Israeli–Palestinian peace process

1417:. In his bid to negotiate a peace accord and establish a Palestinian state, Olmert proposed a plan to the Palestinians. The centerpiece of Olmert's detailed proposal is the suggested permanent border, which would be based on an Israeli withdrawal from most of the West Bank. Olmert proposed annexing at least 6.3% of Palestinian territory, in exchange for 5.8% of Israeli land, with Palestinians receiving alternative land in the Negev, adjacent to the Gaza Strip, as well as territorial link, under Israeli sovereignty, for free passage between Gaza and the West Bank. Israel insisted on retaining an armed presence in the future Palestinian state. Under Abbas's offer, more than 60 percent of settlers would stay in place. Olmert, for his part, was presenting a plan in which the most sparsely populated settlements would be evacuated. Olmert and Abbas both acknowledged that reciprocal relations would be necessary, not hermetic separation. They also acknowledged the need to share a single business ecosystem, while cooperating intensively on water, security, bandwidth, banking, tourism and much more. Regarding Jerusalem the leaders agreed that Jewish neighborhoods should remain under Israeli sovereignty, while Arab neighborhoods would revert to Palestinian sovereignty. The Palestinians asked for clarifications of the territorial land swap since they were unable to ascertain what land his percentages affected, since Israeli and Palestinian calculations of the West Bank differ by several hundred square kilometres. For them, in lieu of such clarifications, Olmert's 6.3–6.8% annexation might work out closer to 8.5%, 4 times the 1.9% limit the Palestinians argued a swap should not exceed. The talks ended with both sides claiming the other side dropped follow-up contacts. 2663:: "The real driving force behind Israel’s invasion of Lebanon, however, was Ariel Sharon, whose aims were much more ambitious and far-reaching. From his first day at the Defense Ministry, Sharon started planning the invasion of Lebanon. He developed what came to be known as the “big plan” for using Israel’s military power to establish political hegemony in the Middle East. The first aim of Sharon’s plan was to destroy the PLO’s military infrastructure in Lebanon and to undermine it as a political organization. The second aim was to establish a new political order in Lebanon by helping Israel’s Maronite friends, headed by Bashir Gemayel, to form a government that would proceed to sign a peace treaty with Israel. For this to be possible, it was necessary, third, to expel the Syrian forces from Lebanon or at least to weaken seriously the Syrian presence there. In Sharon’s big plan, the war in Lebanon was intended to transform the situation not only in Lebanon but in the whole Middle East. The destruction of the PLO would break the backbone of Palestinian nationalism and facilitate the absorption of the West Bank into Greater Israel. The resulting influx of Palestinians from Lebanon and the West Bank into Jordan would eventually sweep away the Hashemite monarchy and transform the East Bank into a Palestinian state. Sharon reasoned that Jordan’s conversion into a Palestinian state would end international pressures on Israel to withdraw from the West Bank. Begin was not privy to all aspects of Sharon’s ambitious geopolitical scenario, but the two men were united by their desire to act against the PLO in Lebanon.15" 5484:

that formalizes the network of colonization.1 Under the mantle of security claims, the Jewish state has created in the Palestinian territories one of the most efficient occupation regimes in history, which is, moreover, also cost-effective, for it is the international community's donor money to the Palestinian Authority that saves the occupier the burden of having to directly administer the territories. This leaves Israel free to cater to its insatiable security needs with draconic measures, such as limiting the Palestinians' freedom of movement, erecting walls that separate communities, dotting roads with checkpoints where innocent people are manhandled, activating sophisticated intelligence mechanisms that control the lives of an ever growing number of suspects, conducting surprise searches of private houses in the middle of the night, and carrying out arbitrary administrative detentions. If this were not enough, vigilantes among the settlers, some known as "the Youth of the Hills," constantly harass Palestinian communities, destroy orchard trees, and arbitrarily apply a "price tag" of punishments to innocent civilians for whatever terrorist attack might have been perpetrated by a Palestinian squad. Underlying this very serious problem of the unpardonable depravity of settlers' extremism is the even more serious problem that has to do with the involvement of the entire Israeli body politic in maintaining and continuously expanding a regime of dominance in the territories. For too long, the peace process has served as a curtain behind which the policy of practical annexation has flourished.

2675:: "The PLO followed the Algiers resolutions with a concerted attempt to project a more moderate image. It made a special effort to gain respectability by dissociating the PLO from terrorism. Arafat issued a series of statements on the subject, which failed to satisfy the United States, so in the end the State Department virtually dictated the text that Arafat read at the opening of his press conference in Geneva on 14 December. “I repeat for the record,” stated Arafat, “that we totally and absolutely renounce all forms of terrorism, including individual, group and state terrorism. Between Geneva and Algiers we have made our position crystal clear.” The statement unconditionally accepted Resolutions 242 and 338 and clearly recognized Israel’s right to exist. All the conditions that Henry Kissinger had laid down in 1975 for dealing with the PLO had now been met. One of the last major foreign policy acts of the outgoing Reagan administration was to recognize the PLO and to open a substantive dialogue with it. This dialogue was conducted by the American ambassador in Tunis. President Reagan stated publicly that the special commitment of the United States to Israel’s security and well-being remained unshakable."}} 2687:: "To Shamir it was crystal clear, once again, that the PLO had not abandoned the path of terror. For him the PLO had always been and would forever remain a terrorist organization. His response to the momentous changes taking place in the Palestinian camp was a reaffirmation of his previous position: no to withdrawal from the occupied territories, no to recognition of the PLO, no to negotiation with the PLO, no to a Palestinian state. Shamir called the U.S. decision to enter into a dialogue with the PLO a “grave error.” He saw it as a threat to the long-standing American-Israeli collaboration in support of the territorial status quo. “For the PLO,” explained Shamir, “a Palestinian state is a minimum. Therefore, anyone who engages in negotiations with it in effect accepts this principle. What else can one talk about with the PLO, if not about a Palestinian state?” Vice-Premier Peres described the opening of the U.S.-PLO dialogue as “a sad day for all of us.” But he felt that Israel had to come up with its own peace initiative, since it was impossible to preserve the status quo."}} 1116:

in the West Bank for what it describes as security reasons. In 2013 Israel still had control of 61% of the West Bank, while the Palestinians had control of civic functions for most of the Palestinian population. Israeli foreign minister Shlomo Ben-Ami described the Oslo Accords as legitimizing "the transformation of the West Bank into what has been called a 'cartographic cheeseboard'." Indeed Oslo legitimated the fragmentation of Palestinian population centers by Jewish-only settlements and bypass roads, Israeli checkpoints and military installations. Core to the Oslo Accords was the creation of the Palestinian Authority and the security cooperation it would enter into with the Israeli military authorities in what has been described as the "outsourcing" of the occupation to the PA. Ben-Ami, who participated in the Camp David 2000 talks, described this process: "One of the meanings of Oslo was that the PLO was eventually Israel’s collaborator in the task of stifling the Intifada and cutting short what was clearly an authentically democratic struggle for Palestinian independence."

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instead focus on the 22 percent which came under Israeli military control in 1967. By the late 1970s, Palestinian leadership in the occupied territories and most Arab states supported a two-state settlement. In 1981, Saudi Arabia put forward a plan based on a two-state settlement to the conflict with support from the Arab League. Israeli analyst Avner Yaniv describes Arafat as ready to make a historic compromise at this time, while the Israeli cabinet continued to oppose the existence of a Palestinian state. Yaniv described Arafat's willingness to compromise as a "peace offensive" which Israel responded to by planning to remove the PLO as a potential negotiating partner in order to evade international diplomatic pressure. Israel would invade Lebanon the following year in an attempt to undermine the PLO as a political organization, weakening Palestinian nationalism and facilitating the annexation of the West Bank into Greater Israel.

