754:(e.g. affixes) must know: how the morpheme is pronounced and what kind of morpheme it is, (free, prefix, suffix). If it is an affix, then the speaker also must know what the affix c-selects. The speaker must also know that the c-selected element must be adjacent to the affix, amounting to the requirement that branches of a tree never cross. Crossing branches is not included in the lexicon, and it is a general property of how linguistic structures are grammatically structured. This is true because lexical entries do no impose a requirement on a part of word structure that it is not sister to. This relates to the fact that affixes cannot c-select for an element which is not a sister. Additionally, the speaker must know what kinds of thing results after c-selection. These key aspects that a speaker must know can be observed in the lexical entries below, with the example "denationalization".
1915:
1819:
1831:
2199:
2187:
1927:
738:
2019:
2007:
2114:
2102:
2352:
1223:
1063:
1020:
2280:
2268:
602:
448:
1593:
1737:
1729:
1201:
556:. Syntactic trees are represented through constituents of a sentence, which are represented in a hierarchical fashion in order to satisfy locality of selection through the restraints of X-bar theory. In X-bar theory, immediate dominance relations are invariant, meaning that all languages have the same constituent structure. However, the linear precedence relations can vary across languages. For example,
2369:. There are two TP bounding nodes that appear between the DP "what" and its trace. The subjacency condition postulates that wh-movement cannot undergo when the elements are spread too far apart. When two positions are separated by only one bounding node, or no bounding node at all, they are considered subjacent. Therefore, according to
1557:
structure, (deep structure). These are expressed configurationally in relevance to particular languages, and are seen represented in the surface representation of the syntactic tree. This surface representation is motivated by selection, locality, and item specific features which allow for movement of syntactic items.
1578:
1496:
2036:; nothing is extracted from the larger DP. Example (9b) is an example of the coordinate structure constraint. The DP "what" originally occurs within the DP conjunct, therefore, this constraint predicts that an ungrammatical sentence will result due to the extraction of an element within the conjunct.
1844:
Example (7b) demonstrates the adjunct island condition. We can see that the wh-word, "what", occurs within the complementizer phrase that appears in the adjunct. Therefore, movement of the DP out of the adjunct will generate an ungrammatical sentence. Example (7a) is grammatical because the trace of
1600:
In the surface representation, we see that DP movement is motivated by
Locality of selection, movement is marked by brackets <>, (or at times arrows following the movement). The movement leaves behind a trace of the DP which still satisfies selection, however, the selection is now a non-local
1390:
It is important to note that 5a, can be distinguished from 5b and 5c the differences in structural relations between the pronoun and the name. In 5a, "she" c-commands "Lucy", but this does not occur in 5b and 5c. These observations can be described by the preliminary observation that non-pronominals
2293:
In example (11a), there is no wh-movement, therefore the left branch constraint does not apply and this sentence is grammatical. In example (11b), the DP "whose" is extracted from the larger DP "whose cake". This extraction under the left branch constraint is not allowed, therefore, the sentence is
2127:
Example (8a) is a grammatical because the DP complement of the verb moves as a whole to the specifier position of the main clause. Example (8b) displays the complex noun phrase constraint. The NP complement D, "whose", is extracted and moved to the specifier position of the main clause. The complex
1332:
Principle B does not state anything regarding whether a pronoun requires an antecedent. It is permissible for a pronoun to not have an antecedent in a sentence. Principle B simply states that if a pronoun does have a c-commanding antecedent, then it must be outside of the smallest XP with a subject
1328:
In (4b) Principle B is obeyed, this is because while there is co-indexation and a c-commanding relation between and , both DPs are free in their local domains. Remember that local domain is determined by the smallest XP containing a subject. In the case of , the local domain pertains to the head
2212:
Example (10a) does not display any wh-movement. Therefore, the sentence is grammatical since nothing is extracted from the subject DP. Example (10b) contains wh-movement of a DP that is within the subject DP. The subject condition tells us that this type of movement is not allowed and the sentence
1692:
This definition tells us that if the specifier position of CP is occupied or if a C is occupied by a +q word, movement of a wh-phrase out of the CP cannot occur. In other words, a CP that has a wh-phrase in its that is filled with another wh-phrase that is not the one that was extracted, but from
1520:
Syntactic dependencies of all types are confined to a limited portion of structure. Referential and filler gap-dependencies remain a divide in locality principles. Few theories which have succeeded in unifying these two types of dependencies undel locality principles. While there is no agreed-upon
1324:
In 4a), when the , is co-indexed with, and c-commands, , this violates principle B. This is because has a c-commanding antecedent in its local domain (i.e. ) this shows that the pronoun is bound in its domain. As such, pronoun , which also abides to principle B, also cannot be bound locally, and
577:
If α selects β, then β depends on α. If α selects β, and if locality of selection is satisfied, then α and β are in a local dependency. If α selects β, and if locality of selection is not satisfied, then α and β are in a non-local dependency. The existence of a non-local dependency indicates that
1585:
This tree represents local dependencies of selection. selects for a DP subject and can have an AdvP complement, this is satisfied. However, also requires a DP subject, which is unsatisfied. Lastly, T has an EPP feature, as discussed above, which selects for a DP subject. It's these selectional
929:
properties, or
Extended Projection Principle, is located in certain syntactic items, which motivate movement due to their selection requirements. Such can be found most commonly in T, which in English, requires a DP subject. This selection by T creates a non-local dependency, and leaves behind a
1940:
Example (8b) displays the sentential subject condition. The subject of the verb in this sentence is a complementizer clause. The DP "what" that appears within the CP subject moves to the specifier position of the main clause. The sentential subject constraint predicts that this wh-movement will
1752:
Example (6b) illustrates the wh-island constraint. The embedded clause contains a complementizer with the feature +q. This causes the DP "who" to move to the specifier position of that complementizer phrase. Movement of the complement DP "what" cannot occur since the specifier position of CP is
1570:
Given the word order of the sentence, we would expect the tree to have violated
Locality of Selection and Projection Principle guidelines. Projection Principle specifies what the head selects for, and Locality of selection ensures that these are established in the local domain of the head which
967:
An anaphor is considered to be free when it is not c-commanded or co-indexed. A node is c-commanded if a sister node of the first node dominates it, (i.e. node X c-commands node Y if a sister of X dominates Y). A node is co-indexed if the DPs in question both are indexed by a matching subscript
1511:
Binding Theory correctly predicts that 5.1 a) will be an ungrammatical construction given
Principle A which requires the anaphor to be bound locally. As well as correctly predicting 5.1 b) as grammatical, given Principle B, which states that pronouns cannot be locally bound. Both instances are
1556:
of the sentence and the production of the tree. Within the underlying structure, at times referred to as deep structure, there exist Deep
Grammatical Relations, which relate to the manifestation of subject, object and indirect object. Deep grammatical relations are mapped onto the underlying
959:
and its antecedent which must occur within its local domain. Principle A states that anaphors must be bound in their local domain, and that DP's must be in a local relation. The local domain is the smallest XP containing a DP, in order to satisfy
Binding Theory, the DP must
1504:
1845:
the PP (prepositional phrase) "where" is not within the adjunct, therefore, movement is allowed. This demonstrates the prohibition of extraction from inside an adjunct and the condition that states that no element in a CP inside an adjunct may move out of this adjunct.
1867:
A sentential subject is a subject that is a clause, not the subject of a sentence. Therefore, a clause that is a subject is called a sentential subject. The
Sentential Subject Constraint is violated when an element moves out of a CP that is in the subject position.
1413:
show that different categories can have subjects, which is supported by
Binding Theory. The internal structure of a small clause is determined, typically, by a predicate or a functional element, and are considered as being projections of a functional category.
609:
According to locality of selection, the material introduced in the syntactic tree must have a local relationship with the head that introduces it. This means that each argument must be introduced into the same projection as its head. Therefore, each
1259:. However, example (3b) is ungrammatical because the anaphor is bound by the antecedent non-locally, which goes against Principle A which specifies local binding. Further, Principle A would predict that in fact it is which could bind
938:
Binding Theory refers to 3 different theoretic principles that regulate DP's (Determiner Phrase). In consideration of the following definitions of the principles, the local domain refers to the closest XP with a subject. If a DP(1) is
721:
attaches as an unselected adjunct to VP; structurally this means that it is outside of the local projection of V as it is sister to and dominated by VP. In contrast, in the tree for sentence (1b), the introduction of the AdvP
1391:
cannot be bound, i.e., non-pronominals cannot be c-commanded by a co-indexed pronoun. Compared to
Principle A and Principle B, this requires goes all the way up to the root node, since it is not limited to any domain.
717:, is projected onto the Specifier (as sister to V'). In this way, (1a) satisfies Locality of Selection as both arguments are projected within the projection of the head that introduces them. The adverb phrase, AdvP
1543:
the element or constituent is in. Movement is motivated by selection of certain word types, which require their
Projection Principles be met Locally. In short, Locality predicts movement of syntactic constituents.
1941:
result in an ungrammatical sentence since the trace was within the CP subject. Example (8a) is grammatical because the DP "who" does not have a trace within the CP subject, therefore, allowing movement to occur.
1649:
The wh-phrase must also contain a question word, due to the fact that it needs to qualify as meeting the +q feature requirements. The +q feature of the complementizer (+q= question feature) results in an
1488:
This data suggests that has a subject, , and that the anaphor that it has as a complement, /, has a domain local domain that extends to the node which dominates , as it c-commands and binds the anaphor.
1128:
be co-indexed to complete binding, this sentence would still be ungrammatical. This is because, in English, anaphors and their antecedent must agree in gender. As such, attempting to fix 2b by binding
1586:
properties which motivate movement of certain syntactic items. In this particular tree, it is the DP which is motivated to move, in order to satisfy the selectional properties of and T's EPP feature.
1670:
There are seven types of violations that can occur for wh-movement. These constraints predict the environments in which movement generates an ungrammatical sentence: Movement does not occur locally.
1642:. This results in the movement of the wh-phrase into the initial position of the clause. This is seen in English word order of questions, which show Wh components as sentence initial, though in the
1394:
In addition to these principles, it is required that pronouns and reflexives agree with their antecedent in gender. For example, regardless of the consideration of locality, a sentence such as "
1345:
The following examples show the application of Binding Theory, Principle C which states: R-expressions cannot be bound, and certain DP's, such as R-expressions are never related to other DP's.
1753:
filled. Therefore, movement of the wh-word "what" generates an ungrammatical sentence, while movement of the wh-word "who" is allowed (specifier position of the embedded CP is not occupied).
894:
One way to determine which syntactic items relate to each other within the tree structure is to examine covariances of constituents. For example, given the selectional properties of the verb
871:, it has no thematic quality to elapse, and as such cannot meet the lexical selection requirements of . However, in subject position does have this thematic quality and can be selected by .
1658:
feature: This forces an XP to the specifier position of CP. The +q feature also attracts the bound morpheme in the tense position to move to the head complementizer position; leading to
1090:, this does not abide to Binding Theory and is considered ungrammatical. Secondly, and most important to this section, Principle A establishes that an anaphor must be bound locally.
1039:
are selected within the same local domain. TP is the smallest XP that contains the anaphor and DP subject (in this case, the subject is the antecedent). Given that the antecent,
2198:
1402:", it would be ungrammatical because the two co-indexed entities do not agree in gender. Pronouns and reflexives also have to agree with their antecedent in number and person.
882:
Crucially, selection determines the shape of syntactic structures. Selection takes into consideration not only lexical properties but also constituent selection, that is what
1914:
1818:
2186:
548:— be "projected" onto syntactic structures. Together with Locality of Selection, which forces lexical properties to be projected within a local projection (as defined by
1348:
In English, R-expressions refer to Quantified Expressions, (e.g. every, all, some...etc.) and Independently Referential Expressions, (e.g. this, the, my, a, pronouns)
979:, (e.g. each other, etc.). These items must refer back to a previous item in the constituent in order to satisfy its semantic meaning, and in turn, abide to Principle A.
496:
refers to the proximity of elements in a linguistic structure. Constraints on locality limit the span over which rules can apply to a particular structure. Theories of
1521:
theory, general observations are seen. Absolute and relative barriers are a great divide in locality theory and have yet to be formally unified under a single theory.
671:, which specifies that the verb introduces two arguments, namely a DP which bears the semantic role of Agent, and another DP which bears the semantic role of Theme.
2128:
noun phrase constraint predicts that this wh-movement will result in an ungrammatical sentence since extraction of an element within the complex NP is not allowed.
1830:
750:
Locality can also be broken down into a morphological perspective, by analyzing words with some, or many affixes. A speaker who can make sense of a word with many
918:. Case can be selected by heads within the structure, and this can affect the syntactic structure expressed in the underlying and surface structure of the tree.
625:
For example, the contrast between the well-formed (1a) and the ill-formed (1b) shows that in English, an adverb cannot intervene between a head (the verb
1527:
Relative barrier is the idea that syntactic dependencies between a filler and a gap are blocked by the intervention of a closer element of the same type
1926:
850:
When meeting selection requirements, the semantic content of the constituent selected by the head must be taken into consideration. For example, the
1082:, which is a pronoun. Two factors have gone wrong here. Firstly, as shown in Principle B below, pronouns must be free in their local domain, and as
964:
the anaphor and have a subject. Therefore, the antecedent must be in the same clause that contains the anaphor if it is to abide to Binding Theory.
2774:
2673:
2598:
1417:
Given this, Binding Theory can predict the internal structure of a small clause, depending on which Principle is present within the structure.
1333:
that has the pronoun, i.e. outside the domain of the pronoun. Further, both Principle A and B predict that pronouns and anaphos must occur in
741:
1 a) "Carefully John studies the report" 1 b) *"John studies carefully the report"
2294:
predicted to be ungrammatical. This sentence can be made grammatical by moving the larger DP as a unit to the specifier position of CP.
874:
Lexical selection is specific to individual word requirements, these must abide to both Projected Principle and Locality requirements.
2018:
2006:
1267:. Given that is a singular entity, and refers to multiple, this co-indexation cannot occur, rendering this sentence ungrammatical.
2314:
In example (12c), the whole subject DP structure undergoes wh-movement, which results in a grammatical sentence. This suggests that
1290:
Principle B states: pronouns must be free in their local domain, and predicts that some DP's are non-locally bound to other DP's.
898:, we see that not only does this verb select for a DP subject, but is specific about the thematic role this DP subject must have.
2113:
943:, this means it is c-commanded and co-indexed by a DP(2) that is sister to the XP dominating over DP (1) .To contrast, if it is
2101:
1263:, however, similarly to example 2b, anaphors not only have to agree with gender with the antecedent that binds them, but also
2624:
2530:
475:
365:
1329:
which dominates it, of which is the subject, while for , it would be the smallest XP containing a subject, which is .
1524:
Absolute barriers do not allow movement beyond it. (WH-island, Subjacency conditions and Condition on Extraction Domain)
2351:
1769:
If an adjunct contains a CP, movement of an element inside the CP to a position outside of the adjunct is not allowed.
854:
of the constituent that is selected, and the properties of the head which selects it. Take, for example, the verb head
2801:
2750:
2696:
2649:
2574:
2279:
2860:
325:
2267:
544:
The projection principle requires that lexical properties — in particular argument structure properties such as
2826:
385:
330:
103:
1651:
926:
581:
From the perspective of projection, an element can be "stretched" to occupy the following projection levels:
360:
51:
305:
171:
2032:
Example (9a) is grammatical since the DP complement is moving as a whole to the specifier position of the
663:
In structural accounts of the contrast between (1a) and (1b), the two sentences differ relative to their
500:
use syntactic locality constraints to explain restrictions on argument selection, syntactic binding, and
425:
131:
1164:
The following examples show the application of Binding Theory, Principle A, in relation to reciprocals:
593:
These occupying elements appear valid for all syntactically relevant lexical and functional categories.
2855:
2778:
1334:
982:
The following examples show the application of Binding Theory, Principle A, in relation to reflexives:
737:
1536:
468:
415:
315:
141:
1686:
If CP has the feature +q, movement of a wh-phrase to a position outside of the clause cannot occur.
867:
However, while is syntactically in subject position, it gives an ungrammatical sentence as cannot
1552:
When comparing surface structure to what selection predicts, there appears to be an anomaly in the
611:
497:
320:
263:
78:
2392:
1635:
1074:
has within its local domain antecedent, , which would serve as a candidate for binding. However,
734:
does not select an AdvP, so the latter cannot be introduced in the local projection of the verb.
615:
420:
258:
235:
1589:
The following surface tree is expected, which follows the word order of the sentence provided:
1615:
1540:
1222:
956:
370:
337:
290:
206:
186:
166:
68:
46:
41:
2417:
1639:
146:
1693:
higher in the tree. The movement of the wh-phrase is being obstructed by another wh-phrase.
2382:
1643:
1032:
1027:
Example (2a) is predicted to be grammatical by Principle A of binding theory. The anaphor,
553:
517:
461:
390:
300:
181:
126:
23:
8:
231:
161:
136:
108:
2768:
2667:
2592:
1627:
619:
501:
451:
430:
400:
355:
310:
278:
268:
156:
151:
2832:
2822:
2797:
2756:
2746:
2725:
2692:
2655:
2645:
2620:
2580:
2570:
2526:
2412:
1623:
1251:
As predicted by Binding Theory, Principle A, (3a) is grammatical because the anaphor
1043:
is governed by VP, which is sister to PP, and PP is the maximal node dominating over
851:
523:
447:
295:
273:
216:
2436:
A determiner phrase (DP) is what is traditionally known as a noun phrase (NP). Thus
2721:
1535:
Movement is the phenomenon that accounts for the possibility of a single syntactic
395:
226:
221:
196:
191:
176:
2865:
2052:
Extraction of an element that is a complement or adjunct of a NP is not allowed.
911:
907:
664:
2318:
can be used to reverse the effects of the violations or extraction constraints.
1539:
or element occupying multiple, yet distinct locations, depending on the type of
971:
In English, Principle A governs over anaphors, which include lexical items like
947:, then the DP in question must not be c-commanded and co-indexed by another DP.
512:
Locality is observed in a number of linguistic contexts, and most notably with:
2397:
709:
is projected onto the Complement position (as sister to the head V), and the DP
527:
240:
730:
violates Locality of Selection; this is because the lexical entry of the verb
2849:
2760:
2659:
2584:
2033:
1631:
915:
1547:
1062:
1019:
2836:
2407:
1592:
1410:
883:
549:
283:
73:
2387:
2315:
1577:
1055:
As co-indexation is already established by the matching subscript letter
533:
489:
435:
410:
31:
1861:
Movement of an element that appears within the CP subject cannot occur.
601:
2402:
2370:
1659:
1553:
1492:
As such, the underlying structure that is suggested is the following:
955:
Principle A for locality in Binding Theory refers to the binding of an
886:
Theory predicts as appropriate formulations for specific constituents.
557:
545:
405:
88:
2644:. Koopman, Hilda Judith,, Stabler, Edward P. Chichester, West Sussex.
1495:
2366:
1200:
961:
380:
375:
211:
201:
93:
83:
571:
Every argument that α selects must appear in the local domain of α.
2144:
Movement of a DP out of the subject DP of the verb is not allowed.
1958:
1325:
contributes to the sentences problems with abiding to Principle B.
751:
1619:
2712:
Citko, Barbara (October 2011). "Small Clauses: Small Clauses".
98:
2521:
Sportiche, Dominique; Koopman, Hilda; Stabler, Edward (2014).
1736:
560:(i.e. constituent order) can vary with and across languages.
2229:
Extraction of a DP subject within a larger DP cannot occur.
1728:
1574:
As such, we would expect the following ungrammatical tree:
1512:
represented, respectively, within the generated structures.
1270:
To summarize, it must be noted that anaphors must agree in
1059:, this sentence is grammatical and abides to Principle A.
2204:*Which students did a picture of appear in the newspapers?
1503:
1248:
Example (3) follows the same explanations to example (2).
1548:
Raising to subject: surface and underlying tree structure
2520:
2192:
A picture of which students appeared in the newspapers?
2156:
A picture of which students appeared in the newspapers?
1112:
As discussed previously, the local DP which could bind
906:
In English, case relates to properties of the pronoun,
667:. The starting point is the lexical entry for the verb
2569:. Koopman, Hilda Judith., Stabler, Edward P. Hoboken.
2639:
2373:, movement will result in an ungrammatical sentence.
2745:. Dikken, Marcel den, 1965-. Cambridge. 2014-05-14.
1133:
with would still render an ungrammatical sentence.
2821:. Wilkins, Wendy K. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press.
2816:
2796:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc.
1405:
1944:
1255:is bound within the same domain as the antecedent
532:Displacement of wh-phrases; this is regulated by
516:Selection of arguments; this is regulated by the
2847:
2642:An introduction to syntactic analysis and theory
2567:An introduction to syntactic analysis and theory
1848:
968:letter, as seen in the DPs of (2) a. and (2) b.
618:will appear within the local projection of the
16:Proximity of elements in a linguistic structure
2792:Haegeman, Liliane; Guéron, Jacqueline (1999).
2791:
1824:Where did he go before they finished the food?
2525:. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. p. 284.
1961:cannot undergo movement out of the conjunct.
1920:Who did that Bill threw out the cheese annoy?
507:
469:
2619:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
1066:Example (2b) "Mary revealed himself to John"
1023:Example (2a) "Mary revealed John to himself"
596:
2785:
2743:The Cambridge Handbook of Generative Syntax
1756:
2773:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2672:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2597:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2564:
1836:*What did he go home before Mary finished?
1282:with their antecedent, in a local domain.
745:
476:
462:
2794:English Grammar: A Generative Perspective
2216:
1880:did that Bill threw out the cheese annoy
1665:
1560:Take for example the following sentence:
1515:
698:In the tree for sentence (1a), the verb,
2691:. USA: Foris Publications. p. 178.
2039:
1932:*What did that Bill threw out annoy you?
1735:
1727:
1591:
1576:
1502:
1494:
1420:Take, for example, the following data:
1293:Take for example, these two sentences:
1221:
1199:
1061:
1018:
736:
702:is the Head of the VP projection, the DP
600:
1673:
552:), the projection principle constrains
2848:
2686:
2614:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
1098:by any local DP, nor any DP, in fact,
1070:However, in example (2b), the anaphor
975:, (e.g. myself, yourself...etc.), and
877:
2711:
2523:An Introduction to Syntactic Analysis
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
1732:6 (a) "who do you wonder bought what"
2737:
2735:
2640:Sportiche, Dominique. (2013-09-30).
2610:
2608:
2565:Dominique., Sportiche (2013-09-23).
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2131:
1952:The coordinate structure constraint
1795:did he go home before Mary finished
1740:6(b) "What do you wonder who bought"
1604:
845:
366:Conservative and innovative language
2047:The complex noun phrase constraint
13:
2453:
1856:The sentential subject constraint
858:, which selects for a DP subject.
14:
2877:
2732:
2605:
2539:
921:
2726:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2011.00312.x
2714:Language and Linguistics Compass
2365:Example (13) is an example of a
2350:
2278:
2266:
2197:
2185:
2112:
2100:
2017:
2005:
1925:
1913:
1829:
1817:
1406:Small clauses and Binding Theory
446:
2810:
1945:Coordinate structure constraint
605:Locality projection of the head
2705:
2680:
2633:
2440:, for instance, would be a DP.
2430:
1788:before they finished the food?
1614:In wh-movement in English, an
1609:
1340:
1285:
950:
889:
1:
2819:Locality in linguistic theory
2689:Locality Principles in Syntax
2447:
2357:*What did you wonder who ate?
1849:Sentential subject constraint
1139:Attempted correction of (2b)
629:) and its complement (the DP
2817:Culicover, Peter W. (1984).
539:
306:Functional discourse grammar
172:Ethnography of communication
7:
2376:
2285:*Whose are you eating cake?
2224:The left branch constraint
2024:*What did you eat and rice?
1530:
1231:heard John's criticisms of
1188:heard John's criticisms of
1136:This is exemplified below:
930:"trace" of the moved item.
426:Second-language acquisition
10:
2882:
2273:You are eating whose cake.
2167:] appear in the newspaper?
2012:What and rice did you eat?
1335:complementary distribution
1086:is being bound locally by
933:
508:Where locality is observed
104:Syntax–semantics interface
1764:Adjunct island condition
1716:do you wonder who bought
1681:The Wh-island constraint
597:Head-complement selection
416:Philosophy of linguistics
316:Interactional linguistics
2423:
2371:the subjacency condition
2333:did you wonder who ate e
2119:*Whose did you buy book?
1891:did that Bill threw out
1757:Adjunct island condition
1618:is formed by moving the
1051:can therefore c-command
498:transformational grammar
2861:Syntactic relationships
2615:Boeckx, Cedric (2008).
2213:will be ungrammatical.
2107:Whose book did you buy?
901:
746:Morphological selection
578:movement has occurred.
526:; this is regulated by
2248:are you eating cake]?
2241:You are eating cake].
2217:Left branch constraint
2139:The subject condition
1741:
1733:
1666:Wh-movement violations
1616:interrogative sentence
1597:
1596:He seems to run slowly
1582:
1516:Syntactic dependencies
1508:
1500:
1366:b) After you spoke to
1237:
1216:
1067:
1024:
742:
726:as sister to the verb
606:
566:Locality of selection
253:Theoretical frameworks
207:Philosophy of language
187:History of linguistics
2777:) CS1 maint: others (
2040:Complex NP constraint
1739:
1731:
1640:complementizer phrase
1595:
1581:*Seems he runs slowly
1580:
1506:
1498:
1314:thinks that I admire
1225:
1203:
1065:
1022:
740:
604:
147:Conversation analysis
2687:Koster, Jan (1981).
2383:Projection Principle
1957:An element within a
1674:Wh-island constraint
1644:underlying structure
665:underlying structure
518:projection principle
391:Internet linguistics
301:Construction grammar
2367:wh-island violation
1424:
1376:c) The builder of
1352:
1297:
878:Detecting selection
861:E.g. a) * elapsed.
758:
326:Systemic functional
121:Applied linguistics
63:General linguistics
1742:
1734:
1646:, this is not so.
1636:specifier position
1628:preposition phrase
1598:
1583:
1509:
1501:
1423:
1351:
1296:
1238:
1217:
1116:. However, while
1068:
1025:
757:
743:
674:lexical entry for
607:
587:intermediate (X')
502:syntactic movement
431:Theory of language
401:Origin of language
356:Autonomy of syntax
311:Grammaticalization
157:Discourse analysis
152:Corpus linguistics
2856:Generative syntax
2626:978-0-19-953424-1
2532:978-1-4051-0017-5
2343:
2342:
2312:
2311:
2254:
2253:
2233:
2232:
2173:
2172:
2148:
2147:
2132:Subject condition
2088:
2087:
2056:
2055:
1993:
1992:
1965:
1964:
1901:
1900:
1865:
1864:
1805:
1804:
1773:
1772:
1726:
1725:
1690:
1689:
1624:determiner phrase
1605:Raising to object
1486:
1485:
1388:
1387:
1322:
1321:
1198:
1197:
1078:is co-indexed to
1017:
1016:
846:Lexical selection
843:
842:
661:
660:
622:that selects it.
575:
574:
486:
485:
274:Distributionalism
217:Psycholinguistics
2873:
2841:
2840:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2764:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2588:
2562:
2537:
2536:
2518:
2441:
2434:
2354:
2324:
2323:
2306:are you eating ?
2297:
2296:
2282:
2270:
2235:
2234:
2221:
2220:
2201:
2189:
2150:
2149:
2136:
2135:
2116:
2104:
2058:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2021:
2009:
1967:
1966:
1949:
1948:
1929:
1917:
1871:
1870:
1853:
1852:
1833:
1821:
1775:
1774:
1761:
1760:
1696:
1695:
1678:
1677:
1425:
1422:
1353:
1350:
1298:
1295:
1167:
1166:
985:
984:
759:
756:
687:
636:
635:
590:maximal (X max)
563:
562:
478:
471:
464:
450:
396:LGBT linguistics
386:Internationalism
361:Compositionality
222:Sociolinguistics
197:Neurolinguistics
192:Interlinguistics
177:Ethnomethodology
19:
18:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2829:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2790:
2786:
2766:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2720:(10): 748–763.
2710:
2706:
2699:
2685:
2681:
2665:
2664:
2652:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2613:
2606:
2590:
2589:
2577:
2563:
2540:
2533:
2519:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2379:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2321:
2308:
2305:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2274:
2271:
2260:
2259:
2250:
2247:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2193:
2190:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2108:
2105:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2042:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2013:
2010:
1999:
1998:
1989:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1921:
1918:
1907:
1906:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1879:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1825:
1822:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1783:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1676:
1668:
1657:
1612:
1607:
1550:
1533:
1518:
1467:
1463:
1448:
1444:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1383:
1380:house visited
1379:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1343:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1288:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1230:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1176:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1132:
1123:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1013:
1010:
1006:
998:
994:
953:
936:
924:
904:
892:
880:
848:
748:
712:
705:
696:
694:
686:
679:
657:
599:
554:syntactic trees
542:
522:Binding of two
510:
482:
441:
440:
351:
343:
342:
254:
246:
245:
241:Writing systems
132:Anthropological
122:
114:
113:
64:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2843:
2842:
2827:
2809:
2802:
2784:
2751:
2731:
2704:
2697:
2679:
2650:
2632:
2625:
2604:
2575:
2538:
2531:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2418:Control Theory
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2398:Binding Theory
2395:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:did you eat ]?
1984:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1705:do you wonder
1702:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1655:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1568:
1567:
1549:
1546:
1532:
1529:
1517:
1514:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1342:
1339:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1287:
1284:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1211:
1210:criticisms of
1207:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1177:criticisms of
1174:
1170:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1130:
1121:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1003:Mary revealed
996:
992:
991:Mary revealed
988:
952:
949:
935:
932:
923:
922:EPP properties
920:
903:
900:
891:
888:
879:
876:
847:
844:
841:
840:
837:
834:
831:
827:
826:
823:
820:
817:
813:
812:
809:
806:
803:
799:
798:
795:
792:
789:
785:
784:
782:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
766:
763:
747:
744:
710:
703:
692:
684:
673:
659:
658:
639:
598:
595:
573:
572:
568:
567:
546:thematic roles
541:
538:
537:
536:
530:
528:binding theory
520:
509:
506:
484:
483:
481:
480:
473:
466:
458:
455:
454:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
421:Prescriptivism
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
288:
287:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
65:
62:
61:
58:
57:
55:
54:
49:
44:
38:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2878:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2803:0-631-18839-8
2799:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2752:9781107341210
2748:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2698:90-70176-06-8
2694:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2651:9781118470473
2647:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2600:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2576:9781118470480
2572:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2338:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2168:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2083:
2072:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2035:
2034:matrix clause
2020:
2015:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1988:
1981:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1896:
1885:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1800:
1789:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1721:
1710:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:adverb phrase
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:Small clauses
1403:
1392:
1384:
1374:
1373:took the car
1364:took the car
1355:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1202:
1193:
1182:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1151:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1047:the anaphor,
1034:
1021:
1012:
1000:
987:
986:
983:
980:
978:
974:
969:
965:
963:
958:
948:
946:
942:
931:
928:
919:
917:
913:
909:
899:
897:
887:
885:
875:
872:
870:
865:
864:b) elapsed.
862:
859:
857:
853:
852:thematic role
839:to form an N
838:
835:
832:
829:
828:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
797:to form an A
796:
793:
790:
787:
786:
783:
781:
778:
775:
774:
770:
767:
764:
761:
760:
755:
753:
739:
735:
733:
729:
725:
720:
716:
708:
701:
691:
683:
677:
672:
670:
666:
655:
654:
650:
646:
645:
638:
637:
634:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
603:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
570:
569:
565:
564:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
535:
531:
529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
514:
513:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
479:
474:
472:
467:
465:
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2616:
2566:
2522:
2437:
2432:
2408:X-bar Theory
2364:
2329:
2320:
2313:
2302:
2292:
2244:
2240:
2211:
2159:
2155:
2126:
2078:did you buy
2074:
2067:did you buy
2063:
2031:
1983:
1976:did you eat
1972:
1939:
1887:
1876:
1866:
1843:
1791:
1780:
1751:
1712:
1709:bought what?
1701:
1691:
1669:
1648:
1613:
1601:dependency.
1599:
1588:
1584:
1573:
1571:selects it.
1569:
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1534:
1526:
1523:
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1510:
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1331:
1327:
1323:
1309:
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1250:
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1227:
1218:
1205:
1184:
1172:
1163:
1152:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1125:
1117:
1111:
1104:c-commanding
1103:
1095:
1069:
1056:
1026:
1002:
990:
981:
976:
972:
970:
966:
954:
944:
940:
937:
925:
905:
895:
893:
881:
873:
868:
866:
863:
860:
855:
849:
836:c-selects V
825:to form a V
822:c-selects V
811:to form a V
808:c-selects A
794:c-selects N
749:
731:
727:
723:
718:
714:
706:
699:
697:
689:
681:
675:
668:
662:
652:
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643:
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630:
626:
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608:
592:
589:
586:
584:minimal (X)
583:
580:
576:
550:X-bar theory
543:
511:
493:
487:
284:Glossematics
264:Constituency
236:interpreting
74:Lexicography
2617:Bare Syntax
2438:a small dog
2388:Wh-movement
2316:pied-piping
1610:Wh-movement
1537:constituent
1341:Principle C
1286:Principle B
1278:, and also
1206:John heard
1173:John heard
1096:c-commanded
977:reciprocals
951:Principle A
890:Covariation
707:the report,
647:. b. *
534:wh-movement
490:linguistics
436:Terminology
411:Orthography
331:Usage-based
232:Translating
127:Acquisition
32:Linguistics
2850:Categories
2828:0121992802
2448:References
2403:Subjacency
1895:annoy you?
1784:did he go
1660:do-support
1554:word order
1464:considers
1445:considers
1360:said that
1120:c-command
1033:antecedent
973:reflexives
912:accusative
908:nominative
631:the report
612:complement
558:word order
406:Orismology
291:Functional
279:Generative
269:Dependency
89:Pragmatics
79:Morphology
69:Diachronic
2769:cite book
2761:854970711
2668:cite book
2660:842337755
2593:cite book
2585:861536792
2393:Selection
2258:11a&b
2177:10a&b
1634:) to the
1565:to slowly
1157:revealed
1146:revealed
1109:instead.
962:c-command
752:morphemes
724:carefully
719:carefully
653:carefully
644:carefully
640:(1) a.
616:specifier
540:Selection
381:Iconicity
376:Etymology
296:Cognitive
259:Formalist
212:Phonetics
202:Philology
94:Semantics
84:Phonology
2377:See also
2301:(12) c.
2239:(11) a.
2154:(10) a.
2092:9a&b
1997:9a&b
1959:conjunct
1905:8a&b
1809:5a&b
1541:sentence
1531:Movement
1356:(5) a. *
1305:admires
1301:(4) a. *
1226:(3) b. *
916:genitive
830:-ation:
776:nation:
700:studies,
494:locality
182:Forensic
162:Distance
109:Typology
24:a series
22:Part of
2837:9557971
2062:(9) a.
1971:(9) a.
1875:(8) a.
1779:(7) a.
1700:(6) a.
1638:of the
1620:wh-word
1458:5.1 b)
1438:5.1 a)
1204:(3) a.
1171:(3) a.
1094:is not
989:(2) a.
957:anaphor
934:Binding
833:suffix
819:prefix
805:suffix
791:suffix
137:Applied
47:History
42:Outline
2866:Syntax
2835:
2825:
2800:
2759:
2749:
2695:
2658:
2648:
2623:
2583:
2573:
2529:
2328:(13) *
1507:5.1 b)
1499:5.1 a)
1398:likes
1280:person
1276:number
1272:gender
1265:number
1124:, and
1031:, and
914:, and
896:elapse
869:elapse
856:elapse
802:-ize:
704:THEME,
452:Portal
350:Topics
99:Syntax
2424:Notes
2082:book?
1630:, or
941:bound
884:X-Bar
816:de-:
788:-al:
779:free
732:study
728:study
711:AGENT
695:>
693:THEME
685:AGENT
678:: V,
676:study
669:study
642:John
627:study
52:Index
2833:OCLC
2823:ISBN
2798:ISBN
2779:link
2775:link
2757:OCLC
2747:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2674:link
2656:OCLC
2646:ISBN
2621:ISBN
2599:link
2581:OCLC
2571:ISBN
2527:ISBN
2243:b. *
2163:did
2158:b. *
2073:b. *
1982:b. *
1886:b. *
1790:b. *
1711:b. *
1183:b. *
1161:to
1153:ii)
1150:to
1142:i) *
1001:b. *
945:free
902:Case
715:John
680:<
649:John
620:head
614:and
234:and
227:Text
2722:doi
2413:PRO
1654::XP
1652:EPP
1468:]]
1310:b.
1126:can
1118:can
1102:is
1007:to
995:to
927:EPP
633:).
524:DPs
488:In
2852::
2831:.
2771:}}
2767:{{
2755:.
2734:^
2716:.
2670:}}
2666:{{
2654:.
2607:^
2595:}}
2591:{{
2579:.
2541:^
2455:^
1662:.
1656:+q
1626:,
1449:]
1368:i,
1337:.
1274:,
1114:i,
1053:i.
1045:i,
1041:i,
1037:i,
1035:,
910:,
771:4
768:3
765:2
762:1
713:,
690:DP
682:DP
656:.
504:.
492:,
26:on
2839:.
2806:.
2781:)
2763:.
2728:.
2724::
2718:5
2701:.
2676:)
2662:.
2629:.
2601:)
2587:.
2535:.
2337:?
2335:i
2331:i
2304:i
2246:i
2165:i
2161:i
2080:i
2076:i
2071:?
2069:i
2065:i
1985:i
1980:?
1978:i
1974:i
1893:i
1889:i
1884:?
1882:i
1878:i
1799:?
1797:i
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1786:i
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1720:?
1718:i
1714:i
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1466:j
1462:j
1447:j
1443:j
1441:*
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1371:i
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1080:i
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1072:i
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1049:i
1029:i
1011:.
1009:i
1005:i
999:.
997:i
993:i
688:,
477:e
470:t
463:v
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