Camp David Accords

495:. Shortly afterward, the Israeli government cordially invited him to address the Knesset in a message passed to Sadat via the US ambassador to Egypt. Ten days after his speech, Sadat arrived for the groundbreaking three-day visit, which launched the first peace process between Israel and an Arab state. As would be the case with later Israeli–Arab peace initiatives, Washington was taken by surprise; the White House and State Department were particularly concerned that Sadat was merely reaching out to reacquire Sinai as quickly as possible, putting aside the Palestinian problem. Considered as a man with strong political convictions who kept his eye on the main objective, Sadat had no ideological base, which made him politically inconsistent. The Sadat visit came about after he delivered a speech in Egypt stating that he would travel anywhere, "even Jerusalem," to discuss peace. That speech led the Begin government to declare that, if Israel thought that Sadat would accept an invitation, Israel would invite him. In Sadat's 41: 651: 962:

determine the final status of the West Bank and Gaza and its relationship with its neighbors and to conclude a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan by the end of the transitional period. These negotiations will be conducted among Egypt, Israel, Jordan and the elected representatives of the inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza. ... The negotiations shall be based on all the provisions and principles of UN Security Council Resolution 242. The negotiations will resolve, among other matters, the location of the boundaries and the nature of the security arrangements. The solution from the negotiations must also recognize the legitimate right of the Palestinian peoples and their just requirements.

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Resolution, the Camp David Accords circumscribed Jordan's objective to reassert its control over the West Bank. Focusing as it did on Egypt, the Carter administration accepted Sadat's claim that he could deliver Hussein. However, with Arab world opposition building against Sadat, Jordan could not risk accepting the Accords without the support of powerful Arab neighbours, like Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Hussein consequently felt diplomatically snubbed. One of Carter's regrets was allowing Sadat to claim that he could speak for Hussein if Jordan refused to join the talks, but by then the damage was done to the Jordanians.

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agreement which will define the powers and responsibilities of the self-governing authority to be exercised in the West Bank and Gaza. A withdrawal of Israeli armed forces will take place and there will be a redeployment of the remaining Israeli forces into specified security locations. The agreement will also include arrangements for assuring internal and external security and public order. A strong local police force will be established, which may include Jordanian citizens. In addition, Israeli and Jordanian forces will participate in joint patrols and in the manning of control posts to assure the security of the borders.

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Palestinians. The withdrawal of Israeli troops from the West Bank and Gaza was agreed to occur after an election of a self-governing authority to replace Israel's military government. The Accords did not mention the Golan Heights, Syria, or Lebanon. This was not the comprehensive peace that Kissinger, Ford, Carter, or Sadat had in mind during the previous American presidential transition. It was less clear than the agreements concerning the Sinai, and was later interpreted differently by Israel, Egypt, and the United States. The

806: 1105: 392: 132: 1080:), and a restriction on the forces Egypt could place on the Sinai peninsula, especially within 20–40 km from Israel. This process would take three years to complete. Israel also agreed to limit its forces a smaller distance (3 km) from the Egyptian border, and to guarantee free passage between Egypt and Jordan. With the withdrawal, Israel also returned Egypt's Abu-Rudeis oil fields in western Sinai, which contained long term, commercially productive wells. 783: 3109: 6122: 4855: 511:

agreements between Israel and her other Arab neighbors and help solve the Palestinian problem. Prime Minister Begin's response to Sadat's initiative, though not what Sadat or Carter had hoped, demonstrated a willingness to engage the Egyptian leader. Like Sadat, Begin also saw many reasons why bilateral talks would be in his country's best interests. It would afford Israel the opportunity to negotiate only with Egypt instead of with a larger

4546: 2925: 827: 826: 824: 542: 205: 168: 108: 4536: 3886: 828: 1053: 825: 375:, were both skeptical of an international conference. While Begin, who took office in May 1977, officially favored the reconvening of the conference, perhaps even more vocally than Rabin, and even accepted the Palestinian presence, in actuality the Israelis and the Egyptians were secretly formulating a framework for bilateral talks. Even earlier, Begin had not been opposed to returning the 1874:

Thus, although they nominally accepted that the Palestinians were a people, the Oslo accords in fact did no more than formally consecrate Begin's scheme: we have seen that the canny Polish-born lawyer understood that the terms he had obdurately insisted on at Camp David in 1978 "'guarantee that under no condition' can a Palestinian state be created."

1044:, the UN rejected more specific parts of the Camp David Accords and similar agreements, which were not in accordance with mentioned requirements. All such partial agreements and separate treaties were strongly condemned. The part of the Camp David accords regarding the Palestinian future and all similar ones were declared invalid. 1244:, and four U.S. military liaison officers. One of the assassins was killed and the other three were wounded and taken into custody. The surviving assassins were tried and found guilty of assassinating the president and killing 10 others in the process; they were sentenced to capital punishment, and were executed on 15 April 1982. 516:

her Arab neighbors. Carter's people apparently had no inkling of the secret talks in Morocco between Dayan and Sadat's representative, Hassan Tuhami, that paved the way for Sadat's initiative. Indeed, in a sense Egypt and Israel were ganging up to push Carter off his Geneva track. The basic message of Sadat's speech at the

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When the self-governing authority (administrative council) in the West Bank and Gaza is established and inaugurated, the transitional period of five years will begin. As soon as possible, but not later than the third year after the beginning of the transitional period, negotiations will take place to

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Egypt and Israel agree that, in order to ensure a peaceful and orderly transfer of authority, and taking into account the security concerns of all the parties, there should be transitional arrangements for the West Bank and Gaza for a period not exceeding five years. In order to provide full autonomy

