Atmospheric diving suits
606:Equipment and procedures
186:Integrating land and sea
180:underwater archaeologist
5632:RPM Nautical Foundation
5369:Surviving ancient ships
5288:Marsala Punic shipwreck
1995:10.1111/1095-9270.12141
1601:Nineteenth century boat
1547:– site of discovery of
1539:City of Adelaide (1864)
1449:RPM Nautical Foundation
1283:, Greek colonists, and
1233:shipwrecks include two
921:was found in 2014 near
498:Submerged bridge under
64:more precise citations.
5882:Underwater archaeology
5665:Giza Solar boat museum
5119:Underwater exploration
5114:Underwater archaeology
5079:Pre-Columbian theories
4934:John Sinclair Morrison
4895:Research and education
4345:Austronesian Expansion
2459:"Maritime Archaeology"
1859:"Mardi Gras Shipwreck"
1668:"MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY"
1338:Recent studies in the
1021:
1013:
930:
724:ship off the coast of
555:underwater archaeology
507:
433:Prehistoric landscapes
330:
252:
130:underwater archaeology
97:
5736:Legend and literature
5694:Viking ship museums:
5670:Grand Egyptian Museum
5430:Austronesian replicas
5405:Heyerdahl expeditions
5315:Caligula's Giant Ship
5175:Dover Bronze Age Boat
3837:Berenice Troglodytica
2654:Archaeological ethics
2649:Archaeological diving
2639:Archaeological theory
2076:Return to Antikythera
2040:Clancy, Paul (2013).
1880:Meara, Hefin (2020).
1573:Half Moon (shipwreck)
1535:shipwreck, c. 1200 BC
1524:Antikythera mechanism
1350:, similar to ancient
1325:Antikythera mechanism
1030:marine archaeologists
1019:
1010:French Frigate Shoals
1007:
964:Dover Bronze Age Boat
913:
774:Coastal and foreshore
755:35.00167°N 75.40639°W
610:Further information:
592:Jacques-Yves Cousteau
559:Leon Battista Alberti
537:Archaeological diving
531:Archaeological diving
497:
318:
244:
95:
5877:Maritime archaeology
5637:Sea Research Society
5039:Maritime archaeology
4848:Ameinias the Phocian
4843:Mediterranean piracy
2593:Augustus Pitt Rivers
2588:William Henry Holmes
2553:Archaeological sites
2102:sanctuaries.noaa.gov
1963:Maritime Archaeology
1886:Internet Archaeology
1834:Nautilus Productions
1629:Queen Anne's Revenge
1582:Ma'agan Michael Ship
1454:Sea Research Society
1407:aviation archaeology
1389:(like the so-called
1143:improve this section
828:improve this section
790:Ships and shipwrecks
730:rebreather equipment
545:used as a method of
510:Throughout history,
251:on October 11, 1982.
101:Maritime archaeology
18:Nautical archaeology
4730:Maritime Jade Route
3883:Kaveri Poompattinam
2583:John Lloyd Stephens
2573:Heinrich Schliemann
2489:Current Archaeology
2223:Rodrigo, Jennifer.
1815:10.3390/jmse9060676
1654:www.edumaritime.net
760:35.00167; -75.40639
751: /
571:Guglielmo de Lorena
5278:Bajo de la Campana
4980:Peter Throckmorton
4965:Jean-Yves Empereur
4939:William L. Rodgers
4760:Maritime Silk Road
3107:History portal
2669:geophysical survey
2160:Historic Nantucket
1730:10.1111/arcm.12663
1590:c 75-60 BC, Roman
1111:Mediterranean area
1022:
1014:
985:Uluburun Shipwreck
931:
916:Russian submarine
695:Diving rebreathers
508:
449:, now underwater.