1960: 5190:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. "These efforts were orchestrated by American mediators who usually adopted the Israeli, not the Palestinian, point of view. According to the former view, the conflict in Palestine began in 1967 with the occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip; hence, peace meant an Israeli withdrawal from these areas. The Camp David Accords, and then the Oslo process, tried to persuade the Palestinian leadership that the best they could expect would be limited sovereignty in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip with neither territorial integrity nor a capital. Additionally, the Palestinian leaders were asked to forsake the only reason for their struggle since 1948: the right of return of the refugees expelled by Israel in 1948, a right recognized by the UN in December 1948." 2032: 1055: 2127:

United States and Israel has been in consensus on a framework for resolving the conflict on the basis of international law. Various UN bodies and the ICJ have supported this position; every year, the UN General Assembly votes almost unamimously in favor of a resolution titled "Peaceful Settlement of the Question of Palestine." This resolution consistently affirms the illegality of the Israeli settlements, the annexation of East Jerusalem, and the principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war. It also emphasizes the need for an Israeli withdrawal from the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967 and the need for a just resolution to the refugee question on the basis of UN resolution 194.

1633:. Additionally, if rejected, Abbas stated he would turn to the UN Security Council for a unilateral measure for a Palestinian State. On 1 October 2014, Abbas stated he would be presenting his plan to the UNSC within two to three weeks, with an application to the ICC to follow if it failed to pass the UNSC. In December 2014, Jordan submitted the proposal to the UNSC, which failed when voted on later that month. Later that month as previously threatened, Abbas signed the treaty to join the ICC. Israel responded by freezing NIS 500 million (US$ 127 million) in Palestinian tax revenues, in response to which, the PA banned the sale in the Palestinian territories of products of six major Israeli companies. 2251:

implementation. It would just describe what peace is. It would stay on the shelf but eventually will guide the implementation. The difficulty with this notion is that it creates a dis-incentive for Israel to reach such an agreement. The lack of clarity about what happens after agreement is reached will result in insurmountable pressures on Abbas to demand immediate implementation. However, from the Israeli point of view, the Palestinians are not ready to create a stable state, such an implementation process will almost guarantee instability in the Palestinian areas with a possible Hamas takeover as happened in Gaza.

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upon the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense under Article 51 of the Charter to remove Israel from the occupied territories. Palestine, as a state, would be able to accede to international conventions and bring legal action against Israel on various matters. Palestine could accede to various international human rights instruments, such as the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It could even join the International Criminal Court and file cases against Israel for war crimes. It would be a tinderbox of a situation that is highly likely to precipitate conflict in the Middle East.

1695:, together discussed peace efforts. In July, the same quartet issued a statement declaring that "any annexation of Palestinian territories occupied in 1967 would be a violation of international law" and "would have serious consequences for the security and stability of the region and would constitute a major obstacle to efforts aimed at achieving a comprehensive and just peace",. The foreign ministers said they "discussed how to restart a fruitful engagement between the Israeli and the Palestinian side, and offer our support in facilitating a path to negotiations". 1397:

conducting and planning violent attacks on Israelis anywhere" and a "rebuilt and refocused Palestinian Authority security apparatus" must "begin sustained, targeted, and effective operations aimed at confronting all those engaged in terror and dismantlement of terrorist capabilities and infrastructure." Israel was then required to dismantle settlements established after March 2001, freeze all settlement activity, remove its army from Palestinian areas occupied after 28 September 2000, end curfews and ease restrictions on movement of persons and goods.

1484:, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared for the first time conditional support for a future Palestinian state but insisted that the Palestinians would need to make reciprocal gestures and accept several principles: recognition of Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish people; demilitarization of a future Palestinian state, along with additional security guarantees, including defensible borders for Israel; Palestinians would also have to accept that Jerusalem would remain the united capital of Israel, and renounce their claim to a 2143: 1622:

Israeli freeze on construction in the West Bank and east Jerusalem, as well as the release of the final batch of prisoners from the previous talks. The first three months of the plan would revolve around the borders and potential land swaps for the 1967 lines. The following six months would focus on issues including refugees, Jerusalem, settlements, security and water. The US administration rejected the initiative, saying it was opposed to any unilateral move that could negatively impact the Israeli–Palestinian peace process.

2196:). In sharp contrast to the road map, it is not a plan for a temporary ceasefire but a comprehensive and detailed solution aiming at all the issues at stake, in particular, Jerusalem, the settlements and the refugee problem. It was met with bitter denunciation by the Israeli government and many Palestinians, with the Palestinian Authority staying non-committal, but it was warmly welcomed by many European governments and some significant elements of the Bush Administration, including Secretary of State 776: 45: 739: 1517:. The US was therefore compelled to re-focus on eliminating the threat posed by the stance of Hamas and Hezbollah as part of the direct talk progress. Israel for its part, was skeptical that a final agreement was reached that the situation would change, as Hamas and Hezbollah would still get support to fuel new violence. In addition, the Israeli government rejected any possible agreement with Palestine as long as it refuses to recognize Israel as a Jewish state. 2135:

activities, and institutions which have had a detrimental effect on the Palestinian economy and quality of life. Israel has said repeatedly that these restrictions are necessary due to security concerns, and in order to counteract ongoing efforts which promote terrorism which incite opposition to Israel's existence and rights as a country. The key obstacle therefore remains the Israeli demand for security versus Palestinian claims for rights and statehood.

1769: 1642: 1224:, Israel had offered Palestinians 66% of the West Bank, with 17% annexed to Israel, and a further 17% not annexed but under Israeli control, and no compensating swap of Israeli territory. The Israeli prime minister offered the Palestinian leader between 91% and 95% (sources differ on the exact percentage) of the West Bank and the entire Gaza Strip if 69 Jewish settlements (which comprise 85% of the West Bank's Jewish settlers) be ceded to Israel. 1846: 1350: 2255:

implementation agreement which would define a process which would allow the creation of a stable functional Palestinian state in stages and over time. In August 2013, an indication that such an idea can be acceptable to the Palestinians was given by Mahmud Abbas in a meeting with Meretz MK-s. In the meeting Abbas stated "that there cannot be an interim agreement but only a final status deal that can be implemented in stages".

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with an emphasis on the negotiation process rather than on presenting a comprehensive solution to the conflict. As part of this process, fundamental issues of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict such as borders, access to resources, and the Palestinian right of return, have been left to "final status" talks. Such "final status" negotiations along the lines discussed in Madrid in 1991 have never taken place.

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recognize Israel, be non-violent, and bound to previous PLO agreements. Shortly after, Israel began implementing economic sanctions against Palestinians and canceled plans to build housing for Palestinians in Area C of the West Bank. Abbas also threatened to dissolve the PA, leaving Israel fully responsible for both the West Bank and Gaza, a threat that the PA has not put into effect.

2280:, a joint effort of the Israeli, Palestinian and Jordanian governments to promote economic cooperation, and new business initiatives which can help both sides work together, and create a better diplomatic atmosphere and better economic conditions. It is mainly designed to foster efforts in the private sector, once governments provide the initial investment and facilities. 1501:

success were fairly low. The talks aimed to put the Israeli–Palestinian conflict to an official end by forming a two-state solution for the Jewish and Palestinian peoples, promoting the idea of everlasting peace and putting an official halt to any further land claims, as well as accepting the rejection of any forceful retribution if violence should reoccur.

