44:
33:
537:
454:
260:
716:, who would become Prime Minister of the Republic of China in 1912. Also in attendance on behalf of China was former U.S. Secretary of State John Watson Foster. China's main military representative was Colonel Ding Shiyuan, whose suggestion regarding the need for a more specific legal definition of "war" was rejected by most of the Western participants.
495:, limits on naval expansion would preserve that dominant position. Germany also rejected proposals for compulsory arbitration. However, the conference did enlarge the machinery for voluntary arbitration and established conventions regulating the collection of debts, rules of war, and the rights and obligations of neutrals.
1775:
798:
Although their contents have largely been superseded by other treaties, the Hague
Conventions of 1899 and 1907 continue to stand as symbols of the need for restrictions on war and the desirability of avoiding it altogether. Since 2000, Convention (I) of 1907 on the Pacific Settlement of International
397:
This declaration provides that, for a period of five years, in any war between signatory powers, no projectiles or explosives would be launched from balloons, "or by other new methods of a similar nature". The declaration was ratified by all the major powers except the United
Kingdom and the United
188:
in the 19th century. It was welcomed and adopted by military establishments of other nations. The 1874 Brussels
Declaration, which was never adopted by all major nations, listed 56 articles that drew inspiration from the Lieber Code. Much of the regulations in the Hague Conventions borrowed heavily
778:
called the assemblies the "international union of Hague conferences". SchĂĽcking saw the Hague conferences as a nucleus of a future international federation that was to meet at regular intervals to administer justice and develop international law procedures for the peaceful settlement of disputes,
507:
This convention confirms and expands on
Convention (I) of 1899. As of February 2017, this convention is in force for 102 states, and 116 states have ratified one or both of the 1907 Convention (I) and the 1899 Convention (I), which together are the founding documents of the
2193:
2187:
3399:
498:
The treaties, declarations, and final act of the Second
Conference were signed on 18 October 1907; they entered into force on 26 January 1910. The 1907 Convention consists of thirteen treaties—of which twelve were ratified and entered into force—and one declaration:
411:
This declaration states that, in any war between signatory powers, the parties will abstain from using projectiles "the sole object of which is the diffusion of asphyxiating or deleterious gases". Ratified by all major powers, except the United States.
794:
were recognized by all civilized nations and were regarded as declaratory of the laws and customs of war. Under this post-war decision, a country did not have to have ratified the 1907 Hague
Convention on Land Warfare in order to be bound by them.
3359:
3284:
1222:"Declaration concerning the prohibition of the use of bullets which can easily expand or change their form inside the human body such as bullets with a hard covering which does not completely cover the core, or containing indentations"
420:: Declaration concerning the Prohibition of the Use of Bullets which can Easily Expand or Change their Form inside the Human Body such as Bullets with a Hard Covering which does not Completely Cover the Core, or containing Indentations
621:
This declaration extended the provisions of
Declaration (IV,1) of 1899 to the close of the planned Third Peace Conference (which never took place). Among the major powers, this was ratified only by China, Britain, and the United
482:
was held from 15 June to 18 October 1907. The intent of the conference was to expand upon the 1899 Hague
Convention by modifying some parts and adding new topics; in particular, the 1907 conference had an increased focus on
3294:
446:
3379:
490:
The
British attempted to secure the limitation of armaments, but these efforts were defeated by the other powers, led by Germany, which feared a British attempt to stop the growth of the German fleet. As Britain had
297:, were instrumental in initiating the conference. The conference opened on 18 May 1899, the Tsar's birthday. The treaties, declarations, and final act of the conference were signed on 29 July of that year, and they
216:. A major effort in both conferences was the creation of a binding international court for compulsory arbitration to settle international disputes, which was considered necessary to replace the institution of war.
3264:
764:
was introduced and used by all major belligerents throughout the war, in violation of the
Declaration (IV, 2) of 1899 and Convention (IV) of 1907, which explicitly forbade the use of "poison or poisoned weapons".
634:
labelled the Hague Convention a "thieves' supper." German authorities were swift in expelling Quelch from the country for his remarks, an action which boosted British esteem in the eyes of their radical peers.
467:, in 1907, resulted in conventions containing only few major advancements from the 1899 Convention. However, the meeting of major powers did prefigure later 20th-century attempts at international cooperation.
759:
in August 1914 in order to outflank France, for instance, was a violation of Convention (V) of 1907, which states that belligerents must not violate neutral territory and move troops across said territory.
3249:
3146:
1765:
Mitchell, Ryan MartĂnez. "China's participation in the second Hague conference and the concept of equal sovereignty in international law." Asian Journal of International Law 11, no. 2 (2021): 351–371.
3259:
1463:
723:
to the Hague Conventions is considered an addition to the Conventions. Signed on 17 June 1925 and entering into force on 8 February 1928, its single article permanently bans the use of all forms of
433:(which had a partial metal jacket and an exposed tip) and "cross-tipped" bullets (which had a cross-shaped incision in their tip to aid in expansion, nicknamed "dum dums" from the
3108:
3723:
3633:
335:
This voluminous convention contains the laws to be used in all wars on land between signatories. It specifies the treatment of prisoners of war, includes the provisions of the
4133:
3558:
3369:
3309:
3172:
4188:
4173:
3658:
1776:"Geneva Protocol: Protocol For the Prohibition of the Use In War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous, or Other Gases, And of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)"
1714:
1569:
1474:
1221:
1203:
1184:
1153:
3683:
653:, whose contributions are seen today by some analysts as essential for the defense of the principle of legal equality of nations. The British delegation included Sir
3858:
2999:
808:
319:
3178:
1688:
1665:
1642:
1619:
1596:
1520:
1497:
1422:
1399:
1357:
1169:
4183:
3394:
3034:
605:
for the resolution of conflicting claims relating to captured ships during wartime. It is the one convention that never came into force. It was ratified only by
3274:
2073:
3304:
3216:
3195:
3101:
2826:
3973:
1252:
4053:
3538:
4083:
3653:
3648:
1182:
Declaration concerning the prohibition of the discharge of projectiles and explosives from balloons or by other new analogous methods (1899): Parties
739:, and fears that chemical and biological warfare could lead to horrific consequences in any future war. The protocol has since been augmented by the
2120:
756:
4123:
3543:
3468:
2994:
697:
627:
4043:
3923:
3339:
3184:
3094:
2365:
2221:
3788:
3299:
3024:
1338:
178:
and murder of soldiers or citizens in hostile territory; and the status of individuals engaged in a state of civil war against the government.
2140:
4178:
4013:
3443:
301:
on 4 September 1900. What is referred to as the Hague Convention of 1899 consisted of three main treaties and three additional declarations:
1201:
Declaration concerning the prohibition of the use of projectiles with the sole object to spread asphyxiating poisonous gases (1899): Parties
4048:
3578:
3573:
3453:
2279:
4128:
4063:
4018:
3738:
3493:
3448:
3269:
2274:
228:
4098:
4093:
3803:
3205:
3157:
3004:
1091:
Hudson, Manley O. “Membership in the League of Nations.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 18, no. 3, 1924, pp. 436–458,
392:: Declaration concerning the Prohibition of the Discharge of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons or by Other New Analogous Methods
3773:
3254:
3200:
2891:
2375:
384:
and requires them to treat the wounded and shipwrecked sailors of all belligerent parties. It too was ratified by all major powers.
196:
as an independent country, prior to its loss of independence in 1905 that prevented it from attending the Hague Convention of 1907.
3903:
3863:
2819:
1110:"The Hague peace conferences of 1899 and 1907; a series of lectures delivered before the Johns Hopkins University in the year 1908"
731:
in interstate armed conflicts. The protocol grew out of the increasing public outcry against chemical warfare following the use of
43:
17:
879:
4068:
4008:
3718:
2230:
3843:
4193:
3878:
3823:
3798:
3793:
3167:
3117:
843:
779:
asserting that "a definite political union of the states of the world has been created with the First and Second Conferences".
32:
1711:
1566:
1543:
1170:
Convention for the adaptation to maritime warfare of the principles of the Geneva Convention of 22 August 1864 (1899): Parties
406:: Declaration concerning the Prohibition of the Use of Projectiles with the Sole Object to Spread Asphyxiating Poisonous Gases
3678:
3279:
3151:
2570:
1620:
Convention for the adaptation to maritime warfare of the principles of the Geneva Convention (of 6 July 1906) (1907): Parties
1444:
1372:
1229:
1200:
1181:
1150:
1076:
1047:
1013:
984:
955:
926:
1643:
Convention relative to certain restrictions with regard to the exercise of the right of capture in naval war (1907): Parties
549:
This convention confirms, with minor modifications, the provisions of Convention (II) of 1899. All major powers ratified it.
87:. A third conference was planned for 1914 and later rescheduled for 1915, but it did not take place because of the start of
4038:
3983:
3943:
3598:
848:
3713:
3568:
3563:
3386:
3354:
2812:
2214:
3928:
3533:
3528:
3364:
2651:
1138:
2098:
Bettez, David J. "Unfulfilled Initiative: Disarmament Negotiations and the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907".
1311:
David J. Bettez, "Unfulfilled Initiative: Disarmament Negotiations and the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907".
122:. The Lieber Code was the first official comprehensive codified law that set out regulations for behavior in times of
4118:
4078:
3628:
3503:
3498:
3190:
2706:
2634:
2600:
1863:
247:, favoured a process for binding international arbitration, but the provision was vetoed by a few countries, led by
4153:
3988:
3883:
3753:
3603:
3513:
3508:
593:(XI): Convention relative to Certain Restrictions with regard to the Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War
578:(X): Convention for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention (of 6 July 1906)
318:, which exists to this day. The section was ratified by all major powers and many smaller powers –
3948:
3938:
3898:
3693:
3613:
2088:
Best, Geoffrey. "Peace conferences and the century of total war: the 1899 Hague Conference and what came after."
1498:
Convention relative to the rights and duties of neutral powers and persons in case of war on land (1907): Parties
375:: Convention for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention of 22 August 1864
4203:
4103:
3993:
3963:
3933:
3808:
3593:
3588:
3426:
3345:
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
3250:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
3237:
3065:
3009:
2544:
2539:
2207:
2171:
509:
315:
232:
220:
1400:
Convention respecting the limitation of the employment of force for recovery of contract debts (1907): Parties
4218:
4158:
4143:
4138:
4113:
4108:
4028:
3953:
3828:
3768:
3733:
3688:
3663:
3404:
2881:
2554:
1521:
Convention relative to the legal position of enemy merchant ships at the start of hostilities (1907): Parties
1272:
740:
662:
290:
167:
682:
536:
4208:
4198:
4088:
3998:
3978:
3918:
3913:
3848:
3833:
3783:
3763:
3758:
3743:
3728:
3698:
3643:
3638:
3608:
3583:
3548:
3029:
3014:
2843:
2615:
2460:
2334:
976:
828:
2115:
Hucker, Daniel. "British Peace Activism and 'New' Diplomacy: Revisiting the 1899 Hague Peace Conference."
1943:, by James Brown Scott (ed.) Contains the texts of all conventions and the ratifying countries as of 1915.
4213:
4168:
4148:
4073:
4023:
4003:
3968:
3908:
3893:
3888:
3868:
3853:
3813:
3708:
3668:
3618:
3380:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
3070:
2851:
2731:
2490:
2421:
744:
445:
182:
425:
This declaration states that, in any war between signatory powers, the parties will abstain from using "
4058:
3958:
3873:
3838:
3818:
3748:
3673:
3623:
3553:
2907:
2835:
2522:
2495:
1932:, contains full texts and ratifying states of both the 1899 and 1907 conventions, among other treaties.
947:
918:
115:
553:(V): Convention relative to the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in case of War on Land
4163:
4033:
3778:
3703:
3523:
3518:
3060:
2360:
1855:
1779:
602:
581:
This convention updated Convention (III) of 1899 to reflect the amendments that had been made to the
1335:
1126:
585:. Convention (X) was ratified by all major states except Britain. It was subsequently superseded by
516:(II): Convention respecting the Limitation of the Employment of Force for Recovery of Contract Debts
3405:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
2721:
2387:
2322:
2108:
Eyffinger, Arthur. "A highly critical moment: role and record of the 1907 Hague Peace Conference."
2093:
899:
851:(Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight)
705:
586:
558:(VI): Convention relative to the Legal Position of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Start of Hostilities
3374:
3162:
2918:
2784:
2774:
2716:
2656:
2502:
2329:
2312:
1712:
Declaration prohibiting the discharge of projectiles and explosives from balloons (1907): Parties
1005:
666:
336:
185:
700:
was a member of the French delegation for both the 1899 and 1907 delegations. He later won the
3285:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
3075:
3050:
2943:
2575:
2512:
2295:
1984:
1936:
List of signatory powers of the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
1039:
823:
813:
689:
582:
2047:
1990:
Schlichtmann, Klaus (2003). "Japan, Germany and the Idea of the two Hague Peace Conferences".
1947:
Hudson, Manley O. (January 1931). "Present Status of the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907".
3211:
2661:
2517:
2339:
2249:
2033:
1849:
364:
266:
236:
37:
3289:
3141:
3019:
2876:
2666:
2585:
2580:
2300:
356:
344:
2019:
1689:
Convention concerning the rights and duties of neutral Powers in naval war (1907): Parties
775:
704:
in 1909 for his efforts. The U.S. representative, with the rank of ambassador, was former
540:
Parties to Convention number IV: Convention respecting the laws and customs of war on land
322:. All signatories would ratify by 1904, except the Ottoman Empire which ratified in 1907.
8:
3438:
3086:
2976:
2923:
2886:
2646:
2455:
2409:
2380:
1940:
151:
2037:
1666:
Convention relative to the establishment of an International Prize Court (1907): Parties
618:(XIV): Declaration Prohibiting the Discharge of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons
219:
This effort failed at both conferences. Instead, a voluntary forum for arbitration, the
3458:
2960:
2955:
2928:
2866:
2779:
2746:
2711:
2590:
2507:
2485:
2465:
2431:
2007:
1972:
1964:
1814:
1388:
1109:
755:
Many of the rules laid down at the Hague Conventions were violated in World War I. The
728:
525:
475:
471:
457:
417:
403:
389:
372:
339:
for the treatment of the wounded, and forbids the use of poisons, the killing of enemy
298:
119:
72:
3295:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
2199:
2023:
1923:
1677:
1631:
1608:
1585:
1567:
Convention relative to the laying of automatic submarine contact mines (1907): Parties
1555:
1544:
Convention relative to the conversion of merchant ships into war-ships (1907): Parties
1532:
1509:
1486:
1459:
1411:
1324:
327:
306:
2871:
2766:
2751:
2627:
2595:
2549:
2167:
2011:
1976:
1926:—Contains the full texts of both the 1899 and 1907 conventions, among other treaties.
1859:
1440:
1264:
1072:
1043:
1033:
1009:
980:
951:
922:
701:
674:
430:
163:
84:
3290:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
2161:
1700:
1654:
786:, the judges of the military tribunal of the Trial of German Major War Criminals at
693:
3400:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
2989:
2938:
2761:
2641:
2436:
2370:
2317:
2259:
1999:
1956:
1806:
1092:
1029:
887:
854:
787:
761:
724:
426:
360:
294:
139:
60:
3260:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
1935:
1369:
613:(XIII): Convention concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War
453:
3344:
3055:
2856:
2741:
2736:
2404:
2264:
2244:
2157:
2147:
1906:
1732:
The Revolutionary Movement in Britain, 1900–21: The Origins of British Communism.
1718:
1573:
1376:
1342:
1207:
1188:
1157:
720:
644:
529:
492:
434:
111:
100:
1597:
Convention concerning bombardment by naval forces in time of war (1907): Parties
598:(XII)]: Convention relative to the Establishment of an International Prize Court
259:
2685:
2532:
2414:
2399:
2307:
2269:
2130:
2103:
1902:
1358:
Convention for the pacific settlement of international disputes (1907): Parties
833:
818:
769:
381:
277:
2003:
1898:
1151:
Convention with respect to the laws and customs of war on land (1899): Parties
1141:
of the Convention for the pacific settlement of international disputes (1899).
568:(VIII): Convention relative to the Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines
3487:
3147:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
2804:
2678:
2673:
2344:
2254:
2125:
Reinsch, P. (1908). "Failures and Successes at the Second Hague Conference."
1929:
1756:
The Proceedings of the Hague Peace Conferences, Oxford University Press, 1920
1268:
713:
563:(VII): Convention relative to the Conversion of Merchant Ships into War-ships
484:
248:
244:
224:
193:
175:
2896:
1437:
When nations can't default: a history of war reparations and sovereign debt
783:
658:
631:
240:
108:
437:
in India). It was ratified by all major powers, except the United States.
2793:
2756:
2726:
2690:
2621:
2606:
2450:
1336:
Convention pour le règlement pacifique des conflits internationaux (1907)
736:
732:
650:
352:
283:
209:
205:
123:
104:
88:
76:
68:
2083:
1794:
1287:
The proud tower : a portrait of the world before the war, 1890–1914
2426:
2392:
1968:
1818:
838:
709:
670:
654:
367:
is forbidden. The section was signed by all major powers except China.
340:
181:
As such, the code was widely regarded as the best summary of the first
573:(IX): Convention concerning Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War
75:, the Hague Conventions were among the first formal statements of the
2965:
2441:
2137:
The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907, Vol. 1, The Conferences
1899:
Judgement: The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
1068:
790:
found that by 1939, the rules laid down in the 1907 Hague Convention
606:
524:
This convention sets out the accepted procedure for a state making a
470:
The second conference was called at the suggestion of U.S. President
213:
171:
155:
147:
135:
80:
64:
1960:
1810:
1096:
504:(I): Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
103:
that addressed the conduct of warfare and were largely based on the
36:
The First Hague Conference in 1899: A meeting in the Orange Hall of
3265:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
2933:
1795:"The Hague Conventions and the Neutrality of Belgium and Luxemburg"
772:
127:
2100:
RUSI Journal: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies,
1313:
RUSI Journal: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies,
1127:
Convention pour le règlement pacifique des conflits internationaux
1792:
1423:
Convention relative to the opening of hostilities (1907): Parties
941:
884:
Year Book of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1915
678:
348:
309:: Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
143:
330:: Convention with respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land
223:, was established. Most of the countries present, including the
2950:
2196:, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs (official depositary)
2190:, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs (official depositary)
546:(IV): Convention respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land
56:
3310:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
3173:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
1930:
ICRC International Humanitarian Law – Treaties & Documents
3129:
287:
159:
131:
2145:
1985:
The First Hague Peace Conference 1899 as portrayed in Punch
673:
as a technical delegate. The Russian delegation was led by
280:
263:
3116:
768:
Writing in 1918, the German international law scholar and
3000:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2078:
Barcroft, Stephen. "The Hague Peace Conference of 1899".
2068:
Baker, Betsy. "Hague Peace Conferences (1899 and 1907)."
915:
Necessity, Proportionality and the Use of Force by States
809:
List of parties to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
630:
was standing in Stuttgart, in which the British delegate
192:
The Hague Convention of 1899 was notably attended by the
118:
Forces of the United States on 24 April 1863, during the
3179:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
2070:
The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law,
1250:
1065:
International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction
528:. It provides the basis on which, in international law,
521:(III): Convention relative to the Opening of Hostilities
3035:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
2229:
1941:
The Hague conventions and declarations of 1899 and 1907
1745:
Sovereign Equality Among States: The History of an Idea
973:
Lincoln on Trial: Southern Civilians and the Law of War
3634:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1851:
The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir
380:
This convention provides for the protection of marked
99:
The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 were the first
3559:
Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations
3275:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
3191:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
1353:
1351:
4189:
Treaties of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
3724:
Treaties of the Republic of the Congo (LĂ©opoldville)
3370:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
3305:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
3196:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
1924:
Avalon Project at Yale Law School on The Laws of War
799:
Disputes has been ratified by 20 additional states.
712:. The main representative of the Chinese Empire was
685:, a defender of the idea of compulsory arbitration.
4174:
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1989:
1035:
Lincoln's Code: The Laws of War in American History
355:of undefended towns or habitations. Inhabitants of
3424:
2990:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
2042:. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
1348:
970:
880:"Preparation for the Third Hague Peace Conference"
204:Both conferences included negotiations concerning
4134:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)
1946:
1257:Academic Research Paper on History and Archeology
757:German invasion of neutral Luxembourg and Belgium
59:and declarations negotiated at two international
3485:
3469:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
3020:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
2995:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
2048:"Surprise Attack: Crime at Pearl Harbor and Now"
2025:The International Union of the Hague Conferences
1892:
1887:The international union of the Hague conferences
1734:London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969. p. 50.
1028:
3659:Treaties of the Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)
3185:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1747:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 61.
999:
3300:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
2834:
1847:
1379:, Permanent Court of Arbitration, pca-cpa.org.
3684:Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
3444:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
3102:
2820:
2215:
912:
314:This convention included the creation of the
3859:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
3454:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
3340:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
1428:
1062:
3449:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
3270:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
2149:The two Hague conferences and their results
2104:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071848808445312
1263:(96). Moscow: Russia and the modern world.
601:This convention would have established the
440:
254:
4184:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
3974:Treaties of the Principality of Montenegro
3206:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
3158:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
3109:
3095:
3005:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
2827:
2813:
2222:
2208:
1793:Andrew Sanders and F. Stuart Ross (1915).
1434:
942:Paul R. Bartrop and Samuel Totten (2007).
449:Commemorative medal of the 1907 convention
276:came from a proposal on 24 August 1898 by
4054:Treaties of the Portuguese First Republic
3539:Diplomatic conferences in the Netherlands
3131:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
3025:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
2032:
2018:
1949:The American Journal of International Law
1799:The American Journal of International Law
1439:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3.
474:in 1904. It was postponed because of the
429:in the human body". This directly banned
3654:Treaties of the Principality of Bulgaria
3649:Treaties of the First Brazilian Republic
3360:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
2057:. American Bar Association. p. 978.
1477:, update Oct 2013 (archived 28 Feb 2014)
1253:"the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907"
719:Though not negotiated in The Hague, the
535:
452:
444:
258:
130:and civilian property and punishment of
42:
31:
4124:Treaties of Spain under the Restoration
3544:International humanitarian law treaties
2156:
14:
4044:Treaties of the Second Polish Republic
3924:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
3486:
3168:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
3118:International human rights instruments
2080:Irish Studies in International Affairs
844:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
427:bullets which expand or flatten easily
351:of a town or place, and the attack or
3789:Treaties of the French Third Republic
3423:
3326:
3280:Convention on the Rights of the Child
3235:
3234:
3217:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
3152:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3128:
3090:
2808:
2203:
2146:Trueblood, Benjamin Franklin (1914).
2046:Robinson, James J. (September 1960).
698:Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
4179:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
4014:Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan
2110:Netherlands international law review
1220:Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse.
890:: Press of Byron S. Adams: 134. 1915
849:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
792:IV – Laws and Customs of War on Land
663:11th Lord Reay (Donald James Mackay)
649:The Brazilian delegation was led by
4049:Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal
3579:Treaties entered into force in 1910
3574:Treaties entered into force in 1900
3387:American Convention on Human Rights
2231:International relations (1814–1919)
1002:The International Law of Occupation
47:The Second Hague Conference in 1907
24:
4129:Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon
4064:Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
4019:Treaties of the State of Palestine
3739:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
3494:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
3365:European Convention on Nationality
2139:. (The Johns Hopkins Press 1909).
2127:American Political Science Review,
2062:
53:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
25:
4230:
4099:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
4094:Treaties of the Kingdom of Serbia
4084:Treaties of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3804:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
3355:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
2181:
1475:Table of parties and reservations
1251:Sayamov Yury Nikolaevich (2017).
1219:
199:
107:, which was signed and issued by
3774:Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire
3327:
2082:1989, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp 55–68.
628:International socialist Congress
3904:Treaties of the Kingdom of Laos
3864:Treaties of the Empire of Japan
1879:
1841:
1825:
1786:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1737:
1724:
1705:
1694:
1682:
1671:
1659:
1648:
1636:
1625:
1613:
1602:
1590:
1579:
1560:
1549:
1537:
1526:
1514:
1503:
1491:
1480:
1468:
1453:
1416:
1405:
1393:
1382:
1363:
1329:
1318:
1305:
1292:
1279:
1244:
1213:
1194:
1175:
1163:
1144:
1132:
1120:
638:
4069:Treaties of the Russian Empire
4009:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
3719:Treaties of the Czech Republic
3427:International humanitarian law
3066:International humanitarian law
3010:Special Court for Sierra Leone
2028:. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
1909:, Retrieved on 29 August 2014.
1102:
1085:
1056:
1022:
993:
964:
935:
906:
872:
510:Permanent Court of Arbitration
363:against their own country and
316:Permanent Court of Arbitration
221:Permanent Court of Arbitration
174:, and respect for human life;
170:troops; the conditions of any
55:are a series of international
13:
1:
4194:Treaties of the United States
3879:Treaties of the Korean Empire
3824:Treaties of the Qajar dynasty
3799:Treaties of the German Empire
3794:Treaties of Georgia (country)
3395:to Prevent and Punish Torture
2601:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits
2555:1917 Franco-Russian agreement
2545:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
860:
741:Biological Weapons Convention
291:Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov
3679:Treaties of the Qing dynasty
3030:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
3015:International Criminal Court
2461:Second Industrial Revolution
2335:League of the Three Emperors
2194:Hague Peace Conventions 1907
2188:Hague Peace Conventions 1899
977:University Press of Kentucky
865:
829:Hague Secret Emissary Affair
476:war between Russia and Japan
7:
4039:Treaties of the Philippines
3984:Treaties of the Netherlands
3944:Treaties of North Macedonia
3599:Treaties of Austria-Hungary
3071:International speech crimes
2852:Customary international law
2491:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
2039:The Federation of the World
971:Burrus M. Carnahan (2008).
802:
745:Chemical Weapons Convention
27:Treaties on the laws of war
10:
4235:
3844:Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq
3714:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
3569:Treaties concluded in 1907
3564:Treaties concluded in 1899
3391:Inter-American Convention
3255:Convention against Torture
2892:Convention Against Torture
2836:International criminal law
2540:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
2117:Diplomacy & Statecraft
1916:
1435:Hinrichsen, Simon (2024).
919:Cambridge University Press
642:
94:
3929:Treaties of Liechtenstein
3534:20th century in The Hague
3529:19th century in The Hague
3434:
3419:
3335:
3322:
3245:
3230:
3137:
3124:
3061:Joint criminal enterprise
3043:
2974:
2905:
2842:
2699:
2563:
2476:
2361:European balance of power
2353:
2288:
2237:
2152:. American Peace Society.
2004:10.1177/00223433030404002
1992:Journal of Peace Research
1856:Little, Brown and Company
1780:Nuclear Threat Initiative
1743:Klein, Robert A. (1974),
750:
603:International Prize Court
337:Geneva Convention of 1864
4119:Treaties of South Africa
4079:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
3629:Treaties of Burkina Faso
3504:1907 in military history
3499:1899 in military history
2981:(in order of foundation)
2652:Venezuela Naval Blockade
2323:Anglo-Russian Convention
2135:Scott, James Brown, ed.
2102:(1988) 133#3 pp 57–62.
1889:, Clarendon Press, 1918.
1572:15 December 2013 at the
1300:The War that Ended Peace
1099:. Accessed 18 July 2024.
1000:Eyal Benvenisti (2012).
900:University of California
706:American Bar Association
587:Second Geneva Convention
493:the world's largest navy
441:Hague Convention of 1907
255:Hague Convention of 1899
18:Hague Convention of 1899
4154:Treaties of Switzerland
3989:Treaties of New Zealand
3884:Treaties of South Korea
3754:Treaties of El Salvador
3604:Treaties of the Bahamas
3514:1907 in the Netherlands
3509:1899 in the Netherlands
3163:Declaration of Montreal
2919:Crimes against humanity
2657:Alaska boundary dispute
2330:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
2313:Franco-Russian Alliance
1848:Telford Taylor (1993).
1345:(official French text).
1341:21 January 2016 at the
1315:(1988) 133#3 pp 57–62.
1156:3 February 2014 at the
1129:(official French text).
1006:Oxford University Press
944:Dictionary of Genocide
480:Second Peace Conference
465:Second Hague Conference
359:may not be forced into
320:26 signatories in total
186:laws and customs of war
83:in the body of secular
3949:Treaties of Madagascar
3939:Treaties of Luxembourg
3899:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
3694:Treaties of Costa Rica
3614:Treaties of Bangladesh
3076:Universal jurisdiction
3051:Command responsibility
2944:Incitement to genocide
2882:United Nations Charter
2576:Unification of Germany
2523:Taft–Katsura agreement
2119:26.3 (2015): 405–423.
2092:75.3 (1999): 619–634.
2034:Trueblood, Benjamin F.
1206:31 August 2013 at the
913:Judith Gardam (2011).
824:Command responsibility
814:American Peace Society
735:and similar agents in
681:delegation was led by
583:1864 Geneva Convention
541:
460:
450:
274:First Hague Conference
269:
189:from the Lieber Code.
48:
40:
4204:Treaties of Venezuela
4104:Treaties of Singapore
3994:Treaties of Nicaragua
3964:Treaties of Mauritius
3934:Treaties of Lithuania
3809:Treaties of Guatemala
3594:Treaties of Australia
3589:Treaties of Argentina
3212:Yogyakarta Principles
2662:First Moroccan Crisis
2376:Spread of nationalism
2340:Eight-Nation Alliance
2112:54.2 (2007): 197–228.
2090:International Affairs
2072:4.2 (2009): 689–698.
1901:, available from the
1717:16 March 2014 at the
1187:15 March 2014 at the
1063:Michael Haas (2008).
683:José Batlle y Ordóñez
643:Further information:
539:
456:
448:
365:collective punishment
267:Nicholas II of Russia
262:
101:multilateral treaties
46:
38:Huis ten Bosch palace
35:
4219:Treaties of Zimbabwe
4159:Treaties of Thailand
4144:Treaties of Eswatini
4139:Treaties of Suriname
4114:Treaties of Slovenia
4109:Treaties of Slovakia
4029:Treaties of Paraguay
3954:Treaties of Malaysia
3829:Treaties of Honduras
3769:Treaties of Ethiopia
3734:Treaties of Djibouti
3689:Treaties of Colombia
3664:Treaties of Cameroon
3142:Brazilian Resolution
2977:International courts
2877:Nuremberg principles
2667:Algeciras Conference
2647:Annexation of Hawaii
2586:Great Eastern Crisis
2581:Unification of Italy
2571:Formation of Romania
2388:French–German enmity
2166:. Ballantine Books.
1831:Robinson, James J.,
1298:Margaret MacMillan,
626:At the same time an
357:occupied territories
4209:Treaties of Vietnam
4199:Treaties of Uruguay
4089:Treaties of Senegal
3999:Treaties of Nigeria
3979:Treaties of Morocco
3919:Treaties of Liberia
3914:Treaties of Lebanon
3849:Treaties of Ireland
3834:Treaties of Iceland
3784:Treaties of Finland
3764:Treaties of Estonia
3759:Treaties of Eritrea
3744:Treaties of Ecuador
3729:Treaties of Denmark
3699:Treaties of Croatia
3644:Treaties of Bolivia
3639:Treaties of Belgium
3609:Treaties of Bahrain
3584:Treaties of Albania
3549:Pacifism in Germany
3439:Genocide Convention
2924:Crime of aggression
2887:Genocide Convention
2732:Philippine–American
2717:First Sino-Japanese
2550:Racconigi agreement
2496:Treaty of Frankfurt
2456:Great Rapprochement
2410:Scramble for Africa
1885:Walther SchĂĽcking,
1375:21 May 2013 at the
1302:(2013) pp. 304–305.
1289:(1966) pp. 277–287.
1275:on 27 October 2020.
1139:Certified true copy
1114:avalon.law.yale.edu
166:; parole of former
4214:Treaties of Zambia
4169:Treaties of Uganda
4149:Treaties of Sweden
4074:Treaties of Rwanda
4024:Treaties of Panama
4004:Treaties of Norway
3969:Treaties of Mexico
3909:Treaties of Latvia
3894:Treaties of Kosovo
3889:Treaties of Kuwait
3869:Treaties of Jordan
3854:Treaties of Israel
3814:Treaties of Guyana
3709:Treaties of Cyprus
3669:Treaties of Canada
3619:Treaties of Belize
3459:Geneva Conventions
2929:Crime of apartheid
2867:Geneva Conventions
2591:Congress of Berlin
2508:Reinsurance Treaty
2486:Congress of Vienna
2466:Industrial warfare
2432:Scramble for China
2020:SchĂĽcking, Walther
1232:on 9 December 2013
729:biological warfare
669:as delegates, and
542:
526:declaration of war
472:Theodore Roosevelt
461:
458:Theodore Roosevelt
451:
431:soft-point bullets
299:entered into force
270:
120:American Civil War
73:Geneva Conventions
49:
41:
4059:Treaties of Qatar
3959:Treaties of Malta
3874:Treaties of Kenya
3839:Treaties of India
3819:Treaties of Haiti
3749:Treaties of Egypt
3674:Treaties of Chile
3624:Treaties of Benin
3554:Peace conferences
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3464:Hague Conventions
3415:
3414:
3318:
3317:
3238:International law
3226:
3225:
3084:
3083:
2910:international law
2872:Nuremberg Charter
2862:Hague Conventions
2802:
2801:
2771:Albanian Revolts
2628:German Naval Laws
2612:Naval arms races
2596:Berlin Conference
2528:Hague Conventions
1446:978-1-009-34397-8
1285:Barbara Tuchman,
1078:978-0-4157-7455-0
1049:978-1-4165-6983-1
1015:978-0-1995-8889-3
986:978-0-8131-3459-8
957:978-0-3133-2967-8
928:978-0-5211-7349-0
776:Walther SchĂĽcking
702:Nobel Peace Prize
675:Friedrich Martens
164:prisoner exchange
85:international law
71:. Along with the
61:peace conferences
16:(Redirected from
4226:
4164:Treaties of Togo
4034:Treaties of Peru
3779:Treaties of Fiji
3704:Treaties of Cuba
3524:1907 conferences
3519:1908 conferences
3421:
3420:
3324:
3323:
3232:
3231:
3201:Paris Principles
3126:
3125:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3044:Related concepts
2982:
2939:Genocidal intent
2829:
2822:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2722:Spanish–American
2642:Fashoda Incident
2518:Treaty of Björkö
2503:Treaty of Berlin
2437:Open Door Policy
2371:Eastern question
2318:Entente Cordiale
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2177:
2158:Tuchman, Barbara
2153:
2043:
2029:
2015:
1983:Lee, Jin Hyuck.
1980:
1910:
1896:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1845:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1730:Walter Kendall,
1728:
1722:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1346:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1271:. Archived from
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1228:. Archived from
1217:
1211:
1198:
1192:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1106:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1030:John Fabian Witt
1026:
1020:
1019:
997:
991:
990:
968:
962:
961:
939:
933:
932:
910:
904:
903:
897:
895:
888:Washington, D.C.
876:
855:World Federation
788:Nuremberg Trials
532:may be demanded.
361:military service
295:foreign minister
140:prisoners of war
126:; protection of
21:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4223:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3473:
3430:
3411:
3331:
3314:
3241:
3222:
3133:
3120:
3115:
3085:
3080:
3056:Superior orders
3039:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2970:
2912:
2909:
2901:
2857:Peremptory norm
2838:
2833:
2803:
2798:
2737:Boxer Rebellion
2695:
2559:
2513:Treaty of Paris
2478:
2472:
2405:New Imperialism
2366:Ottoman decline
2349:
2296:Triple Alliance
2284:
2245:Austria-Hungary
2233:
2228:
2184:
2174:
2163:The Proud Tower
2065:
2063:Further reading
2060:
1961:10.2307/2189634
1919:
1914:
1913:
1907:Yale Law School
1897:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1846:
1842:
1830:
1826:
1811:10.2307/2187008
1791:
1787:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1719:Wayback Machine
1710:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1580:
1574:Wayback Machine
1565:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1377:Wayback Machine
1368:
1364:
1356:
1349:
1343:Wayback Machine
1334:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1218:
1214:
1208:Wayback Machine
1199:
1195:
1189:Wayback Machine
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1158:Wayback Machine
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1097:10.2307/2188357
1090:
1086:
1079:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1027:
1023:
1016:
998:
994:
987:
969:
965:
958:
940:
936:
929:
911:
907:
893:
891:
878:
877:
873:
868:
863:
805:
753:
743:(1972) and the
721:Geneva Protocol
647:
645:Geneva Protocol
641:
620:
600:
580:
548:
530:war reparations
523:
506:
443:
435:Dum Dum Arsenal
286:. Nicholas and
257:
202:
112:Abraham Lincoln
97:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4232:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3375:Social Charter
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2908:Crimes against
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2747:Russo-Japanese
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Anglo-Egyptian
2709:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2686:Bosnian Crisis
2683:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2635:Austro-Italian
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2533:Martens Clause
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2415:Egyptian Lever
2402:
2400:Pax Britannica
2397:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2381:Sovereign debt
2378:
2373:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2308:Triple Entente
2305:
2304:
2303:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2275:United Kingdom
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2183:
2182:External links
2180:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2154:
2143:
2133:
2129:2#2, 204–220.
2123:
2113:
2106:
2096:
2086:
2076:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2044:
2030:
2016:
1998:(4): 377–394.
1987:
1981:
1955:(1): 114–117.
1944:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1903:Avalon Project
1891:
1878:
1864:
1840:
1824:
1805:(4): 959–962.
1785:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1704:
1693:
1681:
1678:Text on Avalon
1670:
1658:
1647:
1635:
1632:Text on Avalon
1624:
1612:
1609:Text on Avalon
1601:
1589:
1586:Text on Avalon
1578:
1559:
1556:Text on Avalon
1548:
1536:
1533:Text on Avalon
1525:
1513:
1510:Text on Avalon
1502:
1490:
1487:Text on Avalon
1479:
1467:
1460:Text on Avalon
1452:
1445:
1427:
1415:
1412:Text on Avalon
1404:
1392:
1389:Text on Avalon
1381:
1362:
1347:
1328:
1325:Text on Avalon
1317:
1304:
1291:
1278:
1259:(in Russian).
1243:
1212:
1193:
1174:
1162:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1101:
1084:
1077:
1055:
1048:
1021:
1014:
992:
985:
963:
956:
934:
927:
905:
870:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
852:
846:
841:
836:
834:Martens Clause
831:
826:
821:
819:Antimilitarism
816:
811:
804:
801:
752:
749:
694:LĂ©on Bourgeois
640:
637:
624:
623:
615:
610:
595:
590:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
534:
533:
518:
513:
442:
439:
423:
422:
409:
408:
395:
394:
382:hospital ships
378:
377:
333:
332:
312:
311:
256:
253:
201:
200:Subject matter
198:
96:
93:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4231:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3229:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Slave trading
2954:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Italo-Turkish
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Russo-Turkish
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2679:Treaty of Fes
2677:
2676:
2675:
2674:Agadir Crisis
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2345:Balkan League
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2301:Dual Alliance
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2280:United States
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1867:
1865:0-3168-3400-9
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:Member States
1366:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
988:
982:
978:
974:
967:
959:
953:
949:
945:
938:
930:
924:
921:. p. 7.
920:
916:
909:
901:
889:
885:
881:
875:
871:
856:
853:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
800:
796:
793:
789:
785:
780:
777:
774:
771:
766:
763:
758:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
714:Lu Zhengxiang
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:Louis Renault
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
646:
636:
633:
629:
619:
616:
614:
611:
608:
604:
599:
596:
594:
591:
588:
584:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
547:
544:
543:
538:
531:
527:
522:
519:
517:
514:
511:
505:
502:
501:
500:
496:
494:
488:
486:
485:naval warfare
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
459:
455:
447:
438:
436:
432:
428:
421:
419:
415:
414:
413:
407:
405:
401:
400:
399:
393:
391:
387:
386:
385:
383:
376:
374:
370:
369:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
331:
329:
325:
324:
323:
321:
317:
310:
308:
304:
303:
302:
300:
296:
292:
289:
285:
282:
279:
275:
268:
265:
261:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:Great Britain
226:
225:United States
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
197:
195:
194:Korean Empire
190:
187:
184:
179:
177:
176:assassination
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:transgression
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
45:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3463:
3425:
3329:Regional law
3328:
3236:
3130:
2897:Rome Statute
2861:
2620:
2616:Anglo-German
2605:
2527:
2477:Treaties and
2238:Great powers
2162:
2148:
2136:
2126:
2116:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2054:
2051:
2038:
2024:
1995:
1991:
1952:
1948:
1894:
1886:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1850:
1843:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1707:
1701:Text on ICRC
1696:
1684:
1673:
1661:
1655:Text on ICRC
1650:
1638:
1627:
1615:
1604:
1592:
1581:
1562:
1551:
1539:
1528:
1516:
1505:
1493:
1482:
1470:
1455:
1436:
1430:
1418:
1407:
1395:
1384:
1365:
1331:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1281:
1273:the original
1260:
1256:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1230:the original
1225:
1215:
1196:
1177:
1165:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1087:
1064:
1058:
1034:
1024:
1001:
995:
972:
966:
943:
937:
914:
908:
898:– via
892:. Retrieved
883:
874:
797:
791:
784:World War II
781:
767:
754:
718:
687:
667:Henry Howard
659:Ernest Satow
648:
639:Participants
632:Harry Quelch
625:
617:
612:
597:
592:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
545:
520:
515:
503:
497:
489:
479:
469:
464:
462:
424:
416:
410:
402:
396:
388:
379:
371:
334:
326:
313:
305:
273:
271:
218:
203:
191:
180:
109:US President
98:
52:
50:
29:
2794:World War I
2757:Balkan Wars
2742:Second Boer
2727:Banana Wars
2691:July Crisis
2622:Dreadnought
2607:Weltpolitik
2451:Pan-Slavism
2052:ABA Journal
1833:ABA Journal
770:neo-Kantian
737:World War I
733:mustard gas
651:Ruy Barbosa
353:bombardment
345:surrendered
284:Nicholas II
210:laws of war
206:disarmament
124:martial law
105:Lieber Code
89:World War I
77:laws of war
69:Netherlands
3488:Categories
2961:Starvation
2479:agreements
2427:Great Game
2393:Revanchism
2173:0345405013
1226:minbuza.nl
1040:Free Press
861:References
839:Militarism
762:Poison gas
710:U. M. Rose
708:president
671:Eyre Crowe
655:Edward Fry
341:combatants
214:war crimes
81:war crimes
3351:European
2966:War crime
2442:Meiji era
2289:Alliances
2012:145698064
1977:147254447
1838:, p. 978.
1269:1726-5223
1069:Routledge
948:Greenwood
866:Citations
679:Uruguayan
607:Nicaragua
343:who have
183:customary
172:armistice
152:partisans
148:pillaging
136:deserters
128:civilians
65:The Hague
3219:(UNDROP)
3187:(UNDRIP)
2934:Genocide
2160:(1996).
2036:(1899).
2022:(1918).
1715:Archived
1570:Archived
1373:Archived
1339:Archived
1204:Archived
1185:Archived
1154:Archived
1032:(2012).
894:9 August
803:See also
773:pacifist
747:(1993).
725:chemical
665:and Sir
398:States.
144:hostages
57:treaties
3181:(DEVAW)
3175:(DEDAW)
2844:Sources
2422:In Asia
2255:Germany
1969:2189634
1917:Sources
1905:at the
1871:20 June
1819:2187008
622:States.
349:looting
278:Russian
249:Germany
114:to the
95:History
67:in the
3208:(VDPA)
3154:(UDHR)
2951:Piracy
2780:Second
2767:Second
2564:Events
2354:Trends
2270:Russia
2250:France
2170:
2141:online
2131:online
2121:online
2094:online
2084:online
2074:online
2010:
1975:
1967:
1862:
1817:
1443:
1267:
1236:22 May
1075:
1046:
1012:
1008:, US.
983:
954:
925:
782:After
751:Legacy
677:. The
661:, the
657:, Sir
478:. The
418:(IV,3)
404:(IV,2)
390:(IV,1)
293:, his
245:Persia
237:France
233:Russia
208:, the
160:truces
146:, and
2785:Third
2775:First
2762:First
2265:Japan
2260:Italy
2055:46(9)
2008:S2CID
1973:S2CID
1965:JSTOR
1836:46(9)
1815:JSTOR
688:With
373:(III)
288:Count
241:China
168:rebel
156:spies
116:Union
2700:Wars
2168:ISBN
1873:2013
1860:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1265:ISSN
1238:2013
1073:ISBN
1044:ISBN
1010:ISBN
981:ISBN
952:ISBN
923:ISBN
896:2021
727:and
692:and
463:The
328:(II)
281:Tsar
272:The
264:Tsar
243:and
212:and
162:and
79:and
51:The
2000:doi
1957:doi
1807:doi
1464:PDF
1093:doi
307:(I)
63:at
3490::
2050:.
2006:.
1996:40
1994:.
1971:.
1963:.
1953:25
1951:.
1858:.
1854:.
1813:.
1801:.
1797:.
1778:.
1462:;
1350:^
1255:.
1224:.
1112:.
1071:.
1067:.
1042:.
1038:.
1004:.
979:.
975:.
950:.
946:.
917:.
886:.
882:.
696:,
487:.
347:,
251:.
239:,
235:,
231:,
227:,
158:;
154:;
150:;
142:,
138:,
134:;
91:.
3110:e
3103:t
3096:v
2828:e
2821:t
2814:v
2223:e
2216:t
2209:v
2176:.
2014:.
2002::
1979:.
1959::
1875:.
1821:.
1809::
1803:9
1782:.
1721:.
1691:.
1668:.
1645:.
1622:.
1599:.
1576:.
1546:.
1523:.
1500:.
1449:.
1425:.
1402:.
1360:.
1261:3
1240:.
1210:.
1191:.
1172:.
1160:.
1116:.
1095::
1081:.
1052:.
1018:.
989:.
960:.
931:.
902:.
609:.
589:.
512:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
