532:, describes language ideology as a "cluster concept, consisting of a number of converging dimensions" with several "partially overlapping but analytically distinguishable layers of significance", and cites that in the existing scholarship on language ideology "there is no particular unity . . . no core literature, and a range of definitions." One of the broadest definitions is offered by Alan Rumsey, who describes language ideologies as "shared bodies of commonsense notions about the nature of language in the world." This definition is seen by Kroskrity as unsatisfactory, however, because "it fails to problematize language ideological variation and therefore promotes an overly homogeneous view of language ideologies within a cultural group." Emphasizing the role of speakers' awareness in influencing language structure,
511:, any set of beliefs about languages as they are used in their social worlds. Language ideologies are conceptualizations about languages, speakers, and discursive practices. Like other kinds of ideologies, language ideologies are influenced by political and moral interests, and they are shaped in a cultural setting. When recognized and explored, language ideologies expose how the speakers' linguistic beliefs are linked to the broader social and cultural systems to which they belong, illustrating how the systems beget such beliefs. By doing so, language ideologies link implicit and explicit assumptions about a language or language in general to their social experience as well as their political and economic interests.
876:"Language ideologies are not confined merely to ideas or beliefs, but rather is extended to include the very language practices through which our ideas or notions are enacted" (Razfar, 2005). Teachers display their language ideologies in classroom instruction through various practices such as correction or repair, affective alignment, metadiscourse, and narrative (see Razfar & Rumenapp, 2013, p. 289). The study of ideology seeks to uncover the hidden world of students and teachers to shed light on the fundamental forces that shape and give meaning to their actions and interactions.
792:, standard language ideology is "a bias toward an abstract, idealized homogeneous language, which is imposed and maintained by dominant institutions and which has as its model the written language, but which is drawn primarily from the spoken language of the upper middle class." According to Lippi-Green, part of this ideology is a belief that standard languages are internally consistent. Linguists generally agree, however, that variation is intrinsic to all spoken language, including standard varieties.
448:
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language's structure. According to
Silverstein, the ideologies speakers possess regarding language mediate the variation that occurs due to their imperfect and limited awareness of linguistic structures, resulting in the regularization of any variation that is rationalized by any sufficiently dominant or culturally widespread ideologies. This is demonstrated by such linguistic changes as the rejection of "he" as the generic pronoun in
565:. In neutral approaches to language ideology, beliefs or ideas about a language are understood to be shaped by the cultural systems in which it is embedded, but no variation within or across these systems is identified. Often, a single ideology will be identified in such cases. Characterizations of language ideology as representative of one community or
643:. These speakers glottalized consonants in situations in places more competent speakers of Xinca would not because they were less familiar with the phonological rules of the language and also because they wished to distinguish themselves from the socially-dominant Spanish-speakers, who viewed glottalized consonants as "exotic."
656:, for example, revealed that local notions of personhood, status, and authority are associated with the strategic usage of Patwa and English in the course of the adult-child interaction. The use of Patwa by children is largely forbidden by adults due to a perception that it inhibits the acquisition of English, thus restricting
651:
Studies of "ways of speaking" within specific communities have been recognized as especially productive sites of research in language ideology. They often include a community's own theory of speech as a part of their ethnography, which allows for the documentation of explicit language ideologies on
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in church and school. Readers written in the 1970s used derogatory terms to refer to the Kaluli and depicted their practices as inferior, motivating the Kaluli to change their self-perceptions and orient themselves towards
Western values. The missionaries' control of these authoritative books and
684:
has been described by several ethnographers, anthropologists, and linguists as being based in a specifically
Western linguistic ideology that renders it inapplicable in certain ethnographic contexts. Jef Verschueren characterized speech act theory as privileging "a privatized view of language that
630:
Alan Rumsey also sees linguistic ideologies as playing a role in shaping the structure of a language, describing a circular process of reciprocal influence where a language's structure conditions the ideologies that affect it, which in turn reinforce and expand this structure, altering the language
609:
Many scholars have argued that ideology plays a role in shaping and influencing linguistic structures and speech forms. Michael
Silverstein, for example, sees speakers' awareness of language and their rationalizations of its structure and use as critical factors that often shape the evolution of a
818:
cannot be strictly defined technically, but rather it is a set of practices determined by a community's language ideology. It can be interpreted in many ways that are determined by political, social, and economic forces. According to
Kathryn Woolard and Bambi Schieffelin, literacy traditions are
716:
Governmental policies often reflect the tension between two contrasting types of language ideologies: ideologies that conceive of language as a resource, problem, or right and ideologies that conceive of language as pluralistic phenomena. The linguistic policies that emerge in such instances often
707:
The establishment of a standard language has many implications in the realms of politics and power. Recent examinations of language ideologies have resulted in the conception of "standard" as a matter of ideology rather than fact, raising questions such as "how doctrines of linguistic correctness
699:
speakers to actively negotiate language ideologies and to consciously reflect on language use. This articulation of ideology is essential to prevent misconceptions of meaning and intentions between cultures, and provides a link between sociocultural and linguistic processes in contact situations.