1273:) in January 2001 talks continued based on the Clinton Parameters. The Israeli negotiation team presented a new map. The proposition removed the "temporarily Israeli controlled" areas from the West Bank and offered a few thousand more refugees than they offered at Camp David to settle into Israel and hoped that this would be considered "implementation" of 2168:). Authors like Cook have argued that the one-state solution is opposed by Israel because the very nature of Zionism and Jewish nationalism calls for a Jewish majority state, whilst the two-state solution would require the difficult relocation of half a million Jewish settlers living in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. The Palestinian leaders such as 2889:

Thus, although they nominally accepted that the Palestinians were a people, the Oslo accords in fact did no more than formally consecrate Begin's scheme: we have seen that the canny Polish-born lawyer understood that the terms he had obdurately insisted on at Camp David in 1978 "'guarantee that under no condition' can a Palestinian state be created."

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positive". Netanyahu replied to Abbas' April letter less than a week later and, for the first time, officially recognised the right for Palestinians to have their own state, though as before he declared it would have to be demilitarised, and said his new national unity government furnished a new opportunity to renew negotiations and move forward.

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1949 armistice lines prior to June 5, 1967. Following the declaration, Arafat explicitly denounced all forms of terrorism and affirmed the PLO's acceptance of UN Resolutions 242 and 338, as well as the recognition of Israel's right to exist. All the conditions defined by Henry Kissinger for US negotiations with the PLO had now been met.

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terrorists, often based on lists provided by the Israelis. Pedahzur describes suicide terrorism as influencing the Israeli public's view of the value of maintaining forces on the ground in the occupied Gaza Strip. A common theme throughout the peace process has been a feeling that the Palestinians give too little in their peace offers.

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As things stand now this brings the process to another impasse. To avoid it some definition of what happens after a shelf agreement is needed. One possible idea by this essay is to agree ahead of time that following attainment of a final status agreement there will be a negotiated detailed and staged

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Some Israelis believe that the Gaza Strip is fully controlled by the Hamas who do not want peace with Israel. According to the Israeli view, this limits the ability of the Palestinians to make peace with Israel and enforce it over the long term. Furthermore, in the Israeli view, a violent overtake of

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still is. Slater says acceptance of a two-state solution by the PLO and it's leadership developed as early as the 1960s following from a more "maximalist" view which he describes as the "destruction" of Israel and the "liberation" of Palestine. However, there are recurrent themes prevalent throughout

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On 15 February 2021, the quartet envoys met virtually and agreed to meet on a regular basis to continue their engagement. On 23 March 2021, the Quartet discussed the reviving of "meaningful negotiations" between Israel and the Palestinians who both need "to refrain from unilateral actions that make a

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On 11 January 2021, the group met in Cairo to discuss "possible steps to advance the peace process in the Middle East and create an environment conducive to the resumption of dialogue between the Palestinians and the Israelis." A joint statement of the quartet confirmed its intention to work with the

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was a political agreement negotiated to implement the Oslo Accords, completed on 23 October 1998. It was signed by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat. It was negotiated at Wye River, Maryland (at the Wye River Conference Center) and signed at the White House with

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representatives because Israel had vetoed the presence of PLO associates or Palestinians from outside West Bank or Gaza Strip; nevertheless, PLO figures backstage instructed the Palestinian delegation. The agenda was stated as: achieve "peace throughout the region" through direct negotiations between

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Because Egypt was the strongest Arab country and the only one able to pose a significant military threat to Israel, its removal as a factor in the Arab-Israeli conflict seriously reduced the military and diplomatic leverage of all the other Arab parties and removed virtually all incentive for Israel

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In a speech to the UN General Assembly in September, 2018, Mahmoud Abbas called Donald Trump's policies towards Palestinians an "assault on international law". He said the US is "too biased towards Israel" indicating that others could broker talks and that the US could participate as a member of the

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raises legitimate questions about Israel's long-term intentions, which are compounded by the statements of some Israeli ministers that there should never be a Palestinian state. In fact, the transfer of greater powers and responsibilities to Palestinian civil authority...has effectively been stopped.

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On 3 September 2014, Abbas presented a new proposal for the peace process to John Kerry. The plan called for nine months of direct talks followed by a three-year plan for Israel to withdraw to the 1967 lines, leaving East Jerusalem as Palestine's capital. The resumption of talks was contingent on an

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whose main purpose was reconciliation between Fatah and Hamas, the formation of a Palestinian unity government and the holding of new elections. Israel halted peace talks with the Palestinians, saying it "will not negotiate with a Palestinian government backed by Hamas, a terrorist organization that

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reiterating that for peace talks to resume, Israel must stop settlement building in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and accept the 1967 borders as a basis for a two-state solution. In May 2012, Abbas reiterated his readiness to engage with the Israelis if they propose "anything promising or

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lawn on 13 September 1993. The stipulations of the Oslo agreements ran contrary to the international consensus for resolving the conflict; the agreements did not uphold Palestinian self-determination or statehood and repealed the internationally accepted interpretation of UN Resolution 242 that land

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For the United States and Israel, the PLO's participation in diplomatic negotiations was dependent on its complete disavowal of political violence and full recognition of Israel's "right to exist." This stipulation required the PLO to abandon its objective of reclaiming all of historic Palestine and

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Slater, J., 2001, What Went Wrong? The Collapse of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process, Political Science, Volume 116, Issue 2, pp. 171–199. "Yet, throughout the Rabin period the PA complied with its obligation to do its best to end terrorism, perhaps excepting a brief period following the Hebron

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Meeting in Jordan on 24 September the four again called for a resumption of negotiations between the two sides. There will be "no comprehensive and lasting peace without solving the conflict on the basis of the two-state solution", Jordanian Foreign Minister Ayman al-Safadi told reporters following

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Various "transfers of power and responsibilities" in the Gaza Strip and West Bank from Israel to the Palestinians took place in the mid-1990s. The Palestinians achieved self-governance of major cities in the West Bank and the entire Gaza Strip. Israel maintained and continues to maintain a presence

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The term "peace-process" refers to the step-by-step approach to resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Having originally entered into usage to describe the US mediated negotiations between Israel and surrounding Arab countries, notably Egypt, the term "peace-process" has grown to be associated

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The Israelis came to the negotiations with the conviction inherent in the letter of the Oslo Accords that this was an open-ended process where no preconceived solutions existed and where every one of the core issues would be open to negotiation so that a reasonable point of equilibrium between the

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The continuing policy of settlement construction and expansion in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, designation of land for exclusive Israeli use, and denial of Palestinian development, including the recent high rate of demolitions, is steadily eroding the viability of the two-state solution. This

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On 22 September 2022, the group met with Josep Borrell, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, and the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, Tor Wennesland, and in a statement said "with a view to advancing the Middle East

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But the abject submission of the Palestinians and the ever deepening system of occupation and discrimination in the territories are Israel's sole and exclusive responsibility. As brilliantly explained by Michael Sfard, this is a system built on three pillars: the gun, the settlements, and the law

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The Israeli cabinet publicly rejected the plan in communiques issued on December 10 and 22, calling it "an attempt to appease at the expense of Israel." ...But it was Egypt and the USSR who in fact definitively shot down the plan. The Soviets dismissed it as "one-sided" and "pro-Israeli." Nasser

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The 91% land offer was based on the Israeli definition of the West Bank, but this differs by approximately 5 percentage points from the Palestinian definition. Palestinians use a total area of 5,854 square kilometers. Israel, however, omits the area known as No Man's Land (50 sq. km near Latrun),

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Nevertheless, there is a range of ulterior motives for Israel's denial of Palestinian statehood. If Palestine were declared a state, then immediately, Israel, by its present occupation of the West Bank will be in breach of the United Nations Charter. Palestine, as a state, could legitimately call

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said that the Palestinians and Israel have agreed on the principle of a land swap, but Israel has yet to confirm. The issue of the ratio of land Israel would give to the Palestinians in exchange for keeping settlement blocs is an issue of dispute, with the Palestinians demanding that the ratio be

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This is in accordance with the principle of the two-state solution, first proposed in the 1980s. The mainstream within the PLO have taken the concept of territorial and diplomatic compromise seriously and have showed serious interest in this. During the 2010 talks, Palestinian Authority President

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formally consecrated this objective. This declaration, which was based on resolutions from the Palestine National Council sessions in the late 1970s and 1980s, advocated for the creation of a Palestinian state comprising the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem, within the borders set by the

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Even though Yitzhak Rabin was the first Israeli prime minister to accept formally the idea that the Palestinians were a people, he never officially conceded that this people had the right of national self-determination and statehood. These terms consequently occur nowhere in the 1993 agreements.