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insisted on the adjective "full" to ensure that it was the maximum political right attainable; however, Begin also specifically insisted that "on no condition will there be a Palestinian state". This so-called 'full autonomy' was to be discussed with the participation of Israel, Egypt, Jordan and the

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outlined to Begin his program, which consisted of five points: (1) achieve a comprehensive peace affecting all of Israel's neighbors: (2) peace to be based on UN Resolution 242: (3) peace would involve open borders and free trade; (4) peace would call for Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories

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The Accords were another interim agreement or step, but negotiations that flowed from the Accords slowed for several reasons. These included an inability to bring the Jordanians into the discussions; the controversy over settlements; the inconclusive nature of the subsequent autonomy talks; domestic

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Carter's advisers insisted on the establishment of an Egyptian–Israeli agreement which would lead to an eventual solution to the Palestine issue. They believed in a short, loose, and overt linkage between the two countries amplified by the establishment of a coherent basis for a settlement. However,

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Carter's acceptance of the proposed liaison scheme would have signaled American backing for Sadat's unprecedented peace initiative, but Carter rejected the proposal. However, Carter could not thwart the Israeli–Egyptian peace push. Within days Israeli journalists were allowed into Cairo, breaking a

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would be excluded from peace talks. Despite the fact that Jordan’s King Hussein supported Sadat's peace initiative, Hussein refused to take part in the peace talks; Menachem Begin offered Jordan little to gain and Hussein also feared he would isolate Jordan from the Arab world and provoke Syria and

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Jordan's King Hussein saw it as a slap to the face when Sadat volunteered Jordan's participation in deciding how functional autonomy for the Palestinians would work. Specifically, Sadat effectively said that Jordan would have a role in how the West Bank would be administered. Like the Rabat Summit

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A mechanism had yet to be created for Israel and Egypt to pursue the talks begun by Sadat and Begin in Jerusalem. The Egyptian president suggested to Begin that Israel place a secret representative in the American embassy in Cairo. With American "cover," the true identity of the Israeli, who would

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delegation that might try to use its size to make unwelcome or unacceptable demands. Israel felt Egypt could help protect Israel from other Arabs and Eastern communists. In addition, the commencement of direct negotiations between leaders – summit diplomacy – would distinguish Egypt from

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The Camp David Accords were the result of 14 months of diplomatic efforts by Egypt, Israel, and the United States that began after Jimmy Carter became president. The efforts initially focused on a comprehensive resolution of disputes between Israel and the Arab countries, gradually evolving into a

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Begin and Sadat had such mutual antipathy toward one another that they only seldom had direct contact; thus Carter had to conduct his own microcosmic form of shuttle diplomacy by holding one-on-one meetings with either Sadat or Begin in one cabin, then returning to the cabin of the third party to

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Even though Yitzhak Rabin was the first Israeli prime minister to accept formally the idea that the Palestinians were a people, he never officially conceded that this people had the right of national self-determination and statehood. These terms consequently occur nowhere in the 1993 agreements.

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The normalization of relations went into effect in January 1980. Ambassadors were exchanged in February. The boycott laws were repealed by Egypt's National Assembly the same month, and some trade began to develop, albeit less than Israel had hoped for. In March 1980 regular airline flights were

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Consequently, the 13 days marking the Camp David Accords were considered a success, in part due to Carter's determination in obtaining an Israeli–Egyptian agreement, which represented considerable time focused on a singular international problem. Additionally, Carter was beneficiary to a fully

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The gesture stemmed from an eagerness to enlist the help of the NATO countries in improving the ailing Egyptian economy, a belief that Egypt should begin to focus more on its own interests than on the interests of the Arab world, and a hope that an agreement with Israel would catalyze similar

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Egypt, Israel, and Jordan will agree on the modalities for establishing elected self-governing authority in the West Bank and Gaza. The delegations of Egypt and Jordan may include Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza or other Palestinians as mutually agreed. The parties will negotiate an

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during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal. The president's personal protection was infiltrated by four members of this organization, who were hiding in a truck passing through the military parade with other military vehicles. As the truck

1227:– came out of the truck and threw three grenades towards the president; only one of the three exploded. The rest of the team opened fire with automatic assault rifles and struck President Sadat with 37 rounds. He was airlifted to a military hospital, where he died two hours after arriving. 742:

withdrawal from the Sinai and the status of the West Bank created what seemed to be an impasse. In response, Carter had the choice of trying to salvage the agreement by conceding the issue of the West Bank to Begin, while advocating Sadat's less controversial position on the removal of all

1144:. Many of the Arab nations blamed Egypt for not putting enough pressure on Israel to deal with the Palestinian problem in a way that would be satisfactory to them. Syria also informed Egypt that it would not reconcile with the nation unless it abandoned the peace agreement with Israel. 1027:

that agreements were only valid if they are within the framework of the United Nations and its Charter and its resolutions, include the Palestinian right of return and the right to national independence and sovereignty in Palestine, and concluded with the participation of the

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The second part of the framework dealt with Egyptian–Israeli relations, the real content worked out in the second Egypt–Israel framework. The third part, "Associated Principles," declared principles that should apply to relations between Israel and all of its Arab neighbors.

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was in an odd position—he had attempted to break with traditional US policy but ended up fulfilling the goals of that tradition, which had been to break up the Arab alliance, side-line the Palestinians, build an alliance with Egypt, weaken the Soviet Union and secure

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to the inhabitants, under these arrangements the Israeli military government and its civilian administration will be withdrawn as soon as a self-governing authority has been freely elected by the inhabitants of these areas to replace the existing military government.