759:
this is due to a "dominant language ideology" through which ceremonial Kiva speech is elevated to a linguistic ideal and the cultural preferences that it embodies, namely regulation by convention, indigenous purism, strict compartmentalization, and linguistic indexing of identity, are recursively
698:
Several scholars have noted that sites of cultural contact promote the development of new linguistic forms that draw on diverse language varieties and ideologies at an accelerated rate. According to Miki
Makihara and Bambi Schieffelin, it becomes necessary during times of cultural contact for
596:, the crucial difference between these approaches to language ideology and neutral understandings of the concept is that the former emphasize the existence of variability and contradiction both within and amongst ideologies, while the latter approach ideology as a conception on its own terms.
867:
always carry historical, cultural, and political meaning that are grounded in ideology. Orthographic debates are focused on political and social issues rather than on linguistic discrepancies, which can make for intense debates characterized by ideologically charged stances and symbolically
689:
discourse of languages such as
English." Scholars have subsequently used speech act theory to caution against the positioning of linguistic theories as universally applicable, citing that any account of language will reflect the linguistic ideologies held by those who develop it.
1333:
Paugh, A.L. (2005). 'Acting adult: Language socialization, shift, and ideologies in
Dominica, West Indies', in J. Cohen, K.T. McAlister, K. Rolstad, and J. MacSwan (eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Cascadilla Press, Somerville, MA,
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and male-dominated society, and the growing sentiment opposing these conditions motivated some speakers to stop using "he" as the generic pronoun in favor of the construction "he or she." This rejection of generic "he" was rationalized by the growing desire for
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emphasizes the psychological state of the speaker while downplaying the social consequences of speech," while
Michael Silverstein argued that the theory's ideas about language "acts" and "forces" are "projections of covert categories typical in the
664:
and rendered it a powerful tool for children to utilize in order to defy authority. Thus there are many competing ideologies of Patwa in
Dominica: one which encourages a shift away from Patwa usage and another which contributes to its maintenance.
545:'s characterization of language ideologies as "self-evident ideas and objectives a group holds concerning roles of language in the social experiences of members as they contribute to the expression of the group", as well as
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or ideologies of linguistic conservatism can close off languages to nonnative sources of innovation, usually when such sources are perceived as socially or politically threatening to the target language. Among the
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defines linguistic ideologies as "sets of beliefs about language articulated by users as a rationalization or justification of perceived language structure and use." Definitions that place greater emphasis on
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Schieffelin, B. B. (2000). Introducing Kaluli Literacy: A Chronology of Influences. In P. V. Kroskrity (ed.), Regimes of Language: pp. 293–327. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
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reflect a compromise between both types of ideologies. According to Blommaert and Verschueren, this compromise is often reinterpreted as a single, unified ideology, evidenced by the many
1566:
Weinstein, B. (1989). Francophonie: Purism at the International Level. In The Politics of Language Purism, ed. Bjorn H. Jernudd and Michael Shapiro, pp. 53-80. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
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and incorrectness are rationalized and how they are related to doctrines of the inherent representational power, beauty, and expressiveness of language as a valued mode of action.".