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There remain some activists on the Palestinian side who claim that there are still some positive signs on the Palestinian side, and that Israel should use these to cultivate some positive interactions with the Palestinians, even in spite of Hamas's basic opposition to the existence of the Jewish

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was in office, the Palestinian Authority largely fulfilled its commitment to combat terrorism. Palestinian security forces, led by Yasser Arafat, collaborated closely with Israeli security forces. This cooperation included joint patrols and efforts to identify and detain extremists and suspected

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went through months of cajoling just to get the parties to the table, and helped convince the reluctant Palestinians by getting support for direct talks from Egypt and Jordan. The aim of the talks was to forge the framework of a final agreement within one year, although general expectations of a

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A political agreement was signed between Israel and Egypt (notably excluding representatives from the PLO) in 1978, aiming at the establishment of a self-governing authority in the West Bank and Gaza and autonomy for the inhabitants of those lands, as attempt towards "Peace in the Middle East".

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The core issues of the conflict are borders, the status of settlements in the West Bank, the status of east Jerusalem, the Palestinian refugee right of return, and security. With the PLO's recognition of Israel's right to exist in 1982, the international community with the main exception of the

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Arafat rejected this offer and did not propose a counter-offer. No tenable solution was crafted which would satisfy both Israeli and Palestinian demands, even under intense U.S. pressure. Clinton blamed Arafat for the failure of the Camp David Summit. In the months following the summit, Clinton

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Israel and the Arab states and between Israel and the Palestinians, all along the UNSC Resolutions 242 and 338. More specifically: "interim self-government arrangements" for the Palestinians. This was the first peace effort with all these countries and also 'Palestinians' gathered face-to-face.

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and Tzipi Livni when they brought forth the concept of a shelf agreement. The idea was to disengage the linkage between negotiations and actions on the ground. In theory this would allow negotiations until a "shelf agreement" defining peace would be obtained. Such an agreement would not entail

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had convinced many Israelis that peace and negotiation are not possible and that a two-state system is not the answer. Since the break down of negotiations, security has played a less important role in Israeli concerns, trailing behind employment, corruption, housing and other pressing issues.

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stood behind the stance that the PLO was a terrorist organization and would not accept it as a negotiating partner. He maintained a strict stance against any concessions, including withdrawal from occupied Palestinian territories, recognition of or negotiations with the PLO, and especially the

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Furthermore, the identification of 'Palestinian' with 'terrorist' can be construed as problematic, and Sayigh argues that this association is used as a rationale for maintaining the status quo, and that only by recognising the status of Jewish immigrants as 'settlers' can we conceptually move

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accused Abbas of sabotaging peace efforts. He said that Abbas cannot have peace with both Hamas and Israel and has to choose. Abbas said the deal did not contradict their commitment to peace with Israel on the basis of a two-state solution and assured reporters that any unity government would

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massacre. And it did so with great (though not total) success, as the Palestinian security forces under Arafat worked hand in hand with Israeli security forces, often in joint patrols, to identify and jail extremists and suspected terrorists, some of them from lists drawn up by the Israelis."

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A further concern is whether, as a result of this security argument, Israel will in fact allow the Palestinian community to emerge as a viable and sovereign political unit, a viable and contiguous state. There are also various economic and political restrictions placed on Palestinian people,

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in January 2017, a period of uncertainty regarding a new peace initiative began. In early 2018, some media sources reported the new administration was preparing a new peace initiative for an Israeli-Palestinian deal. The White House unveiled the economic part of the Trump initiative, titled

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The plan called for independent actions by Israel and the Palestinian Authority, with disputed issues put off until a rapport can be established. In the first step, the Palestinian Authority must "undertake visible efforts on the ground to arrest, disrupt, and restrain individuals and groups

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establishment of a Palestinian state. Shamir viewed the U.S. decision to engage in dialogue with the PLO as a mistake that threatened the existing territorial status quo. He argued that negotiating with the PLO meant accepting the existence of a Palestinian state and hence was unacceptable.

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rejected a separate deal with Israel (even if he recovered all of Sinai) as well as demilitarization of the peninsula after Israeli withdrawal, freedom of maritime passage for Israeli vessels, and various security arrangements—all stipulated in the Rogers Plan as part of the quid pro quo.

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As of 16 September 2020, the UN has not been able to gather the consensus necessary for the Quartet or a group of countries linked to the Quartet to meet. On 25 September 2020, at the UN, Abbas called for an international conference early in 2021 to "launch a genuine peace process."

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of American Jews often reflect the view of the poll's sponsors. Often it is the wording of the survey questions that bias the outcome (a headline illustrating this point reads "ADL poll shows higher support for Israel than did survey by dovish J Street"). Using survey data from the

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in a pre-emptive surprise-strike against overtly hostile Arab neighbouring countries, top Israeli leaders like Golda Meir, Menachem Begin and Abba Eban have emphasized that returning to the pre-1967 borders would be extremely dangerous for Israel, bordering on "national suicide".

1202:, approved the Memorandum by a vote of 75–19. The agreement dealt with further redeployments in the West Bank, security issues and other concerns. The memorandum was criticized by major international human rights organizations for its "encouragement" of human rights abuses. 1601:

calls for Israel's destruction", and threatened sanctions against the Palestinian Authority, including a previously announced Israeli plan to unilaterally deduct Palestinian debts to Israeli companies from the tax revenue Israel collects for the PA. Israeli Prime Minister

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The international community has consistently supported a settlement of the Israel-Palestine conflict that calls for two states based on a full Israeli withdrawal to its pre-June 1967 borders, and a just resolution of the refugee question based on the right of return and

1679:. The Trump administration further raised Palestinians' ire when it moved the US embassy to Jerusalem in May 2018, and cut hundreds of millions of dollars in annual aid to the Palestinians, citing the PA's refusal to take part in the administration's peace initiative. 2131:

State. Since mid-June 2007, Israel has cooperated with Palestinian security forces in the West Bank at unprecedented levels, thanks in part to United States-sponsored training, equipping, and funding of the Palestinian National Security Forces and Presidential Guard.

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in Jerusalem and finally to Hebron. A deadline was set for establishing a broad outline for an agreement by 29 April 2014. On the expiry of the deadline, negotiations collapsed, with the US Special Envoy Indyk reportedly assigning blame mainly to Israel, while the

4596: 1509:, however threatened violence, especially if either side seemed likely to compromise in order to reach an agreement. As a result, the Israeli government publicly stated that peace couldn't exist even if both sides signed the agreement, due to the stance taken by 2002:

Israeli policy had reoriented to focus on managing the conflict and the associated occupation of Palestinian territory, rather than reaching a negotiated solution. Hardliners believe that Israel should annex all Palestinian territory, or at least all minus the

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post-1967 East Jerusalem (71 sq. km), and the territorial waters of the Dead Sea (195 sq. km), which reduces the total to 5,538 sq. km. Thus, an Israeli offer of 91% (of 5,538 sq. km) of the West Bank translates into only 86% from the Palestinian perspective.