331:
253:
105:marine archaeology
98:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5726:
5725:
5713:
5712:
5333:Madrague de Giens
5052:Temple of Isthmia
5048:Maritime temples
5034:Marine navigation
4993:
4992:
4985:Shelley Wachsmann
4975:J. Richard Steffy
4885:
4884:
4818:
4817:
4687:
4686:
4674:
4673:
4625:
4624:
4355:Ocean exploration
4070:
4069:
4057:
4056:
3716:Rutter (nautical)
3672:
3671:
3659:
3658:
3515:Mortise and tenon
3149:Ancient seafaring
3115:
3114:
3033:
3032:
3015:Pseudoarchaeology
2632:Method and theory
2231:New Straits Times
2054:978-1-938467-11-0
1972:978-0-7591-0078-7
1588:Madrague de Giens
1561:Batavia shipwreck
1383:Caesarea Maritima
1316:Antikythera wreck
1223:
1222:
1215:
1197:
908:
907:
900:
882:
701:Saturation diving
642:Hydraulic powered
630:Manual excavation
575:Frances de Marchi
543:scientific diving
473:Mediterranean Sea
193:Mediterranean Sea
122:ship construction
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
5894:
5887:Maritime history
5855:
5854:
5749:Ark of bulrushes
5732:
5731:
5721:
5720:
5359:Oldest surviving
5069:Nusantao network
4944:Chester G. Starr
4909:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4891:
4890:
4880:
4879:
4853:Cilician pirates
4824:
4823:
4813:
4812:
4750:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
4745:Iron Age Britain
4693:
4692:
4682:
4681:
4400:
4399:
4089:
4088:
4076:
4075:
4065:
4064:
3979:Ptolemais Theron
3689:
3688:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3666:
3259:Single-outrigger
3170:
3169:
3157:
3156:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3092:
2940:Archaeoastronomy
2907:Paleoethnobotany
2716:
2715:
2618:Alfred V. Kidder
2603:Mortimer Wheeler
2530:
2523:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2492:
2478:
2477:. 28 April 2020.
2466:
2454:
2441:
2428:
2415:
2394:
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2375:
2369:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2258:"Race for Ruins"
2254:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2234:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2211:"Sten Sjöstrand"
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2017:
1998:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1933:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:10.11141/ia.54.3
1877:
1871:
1870:
1865:. Archived from
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1836:. Archived from
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1793:
1787:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1723:(5): 1059–1080.
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1646:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1155:
1123:
1115:
903:
896:
892:
889:
883:
881:
840:
808:
800:
766:
765:
763:
762:
761:
756:
752:
749:
748:
747:
744:
563:Emperor Caligula
356:was preserved).
145:seismic activity
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5856:
5852:
5847:
5737:
5722:
5718:
5709:
5652:
5646:
5594:
5593:Institutes and
5588:
5543:Viking replicas
5484:Balangay Voyage
5397:
5391:
5375:
5130:
5123:
4999:
4989:
4948:
4896:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4829:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4701:
4683:
4679:
4670:
4621:
4578:
4431:
4391:
4336:
4329:
4130:
4083:
4066:
4062:
4053:
3929:Mueang Phra Rot
3783:
3774:
3683:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3609:
3583:Triangular sail
3544:
3481:
3455:Sail components
3366:
3335:
3309:Tessarakonteres
3164:
3151:
3146:
3116:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3081:
3029:
2928:
2843:Archaeogenetics
2821:
2765:
2711:Sub-disciplines
2705:
2701:Post-excavation
2696:Lithic analysis
2627:
2598:Flinders Petrie
2539:
2534:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2432:
2419:
2406:
2403:
2398:
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2362:
2356:
2354:
2347:
2343:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2311:
2307:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2148:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2038:
2031:
2018:
2001:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1959:
1955:
1910:
1903:
1878:
1874:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1794:
1790:
1778:
1774:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1555:Belle shipwreck
1516:
1514:Ships and boats
1504:
1472:
1420:
1399:
1379:Herod the Great
1255:Lawrence Stager
1219:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1156:
1154:
1140:
1124:
1113:
1098:Tanjong Simpang
1049:South China Sea
1012:(Pacific Ocean)
1002:
997:
978:Salcombe B site
948:
904:
893:
887:
884:
841:
839:
825:
809:
798:
792:
776:
759:
757:
753:
750:
745:
742:
740:
738:
737:
720:The wreck of a
715:
645:suction dredges
637:airlift dredges
614:
608:
539:
533:
504:side-scan sonar
492:
435:
430:
428:Submerged sites
365:scuba equipment
239:
188:
103:(also known as
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5900:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5838:
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5836:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5785:
5775:
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5773:
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5771:
5766:
5761:
5751:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5716:
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5708:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
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5639:
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5614:
5609:
5604:
5598:
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5589:
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5579:
5574:
5569:
5562:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5526:
5518:Mediterranean
5516:
5515:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5481:
5474:
5471:Alingano Maisu
5467:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5414:
5401:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5320:De Meern ships
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5246:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5190:Cape Gelidonya
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5135:
5133:
5125:
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5106:
5101:
5096:
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5026:
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5014:
5009:
5003:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4953:Archaeologists
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4919:David Blackman
4915:
4913:
4906:
4898:
4897:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4858:Jewish pirates
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4808:
4806:
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4791:
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4779:
4774:
4769:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
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4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4689:
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4684:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
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4651:
4646:
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4627:
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4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4544:Lake Trasimene
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:Mediterranean:
4441:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4341:
4339:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4085:
4084:
4072:
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4068:
4067:
4060:
4058:
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4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
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3875:
3870:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3748:Maritime pilot
3745:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3718:
3713:
3711:Portolan chart
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
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3648:
3643:
3638:
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3628:
3623:
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3608:
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3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
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3497:
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3447:
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3437:
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3427:
3422:
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3412:
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3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3284:Oared warships
3281:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3070:Assyriologists
3067:
3060:Archaeologists
3057:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2912:Zooarchaeology
2909:
2904:
2902:Geoarchaeology
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2863:Paleopathology
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2838:Bioarchaeology
2835:
2829:
2827:
2826:Methodological
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
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2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
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2703:
2698:
2693:
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2676:
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2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2608:Dorothy Garrod
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2558:Antiquarianism
2555:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2480:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2430:
2417:
2402:
2401:External links
2399:
2396:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2341:
2305:
2269:
2266:. 19 May 2002.
2249:
2235:
2216:
2202:
2177:
2139:
2114:
2089:
2060:
2053:
2029:
1999:
1978:
1971:
1953:
1901:
1872:
1869:on 2015-05-16.
1850:
1821:
1788:
1772:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1659:
1640:
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1620:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1585:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1542:
1536:
1529:Cape Gelidonya
1526:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1476:Bouldnor Cliff
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1398:
1395:
1251:Robert Ballard
1221:
1220:
1127:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1045:Sten Sjöstrand
1001:
998:
996:
993:
989:Orca Shipwreck
947:
944:
906:
905:
812:
810:
803:
794:Main article:
791:
788:
775:
772:
714:
713:Depth of sites
711:
710:
709:
704:
698:
692:
686:
683:photogrammetry
679:
669:
668:
662:
657:
656:
655:
648:
639:
633:
621:
618:
607:
604:
577:used an early
535:Main article:
532:
529:
491:
490:Historic sites
488:
434:
431:
429:
426:
341:Teredo navalis
309:Gulf of Mexico
283:Atlantic Ocean
238:
235:
202:United Kingdom
187:
184:
88:
87:
70:September 2009
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5899:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5819:Metamorphoses
5816:
5814:
5812:
5811:The Histories
5808:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5789:The Histories
5786:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5733:
5729:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5591:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5504:Marumaru Atua
5501:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5464:Samudra Raksa
5461:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5450:Te Au o Tonga
5447:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5310:Blackfriars I
5308:
5306:
5305:Arles Rhône 3
5303:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:Thalassocracy
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5094:Shell middens
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5044:Naval warfare
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
4996:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:Lionel Casson
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4888:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4825:
4821:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4755:Incense trade
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
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4694:
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4665:
4662:
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4660:
4659:South America
4657:
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4608:
4607:Sailing ships
4605:
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4602:Oared vessels
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4148:
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4142:Ancient Egypt
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:Civilizations
4133:
4127:
4124:
4120:
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4115:
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4111:
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3510:Clinker built
3508:
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3495:Boat building
3493:
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3244:Navis lusoria
3242:
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3108:
3098:
3096:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:Egyptologists
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:Phenomenology
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
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2922:
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2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2897:Environmental
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:Computational
2883:
2881:
2880:Archaeogaming
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2859:
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2800:
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2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Post-Medieval
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Protohistoric
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:Chronological
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
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2596:
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2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:Richard Hoare
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
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2512:
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2508:
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2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2412:Shipwrecks UK
2409:
2405:
2404:
2390:
2381:
2373:
2367:
2352:
2345:
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2316:
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2228:
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2206:
2191:
2189:
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2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1840:on 2015-06-13
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1785:0-306-46365-2
1782:
1776:
1768:
1767:www.bbc.co.uk
1764:
1758:
1749:
1740:
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1726:
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1714:
1707:
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1580:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:North Ferriby
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1506:
1505:
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1369:
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1361:
1357:
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1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
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1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:Mediterranean
1217:
1214:
1206:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164: –
1163:
1159:
1158:Find sources:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1128:This section
1126:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
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1069:
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1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1011:
1006:
992:
990:
986:
981:
979:
974:
972:
969:
965:
961:
960:North Ferriby
957:
953:
943:
941:
940:naval warfare
936:
928:
924:
920:
919:
912:
902:
899:
891:
880:
877:
873:
870:
866:
863:
859:
856:
852:
849: –
848:
844:
843:Find sources:
837:
833:
829:
823:
822:
818:
813:This section
811:
807:
802:
801:
797:
787:
785:
780:
771:
768:
764:
735:
734:Cape Hatteras
731:
727:
723:
718:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
680:
677:
674:
673:
672:
666:
663:
661:
658:
653:
649:
646:
643:
640:
638:
634:
631:
628:
627:
625:
622:
619:
616:
615:
613:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
538:
528:
525:
521:
517:
513:
505:
501:
496:
487:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
461:
458:
456:
450:
448:
444:
440:
439:prehistorical
425:
422:
418:
413:
408:
403:
400:
399:
392:
391:
386:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:
337:
329:in Stockholm.
328:
324:
323:
317:
313:
310:
306:
303:
297:
295:
291:
290:
284:
279:
275:
274:
267:
265:
264:
257:
250:
249:
243:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
194:
183:
181:
176:
173:
168:
166:
165:time capsules
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:or sometimes
142:
137:
135:
131:
125:
123:
119:
115:
114:human remains
110:
106:
102:
94:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5840:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5802:
5797:On the Ocean
5795:
5788:
5780:
5777:Literature:
5565:
5547:
5528:
5521:
5511:Aotearoa One
5509:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5421:
5417:
5409:
5396:Experimental
5364:Museum ships
5331:
5324:
5297:
5269:Phoenician:
5260:
5255:Leontophoros
5253:
5217:Butuan boats
5212:Pontian boat
5150:Dufuna canoe
5089:Shipbuilding
5038:
5000:and theories
4970:Boris Rankov
4764:
4697:Economy and
4597:Incendiaries
4444:
4231:Indus Valley
4199:Tarumanagara
4126:Ubaid period
4044:Wadi al-Jarf
3959:Ostia Antica
3563:Fore-and-aft
3530:Shipbuilding
3505:Carvel built
3487:Construction
3445:Steering oar
3326:Sailing ship
3249:Obelisk ship
3207:Dugout canoe
2989:
2945:Archaeometry
2919:Experimental
2853:Near Eastern
2812:Near Eastern
2807:Mesopotamian
2761:Contemporary
2578:Arthur Evans
2495:Port Julius
2488:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2437:
2424:
2411:
2389:
2380:
2355:. Retrieved
2353:. Jmm.gov.my
2344:
2319:. Retrieved
2317:. Jmm.gov.my
2308:
2283:. Retrieved
2281:. Jmm.gov.my
2272:
2261:
2252:
2238:
2224:
2219:
2205:
2194:. Retrieved
2187:
2180:
2166:(3): 13–17.
2163:
2159:
2154:Two Brothers
2153:
2130:. Retrieved
2126:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:
2092:
2082:21 September
2080:. Retrieved
2075:
2045:
2041:
2022:
1986:
1981:
1962:
1956:
1924:(1): 60–69.
1921:
1917:
1885:
1875:
1867:the original
1862:
1853:
1842:. Retrieved
1838:the original
1833:
1824:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1720:
1717:Archaeometry
1716:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1624:Nin, Croatia
1400:
1372:
1342:river (near
1337:
1297:
1278:
1259:
1224:
1209:
1200:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1157:
1141:Please help
1129:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1056:Royal Nanhai
1055:
1042:
1038:Two Brothers
1037:
1026:Two Brothers
1025:
1023:
982:
975:
968:Dover Museum
949:
932:
917:
894:
885:
875:
868:
861:
854:
842:
826:Please help
814:
781:
777:
769:
719:
716:
689:360° cameras
670:
652:sand blowers
588:Émile Gagnan
540:
509:
478:Significant
477:
462:
459:
455:last ice age
451:
436:
420:
416:
406:
404:
397:
389:
384:
381:
376:
358:
353:
339:
332:
321:
307:sunk in the
301:
298:
293:
288:
272:
268:
262:
258:
254:
247:
197:Roman empire
189:
177:
169:
138:
126:
104:
100:
99:
76:
67:
48:
5804:Argonautica
5791:(Herodotus)
5754:Flood myths
5651:Museums and
5595:conferences
5560:Vital Alsar
5398:archaeology
5207:Austronesia
5200:Hjortspring
5195:Rochelongue
5145:Pesse canoe
5099:Ship burial
5084:Sea Peoples
5017:Lighthouses
5012:Grave goods
4960:George Bass
4740:Spice trade
4337:exploration
4159:Philippines
4154:Austronesia
4147:Old Kingdom
4024:Trincomalee
3974:Prosphorion
3919:Myos Hormos
3763:Micronesian
3754:By region:
3726:Lighthouses
3534:By region:
3299:Quinquereme
3224:Kunlun ship
3217:Penteconter
3202:Dragon boat
3025:Transgender
2950:Battlefield
2726:Prehistoric
2686:Burnt layer
2623:George Bass
2537:Archaeology
2233:. 7/12/2004
1592:merchantman
1520:Antikythera
1381:'s port at
1358:, close to
1266:Hellenistic
758: /
579:diving bell
412:disturbance
346:Great Lakes
327:Vasa Museum
319:The bow of
206:Netherlands
109:archaeology
62:introducing
5871:Categories
5813:(Polybius)
5457:Hawaiʻiloa
5339:Nemi ships
5224:Black Sea
5170:Khufu ship
5131:and relics
5029:Marine art
5022:Alexandria
4929:Fik Meijer
4912:Historians
4799:Indo-Roman
4612:Greek navy
4514:Salamis II
4504:Hellespont
4464:Artemisium
4454:Nile Delta
4417:Achaemenid
4310:Achaemenid
4179:Langkasuka
4174:Micronesia
4092:Prehistory
4019:Sounagoura
3847:Chittagong
3822:Barbarikon
3801:Alexandria
3743:Pilot boat
3693:Navigation
3525:Sewn-plank
3520:Lashed-lug
3398:Figurehead
3371:Components
3340:Propulsion
3294:Quadrireme
3275:Polyremes
3254:Outriggers
3048:by country
2980:Industrial
2975:Indigenous
2924:Underwater
2870:Calceology
2792:Australian
2770:Geographic
2756:Historical
2691:Excavation
2357:2022-10-18
2321:2022-10-18
2285:2022-10-18
2196:2011-02-13
1844:2015-04-15
1808:(6): 676.
1636:References
1617:Bronze Age
1549:Bronze Age
1533:Bronze Age
1486:Port Royal
1481:Alexandria
1391:Jesus boat
1368:bradyseism
1348:palafittes
1312:Nemi ships
1289:Pax Romana
1235:Phoenician
1173:newspapers
952:Bronze Age
946:Bronze Age
858:newspapers
746:75°24′23″W
722:Phoenician
624:Excavation
551:excavation
520:Port Royal
516:Alexandria
361:submarines
350:Baltic Sea
302:Mardi Gras
278:concretion
141:shipwrecks
45:references
5826:Geography
5764:Gilgamesh
5653:memorials
5577:Viracocha
5490:Faʻafaite
5443:Sarimanok
5349:Yassi Ada
5262:Syracusia
5185:Canaanite
5160:Moor Sand
4630:By region
4592:Grappling
4564:Naulochus
4554:Myonessus
4509:Echinades
4494:Arginusae
4489:Cynossema
4474:Naupactus
4469:Eurymedon
4303:Classical
4278:Phoenicia
4273:Mycenaean
4236:Tamilakam
4219:Polynesia
4209:Srivijaya
4004:Satingpra
3964:Palembang
3948:Cattigara
3890:(Kadaram)
3873:Jambukola
3867:Guangzhou
3808:(Podouke)
3806:Arikamedu
3768:Polynesia
3701:Celestial
3614:Armaments
3600:Spritsail
3558:Crab claw
3500:Careening
3467:Sternpost
3321:Reed boat
3264:Catamaran
3239:Multihull
2985:Landscape
2858:Osteology
2741:Classical
2188:Moby-Dick
2172:0439-2248
1948:111073448
1940:1758-1206
1607:SS Xantho
1397:Australia
1281:Etruscans
1276:periods.
1270:Byzantine
1262:Classical
1203:July 2023
1130:does not
914:Wreck of
888:July 2023
815:does not
660:Recording
650:Silt and
567:Lake Nemi
524:Mary Rose
465:Black Sea
390:Holland 1
385:Mary Rose
377:Mary Rose
373:Salvagers
305:shipwreck
287:USS
271:RMS
263:Mary Rose
248:Mary Rose
172:artifacts
124:and use.
5842:Tākitimu
5745:Legend:
5703:Roskilde
5582:Tangaroa
5523:Olympias
5497:Gaualofa
5436:Hōkūleʻa
5411:Kon-Tiki
5244:Ashkelon
5180:Uluburun
5139:Earliest
4905:Scholars
4787:shipping
4587:Boarding
4499:Mytilene
4484:Syracuse
4449:Alashiya
4412:Egyptian
4396:Military
4387:Timeline
4365:Sardinia
4288:Carthage
4204:Kalingga
4164:Sa Huỳnh
4099:Timeline
4049:Zanzibar
3999:Sarapion
3994:Rhacotis
3924:Martaban
3869:(Canton)
3862:Godavaya
3857:Giao Chỉ
3827:Barygaza
3817:Avalites
3738:Piloting
3626:Catapult
3621:Ballista
3595:Mast-aft
3408:Planking
3347:Paddling
3304:Hexareme
3269:Trimaran
3234:Longship
3182:Balangay
3095:Category
3077:Journals
2995:Mortuary
2990:Maritime
2965:Funerary
2960:Feminist
2955:Conflict
2933:Thematic
2848:Medieval
2802:Egyptian
2797:Oceanian
2782:American
2746:Medieval
2736:Biblical
2613:Max Uhle
2366:cite web
2330:cite web
2294:cite web
2263:Newsweek
1613:Uluburun
1508:Seahenge
1418:See also
1356:Pozzuoli
1333:Calabria
1300:Caligula
1293:amphoras
1243:amphoras
1231:Iron Age
1074:Longquan
962:and the
784:Seahenge
743:35°0′6″N
584:aqualung
480:cave art
469:Bosporus
396:SS
336:shipworm
214:Portugal
118:nautical
5782:Odyssey
5759:Genesis
5556:Others
5355:Lists:
5344:Marausa
5294:Roman:
5284:Punic:
5249:Kyrenia
5240:Greek:
5236:Marsala
5229:Sinop D
5104:Tacking
4838:History
4725:Meluhha
4715:Fishing
4710:Whaling
4617:Ramming
4539:Aegates
4534:Drepana
4529:Ecnomus
4459:Salamis
4447:
4437:Battles
4315:Nabatea
4298:Archaic
4268:Nuragic
4258:Somalia
4109:Oceania
4104:Britain
4081:History
4014:Socotra
3984:Qandala
3969:Piraeus
3939:Muziris
3909:Madurai
3904:Manthai
3842:Canopus
3812:Arsinoe
3784:harbors
3733:History
3721:Coastal
3651:Sambuca
3636:Dolphin
3550:Rigging
3362:Poling
3352:Sailing
3289:Trireme
3229:Liburna
3192:Coracle
3162:Vessels
3055:Periods
2890:Virtual
2875:Digital
2777:African
2679:Sondage
2545:History
2501:Puteoli
2132:6 April
2127:Gizmodo
2044:Monitor
1863:uwf.edu
1615:– Late
1531:– Late
1344:Pompeii
1274:Ottoman
1225:In the
1187:scholar
1151:removed
1136:sources
1086:Singtai
1080:Turiang
1062:Nanyang
1047:in the
1000:Pacific
927:Estonia
923:Hiiumaa
872:scholar
836:removed
821:sources
635:Use of
512:seismic
447:geology
443:climate
421:in situ
417:in situ
407:in-situ
352:(where
294:in situ
289:Monitor
273:Titanic
210:Denmark
161:jetties
153:wharves
58:improve
5833:Aeneid
5549:Viking
5530:Regina
5299:Alkedo
5155:Abydos
5129:Wrecks
4998:Topics
4828:Piracy
4782:Greece
4642:Odisha
4574:Actium
4569:Mycale
4404:Navies
4293:Greece
4283:Olmecs
4251:Pandya
4226:Minoan
4189:Champa
4169:Lapita
4114:Remote
4034:Tyndis
3989:Quilon
3934:Muscat
3899:Lothal
3894:Korkai
3878:Jeddah
3852:Essina
3796:Adulis
3706:Charts
3641:Harpax
3631:Corvus
3605:Square
3573:Settee
3568:Lateen
3477:Tiller
3472:Strake
3440:Rudder
3430:Paddle
3378:Anchor
3357:Towing
3279:Bireme
3212:Galley
3187:Bangka
3044:Sites
2970:Gender
2833:Aerial
2817:Nubian
2664:Survey
2421:"Home"
2170:
2107:1 June
2051:
1969:
1946:
1938:
1888:(54).
1783:
1678:17 Jan
1596:Toulon
1567:Hunley
1375:Israel
1360:Naples
1352:Venice
1310:. The
1285:Romans
1272:, and
1189:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1092:Desaru
1068:Xuande
874:
867:
860:
853:
845:
681:Daily
547:survey
398:Xantho
204:, the
47:, but
5769:Greek
5572:Abora
5566:Ivlia
5478:Saina
5422:Ra II
5380:Sites
5165:Dokos
4777:Egypt
4699:trade
4664:Rafts
4649:Japan
4637:India
4549:Chios
4519:Mylae
4479:Olpae
4427:Roman
4422:Greek
4320:Aksum
4246:Chera
4241:Chola
4214:Sunda
4194:Kutai
4184:Kedah
4029:Tulum
4009:Sidon
3954:Opone
3944:Óc Eo
3914:Malao
3888:Kedah
3832:Basra
3780:Ports
3758:Inuit
3578:Tanja
3538:Egypt
3388:Cabin
3331:Tomol
3174:Types
3038:Lists
3020:Queer
3000:Music
2787:Asian
2471:"INA"
1944:S2CID
1387:Bible
1340:Sarno
1329:Riace
1321:Sulla
1308:Italy
1194:JSTOR
1180:books
1104:Wanli
918:Akula
879:JSTOR
865:books
726:Malta
484:caves
231:Korea
227:India
223:China
218:Spain
157:docks
149:piers
5698:Oslo
5420:and
5326:Isis
5273:Gozo
4794:Rome
4772:Maya
4654:Rome
4559:Nile
4325:Rome
4263:Maya
4119:Near
4039:Tyre
3791:Aden
3590:Junk
3462:Stem
3450:Sail
3435:Rope
3420:Mast
3415:Keel
3403:Hull
3393:Deck
3316:Raft
3197:Dhow
3005:Nazi
2451:Home
2442:(US)
2429:(US)
2372:link
2336:link
2300:link
2168:ISSN
2134:2015
2109:2024
2084:2016
2049:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1936:ISSN
1781:ISBN
1680:2013
1304:Nemi
1247:NR-1
1239:Gaza
1166:news
1134:any
1132:cite
935:ship
851:news
819:any
817:cite
590:and
573:and
549:and
522:and
445:and
367:and
354:Vasa
322:Vasa
216:and
159:and
4735:Tin
3782:and
3646:Ram
3425:Oar
3383:Bow
2499:at
1991:doi
1926:doi
1890:doi
1810:doi
1725:doi
1145:by
830:by
586:by
565:in
553:in
229:,
225:,
212:,
167:'.
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5418:Ra
5387:H3
5141::
2487:.
2473:.
2461:.
2449:.
2436:.
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2368:}}
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2328:{{
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2164:60
2162:.
2158:.
2142:^
2125:.
2100:.
2074:.
2063:^
2032:^
2002:^
1942:.
1934:.
1922:85
1920:.
1916:.
1904:^
1884:.
1861:.
1832:.
1804:.
1800:.
1765:.
1721:63
1719:.
1715:.
1670:.
1652:.
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1377:,
1370:.
1306:,
1268:,
1264:,
1051:.
925:,
626::
518:,
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338:,
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3141:e
3134:t
3127:v
2529:e
2522:t
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2491:.
2465:.
2453:.
2440:.
2427:.
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2111:.
2086:.
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