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Woolard, K.A. (1992) "Language Ideology: Issues and Approaches." In P. Kroskrity, B. Schieffelin, K. Woolard, eds. Language Ideologies. Special Issue of Pragmatics 2 (3): 235-249.
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Silverstein, M. (1979). Language Structure and Linguistic Ideology. In P. Clyne, W. Hanks, and C. Hofbauer (eds.), The Elements (pp. 193–248). Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
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in the second half of the twentieth century. In this instance, the accepted usage of the masculine pronoun as the generic form came to be understood as a linguistic symbol of
743:, for example, the influence of theocratic institutions and ritualized linguistic forms in other domains of Tewa society have led to a strong resistance to the extensive
1717:
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Heath, SB. (1977). Social history. In Bilingual Education: Current Perspectives. Vol. 1: Social Science, pp. 53--72. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.
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closely linked to social control in most societies. The typical European literacy ideology, for example, recognizes literacy solely in an alphabetic capacity.
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of this new "technology of language literacy" gave them the power to effect culture change and morph the ideology of Kaluli into that of modern Christianity.
1505:"Revisiting Orientations in Language Planning: Problem, Right, and Resource as an Analytical Heuristic | Hult | Bilingual Review/Revista BilingĂĽe"
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Hult, F.M., & Pietikäinen, S. (2014). Shaping discourses of multilingualism through a language ideological debate: The case of Swedish in Finland.
1246:
Guardado, Martin (2009). "Speaking Spanish Like a Boy Scout: Language Socialization, Resistance, and Reproduction in a Heritage Language Scout Troop".
763:
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631:"in the name of making it more like itself." This process is exemplified by the excessive glottalization of consonants by bilingual speakers of
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Critical approaches to language ideology explore the capacity for language and linguistic ideologies to be used as strategies for maintaining
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Kroskrity, Paul V. (1993). Language, History, and Identity: Ethnolinguistic Studies of the Arizona Tewa. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
843:, part of which was accomplished through the introduction of literacy. The Kaluli primers that were introduced by the missionaries promoted
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points out that language purism is often part of "essentializing discourses" that can lead to stigmatizing habitual language practices like
588:, with particular social origins or functional and formal characteristics." Although such studies are often noted for their discussions of
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Razfar, A., & Rumenapp, J.C. (2013) Applying linguistics in the classroom: A sociocultural perspective. NY, NY: Routledge Press.
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Lippi-Green, R. (1997). English with an accent: Language, ideology, and discrimination in the United States. London: Routledge.
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Razfar, A. (2005). Language ideologies in practice: Repair and classroom discourse. Linguistics and Education, 16(4), 404-424.
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a community-wide level or in "the neutral sense of cultural conceptions." A study of language socialization practices in
1588:. Bambi B. Schieffelin, Kathryn A. Woolard, and Paul V. Kroskrity, eds., pp. 103-122. New York: Oxford University Press.
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Hult, F.M., & Hornberger, N.H. (2016). Re-visiting orientations to language planning: problem, right, and resource.
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of ideas about social and linguistic relationships, together with their loading of moral and political interests."
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Scholars have noted difficulty in attempting to delimit the scope, meaning, and applications of language ideology.
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Jaffe, Alexandra (2007). "Discourses of endangerment: Contexts and consequences of essentializing discourses." In
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Keith Walters; Reem Bassiouney (2017). "Arab nationalism and/as language ideology". In Elabbas Benmamoun (ed.).
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Campbell, Lyle; & Muntzel, M. (1989). The structural consequences of language death. In N. C. Dorian (Ed.).
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Irvine, J.T. & Gal, S. (2000). "Language ideology and linguistic differentiation." In P.V. Kroskrity (ed).
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What people say they do with words : prolegomena to an empirical-conceptual approach to linguistic action
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Consequences of contact : language ideologies and sociocultural transformations in Pacific societies
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Kroskrity, Paul V. (1998). Arizona Tewa Kiva Speech as a Manifestation of Linguistic Ideology. In
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The basic division in studies of language ideology is between neutral and critical approaches to
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and women's empowerment, which was sufficiently culturally prevalent to regularize the change.
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Language and the Culture of Gender: At the Intersection of Structure, Usage and Ideology
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Street, B.V. (1984). Literacy in Theory and Practice. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
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Discourses of Endangerment: Ideology and Interest in the Defence of Languages,
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Pratt, M.L. (1986). Ideology and Speech-Act Theory. Poetics Today 7.1: 59-72
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435:
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Woolard, Kathryn A.; Schieffelin, Bambi B. (1994). "Language Ideology".
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and Bambi Schieffelin as studies of "some aspects of representation and
1601:
eds. Alexandre DuchĂŞne and Monica Heller, pp. 57-75. London: Continuum.
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Standard language ideology is strongly connected with the concepts of
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380:
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1697:(in Serbo-Croatian). Zagrebačka slavistička škola. pp. 391–400
896:
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Rumsey, Alan (1990). "Wording, Meaning, and Linguistic Ideology".
573:, are common examples of neutral approaches to language ideology.
1619:
Tollefson, J.W. (1999). Language Ideology and Language Education.
871:
566:
1797:. The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Blackwell Publishing.
832:
718:
660:, which in turn has imbued Patwa with a significant measure of
98:
1810:
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Jaspers, JĂĽrgen; Ă–stman, Jan-Ola; Verschueren, Jef (2010).
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Ruiz, Richard (1984). "Orientations in Language Planning".
740:
1055:
Regimes of language: Ideologies, politics, and identities.
16:
Concept of language having or being influenced by ideology
1007:"Representation of Power and Ideology on Jokowi's Speech"
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The Unrecognized Linguistic Right in Hungarian Education
1546:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co. pp. 189–210.
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Schieffelin, edited by Miki Makihara, Bambi B. (2007).
995:". Oxford Bibliographies. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
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When talk isn't cheap: language and political economy
1502:(3), 30-49. Available from bilingualreview.utsa.edu
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National Association for Bilingual Education Journal
1451:. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press. pp. 219–259.
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Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 35-84.
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1393:(. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University. pp.
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721:societies characterized by a language ideological
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1078:( ed.). Malden, Mass. : Blackwell. pp.
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1695:Komparativni postsocijalizam: slavenska iskustva
1225:. New York : Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 3–27.
1005:Sutanto, Haryo; Purbaningrum, Dwi (2022-12-29).
1819:Language Myths Survey by Penn State University
1223:Language ideologies : practice and theory
872:Classroom practice/second language acquisition
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760:projected onto the Tewa language as a whole.
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1693:. In Tvrtko Vuković; Maša Kolanović (eds.).
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1665:Language, Society and Power: An Introduction
1631:The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics
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614:, which coincided with the rise of the
580:and domination. They are described by
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1793:Tollefson, J.W., Yamagami, M. (2012).
1753:
1662:Annabelle Mooney; Betsy Evans (2018).
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1074:A companion to linguistic anthropology
827:In the 1960s, missionaries arrived in
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1011:WACANA: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Komunikasi
549:'s definition of the concept as "the
1530:Journal of Language and Politics, 13
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1164:. American Ethnologist 16(2):248-67.
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694:Language contact and multilingualism
366:Conservative and innovative language
1290:Miller, Casey; Swift, Kate (1988).
1193:10.1146/annurev.an.23.100194.000415
991:Irvine, J. T. (January 11, 2012). "
703:Language policy and standardization
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1457:10.1016/B978-0-12-491280-9.50016-9
1352:. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Pub. Corp.
772:contact-induced linguistic changes
711:
14:
1869:
1804:
1294:The handbook of nonsexist writing
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1070:Duranti, Alessandro, ed. (2004).
774:as forms of cultural deficiency.
1817:What Do You Know About Language?
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1248:Canadian Modern Language Review
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851:of cultural practices and from
755:have experienced. According to
731:Ideologies of linguistic purism
557:Critical vs. neutral approaches
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985:
922:Revival of the Hebrew language
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519:
1:
1445:Silverstein, Michael (1985).
1181:Annual Review of Anthropology
1120:10.1525/aa.1990.92.2.02a00060
978:
807:(linguistic discrimination).