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needs of the parties could be found. The Palestinians saw the negotiations as a step in a journey where they would get their rights as if this were a clear-cut process of decolonization based on 'international legitimacy' and 'all UN relevant resolutions.'

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Google Books. Originally published in 1994. 1 January 2011. p. 718. "Inhabitants of the occupied territories and other Palestinians had shown interest in a two-state solution since the mid-1970s, and the mainstream of the PLO had since the 1982 Arab

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or unilateral declaration of statehood. As of 2010, only a minority of Palestinians and Israelis support the one-state solution. Interest in a one-state solution is growing, however, as the two-state approach fails to accomplish a final agreement.

1011:(March 1979) significantly weakened the collective military and diplomatic power of the other Arab countries. It has been argued that this shift essentially eliminated Israel's motivation to make concessions in the West Bank, Gaza, or other areas. 1729:

for the Middle East Peace Process, Susanna Terstal. Their statement emphasized the importance of confidence-building measures to promote dialogue, support for the two-state solution and stated that settlement activities violate international law.

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of the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. was appointed by the US to oversee the negotiations. Indyk served as U.S. ambassador to Israel and assistant secretary of state for Near East affairs during the Clinton administration.

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in December 2016 in another bid to address the settlement question. The report was significantly altered to appease Israel and as well as urging Israel to stop its settlement policy, urged Palestine to end incitement to violence.

646:, which included discussions on plans for "Palestinian autonomy", but did not include any Palestinian representatives. The autonomy plan would not be implemented, but its stipulations would to a large extent be represented in the 4756: 3963: 980:

dating from 1967 ("…the need to work for a just and lasting peace in the Middle East in which every State in the area can live in security"). Syria had refused to show up, because Israel and the US refused to also invite the

5297: 2192:, and former Palestinian Information Minister Yasser Abed Rabbo following two and a half years of secret negotiations. On 1 December 2003, the two parties signed an unofficial suggested plan for peace in Geneva (dubbed the 1333:

perpetrated on the previous evening which the Beirut Summit failed to address. Israel was not prepared to enter negotiations as called for by the Arab League plan on the grounds that it did not wish for "full withdrawal to

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citizens or permanent residents in Israel so long as they remained peaceful and law-abiding residents. All these actions should be done in agreement with Jordan and the Palestinian population. This solution is tied to the

4588: 4782: 934:. Those Arab countries insisted explicitly in the agreement texts that the agreed Armistice Demarcation Lines ('Green Lines') should not be construed as political or territorial boundaries, thus aiming to safeguard the 4918: 3871: 4648: 4195: 5965:

I was the Minister of Justice. I am a lawyer," Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni told her Palestinian interlocutors during a critical round of the peace process in 2007, "but I am against law—international law in

4371: 1941:

by the Palestinian refugees to Israel has remained a cornerstone of the Palestinian view and has been repeatedly enunciated by Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas who is leading the Palestinian peace effort.

1575:

The negotiations were scheduled to last up to nine months to reach a final status to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict by mid-2014. The Israeli negotiating team was led by veteran negotiator Justice Minister

5310:

It has been firing the new missiles at cities anyway. Hamas has also flatly rejected the principle of sparing civilians. According to a Hamas spokesman, 'All Israelis have now become legitimate targets.'

1277:. The Palestinian side accepted this as a basis for further negotiation. However, Barak did not conduct further negotiations at that time; the talks ended without an agreement and the following month the 2039:

US officials, citizens and lobbying groups hold divergent views on the peace process. All recent US Presidents have maintained a policy that Israel must give up some of the land that it conquered in the

5076: 5136: 4730: 1990:, Mahmoud Abbas, ought to be the negotiating partner in the peace talks, and not Hamas, which has at times engaged with Israel in escalations of the conflict and attacks Israel's civilian population. 1262:(1967 borders). The swap would consist of 1–3% of Israeli territory, such that the final borders of the West Bank part of the Palestinian state would include 97% of the land of the original borders. 4409: 1932:; this point of view considers peace contingent only on a (possibly partial) withdrawal from these areas. Therefore, this for some was the ultimate aim of the peace process, and for groups such as 4510: 3395: 4265: 2096:

where findings could not be attributed to wording biases, Verbit found American Jews took a rightward shift following the collapse of the Camp David talks in 2000, and the 9/11 attacks in 2001.

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said the deals are an "important development that would lead to more support and interaction in order to reach a comprehensive peace". However Palestinians see the two accords as a betrayal.

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would have fallen for the most part under Israeli sovereignty, with the exception of most suburbs with heavy non-Jewish populations surrounded by areas annexed to Israel. The issue of the

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Ben-Meir, Alon. "The Palestinian Refugees: A Reassessment and a Solution." Palestine – Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture, vol. 15/16, no. 4, 2009, pp. 65-71. ProQuest.

682: 3955: 6569: 1104: 5287: 5713: 4999: 4425: 609: 6292: 4778: 5689: 4914: 4543: 3547: 3461: 6263: 4084: 5028: 1488:. He also claimed that Israeli settlements retain a right to growth and expansion in the West Bank. Palestinians rejected the proposals immediately. In September 2010, the 653:

Despite the failure of the peace process to produce a final agreement, the international consensus has for decades supported a two-state solution to the conflict, based on

2276:

proposed a plan for peace based on common economic development and effort, rather than on continuous wrangling over land. Both sides stated their support. This became the

2219:, the suggestion aroused both interest and condemnation. It was not actually a new idea, dating back as far as the 1920s, but it was given extra prominence by the growing 1164: 6558: 3840: 6565:

A presentation of the Lubavitcher Rebbe's views on the Jewish people's connection with the Holy Land, the Arab-Israeli conflict, and the so-called "Land for Peace" issue

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Despite the long history of conflict between Israelis and Palestinians, there are people working on peaceful solutions that respect the rights of peoples on both sides.

1676: 1436:

of the Gaza Strip, splintering the Palestinian Authority into two polities, each claiming to be the true representatives of the Palestinian people. Fatah controlled the

1007:

Meanwhile, Egypt's status as the strongest Arab nation capable of challenging Israel militarily meant that its parallel withdrawal from the Arab-Israeli conflict in the

2019:

the West Bank by the Hamas as a result of the creation of an unstable new state is likely. Lastly, rhetoric from high-ranking Fatah officials promising a full, literal

1112:

cannot be acquired by war. With respect to access to land and resources, Noam Chomsky described the Oslo agreements as allowing "Israel to do virtually what it likes."

6173: 4813: 4589:"Participation of Jean-Yves Le Drian in the Munich Security Conference – Declaration by the Spokesperson of the Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (15-16 Feb.20)" 4330: 4199: 4129: 4368: 6232: 1258:

were to become under Israeli sovereignty, and in exchange for that, Israel would concede some territory (so called 'Territory Exchange' or 'Land Swap') within the

5658: 5106: 4246: 3809: 3133:

Amnesty International, The United States, Israel and the Palestinian Authority: Human Rights Neglected in the Theory and Practice by All Involved in "Peacemaking"

1385:, outlined the principles of a "road map" for peace, including an independent Palestinian state. The road map was released in April 2003 after the appointment of 7045: 5736: 4152: 1700: 1088: 6585: 1492:

pushed to revive the stalled peace process by getting the parties involved to agree to direct talks for the first time in about two years. While U.S. President

838:

rejected the plan on 10 December 1969, calling it "an attempt to appease at the expense of Israel." The Soviets dismissed it as "one-sided" and "pro-Israeli."