2242: 1076:(see map to the right), evacuate its 4,500 civilian inhabitants, and restore it to Egypt in return for normal diplomatic relations with Egypt, guarantees of freedom of passage through the Suez Canal and other nearby waterways (such as the 1023:, because the agreement was concluded without participation of UN and PLO and did not comply with the Palestinian right of return, of self-determination and to national independence and sovereignty. In December 1978, it declared in 1202:

In Israel, there is lasting support of the Camp David Peace Accords, which have become a national consensus, supported by 85% of Israelis according to a 2001 poll taken by the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies (Israel-based).

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The Camp David accords changed Middle Eastern politics. Notably, the perception of Egypt within the Arab world changed. With the most powerful of the Arab militaries and a history of leadership in the Arab world under

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Sadat first spoke about the possibility of peace with Israel in February 1971; Egypt was the initiator of many moves in the 1970s. On 9 November 1977, he startled the world by announcing his intention to go to

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President Sadat's signing of the Camp David Accords on 17 September 1978 and his shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize with Israeli Prime Minister Begin led to his assassination on 6 October 1981 by members of the

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The Accords recognized the "legitimate rights of the Palestinian people", a process to be implemented guaranteeing the full autonomy of the people within a period of five years. The Israeli Prime Minister

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all partial agreements and separate treaties that did not meet the Palestinian rights and comprehensive solutions to peace; it condemned Israel's continued occupation and demanded withdrawal from

5314: 999:, these professors say, had emphatically construed an 'autonomy'-concept that did not include (or according to Begin not even allowed for) a Palestinian state to be created. This flawing non- 995:' as used in the Camp David Accords: it is "devoid of meaning and content", it does not facilitate Palestinian's "right to liberty and self-determination" (etc.). The Israeli Prime Minister 5438: 1230:

In total, 11 were killed from collateral gunfire and 28 were injured. Among the killed were the Cuban ambassador, an Omani general, and a Coptic Orthodox bishop. Among the wounded were

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to secure borders; (5) a Palestinian entity (but not an independent nation) should be created. Begin responded that he could accept all of these points except the Palestinian entity.

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and had presented three main objectives for Arab–Israeli peace: Arab recognition of Israel's right to exist in peace, Israel's withdrawal from occupied territories gained in the

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settlements from the Sinai Peninsula. Or he could have refused to continue the talks, reported the reasons for their failure, and allowed Begin to bear the brunt of the blame.

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at all meant they had to withdraw from the entire Sinai Peninsula. Israeli settlers tried to prevent the government from dismantling their settlements, but were unsuccessful.

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Carter visited the heads of government on whom he would have to rely to make any peace agreement feasible. By the end of his first year (1977) in office, Carter had met with

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Egypt, Israel, Jordan and the representatives of the Palestinian people should participate in negotiations on the resolution of the Palestinian problem in all its aspects.

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signed in March 1979. The agreements and the peace treaty were both accompanied by "side-letters" of understanding between Egypt and the U.S. and Israel and the U.S.

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symbolic barrier, and from there the peace process quickly gained momentum. An Israeli–Egyptian working summit was scheduled for 25 December in Ismailiya, near the

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The agreed basis for a peaceful settlement of the conflict between Israel and its neighbors is United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, in all its parts.

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if he engaged in the peace talks as well. Hafez al-Assad, who had no interest in negotiating peace with Israel, also refused to come to the United States.

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Carter felt they were not "aiming high enough" and was interested in the establishment of a written "land for peace" agreement with Israel returning the

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through negotiating efforts with neighboring Arab nations to ensure that Israel's security would not be threatened, and securing an undivided Jerusalem.

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The Camp David Accords also prompted the disintegration of a united Arab front in opposition to Israel. Egypt's realignment created a power vacuum that

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Findlay, Scott D., and Paul Thagard. "Emotional change in international negotiation: Analyzing the Camp David accords using cognitive-affective maps."

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between Egypt and Israel; and changes in foreign policy priorities including discontinuity in personnel committed to sustaining the negotiating process

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opposition sustained by both Begin and Sadat and, in Sadat's case, ostracism and anger from the Arab world; the emergence of a what became a

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The framework itself consists of 3 parts. The first part of the framework was to establish an autonomous self-governing authority in the

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relay the substance of his discussions. Begin and Sadat were "literally not on speaking terms," and "claustrophobia was setting in."

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with a comprehensive, multilateral approach. The Yom Kippur War further complicated efforts to achieve the objectives written in

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Carter chose to continue and for three more days negotiated. During this time, Carter even took the two leaders to the nearby

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Accompanied by their capable negotiating teams and with their respective interests in mind, the Israeli and Egyptian leaders

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Ashton, Nigel J. "Taking friends for granted: the Carter administration, Jordan and the Camp David Accords, 1977–80."