306:Functional discourse grammar
172:Ethnography of communication
7:
1838:Concepts in language policy
952:Prestige (sociolinguistics)
879:
823:Kaluli literacy development
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515:Applications and approaches
426:Second-language acquisition
10:
1874:
1633:. Routledge. p. 483.
1024:10.32509/wacana.v21i2.2143
781:
778:Standard language ideology
736:Purist language ideologies
605:Language use and structure
104:Syntax–semantics interface
1691:"Jezik i konzervativizam"
1344:Verschueren, Jef (1985).
1221:Woolard, Kathryn (1998).
803:. It is also linked with
530:linguistic anthropologist
416:Philosophy of linguistics
316:Interactional linguistics
1858:Linguistic controversies
1639:10.4324/9781315147062-27
1544:Society and language use
1108:American Anthropologist
972:Perceptual dialectology
927:Linguistic anthropology
917:Language revitalization
647:Ethnography of speaking
501:linguistic anthropology
1716:MiklĂłs Kontra (2012).
509:cross-cultural studies
253:Theoretical frameworks
207:Philosophy of language
187:History of linguistics
1853:Political terminology
1811:Do You Speak American
1689:Mate Kapović (2013).
1260:10.3138/cmlr.66.1.101
887:English-only movement
868:important decisions.
571:ethnographic research
539:sociocultural factors
147:Conversation analysis
1298:. Harper & Row.
932:Linguistic profiling
865:Orthographic systems
391:Internet linguistics
301:Construction grammar
1732:on 19 November 2018
849:vernacular language
534:Michael Silverstein
493:linguistic ideology
326:Systemic functional
121:Applied linguistics
63:General linguistics
1423:has generic name (
790:Rosina Lippi-Green
753:speech communities
431:Theory of language
401:Origin of language
356:Autonomy of syntax
311:Grammaticalization
157:Discourse analysis
152:Corpus linguistics
1843:Linguistic purism
993:Language Ideology
967:Standard language
942:Linguistic rights
937:Linguistic purism
912:Language politics
902:Language planning
797:linguistic purism
784:Standard language
751:that neighboring
682:speech act theory
616:feminist movement
590:language politics
489:Language ideology
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274:Distributionalism
217:Psycholinguistics
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831:and exposed the
829:Papua New Guinea
600:Areas of inquiry
586:social cognition
505:sociolinguistics
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396:LGBT linguistics
386:Internationalism
361:Compositionality
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284:Glossematics
264:Constituency
236:interpreting
74:Lexicography
1736:19 November
1701:16 November
1254:: 101–129.
892:Finvenkismo
860:Orthography
770:and depict
678:John Searle
620:patriarchal
520:Definitions
436:Terminology
411:Orthography
331:Usage-based
232:Translating
127:Acquisition
32:Linguistics
1833:Ideologies
1827:Categories
1515:2018-02-06
1359:0893911968
1334:1807–1820.
1158:Irvine, J.
979:References
805:linguicism
724:homogenism
406:Orismology
291:Functional
279:Generative
269:Dependency
89:Pragmatics
79:Morphology
69:Diachronic
1484:. 15-34.
1413:cite book
1268:143468193
1041:255654982
1033:2598-7402
853:discourse
745:borrowing
381:Iconicity
376:Etymology
296:Cognitive
259:Formalist
212:Phonetics
202:Philology
94:Semantics
84:Phonology
1160:(1989).
897:Ideology
880:See also
816:Literacy
811:Literacy
719:European
654:Dominica
633:moribund
563:ideology
541:include
182:Forensic
162:Distance
109:Typology
24:a series
22:Part of
1532:, 1-20.
641:Spanish
612:English
567:culture
137:Applied
47:History
42:Outline
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1082:–517.
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833:Kaluli
507:, and
452:Portal
350:Topics
99:Syntax
1730:(PDF)
1723:(PDF)
1397:–22.
1264:S2CID
1037:S2CID
749:shift
637:Xinca
52:Index
1738:2018
1703:2018
1670:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1432:link
1425:help
1399:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1029:ISSN
839:and
799:and
747:and
741:Tewa
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528:, a
234:and
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