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The Palestinians point out to the extensive and continuing Israeli settlement effort in the West Bank restricting the area available to the Palestinian state.

7304: 7094: 5128: 4625: 4109: 3182: 299: 289: 6612: 2446: 4480: 3524: 2207:" whereby Israel would formally annex the Palestinian territories but would make the Palestinian Arabs citizens in a unitary secular state. Championed by 1321:

welcomed it and said, "... the details of every peace plan must be discussed directly between Israel and the Palestinians, and to make this possible, the

1186:. The agreement dealt with the redeployment of Israeli military forces in Hebron in accordance with the Oslo Accords, security issues and other concerns. 7284: 7223: 6794: 4406: 2399: 2358: 602: 4502: 3399: 830:, which called for a 90-day cease-fire, a military standstill zone on each side of the Suez Canal, and an effort to reach agreement in the framework of 5231: 4262: 3988: 6194: 3158: 2072:

thought that peace can only be achieved through direct, bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians. Obama outlined the pursuit of the

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into Israel (a position no Israeli government can accept without destroying the Jewish character of Israel) makes peace negotiations more difficult.

1544: 1469: 191: 181: 6347: 3713: 1079:

While the slow moving Madrid talks were taking place, a series of secret meetings between Israeli and Palestinian negotiators were taking place in

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policy which he termed "reciprocity," whereby Israel would not engage in the peace process if Arafat continued with what Netanyahu defined as the

6990: 6980: 6962: 6956: 6952: 6109: 4704: 4682: 3204: 2368: 2109: 1816: 3641: 7455: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6814: 6804: 6798: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6752: 5162: 4568: 3310: 2373: 1912:

By the late 1970s, Palestinian leadership in the occupied territories and most Arab states supported a two-state settlement. Israeli historian

1274: 1100: 1096: 903: 831: 674: 658: 654: 595: 546: 91: 5766: 4346: 3752: 1937:

peace process negotiations including a feeling that Israel offers too little and a mistrust of its actions and motives. Yet, the demand for a

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where it's claimed that Jordan is essentially already the Palestinian state, as it has so many Palestinian refugees and their descendants.

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Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians began on 29 July 2013 following an attempt by United States Secretary of State

1409:

and President Mahmoud Abbas of the Palestinian Authority met 36 times; there were also lower-level talks. In 2007 Olmert welcomed the

6285: 4892: 4306: 2105: 250: 6147: 4390: 3902: 3690: 2436: 1737:, as well as reaffirming support for a two state solution, the group condemned the expansion of Israeli settlements and the ongoing 7055: 6605: 5681: 4532: 4173: 2010:

on the part of Palestinians and do not trust Palestinian leadership to maintain control. According to Slater, during the time when

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In 2000, US President Bill Clinton convened a peace summit between Palestinian President Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister

812:

There were parallel efforts for peace treaties between Israel and other "confrontation states": Egypt, Jordan and Syria after the

6325: 5024: 4449: 1456:, which lasted half a year beginning on 19 June 2008 and lasted until 19 December 2008. The collapse of the ceasefire led to the 1244: 710: 304: 4036: 3832: 985:. The short conference facilitated a reconciliation between Israel, Egypt and Syria, but achieved nothing for the Palestinians. 750: 6537: 6511: 2383: 1907: 5253: 5051:"Abraham Accord, Quartet – Press Conference by Secretary-General António Guterres at UN Headquarters (SG/SM/20258) (Excerpts)" 3332: 994: 816:, and Lebanon afterwards. UN resolution 242 was accepted by Israel, Jordan, and Egypt, but rejected by Syria until 1972–1973. 6495: 6467: 6439: 6411: 6379: 6022: 5994: 5958: 5918: 5887: 5860: 5827: 5797: 5579: 5476: 5443: 5418: 5379: 4872: 3109: 3063: 3029: 2939: 2912: 2881: 2829: 2789: 2762: 2720: 2645: 2605: 2560: 2529: 2502: 1726: 6169: 4805: 2963: 2031: 3352: 2076:

as American policy for achieving Palestinian aspirations, Israeli security, and a measure of stability in the Middle East.

1924:

as recognized by the UN. Pappe depicts the American and Israeli point of view on the conflict as starting in 1967 with the

1610: 1390: 1123:

in 1995, the peace process eventually ground to a halt. The settlements' population almost doubled in the West Bank. Later

1054: 4839: 4327: 7425: 7289: 6622: 6598: 2363: 1475: 972:(surprise attack on Israel on 6 October by Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq assisted by more countries), the U.S. and U.S.S.R. 6228: 5650: 7399: 7279: 6723: 6647: 6515: 5102: 4243: 3801: 2069: 2044:

in order to achieve peace; that the Palestinians must actively prevent terrorism; and that Israel has an unconditional

1954: 1664:, in June 2019, and the political portion of the plan in January 2020. Palestinian leaders boycotted and condemned the 1152: 468: 5733: 4147: 7314: 6552: 2378: 1888: 1590: 857:

in 1972 surprised most observers by suddenly expelling Soviet military advisers from Egypt and again signaled to the

630:. Since the 1970s, there has been a parallel effort made to find terms upon which peace can be agreed to in both the 5517: 3477: 2620:

Yehuda Lukacs, ed., The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A documentary record, 1967–1990 (Cambridge: 1992), pp. 477–79.

2234:. The plan advocates the formal annexation of West Bank and Gaza by Israel and that Palestinians will become either 1866: 622:

Intermittent discussions are held by various parties and proposals put forward in an attempt to resolve the ongoing

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While the PLO had adopted a program of pursuing a Palestinian state alongside Israel since the mid 1970s, the 1988

623: 562: 161: 27: 4621: 4104: 3179: 7101: 6970: 5610: 2264: 1855: 1597: 1453: 535: 522: 502: 4836:"Foreign ministers of Egypt, France, Germany and Jordan reiterate commitment to a just peace in the Middle East" 4472: 2444: 1824:

Middle East peace Quartet. Abbas reiterated this position at a UN Security Council meeting on 11 February 2020.

1393:. Both the US and Israel called for a new Prime Minister position, as both refused to work with Arafat anymore. 7294: 7264: 6966: 6896: 6890: 6768: 6626: 5950: 3521: 3021: 2289: 1437: 770: 686: 570: 240: 232: 6818: 6675: 6590: 2388: 1630: 1254:

included a plan on which the Palestinian State was to include 94-96% of the West Bank, and around 80% of the

1156: 1008: 677:). This is in contrast to the current situation under the interim agreement of the Oslo Accords in which the 526: 6523: 5227: 3985: 1041:; a team of Palestinians from West Bank and Gaza was also invited and present. Their team included no overt 6190: 6052: 5762: 5400: 3155: 2404: 1626: 1565: 1445: 6047: 2160:

There is a lively debate around the shape that a lasting peace settlement would take (see for example the

1916:

perspective of the Palestinian point of view is that the conflict dates back to 1948 with the creation of

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Peace Process towards a just, comprehensive and lasting peace on the basis of the two-state solution".

1734: 1688: 554: 324: 263: 111: 6106: 4678: 3201: 6874: 6758: 6705: 6653: 3631: 2146: 2093: 1742: 1148: 1034: 1020: 911: 907: 897: 631: 284: 71: 6581:

Beyond Intractability: A Free Knowledge Base on More Constructive Approaches to Destructive Conflict

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incoming administration of President-elect Joe Biden. A further meeting is set to be held in Paris.

1593:

insisting no one side was to blame but that "both sides did things that were incredibly unhelpful."