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Framework for Peace in the Middle East and Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel

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pledged American foreign team. Likewise, the Israeli delegation had a stable of excellent talent in Ministers

528:. Sadat's visit was the first step to negotiations such as the preliminary Cairo Conference in December 1977. 5877: 5552: 5473: 5066: 4607: 4287: 4114: 4059: 3993: 3774: 3748: 3508: 3412: 3360: 3335: 3330: 3251: 3178: 3153: 3128: 3098: 2988: 2958: 2953: 2630: 2487: 2402: 1282: 1263: 1065: 875: 285: 5787: 5770: 5547: 5371: 5294: 5154: 5073: 5028: 4964: 4922: 4765: 4224: 4179: 4144: 4109: 4094: 4089: 3972: 3932: 3927: 3613: 3578: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3498: 3488: 3483: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3427: 3340: 3325: 3273: 3236: 3226: 3200: 3133: 3088: 3048: 3038: 3033: 3008: 2983: 2943: 1258: 1212: 500: 967:

The framework merely concerned autonomy of the inhabitants of West Bank and Gaza. It neither mentions the

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liaise between the Egyptian and Israeli leaders, would be known only to the American ambassador in Cairo.

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acknowledge applause during a joint session of Congress in Washington, D.C., during which President

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converged on Camp David for 13 days of tense and dramatic negotiations from 5 to 17 September 1978.

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Telhami, Shibley. "From Camp David to Wye: Changing Assumptions in Arab–Israeli Negotiations." The

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opposed them because Sadat's refusal to agree to a treaty in which Israel had any presence in the

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A particularly difficult situation arose on the tenth stalemated day of the talks. The issues of

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however, taking over the office from Yitzhak Rabin in June 1977, specifically demanded that the

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report, Carter opted to replace the incremental, bilateral peace talks which had characterized

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Jørgen Jensehaugen. Arab–Israeli Diplomacy under Carter: The US, Israel and the Palestinians

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Historian Jørgen Jensehaugen argues that by the time Carter left office in January 1981, he:

345: 20: 3108: 6157: 6053: 5887: 5716: 5093: 4933: 2808: 2714: 2067: 2342: 1685: 1471: 317:'s exploratory meetings gave a basic plan for reinvigorating the peace process based on a 8: 6059: 5997: 5985: 5882: 5416: 5404: 5366: 5136: 5078: 4925: 4816: 2586: 2511: 2493: 2471: 2027: 1529: 1016: 968: 727: 521: 5755: 5557: 4841: 4770: 4745: 4740: 4725: 2796: 2752: 2168: 1632: 1493:

Heroic Diplomacy: Sadat, Kissinger, Carter, Begin, and the Quest for Arab–Israeli Peace

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Heroic Diplomacy: Sadat, Kissinger, Carter, Begin, and the Quest for Arab–Israeli Peace

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Power and leadership in international bargaining: the path to the Camp David accords

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Upon assuming office on 20 January 1977, President Carter moved to rejuvenate the

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The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City

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Brams, Steven J., and Jeffrey M. Togman. "Camp David: Was the agreement fair?."

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Telhami, Shibley. "Evaluating bargaining performance: The case of Camp David."

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Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978

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Peace in the Making The Menachem Begin – Anwar Sadat Personal Correspondence

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A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel

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Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978

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Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel

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Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor 1977–1981

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approached the president, the leader of the belligerents – Lieutenant

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on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at

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Brokers of Deceit: How the US Has Undermined Peace in the Middle East

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Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980

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Quandt, William B. "Camp David and peacemaking in the Middle East."

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Into the Labyrinth: The United States and the Middle East, 1945–1993

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shortly after the Camp David Accords went into effect, 8 April 1980.

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announced the results of the Camp David Accords, 18 September 1978.

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Jaffe Center Poll on Israeli public Attitudes to the Peace Process

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NY Times: Anti-Semitic 'Elders of Zion' Gets New Life on Egypt TV

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The Gettysburg Address: Perspectives on Lincoln's Greatest Speech

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The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership

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peace process that had stalled throughout the 1976 presidential

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inaugurated. Egypt also began supplying Israel with crude oil".

439: 210: 173: 4535: 3885: 2398:"Camp David 25th Anniversary Forum" (led by President Carter) 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1453:

Camp David Accords – Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs

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Egypt's Struggle for Peace: Continuity and Change, 1967–1977

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2023 exchange of Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners

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six months later, in particular deciding the future of the

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search for a bilateral agreement between Israel and Egypt.

2373:(New York) article. Alternate link to poll results from a 1818: 1686:"Camp David Accords: Jimmy Carter Reflects 25 Years Later" 1472:"Camp David Accords: Jimmy Carter Reflects 25 Years Later" 1047: 1629:"Menachem Begin, Guerrilla Leader Who Became Peacemaker." 983:

The French historian, arabist, orientalist and professor

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The Camp David Accords comprise two separate agreements:

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speech he talked about his views on peace, the status of

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Text of Accords and additional material, Carter Library

2222:

The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East

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The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East

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starts with the basis of a peaceful settlement of the

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History of the foreign relations of the United States

1536:, (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1983), p. 88. 1431: 1429: 1427: 991:, in the years 2013–2014 criticised the concept of ' 5511:

Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement

1650:"How Jimmy Carter Almost Derailed Peace With Egypt" 1345:

Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs

45:Celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords: 5506:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 5320:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council 1910:Resolution 34/70. The situation in the Middle East 1424: 1191:Although most Israelis supported the Accords, the 816:"Remarks on the Signing of the Camp David Accords" 272:. The two framework agreements were signed at the 5898:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 2355:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 2148:Elusive Peace: How the Holy Land Defeated America 16:1978 political agreement between Egypt and Israel 6139: 5494:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 2360:2006 Egyptian public poll on attitudes to Israel 1798: 1796: 531: 5464:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act 1945: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1330:International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict 1206: 1060:(red) and newly built in southern Israel (blue) 927:was deliberately excluded from this agreement. 1644: 1642: 1064:The second framework outlined a basis for the 362:United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 246:were a pair of political agreements signed by 4884: 4518: 3868: 2907: 2418: 2263:. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 94–. 1793: 1558: 935:West Bank, Gaza and "the Palestinian problem" 5362:Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977 5249:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1843: 1719:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 235. 1441: 726:President Carter, National Security Advisor 5523:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act 5215:Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978 5084:International Emergency Economic Powers Act 2260:The Middle East: Ten Years After Camp David 1739: 1639: 1607:The Middle East: ten years after Camp David 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 847:Joint session of the United States Congress 520:were the request for the implementation of 6203:September 1978 events in the United States 4891: 4877: 4525: 4511: 4338: 3875: 3861: 2914: 2900: 2881:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement 2425: 2411: 2017:"Poll: 58% of Israelis back Oslo process." 1854: 1805:The Framework for Peace in the Middle East 1746:. Oxford University Press. pp. 315–. 1733: 1032:. On 6 December 1979, the UN condemned in 868:"A Framework for Peace in the Middle East" 5484:Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 5377:Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980 5114:Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War 4776:2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks 4676:Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula 2591:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242 2565:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194 2034: 1932:Resolution 34/65 B. Question of Palestine 1888:Resolution 33/28 A. Question of Palestine 1495:. Taylor & Francis, 1999, pp. 228–229 1391:Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict 1248:Arab–Israeli peace diplomacy and treaties 1186: 1040:occupied territories. On 12 December, in 1011:UN Rejection of the Middle East Framework 626:Learn how and when to remove this message 5722:Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project 5518:Three Mile Island accident investigation 5220:Department of Education Organization Act 1545: 1140:problem became the primary issue in the 1103: 1051: 888:"Framework for Peace in the Middle East" 781: 721: 649: 637: 462: 390: 386: 294:A Framework for Peace in the Middle East 5427:National Energy Conservation Policy Act 3902: 2333:Text of the Accords, Israeli government 2202:(1986), by leading political scientist 1518:American Presidents and the Middle East 1048:Framework Peace Treaty Egypt and Israel 1003:-concept would be repeated in the 1993 6213:Treaties involving territorial changes 6140: 5432:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act 2873:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 2863:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement 2383:The Menachem Begin Heritage Foundation 2256: 1712: 1602: 1600: 1520:, Duke University Press, 1990 p. 164. 1435: 1021:Framework for Peace in the Middle East 979:Criticism on the concept of 'autonomy' 882:Framework for Peace in the Middle East 303: 5948:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park 5734:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park 5182:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 5170:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 4872: 4666:Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip 4591:Second United Nations Emergency Force 4506: 4445: 4417: 4337: 3901: 3856: 2895: 2406: 2128:Conflict Management and Peace Science 777: 691:Proceedings of the Camp David meeting 5400:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 5342:Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act 4731:Bahr El-Baqar primary school bombing 2868:Israel–Sudan normalization agreement 2607:Israel–Syria disengagement agreement 2200:Camp David: Peacemaking and Politics 1716:Camp David: Peacemaking and Politics 564:adding citations to reliable sources 535: 308: 5761:Continuity of Government Commission 5270:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980 5237:Federal Emergency Management Agency 2347:. Knesset website, 28 December 1977 1668:"Americans for Peace Now: Archives" 1636:. 9 March 1992. 15 February 2009. 1597: 1562:Gaza: A History - Jean-Pierre Filiu 1340:List of Middle East peace proposals 754:as a simile to their own struggle. 458: 13: 5827:We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land 5310:Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977 5305:Fair Debt Collection Practices Act 5124:Iran–United States Claims Tribunal 4446: 2858:Israel–UAE normalization agreement 2749:Beirut Summit and peace initiative 2279: 2078: 1579: 1504:"Stein, Kenneth 2000, pp. 229–228" 804: 280:. The second of these frameworks ( 14: 6234: 5104:Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 4704:1948 Tel Aviv bus station bombing 4618:Multinational Force and Observers 4170: 2326: 2117:Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths 1972:Sela, "Arab–Israel Conflict", 100 1587:"Jordan – The Camp David Accords" 1565:. Oxford University Press, 2014. 1411:History of the State of Palestine 1335:Israeli–Palestinian peace process 874:, the second leading towards the 849:following the Camp David Accords. 837:, seated with Egyptian President 748:Gettysburg National Military Park 442:. The new Israeli Prime Minister 6121: 6120: 5474:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 5352:National Aquaculture Act of 1980 5337:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 5203:Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 4898: 4854: 4853: 4544: 4534: 4324: 3884: 3107: 2969:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2923: 2787:Agreement on Movement and Access 2307: 2296:, Gefen Publishing House, 2011. 857:Problems playing this file? See 820: 540: 313:Carter's and Secretary of State 203: 190: 166: 153: 130: 118: 106: 39: 5913:Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize 5739:Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House 5712:Presidential Library and Museum 5145:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 5131:Diplomatic relations with China 4859:Category:Egypt–Israel relations 4832:Taba Hotel & Nelson Village 4736:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 4649:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency 4587:Sinai Disengagement Agreements 2821:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 2815:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 2783:Israeli disengagement from Gaza 2056: 2031:. 7 June 2001. 28 April 2008. 2009: 2000: 1991: 1975: 1966: 1923: 1901: 1879: 1834: 1787:Jimmy Carter Library and Museum 1769: 1760: 1706: 1678: 1660: 1621: 1612: 1083: 551:needs additional citations for 6183:Israel–United States relations 5804:Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid 5330:Right to Financial Privacy Act 5265:Agricultural Trade Act of 1978 5034:Solar power at the White House 4915:President of the United States 4781:2011 attack on Israeli Embassy 4567:Ambassadors of Israel to Egypt 4562:Ambassadors of Egypt to Israel 2460:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 2176:Group Decision and Negotiation 2064:"Sadat Assassins are Executed" 1790:. 21 July 2001. 28 April 2008. 1507: 1498: 1464: 1160:According to Kenneth Stein in 266:President of the United States 1: 6173:Egypt–United States relations 6001:(2002 television documentary) 5878:Presidential Medal of Freedom 2548:American trusteeship proposal 1417: 642:Begin and Brzezinski playing 532:Searching a negotiation modus 501:Israel's occupied territories 264:, the country retreat of the 5954:Georgia State Capitol statue 5372:Trade Agreements Act of 1979 5295:Electronic Fund Transfer Act 5225:U.S. Department of Education 5155:1980 Summer Olympics boycott 4418: 2224:. New York: Continuum, 2002. 1997:Sela, "Sinai Peninsula," 774 1401:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1259:Paris Peace Conference, 1919 1213:Assassination of Anwar Sadat 1207:Assassination of Anwar Sadat 1112:greeting Egyptian President 344:. Following the advice of a 7: 6092:(first cousin once removed) 5410:Synthetic Fuels Corporation 4457:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 4389:Union for the Mediterranean 3832:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2930:Foreign relations of Israel 2351:Interview with King Hussein 2257:Quandt, William B. (1988). 2239:Political Science Quarterly 2207:Political Science Quarterly 1350: 1056:IAF bases abandoned on the 973:Palestinian Right of Return 841:and Israeli Prime Minister 790:and Israeli Prime Minister 284:) led directly to the 1979 73:17 September 1978 10: 6239: 6208:Treaties concluded in 1978 6193:Presidency of Jimmy Carter 6163:Arab–Israeli peace process 5934:Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue 5893:Philadelphia Liberty Medal 5558:State of the Union Address 5469:Antarctic Conservation Act 5285:Community Reinvestment Act 4822:Palestinian autonomy talks 3891:Foreign relations of Egypt 2721:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 2709:Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement 2703:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 2635:Palestinian autonomy talks 1406:Palestinian autonomy talks 1300:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 1210: 750:in the hopes of using the 395:Territory held by Israel: 18: 6099: 6016: 5963: 5926: 5861: 5769: 5697: 5618: 5597: 5588: 5535: 5452: 5395:U.S. Department of Energy 5385: 5347:Motor Carrier Act of 1980 5257: 5190: 5067:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 5047: 4944: 4906: 4850: 4804: 4696: 4636: 4608:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 4583:1949 Armistice Agreements 4575: 4554: 4452: 4441: 4424: 4413: 4347: 4333: 4322: 4300: 4281: 4163: 4032: 3986: 3915: 3911: 3897: 3837:International recognition 3765:Alliance of the periphery 3757: 3714: 3688: 3627: 3441: 3214: 3116: 3105: 2936: 2835: 2678: 2631:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 2556: 2488:Faisal–Weizmann agreement 2445: 1776:"The Camp David Accords." 1609:, William B. Quandt, p. 9 1289:Madrid Conference of 1991 1283:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 1279:Camp David Accords (1978) 1270:1949 Armistice Agreements 1264:Faisal–Weizmann Agreement 876:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 730:, and Secretary of State 286:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 219: 182: 145: 98: 84: 69: 61: 38: 33: 5499:National Priorities List 5325:National security letter 5275:Airline Deregulation Act 5208:Senior Executive Service 5074:Torrijos–Carter Treaties 4791:2023 Alexandria shooting 2670:Israel–Lebanon agreement 2482:Anglo-French Declaration 2478:Declaration to the Seven 2178:23.6 (2014): 1281–1300. 2169:Regnery Publishing, Inc. 2102:, The Toby Press, 2010. 2042:"On this day: 6 October" 1960:16 February 2013 at the 1929:UNGA, 12 December 1979, 1811:16 December 2013 at the 1713:Quandt, William (2011). 1458:3 September 2011 at the 1275:Geneva Conference (1973) 1193:Israeli settler movement 1108:United States President 845:, makes statements at a 367:Israel's Prime Minister 296:), which dealt with the 19:Not to be confused with 5811:reaction and commentary 5751:Nairobi Agreement, 1999 5543:Moral Equivalent of War 5479:Clean Water Act of 1977 4596:Sinai Interim Agreement 2365:10 October 2008 at the 2344:Israel's Self-Rule Plan 2319:The Power of Nightmares 2241:107.4 (1992): 629–653. 2209:101.3 (1986): 357–377. 2155:Arab–Israel Peacemaking 1916:11 January 2014 at the 1907:UNGA, 6 December 1979, 1894:11 January 2014 at the 1885:UNGA, 7 December 1978, 1781:18 October 2005 at the 1232:Egyptian Vice-President 910:and to fully implement 319:Geneva Peace Conference 298:Palestinian territories 292:. The first framework ( 6168:Egypt–Israel relations 5819:Beyond the White House 5668:running mate selection 5636:running mate selection 5553:A Crisis of Confidence 4541:Egypt–Israel relations 4469:Diplomatic missions of 2779:Sharm El Sheikh Summit 2699:Gaza–Jericho Agreement 2581:Tripartite Declaration 2369:and other countries, ' 2089:41.3 (2017): 620–645. 1983:(2018) p. 178, quoted 1951:Jimmy Carter Library, 1861:. Beacon Press, 2013. 1802:Jimmy Carter Library, 1542: 1396:Egypt–Israel relations 1306:Camp David 2000 Summit 1239:Irish Defence Minister 1220:Egyptian Islamic Jihad 1187:Israeli public support 1184: 1175: 1158: 1121: 1097:from 1979 until 1989. 1061: 900: 809: 799: 766:and legal experts Dr. 735: 675: 647: 483: 411: 278:President Jimmy Carter 276:and were witnessed by 255:Israeli Prime Minister 6066:Ruth Carter Stapleton 6048:James Earl Carter Sr. 5796:Our Endangered Values 5300:Executive Order 12086 5244:Executive Order 12172 5232:Executive Order 12148 5160:Executive Order 12036 5089:Executive Order 12170 5012:Judicial appointments 4934:Georgia State Senator 4644:1948 Arab–Israeli War 4429:Arab–Israeli conflict 3739:Arab–Israeli alliance 3734:Arab–Israeli conflict 2827:John Kerry Parameters 2500:Churchill White Paper 2466:Sykes–Picot Agreement 2439:Arab–Israeli conflict 2130:15.1 (1996): 99–112 . 1938:29 March 2012 at the 1920:(doc.nr. A/RES/34/70) 1898:(doc.nr. A/RES/33/28) 1537: 1386:Arab–Israeli conflict 1358:1948 Arab–Israeli War 1253:Treaties and meetings 1179: 1166: 1153: 1142:Arab–Israeli conflict 1107: 1055: 896: 892:Arab–Israeli conflict 808: 785: 725: 653: 641: 491:and speak before the 466: 394: 387:Participating parties 346:Brookings Institution 21:Camp David Principles 6054:Lillian Gordy Carter 5888:Silver Buffalo Award 5717:Habitat for Humanity 5094:Operation Eagle Claw 4786:2023 border shooting 4394:Non-Aligned Movement 4155:United Arab Emirates 3816:Diplomatic missions 3795:United Arab Emirates 3423:United Arab Emirates 2809:Annapolis Conference 2803:UNSC Resolution 1701 2793:UNSC Resolution 1850 2775:UNSC Resolution 1583 2769:UNSC Resolution 1566 2765:UNSC Resolution 1559 2715:Wye River Memorandum 2571:Armistice agreements 2251:(Columbia UP, 1990). 1831:Stein, 1999, p. 254. 1740:Sean Conant (2015). 1007:, Khalidi asserted. 886:The preamble of the 575:"Camp David Accords" 560:improve this article 478:(left to right), at 6060:Gloria Carter Spann 5883:Freedom of the City 5548:Island of Stability 5417:National Energy Act 5405:Energy Security Act 5367:Revenue Act of 1978 5150:International trips 5137:Goldwater v. Carter 5079:Iran hostage crisis 5002:Political positions 4926:Governor of Georgia 4766:2009 Hezbollah plot 2652:UNSC Resolution 497 2646:UNSC Resolution 478 2640:UNSC Resolution 452 2627:UNSC Resolution 446 2617:UNSC Resolution 425 2611:UNSC Resolution 350 2601:UNSC Resolution 339 2597:UNSC Resolution 338 2587:Khartoum Resolution 2575:Lausanne Conference 2524:Morrison–Grady Plan 2494:San Remo conference 2472:Balfour Declaration 2316:' 2004 documentary 2229:Middle East Journal 2198:Quandt, William B. 2028:Tel Aviv University 1815:, 17 September 1978 1766:Stein 1999, p. 252. 1694:. 17 September 2003 1559:Jean-Pierre Filiu. 1530:Zbigniew Brzezinski 1017:UN General Assembly 969:status of Jerusalem 786:Egyptian President 728:Zbigniew Brzezinski 658:with (seated, l-r) 409: after the war 371:and his successor, 356:following the 1973 304:Preceding diplomacy 30: 6223:Treaties of Israel 6009:(2007 documentary) 5780:Everything to Gain 5756:One America Appeal 5062:Camp David Accords 4842:Yaakov Abuhatzeira 4771:Ilan Grapel affair 4746:Ein Netafim ambush 4741:Ras Burqa massacre 4726:Operation Damocles 4603:Camp David Accords 4483:Egyptian diplomats 3770:Camp David Accords 2797:Quartet Principles 2731:Clinton Parameters 2621:Camp David Accords 2290:Hurwitz, Zvi Harry 2247:Telhami, Shibley. 2186:Camp David Accords 2167:. Washington, DC: 2087:Diplomatic History 2068:The Glasgow Herald 2022:2 May 2008 at the 1633:The New York Times 1311:Philadelphi Accord 1122: 1062: 1042:Resolution 34/65 B 1025:Resolution 33/28 A 810: 800: 778:Partial agreements 752:American Civil War 740:Israeli settlement 736: 676: 654:A 1978 meeting at 648: 484: 412: 248:Egyptian President 244:Camp David Accords 29:Camp David Accords 28: 6218:Treaties of Egypt 6198:Republic of Egypt 6135: 6134: 5908:Christopher Award 5873:Nobel Peace Prize 5835:White House Diary 5788:The Hornet's Nest 5693: 5692: 5531: 5530: 5357:Staggers Rail Act 5039:Reagan transition 5024:Executive Actions 4866: 4865: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4478:Egyptian diaspora 4437: 4436: 4409: 4408: 4402: 4373: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4238: 4237: 3850: 3849: 2979:Equatorial Guinea 2889: 2888: 2759:Geneva Initiative 2727:Camp David Summit 2687:Madrid Conference 2664:Reagan peace plan 2637: 2542:UN Partition Plan 2536:London Conference 2518:London Conference 2454:Damascus Protocol 2302:978-965-229-456-2 2270:978-0-8157-2052-2 2231:(1999): 379–392. 2184:Hinton, Clete A. 2141:pp. 143–153. 2108:978-1-59264-278-6 1868:978-0-8070-4475-9 1753:978-0-19-022746-3 1726:978-0-8157-1344-9 1618:Stein 1999, p. 7. 1591:countrystudies.us 1572:978-0-19-020189-0 1526:978-0-8223-0972-7 1514:George Lenczowski 1225:Khalid Islambouli 985:Jean-Pierre Filiu 925:fate of Jerusalem 829: 636: 635: 628: 610: 505:Geneva Conference 424:Hussein of Jordan 400: before the 354:shuttle diplomacy 309:Carter Initiative 290:Nobel Peace Prize 240: 239: 6230: 6124: 6123: 5843:A Call to Action 5595: 5594: 5045: 5044: 4937: 4929: 4918: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4857: 4856: 4683:War of Attrition 4555:Diplomatic posts 4549: 4548: 4539: 4538: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4443: 4442: 4415: 4414: 4396: 4359: 4335: 4334: 4328: 4168: 4167: 3913: 3912: 3899: 3898: 3889: 3888: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3670:Papua New Guinea 3645:Marshall Islands 3299:Kurdistan Region 3111: 2928: 2927: 2916: 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Caper 5096: 5091: 5086: 5076: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5049:Foreign policy 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4930: 4919: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4896: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4873: 4864: 4863: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4688:Yom Kippur War 4685: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4668: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4585: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4530: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4447:Related topics 4439: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4391: 4386: 4384:European Union 4381: 4380: 4379: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4331: 4330: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4273:United Kingdom 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3909: 3908: 3895: 3894: 3880: 3879: 3872: 3865: 3857: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3749:United Nations 3746: 3744:European Union 3741: 3736: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3619:United Kingdom 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3479:Czech Republic 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2919: 2918: 2911: 2904: 2896: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2849: 2842: 2840: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2789: 2771: 2761: 2755: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2695: 2689: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2623: 2613: 2603: 2593: 2583: 2577: 2567: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2433:Diplomacy and 2430: 2429: 2422: 2415: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2357: 2348: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2327:External links 2325: 2324: 2323: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2286:Medad, Yisrael 2281: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2269: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2235: 2225: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2196: 2189: 2182: 2172: 2158: 2151: 2145:Bregman, Ahron 2142: 2131: 2124: 2110: 2093: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2055: 2033: 2008: 2006:Armstrong, 414 1999: 1990: 1974: 1965: 1944: 1922: 1900: 1878: 1867: 1842: 1833: 1817: 1792: 1768: 1759: 1752: 1732: 1725: 1705: 1677: 1659: 1638: 1627:Feron, James. 1620: 1611: 1596: 1578: 1571: 1544: 1506: 1497: 1481: 1463: 1440: 1422: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1381:Yom Kippur War 1377: 1371: 1365: 1360: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1261: 1249: 1246: 1211:Main article: 1208: 1205: 1188: 1185: 1134:Resolution 242 1126:Saddam Hussein 1085: 1082: 1049: 1046: 1012: 1009: 997:Menachem Begin 989:Rashid Khalidi 980: 977: 965: 964: 957: 950: 943: 936: 933: 912:Resolution 242 883: 880: 854: 843:Menachem Begin 833: 819: 814: 813: 812: 803: 802: 801: 792:Menachem Begin 779: 776: 697:Menachem Begin 692: 689: 664:Menachem Begin 634: 633: 616:September 2017 548: 546: 539: 533: 530: 476:Menachem Begin 460: 457: 444:Menachem Begin 428:Hafez al-Assad 416:Anwar El Sadat 405: 396: 388: 385: 373:Menachem Begin 358:Yom Kippur War 310: 307: 305: 302: 258:Menachem Begin 238: 237: 235: 234: 229: 223: 221: 217: 216: 214: 213: 200: 186: 184: 180: 179: 177: 176: 163: 149: 147: 143: 142: 140: 139: 127: 115: 113:Menachem Begin 102: 100: 96: 95: 86: 82: 81: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 47:Menachem Begin 44: 36: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6235: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6148:1978 in Egypt 6146: 6145: 6143: 6128: 6127: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6105:← Gerald Ford 6102: 6101: 6098: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5860: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5707:Carter Center 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5658:1980 campaign 5656: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5626:1976 campaign 5624: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598:Gubernatorial 5596: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5454:Environmental 5451: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5387:Energy policy 5384: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5017:controversies 5015: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4882: 4880: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4861: 4860: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4719:Moshe Marzouk 4717: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4416: 4412: 4400: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4352:African Union 4350: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4019:United States 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3866: 3864: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689:Former states 3687: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 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2308:Other sources 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2272: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2218:Sela, Avraham 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2133:Brands, H.W. 2132: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2096:Avner, Yehuda 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2043: 2037: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2012: 2003: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1978: 1969: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1948: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1926: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1904: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1882: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1837: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1799: 1797: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1772: 1763: 1755: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1736: 1728: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1709: 1693: 1692: 1691:Carter Center 1687: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1643: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1615: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1574: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1541: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1501: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1363:1956 Suez War 1361: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1235:Hosni Mubarak 1233: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1214: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1165: 1163: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1147:According to 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1059: 1054: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1019:rejected the 1018: 1008: 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