7248: 7243: 6669: 6665: 5754: 5571:

The War of Return: How Western Indulgence of the Palestinian Dream Has Obstructed the Path to Peace

3597: 3593: 3166: 2305: 2186: 1481: 1421: 1315: 973: 963: 858: 464: 294: 1584:, also a former negotiator. Negotiations started in Washington, DC and were slated to move to the 7420: 7394: 7233: 6936: 6711: 5910: 5468: 4941:"Diplomatic Quartet releases report on advancing two-state solution to Israel-Palestine conflict" 4753:"Arab, European foreign ministers discuss Palestinian, Israeli Occupation peace process in Cairo" 3101: 2637: 2336: 678: 6574: 3223: 2871: 1175:

were signed during this period, after Israel considered that its conditions were partially met.

6918: 6914: 6431: 6427:

The Hundred Years' War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017

5254:"Palestinian official: We're ready for talks with U.S., but not Israel - Haaretz - Israel News" 3775: 2850:"Report of the Secretary-General Under Security Council Resolution 331 (1973) of 20 April 1973" 2240: 1859: 1625:

Abbas stated that if Israel rejected the claim he would push for charges against Israel in the

1457: 1330: 1251: 1211: 1205: 884: 578: 131: 121: 3503: 3432: 1325:

must put an end to terror, the horrifying expression of which we witnessed just last night in

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in December 1973 to pursue "peace", firstly disengagement of armed forces, towards fulfilling

7014: 6687: 3576: 3570: 2752: 1987: 1433: 1414: 1322: 1310:

The Beirut summit of Arab government leaders took place in March 2002 under the aegis of the

1297: 1025:

Delegations of Israel, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan accepted the invitation from U.S. President

820: 452: 6481: 5817: 5626: 5538: 5322: 5199:

Slater, J., 2001, "What Went Wrong? The Collapse of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process",

4284: 4220: 4057: 4009: 3924: 2779: 880: 7369: 7309: 7299: 7269: 6996: 6902: 6453: 6425: 6401: 5982: 5942: 5904: 5877: 5844: 5460: 5408: 5367: 5288:"Gaza civilian casualties: While Hamas targets innocent people, Israel tries to spare them" 4649:"Joint Statement of the Foreign Ministers of France, Germany, Egypt and Jordan (7 Jul. 20)" 3095: 3049: 3015: 2710: 2631: 2595: 2550: 2519: 2492: 2193: 1489: 1343: 1190: 938:, and the illegitimacy of Israel’s use or appropriation of abandoned Palestinian property. 482: 227: 171: 101: 5349:

Slater, J., 2001, What Went Wrong? The Collapse of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process,

4888: 4303: 1870: 8: 6774: 6699: 6681: 6659: 6139: 6096:

Sayigh, R., 'The Palestinians: From Peasants to Revolutionaries' (New York, 2007) p. 200.

4387: 3996: 3894: 3680: 2431: 2212: 2204: 2119: 1779: 1449: 1259: 1127:

attacks from Palestinian militant groups and the subsequent retaliatory actions from the

662: 255: 6532: 4169: 3895:"Obama welcomes renewal of Israeli-Palestinian talks, but says 'hard choices' lie ahead" 1004:

however specifically insisted that "on no condition will there be a Palestinian state".

7228: 6984: 6940: 6808: 6010: 5938: 3685: 3636: 3489: 2347: 2326: 2203:

Yet another approach was proposed by a number of parties inside and outside Israel: a "

2165: 2161: 2073: 2061: 1602: 1531: 1301: 1255: 1240: 1140: 874: 839: 635: 435: 412: 222: 151: 61: 6564: 6317: 6087:

Halliday, F., 'The Middle East in International Relations', (Cambridge, 2005), p. 307.

4445: 4032: 1182:, began 7 January and was concluded from 15 to 17 January 1997 between Israel and the 7157: 7124: 6946: 6851: 6641: 6491: 6463: 6435: 6407: 6028: 6018: 5990: 5954: 5914: 5883: 5856: 5823: 5793: 5593: 5585: 5575: 5472: 5439: 5414: 5375: 4868: 3509: 3459:

PA rejects Olmert's offer to withdraw from 93% of West Bank (Haaretz, 12 August 2008)

3105: 3059: 3025: 2935: 2908: 2877: 2825: 2785: 2758: 2716: 2641: 2601: 2556: 2525: 2498: 2316: 2277: 2057: 1972: 1314:. The summit concluded by presenting a plan to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. 1178:

Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron, also known as the Hebron Protocol or

1092: 1030: 1026: 870: 823: 456: 217: 6575:

The History of the Peace Process in the Context of the 2013 John Kerry Peace Efforts

2223:

issues raised by a rapidly expanding Arab population in Israel and the territories.

2142: 1000:"Autonomy" in this case would not mean "self-determination"; Israeli Prime Minister 7346: 7337: 7218: 7132: 7034: 6857: 6543: 5292: 5261: 4806:"Egypt, France, Germany, Jordan FMs condemn Israel settlement expansion, evictions" 3601: 3329: 2902: 2321: 2247: 2173: 1994: 1650: 1585: 1179: 1168: 1128: 506: 472: 6376: 3864:"Netanyahu to Abbas: Israeli unity cabinet is a new opportunity for Mideast peace" 3776:"Abbas ready to engage with Israel but says settlement building 'destroying hope'" 3396:"Response of FM Peres to the decisions of the Arab Summit in Beirut – 28-Mar-2002" 1198:

as the official witness. On 17 November 1998, Israel's 120-member parliament, the

7363: 7197: 7040: 6693: 6527: 6383: 6198: 6177: 6113: 5740: 5717: 5633: 5569: 5521: 5329: 5283: 5129:"Mideast Quartet Discusses Reviving 'Meaningful' Israel, Palestinian Peace Talks" 4862: 4779:"The Middle East, including the Palestinian Question: Briefing and Consultations" 4575: 4432: 4426:

Abbas: If Security Council bid fails, we may end security cooperation with Israel

4413: 4394: 4375: 4353: 4334: 4310: 4291: 4269: 4250: 4227: 4156: 4113: 4088: 4064: 4016: 3992: 3663: 3551: 3528: 3484: 3465: 3439: 3379: 3356: 3336: 3314: 3258: 3247:

The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City

3230: 3208: 3186: 3162: 2967: 2958: 2819: 2450: 2440: 2394: 2227: 1497: 1485: 1339: 1124: 847: 425: 3956:"Peace talks set to begin after Israel agrees to free 104 Palestinian prisoners" 3349: 2230:

is a solution for the Arab-Israeli conflict proposed in 2002 by former minister

661:. This includes the establishment of an independent Palestinian state under the 7436: 7192: 7172: 7152: 7087: 6421: 4835: 2341: 2053: 2045: 1722: 1378: 1374: 1354: 1225: 1001: 969: 718: 666: 460: 384: 343: 332: 6620: 5597: 4569:

At UN, Abbas threatens to nix agreements with Israel if West Bank land annexed

936:

right of return of those Palestinians that had fled their homes during the war

697:. A final settlement as stipulated by the Oslo Accords has yet to be reached. 7449: 7182: 7177: 7147: 6547: 6487: 6032: 4285:

Sanctions and suspended talks – Israel responds to Palestinian reconciliation

4149:

The rival Palestinian leaderships of Fatah and Hamas made a fresh attempt ...

4058:

Sanctions and suspended talks – Israel responds to Palestinian reconciliation

3151: 2231: 2084: 2080: 2011: 1968: 1708: 1672: 1569: 1527: 1522: 1386: 1362: 1305: 1250:

Proposed in the fall of 2000 following the collapse of the Camp David talks,

1221: 1172: 1120: 1066: 1058: 775: 627: 337: 6449: 7386: 7162: 6880: 4967:"Rejecting Trump, Abbas at UN says US is too biased to mediate peace talks" 3627: 3417: 3262:

Power, Faith, and Fantasy: American in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present

3045: 3001: 2984: 2478: 2197: 2189: 2169: 2088: 2065: 2049: 1986:

views of the peace process. Israel's position is that the president of the

1976: 1964: 1692: 1656: 1556: 1493: 1358: 1335: 1318: 1285: 1270: 1195: 1074: 1062: 647: 81: 5819:

Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967

1699:

the meeting. The four also praised recent deals establishing ties between

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The Israel Project: Timeline of Israeli-Arab Peace Initiatives since 1977

5852: 5514: 4244:

Abbas Renews Threat to Dissolve Palestinian Authority if Peace Talks Fail

3925:"Hamas rejects Kerry's announcement: Abbas has no authority to negotiate" 3278: 3055: 2220: 2208: 2060:

out of most of the current Palestinian territories, based on the idea of

2041: 2006:. Israelis view the peace process as hindered and near impossible due to 1581: 1577: 1410: 1406: 1311: 1266: 1160: 1108: 942: 854: 827: 813: 360: 141: 6170:"The death of the Israel-Palestine two-state solution brings fresh hope" 2754:

The Changing Dynamics of Energy in the Middle East [Two Volumes]

749: with: Efforts with Egypt, Jordan, Syria post 1973. You can help by 738: 6717: 6580: 6477: 5651:"Talking Points Aside, Bush Stance on Palestinian State Is Not a First" 4388:

Abbas' peace plan: Israeli withdrawal from West Bank within three years

4196:"PLO, Hamas unity constitute reuniting West Bank and Gaza: Ban Ki-moon" 3372: 2294: 2003: 1929: 1913: 1641: 1550: 1278: 1237: 1217: 1091:, a plan discussing the necessary elements and conditions for a future 950: 694: 448: 5505:

Pedahzur, A., 2005, Suicide Terrorism, Cambridge, Polity Press, p. 65.

3502:

Mark Tessler, "The Israeli–Palestinian Conflict," in Ellen Lust (ed.),

2087:

are "more right than left" on peace process issues. Verbit found that

2035:

Total US foreign aid to Israel compared to other countries. 1946-2022.

1668:

conference in late June 2019 at which the economic plan was unveiled.

1572:

has no legitimacy to negotiate in the name of the Palestinian people.

6845: 5682:"Obama restates support for Palestinian state during Netanyahu visit" 4503:"Palestinians to ban sale of products from 6 major Israeli companies" 4230: 4067: 3242: 2873:

Brokers of Deceit: How the US Has Undermined Peace in the Middle East

2311: 2216: 2150: 2007: 1514: 1506: 1441: 1291: 946: 801: Recognition of Palestinian State, with some relations to Israel 789: Recognition of Israel, with some relations to Palestinian State 444: 6286:"Shelf Agreement: Attempt to Anchor the Two State Solution may Bury" 5434:

Scheindlin (November 2017). "The shrinking Two-State Constituency".

4653:

France Diplomatie – Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères

4369:

Report: Abbas peace plan calls for Israeli withdrawal from West Bank

4081:

Israel suspends peace talks with Palestinians after Fatah-Hamas deal

3283:

Doomed to Succeed: The U.S.-Israel Relationship From Truman to Obama

2947:

to make concessions in the West Bank and Gaza or on any other front.

2931:

Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on U.S. Middle East Policy

2821:

Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–1998

1720:

United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process

1568:, rejected Kerry's announcement, stating that Palestinian president 1349: 1167:, i.e., incitement and direct or indirect support of terrorism. The 974:

gathered the foreign ministers of Israel, Egypt and Jordan in Geneva

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though, in which Israel had conquered, among more, the Palestinian

5589: 5345: 5343: 5341: 4679:"Arab, European states call Israel and Palestine to restart talks" 4221:

Israel begins implementing economic sanctions against Palestinians

2185:

Another approach was taken by a team of negotiators led by former

1691:, the foreign ministers of Egypt, France, Germany and Jordan, the 1206:

Camp David 2000 Summit, Clinton's "Parameters," and the Taba talks

6924: 3556: 1665: 1405:

From December 2006 to mid-September 2008, Israeli Prime Minister

1326: 1199: 1105:

Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements

923: 498: 421: 6553:"The Arab-Israeli Peace Process Is Over. Enter the Era of Chaos" 6520: 6348:"Abbas tells Meretz MKs: No progress in peace talks with Israel" 6129:

Cook, J., 'Disappearing Palestine', (London, 2008), pp. 244–246.

5734:"Obama: Differences with Netanyahu are not personality clashes." 995:

Camp David Accords § Framework for Peace in the Middle East

5338: 2852:. United Nations, Security Council. 18 May 1973. Archived from 2235: 1983: 1917: 1785:

Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and

1382: 1084: 977: 927: 915: 842:

rejected it because it was a separate deal with Israel even if

835: 690: 643: 389: 372: 348: 5711:"Clinton laments ‘counter-productive’ U.N. vote on Palestine." 4860: 2114: 1496:

was the orchestrator of the movement, U.S. Secretary of State

7110: 6577:

Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Palestinian Territories August 2013

6559:"Netanyahu lowers expectations for Israeli-Palestinian peace" 5077:"Palestinian leader calls for new peace process in UN speech" 4731:"Egypt, Germany, France, Jordan meet to revive Mideast talks" 3081:. Jerusalem: Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2010. p. 53. 2433:"Visions in Collision: What Happened at Camp David and Taba?" 2273: 2099: 1998: 1933: 1561: 1510: 1502: 1429: 1425: 1400: 1366: 1281: 1144: 931: 919: 843: 639: 367: 4705:"Amman's closing statement on the Middle East Peace Process" 4347:

Abbas Peace Plan Calls for Israeli Withdrawal Within 3 Years

1143:

declared a new policy following the many suicide attacks by

6180:

The Guardian (23 October 2012). Retrieved 17 December 2013.

6078:

Senker, C, 'the ArAb-Israeli Conflict', (UK, 2004) pp. 4–9.

5755:"American Jews – More Right than Left on the Peace Process" 4019: 3124:

Human Rights Watch, An Analysis of the Wye River Memorandum

1677:

United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel

1080: 669:

and a just resolution to the refugee question based on the

4593:

France Diplomacy – Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs

4141: 3632:"In Middle East Peace Talks, Clinton Faces a Crucial Test" 3545:

Full text of Netanyahu's foreign policy speech at Bar Ilan

2808:. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 58–121. 2593: 1815:

It was within this context that the United Nations passed

1357:, center, discusses the peace process with Prime Minister 1243:

to lead a fact-finding committee that later published the

1232:

would be solved through significant monetary reparations.

729: 6201:

Al Jazeera (26 January 2011). Retrieved 17 December 2013.

4915:"Israel/Palestine: Parameters for a Two-State Settlement" 4473:"Israel freezes Palestinian funds in response to ICC bid" 4131:

Fatah and Hamas agree landmark pact after seven-year rift

1901: 1183: 1069:

at the Oslo Accords signing ceremony on 13 September 1993

1042: 982: 7079: 6533:

BBC News – History of Mid-East peace talks, 29 July 2013

6377:

Israelis, Palestinians applaud Japanese development plan

6212:"The 'Geneva Accord' and the Palestinian Refugee Issue." 5574:. Translated by Levy, Eylon. New York: All Point Books. 4170:"Hamas and Fatah unveil Palestinian reconciliation deal" 4033:"Hamas and Fatah unveil Palestinian reconciliation deal" 2258: 1609:

Notwithstanding Israeli objections and actions, the new

3414: