3407:
1591:
2306:
3529:
3156:
2098:
49:
2394:
2493:
2622:
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demanded a democratic republic. Both sides justified their views on political and legal grounds. The monarchists leaned on the
Swedish regime's 1772 monarchist constitution (accepted by Russia in 1809), belittled the Declaration of Independence of 1917, and proposed a modernised, monarchist constitution for Finland. The republicans argued that the 1772 law lost validity in the February Revolution, that the authority of the Russian tsar was assumed by the Finnish Parliament on 15 November 1917, and that the Republic of Finland had been adopted on 6 December that year. The republicans were able to halt the passage of the monarchists' proposal in Parliament. The royalists responded by applying the 1772 law to select a new monarch for the country without reference to Parliament.
4279:
4023:
1930:
4314:
3242:
3048:
3833:
3914:
2823:
175:
4103:
4290:
1809:. The number of voters increased from 126,000 to 1,273,000, including female citizens. The reform led to the social democrats obtaining about fifty per cent of the popular vote, but the Tsar regained his authority after the crisis of 1905. Subsequently, during the more severe programme of Russification, called "the Second Period of Oppression" by the Finns, the Tsar neutralised the power of the Finnish Parliament between 1908 and 1917. He dissolved the assembly, ordered parliamentary elections almost annually, and determined the composition of the Finnish Senate, which did not correlate with the Parliament.
2541:
3172:
1,450 soldiers of the 1,900-strong, Jäger battalion. The majority of the unit arrived in Vaasa on 25 February 1918. On the battlefield, the Jägers, battle-hardened on the
Eastern Front, provided strong leadership that made disciplined combat of the common White troopers possible. The soldiers were similar to those of the Reds, having brief and inadequate training. At the beginning of the war, the White Guards' top leadership had little authority over volunteer White units, which obeyed only their local leaders. At the end of February, the Jägers started a rapid training of six conscript regiments.
200:
2891:
445:
432:
419:
407:
394:
4167:
157:
2390:, under threat in Petrograd, urged the social democrats to take power in Finland. The majority of Finnish socialists were moderate and preferred parliamentary methods, prompting the Bolsheviks to label them "reluctant revolutionaries". The reluctance diminished as the general strike appeared to offer a major channel of influence for the workers in southern Finland. The strike leadership voted by a narrow majority to start a revolution on 16 November, but the uprising had to be called off the same day due to the lack of active revolutionaries to execute it.
2129:) in July 1917, triggered one of the key crises in the power struggle between the social democrats and the conservatives. The fall of the Russian Empire opened the question of who would hold sovereign political authority in the former Grand Duchy. After decades of political disappointment, the February Revolution offered the Finnish social democrats an opportunity to govern; they held the absolute majority in Parliament. The conservatives were alarmed by the continuous increase of the socialists' influence since 1899, which reached a climax in 1917.
4091:) in Moscow on 29 August 1918. After the power struggle of 1917 and the bloody civil war, the former Fennomans and the social democrats who had supported "ultra-democratic" means in Red Finland declared a commitment to revolutionary Bolshevism–communism and to the dictatorship of the proletariat, under the control of Lenin. Between the party's creation in 1918 and its official banning in 1930, the Social Democracy Party opposed the activity of the SKP while the Communists influenced socialist and agrarian parliamentary groups. In January 1922, the
662:
650:
637:
246:
3733:
Battle for
Tampere, a civilian, industrial town. He aimed to avoid new, complex city combat in Viipuri, an old military fortress. The Jäger detachments tried to tie down and destroy the Red force outside the town. The Whites were able to cut the Reds' connection to Petrograd and weaken the troops on the Karelian Isthmus on 20–26 April, but the decisive blow remained to be dealt in Viipuri. The final attack began on late 27 April with a heavy Jäger artillery barrage. The Reds' defence collapsed gradually, and eventually the Whites conquered
381:
369:
357:
345:
333:
321:
309:
297:
285:
271:
143:
4302:
1696:. Industrialisation was financed by the state and some of the social problems associated with the industrial process were diminished by the administration's actions. Among urban workers, socio-economic problems steepened during periods of industrial depression. The position of rural workers worsened after the end of the nineteenth century, as farming became more efficient and market-oriented, and the development of industry was insufficiently vigorous to fully utilise the rapid population growth of the countryside.
3718:. The battle was minor but strategically important as it cut the connection between the western and eastern Red Guards. Local engagements broke out in the town and the surrounding area between 22 April and 1 May 1918 as several thousand western Red Guards and Red civilian refugees tried to push through on their way to Russia. The German troops were able to hold major parts of the town and halt the Red advance. In total, 600 Reds and 80 German soldiers perished, and 30,000 Reds were captured in and around Lahti.
3869:
most of the refugees were encircled by White and German troops. In the Lahti area they surrendered on 1–2 May. The long Red caravans included women and children, who experienced a desperate, chaotic escape with severe losses due to White attacks. The scene was described as a "road of tears" for the Reds, but for the Whites, the sight of long, enemy caravans heading east was a victorious moment. The Red Guards' last strongholds between the
Kouvola and Kotka area fell by 5 May, after the
4095:(SSTP), a group of communists and other far-left socialists, had members of its executive committee arrested and later several hundred other members, including members of Parliament arrested in August 1923. In 1925, those arrested were convicted of plotting and assisting treason against the state. In December 1929, Parliament passed bills that further deprived the party of political rights and by November 1930, the party was officially illegal, a policy that would remain until the
672:
487:
3753:
2473:, and the Bolsheviks' rule was in crisis, with an inexperienced administration and the demoralised army facing powerful political and military opponents. Lenin calculated that the Bolsheviks could fight for central parts of Russia but had to give up some peripheral territories, including Finland in the geopolitically less important north-western corner. As a result, Svinhufvud's delegation won Lenin's concession of sovereignty on 31 December 1917.
2380:. They insisted upon a return to the political status before the dissolution of Parliament in July 1917, disbandment of the Civil Guards and elections to establish a Finnish Constituent Assembly. The program failed and the socialists initiated a general strike during 14–19 November to increase political pressure on the conservatives, who had opposed the "Law of Supreme Power" and the parliamentary proclamation of sovereign power on 15 November.
4776:
187:
2329:
Parliament's new authority to the Senate. There were 149 Civil Guards on 31 August 1917 in
Finland, counting local units and subsidiary White Guards in towns and rural communes; 251 on 30 September; 315 on 31 October; 380 on 30 November and 408 on 26 January 1918. The first attempt at serious military training among the Guards was the establishment of a 200-strong cavalry school at the Saksanniemi estate in the vicinity of the town of
2410:
to establish more worker units. The announcement led to a rush of recruits: on 31 October the number of guards was 100–150; 342 on 30 November 1917 and 375 on 26 January 1918. Since May 1917, the paramilitary organisations of the left had grown in two phases, the majority of them as
Workers' Order Guards. The minority were Red Guards, these were partly underground groups formed in industrialised towns and industrial centres, such as
212:
3636:
2604:. A large-scale mobilisation of the Reds began late in the evening of 27 January, with the Helsinki Red Guard and some of the Guards located along the Viipuri-Tampere railway having been activated between 23 and 26 January, in order to safeguard vital positions and escort a heavy railroad shipment of Bolshevik weapons from Petrograd to Finland. White troops tried to capture the shipment: 20–30 Finns, Red and White, died in the
3465:
3849:
March 1918 and increased constantly. It peaked at the end of the war and declined and ceased after the enemy troops had been transferred to prison camps. During the high point of the executions, between the end of April and the beginning of May, 200 Reds were shot per day. White Terror was decisive against
Russian soldiers who assisted the Finnish Reds, and several Russian non-socialist civilians were killed in the
4187:, caused by lack of food, war-weariness and defeat in the battles of the Western Front. General Rüdiger von der Goltz and his division left Helsinki on 16 December 1918, and Prince Friedrich Karl, who had not yet been crowned, abandoned his role four days later. Finland's status shifted from a monarchist protectorate of the German Empire to an independent republic. The new system of government was confirmed by the
3273:, despite the weakness of the Bolsheviks' position, broke off negotiations, hoping revolutions would break out in the German Empire and change everything. On 13 February, the German leadership decided to retaliate and send military detachments to Finland too. As a pretext for aggression, the Germans invited "requests for help" from the western neighbouring countries of Russia. Representatives of White Finland in
2793:, was called the Vaasa Senate after its relocation to the safer west-coast city of Vaasa, which acted as the capital of the Whites from 29 January to 3 May 1918. In domestic policy, the White Senate's main goal was to return the political right to power in Finland. The conservatives planned a monarchist political system, with a lesser role for Parliament. A section of the conservatives had always supported
4790:
3860:. White victims have been recorded exactly, while the number of Red troops executed immediately after battles remains unclear. Together with the harsh prison-camp treatment of the Reds during 1918, the executions inflicted the deepest mental scars on the Finns, regardless of their political allegiance. Some of those who carried out the killings were traumatised, a phenomenon that was later documented.
624:
605:
586:
567:
555:
543:
531:
519:
507:
495:
477:
463:
232:
3520:
War. The White Army lost 700–900 men, including 50 Jägers, the highest number of deaths the Jäger battalion suffered in a single battle of the 1918 war. The Red Guards lost 1,000–1,500 soldiers, with a further 11,000–12,000 captured. Seventy-one civilians died, mainly due to artillery fire. The eastern parts of the city, consisting mostly of wooden buildings, were completely destroyed.
2133:
Provisional
Government was only allowed the right to control Finnish foreign and military policies. The Act was adopted with the support of the Social Democratic Party, the Agrarian League, part of the Young Finnish Party and some activists eager for Finnish sovereignty. The conservatives opposed the bill and some of the most right-wing representatives resigned from Parliament.
3985:
who had fled to Russia. The physical and mental condition of the prisoners declined in May 1918. Many prisoners had been sent to the camps in
Tampere and Helsinki in the first half of April and food supplies were disrupted during the Reds' eastward retreat. Consequently, in June 2,900 prisoners starved to death, or died as a result of diseases caused by malnutrition or the
2453:(deployed 1860), and customs organisation and the industrial progress of 1860–1916. The economy was dependent on the huge Russian market and separation would disrupt the profitable Finnish financial zone. The economic collapse of Russia and the power struggle of the Finnish state in 1917 were among the key factors that brought sovereignty to the fore in Finland.
2663:. The White Army controlled the area to the north, which was predominantly agrarian and contained small or medium-sized farms and tenant farmers. The number of crofters was lower and they held a better social status than those in the south. Enclaves of the opposing forces existed on both sides of the front line: within the White area lay the industrial towns of
2774:. The Red Finns did not simply accept an alliance with the Bolsheviks and major disputes appeared, for example, over the demarcation of the border between Red Finland and Soviet Russia. The significance of the Russo–Finnish Treaty evaporated quickly due to the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between the Bolsheviks and the German Empire on 3 March 1918.
3445:. Although the Whites were unaccustomed to offensive warfare, some Red Guard units collapsed and retreated in panic under the weight of the offensive, while other Red detachments defended their posts to the last and were able to slow the advance of the White troops. Eventually, the Whites lay siege to Tampere. They cut off the Reds' southward connection at
5295:
serfdom, and the might of the pre-eminent estates was bound up with an interaction between state formation and industrialisation. Forest industry was a vital sector for
Finland and peasants owned a major part of the forest land. These economic considerations gave rise to the birth of Fennomania among a Swedish-speaking upper-class social layer.
2445:
sovereignty under conservative rule, but they feared a loss of support among nationalistic workers, particularly after having promised increased national liberty through the "Law of Supreme Power". Eventually, both political factions supported an independent Finland, despite strong disagreement over the composition of the nation's leadership.
3176:
supporters of the Finnish labour movement never showed up. It was also uncertain whether common troops drafted from the small-sized and poor farms of central and northern Finland had strong enough motivation to fight the Finnish Reds. The Whites' propaganda promoted the idea that they were fighting a defensive war against
1476:. The scheme ended with Germany's defeat in World War I, and Finland instead emerged as an independent, democratic republic. The civil war divided the nation for decades. Finnish society was reunited through social compromises based on a long-term culture of moderate politics and religion and a post-war economic recovery.
6383:; there would be no talks with the Bolsheviks, who it was believed would not set a non-socialist Finland free. The vision of the socialists was that Parliament should lead Finland and that independence would be achieved more easily through negotiations with a weak Bolshevik government than with other parties of the
4039:
end of the war and during the period that followed. The fear, bitterness and trauma caused by the war deepened the divisions within Finnish society and many moderate Finns identified themselves as "citizens of two nations." During the war and after that, the warring sides have been derogatively referred to as "
4138:, to become the King of Finland. The German leadership was able to utilise the breakdown of Russia for the geopolitical benefit of the German Empire in Fennoscandia also. The Civil War and the aftermath diminished independence of Finland, compared to the status it had held at the turn of the year 1917–1918.
7931:
56 Red Guard children, including eleven girls, and seven other children (including two girls), were executed outside battles. After 1918, a historical myth was created: the victors' overall acts were legal, while those of the defeated faction were illegal. Modern historians assert that the attempt at
6317:
The activists aimed also at a Finnish Grand Duchy ruled either by Germany or Sweden. Until 1914, Finland exported refined forest and metal products to Russia and sawmill and bulk wood products to Western Europe. World War I cut off the exports to the West and directed most of the beneficial war trade
3828:
tactics, were similar to German Sturmbattalions and Russian Assault units organized during World War I. The terror achieved some of its objectives but also gave additional motivation to fight against an enemy perceived to be inhuman and cruel. Both Red and White propaganda made effective use of their
3819:
The main goals of the terror were to destroy the command structure of the enemy; to clear and secure the areas governed and occupied by armies; and to create shock and fear among the civil population and the enemy soldiers. Additionally, the common troops' paramilitary nature and their lack of combat
3519:
The Reds, now on the defensive, showed increased motivation to fight during the battle. General Mannerheim was compelled to deploy some of the best-trained Jäger detachments, initially meant to be conserved for later use in the Viipuri area. The Battle of Tampere was the bloodiest action of the Civil
3421:
In February 1918, General Mannerheim deliberated on where to focus the general offensive of the Whites. There were two strategically vital enemy strongholds: Tampere, Finland's major industrial town in the south-west, and Viipuri, Karelia's main city. Although seizing Viipuri offered many advantages,
2886:
that was operated by the Kouvola detachment. The base in Viipuri acted as the base for the eastern front, which was located between Lake Saimaa and the national border. Due to poor central command, inadequate fuel quality, low training experience, and poor maintenance, the aerial activity of the Reds
2730:
formulated a proposal for a new constitution, influenced by those of Switzerland and the United States. With it, political power was to be concentrated to Parliament, with a lesser role for a government. The proposal included a multi-party system; freedom of assembly, speech and press; and the use of
1757:
in Finnish society. The power struggle between the Finnish estates and the Russian administration gave a concrete role model and free space for the labour movement. On the other side, due to an at-least century-long tradition and experience of administrative authority, the Finnish elite saw itself as
1404:
Red Guards, which were composed of industrial and agrarian workers, controlled the cities and industrial centres of southern Finland. The paramilitary White Guards, which consisted of land owners and those in the middle and upper classes, controlled rural central and northern Finland, and were led by
8343:
An additional German–Russian treaty was signed on 27 August 1918: the Germans promised to keep the Finnish troops out of Petrograd and Russian Karelia but planned an attack of a joint Bolshevik-White Finnish military formation against the British troops. At the same time, the anticipated collapse of
7536:
The Russian Navy in Helsinki harbour remained neutral during the battle and the fleet sailed to Kronstadt during 10–13 April as a consequence of 5 April German-Russian Hanko agreement. Initially, the Reds agreed to surrender and Colonel von Tshirsky intended to send a minor unit with a marching band
6231:
At the beginning of the October revolt, the Russian District Committee in Finland had been the first to reject the authority of the Provisional Government. Lenin's pessimistic comment on 27 January 1918 to Finnish Bolshevik Eino Rahja is well known: "No comrade Rahja, this time you will not win your
4329:
Despite the fact that the Civil War was one of the most sensitive and controversial topics more than a hundred years later in Finland, still between 1918 and the 1950s, mainstream literature and poetry presented the 1918 war from the White victors' point of view, with works such as the "Psalm of the
4210:
The first local elections based on universal suffrage in Finland were held during 17–28 December 1918, and the first free parliamentary election took place after the Civil War on 3 March 1919. The United States and the United Kingdom recognised Finnish sovereignty on 6–7 May 1919. The Western powers
4005:
Most prisoners were paroled or pardoned by the end of 1918, after a shift in the political situation. There were 6,100 Red prisoners left at the end of the year and 4,000 at the end of 1919. In January 1920, 3,000 prisoners were pardoned and civil rights were returned to 40,000 former Reds. In 1927,
3084:
The Finnish Red Guards seized the early initiative in the war by taking control of Helsinki on 28 January 1918 and by undertaking a general offensive lasting from February till early March 1918. The Reds were relatively well-armed, but a chronic shortage of skilled leaders, both at the command level
2132:
The "Law of Supreme Power" incorporated a plan by the socialists to substantially increase the authority of Parliament, as a reaction to the non-parliamentary and conservative leadership of the Finnish Senate between 1906 and 1916. The bill furthered Finnish autonomy in domestic affairs: the Russian
2048:
and top politicians remaining outside of it), it proved unable to solve any major Finnish problem. After the February Revolution, political authority descended to the street level: mass meetings, strike organisations and worker-soldier councils on the left and to active organisations of employers on
1973:
in support of the Finnish state's power struggle and for increased availability of foodstuffs. The Second Period of Russification was stopped and the autonomous status of 1809–1899 was returned to the Finns by the 15th March 1917 manifesto of the Russian Provisional Government. For the first time in
8605:
formation and democratisation, as well as in the formation of civil society and national independence. The process did not follow any long-term grand plan made by the Finns. Instead, it was the result of reactions and short-term solutions to domestic and international economic, political and social
4126:
bound White Finland to the German Empire's sphere of influence. General Mannerheim resigned his post on 25 May after disagreements with the Senate about German hegemony over Finland, and about his planned attack on Petrograd to repulse the Bolsheviks and capture Russian Karelia. The Germans opposed
4038:
The Civil War was a catastrophe for Finland: around 36,000 people – 1.2 per cent of the population – perished. The war left approximately 15,000 children orphaned. Most of the casualties occurred outside the battlefields: in the prison camps and the terror campaigns. Many Reds fled to Russia at the
3984:
Combined with the severe food shortages caused by the Civil War, mass imprisonment led to high mortality rates in the prison camps, and the catastrophe was compounded by the angry, punitive and uncaring mentality of the victors. Many prisoners felt that they had been abandoned by their own leaders,
3884:
The Red Guards had been defeated. The Finnish labour movement had lost the Civil War, several military leaders committed suicide and a majority of the Reds were sent to prison camps. The Vaasa Senate returned to Helsinki on 4 May 1918, but the capital was under the control of the German Army. White
3868:
On 8 April 1918, after the defeat in Tampere and the German army intervention, the People's Delegation retreated from Helsinki to Viipuri. The loss of Helsinki pushed them to Petrograd on 25 April. The escape of the leadership embittered many Reds, and thousands of them tried to flee to Russia, but
3803:
The terror consisted of a calculated aspect of general warfare and, on the other hand, the local, personal murders and corresponding acts of revenge. In the former, the commanding staff planned and organised the actions and gave orders to the lower ranks. At least a third of the Red terror and most
3175:
The Jäger battalion was politically divided, too. Four-hundred-and-fifty –mostly socialist– Jägers remained stationed in Germany, as it was feared they were likely to side with the Reds. White Guard leaders faced a similar problem when drafting young men to the army in February 1918: 30,000 obvious
2421:
The presence of the two opposing armed forces created a state of dual power and divided sovereignty on Finnish society. The decisive rift between the guards broke out during the general strike: the Reds executed several political opponents in southern Finland and the first armed clashes between the
2409:
Among the labour movement, a more marked consequence of the events of 1917 was the rise of the Workers' Order Guards. There were 20–60 separate guards between 31 August and 30 September 1917, but on 20 October, after defeat in parliamentary elections, the Finnish labour movement proclaimed the need
2405:
At the end of November 1917, the moderate socialists among the social democrats won a second vote over the radicals in a debate over revolutionary versus parliamentary means, but when they tried to pass a resolution to completely abandon the idea of a socialist revolution, the party representatives
2328:
was appointed on 27 November. This nomination was both a long-term aim of the conservatives and a response to the challenges of the labour movement during November 1917. Svinhufvud's main aspirations were to separate Finland from Russian rule, to strengthen the Civil Guards, and to return a part of
2173:
force, creating fear and uncertainty. In response, both the right and left assembled their own security groups, which were initially local and largely unarmed. By late 1917, following the dissolution of Parliament, in the absence of a strong government and national armed forces, the security groups
2088:
became emotional political issues between farmers and urban workers, especially those who were unemployed. Common people, their fears exploited by politicians and an incendiary, polarised political media, took to the streets. Despite the food shortages, no actual large-scale starvation hit southern
2028:
During 1917, a power struggle and social disintegration interacted. The collapse of Russia induced a chain reaction of disintegration, starting from the government, military and economy, and spreading to all fields of society, such as local administration, workplaces and to individual citizens. The
1748:
and the labour movement concerning voting rights for the common people. Despite their obligations as obedient, peaceful and non-political inhabitants of the Grand Duchy (who had, only a few decades earlier, accepted the class system as the natural order of their life), the commoners began to demand
1703:
culture affected the nature of Finnish national integration. The upper social strata took the lead and gained domestic authority from the Russian tsar in 1809. The estates planned to build an increasingly autonomous Finnish state, led by the elite and the intelligentsia. The Fennoman movement aimed
1611:
in the 1850s led to attempts to speed up the modernisation of the country. This caused more than 50 years of economic, industrial, cultural and educational progress in the Grand Duchy of Finland, including an improvement in the status of the Finnish language. All this encouraged Finnish nationalism
8704:
Runar Schildt committed suicide in 1925, partly due to the Civil War. In 1920, he wrote: "The bugle will not call me and the people of my kind to assemble. We have no place in the White and Red Guards of this life. No fanatic war-cry, no place in the column, no permanent place to stay, no peace of
4245:
Together with other broad-minded Finns, the new partnership constructed a Finnish compromise which eventually delivered a stable and broad parliamentary democracy. The compromise was based both on the defeat of the Reds in the Civil War and the fact that most of the Whites' political goals had not
3180:
Russians, and belittled the role of the Red Finns among their enemies. Social divisions appeared both between southern and northern Finland and within rural Finland. The economy and society of the north had modernised more slowly than that of the south. There was a more pronounced conflict between
3089:
functioned relatively well at company and platoon level, but leadership and authority remained weak as most of the field commanders were chosen by the vote of the troops. The common troops were more or less armed civilians, whose military training, discipline and combat morale were both inadequate
2818:
among the expansionist factions of both the right and left: the Reds had claims concerning the same areas. General Mannerheim agreed on the need to take over East Karelia and to request German weapons, but opposed actual German intervention in Finland. Mannerheim recognised the Red Guards' lack of
2801:
since the revolutionary reform of 1906, but after the crisis of 1917–1918, concluded that empowering the common people would not work. Social liberals and reformist non-socialists opposed any restriction of parliamentarianism. They initially resisted German military help, but the prolonged warfare
2448:
Nationalism had become a "civic religion" in Finland by the end of nineteenth century, but the goal during the general strike of 1905 had been a return to the autonomy of 1809–1898, not full independence. In contrast to their status under the unitary Swedish regime, the domestic power of Finns had
1638:
control, "the First Period of Oppression", and for the first time Finnish politicians drew up plans for disengagement from Russia or full sovereignty for Finland. In the struggle against integration, activists drawn from sections of the working class and the Swedish-speaking intelligentsia carried
4141:
The economic condition of Finland deteriorated drastically from 1918; recovery to pre-conflict levels was achieved only in 1925. The most acute crisis was in food supply, already deficient in 1917, though large-scale starvation had been avoided that year. The Civil War caused marked starvation in
3848:
The White Guards executed Red Guard and party leaders, Red troops, socialist members of the Finnish Parliament and local Red administrators, and workers. The numbers varied over the months as the Whites conquered southern Finland. Comprehensive White Terror started with their general offensive in
3592:
area and the former Russian garrisons. By the late evening of 12 April, most of the southern parts and all of the western area of the city had been occupied by the Germans. Local Helsinki White Guards, having hidden in the city during the war, joined the battle as the Germans advanced through the
3171:
While the conflict has been called by some, "The War of Amateurs", the White Army had two major advantages over the Red Guards: the professional military leadership of Gustaf Mannerheim and his staff, which included 84 Swedish volunteer officers and former Finnish officers of the tsar's army; and
3142:
Soviet forces on the Karelian Isthmus, while other officers were mistrustful of their revolutionary peers and instead co-operated with General Mannerheim, in disarming Soviet garrisons in Finland. On 30 January 1918, Mannerheim proclaimed to Russian soldiers in Finland that the White Army did not
2268:
The Bolsheviks' and Vladimir Lenin's October Revolution of 7 November 1917 transferred political power in Petrograd to the radical, left-wing socialists. The German government's decision to arrange safe-conduct for Lenin and his comrades from exile in Switzerland to Petrograd in April 1917, was a
1885:
The German Empire saw Eastern Europe - particularly Russia - as a major source of vital products and raw materials, both during World War I and for the future. Russia's resources overstretched by the two-front war, Germany attempted to divide Russia by providing financial support to revolutionary
5357:
The power struggle for voting rights was two-fold. There was a dispute over Swedish or Finnish language dominance between a peasant-clergy alliance and nobility-burghers, and a struggle for parliamentary democracy between the labour movement and the elite. The peasant-clergy had supported voting
5294:
In contrast to developments in Central Europe and mainland Russia, the policies of the Swedish regime did not result in the economic, political and social authority of the upper-class being based on feudal land property and capital. The peasantry existed in relative freedom, with no tradition of
3844:
and 90 moderate socialists were killed. The number of executions varied over the war months, peaking in February as the Reds secured power, but March saw low counts because the Reds could not seize new areas outside of the original frontlines. The numbers rose again in April as the Reds aimed to
3732:
After the defeat in Tampere, the Red Guards began a slow retreat eastwards. As the German army seized Helsinki, the White Army shifted the military focus to Viipuri area, where 18,500 Whites advanced against 15,000 defending Reds. General Mannerheim's war plan had been revised as a result of the
2512:
The final escalation towards war began in early January 1918, as each military or political action of the Reds or the Whites resulted in a corresponding counteraction by the other. Both sides justified their activities as defensive measures, particularly to their own supporters. On the left, the
2460:
on 4 December 1917 and Parliament adopted it on 6 December. The social democrats voted against the Senate's proposal, while presenting an alternative declaration of sovereignty. The establishment of an independent state was not a guaranteed conclusion for the small Finnish nation. Recognition by
2149:
fled to Karelia. In the aftermath of these events, the "Law of Supreme Power" was overruled and the social democrats eventually backed down; more Russian troops were sent to Finland and, with the co-operation and insistence of the Finnish conservatives, Parliament was dissolved and new elections
5447:
The increasing political power of the left drew a part of the Finnish intelligentsia behind it, mainly Fennomans from the Old Finnish party: Julius Ailio, Edvard Gylling, Martti Kovero, Otto-Ville Kuusinen, Kullervo Manner, Hilja Pärssinen, Hannes Ryömä, Yrjö Sirola, Väinö Tanner, Karl H. Wiik,
4070:
The conflict caused disintegration within both socialist and non-socialist factions. The rightward shift of power caused a dispute between conservatives and liberals on the best system of government for Finland to adopt: the former demanded monarchy and restricted parliamentarianism; the latter
3130:
set free by the revolutions. The majority of the troops returned to Russia by the end of March 1918. In total, 7,000 to 10,000 Red Russian soldiers supported the Finnish Reds, but only around 3,000, in separate, smaller units of 100–1,000 soldiers, could be persuaded to fight in the front line.
2406:
and several influential leaders voted it down. The Finnish labour movement wanted to sustain a military force of its own and to keep the revolutionary road open, too. The wavering Finnish socialists disappointed V. I. Lenin and in turn, he began to encourage the Finnish Bolsheviks in Petrograd.
2289:
and a Civil Guard member was killed in a local political crisis at Malmi on 24 September. The October Revolution disrupted the informal truce between the Finnish non-socialists and the Russian Provisional Government. After political wrangling over how to react to the revolt, the majority of the
1817:
and the right of the labour unions to represent workers. The parliamentary process disappointed the labour movement, but as dominance in the Parliament and legislation was the workers' most likely way to obtain a more balanced society, they identified themselves with the state. Overall domestic
4237:
urged in his Nivala address of 5 May 1918: "We must rebuild a Finnish nation, which is not divided into the Reds and Whites. We have to establish a democratic Finnish republic, where all the Finns can feel that we are true citizens and members of this society." In the end, many of the moderate
3224:
escorted the German naval squadron transporting Finnish Jägers and German weapons and allowed it to pass through Swedish territorial waters. The Swedish socialists tried to open peace negotiations between the Whites and the Reds. The weakness of Finland offered Sweden a chance to take over the
2861:
During the war, the Red Guard utilized aircraft, however, little information regarding their activities and the organisation of detachments was preserved. Its various operations included bombings, reconnaissance, spreading of propaganda literature, and connection flights. Since the Reds had no
2029:
social democrats wanted to retain the civil rights already achieved and to increase the socialists' power over society. The conservatives feared the loss of their long-held socio-economic dominance. Both factions collaborated with their equivalents in Russia, deepening the split in the nation.
1707:
Between 1870 and 1916 industrialisation gradually improved social conditions and the self-confidence of workers, but while the standard of living of the common people rose in absolute terms, the rift between rich and poor deepened markedly. The commoners' rising awareness of socio-economic and
6533:
The Reds won the battle and gained 20,000 rifles, 30 machine guns, 10 cannons and 2 armoured vehicles. In total, the Russians delivered 20,000 rifles from the Helsinki and Tampere depots to the Reds. The Whites captured 14,500 rifles, 90 machine guns, 40 cannons and 4 mortars from the Russian
5260:
For centuries, the geographical area of the Finns had been a firm part of Sweden's development to a major Nordic Empire. With the exception of language (the Finnish ground became bilingual), the culture of the people did not differ substantially between the western and eastern part of Sweden,
3542:
After peace talks between Germans and the Finnish Reds were broken off on 11 April 1918, the battle for the capital of Finland began. At 05:00 on 12 April, around 2,000–3,000 German Baltic Sea Division soldiers, led by Colonel Hans von Tschirsky und von Bögendorff, attacked the city from the
2444:
The disintegration of Russia offered Finns a historic opportunity to gain national independence. After the October Revolution, the conservatives were eager for secession from Russia in order to control the left and minimise the influence of the Bolsheviks. The socialists were skeptical about
8730:
The trilogy by Väinö Linna affected history research. While many Finns accepted Part II as "the historical truth" for the events of 1918, historians identified the book's distortions: the role of crofters is overemphasised and the role of social liberals and other moderate non-socialists is
6734:
The fall of the Russian Empire, the October revolt and Finnish Germanism had placed Gustaf Mannerheim in a controversial position. He opposed the Finnish and Russian Reds, as well as Germany, through alliance with Russian White officers who, in turn, did not support independence of Finland.
3146:
The number of Soviet soldiers active in the civil war declined markedly once Germany attacked Russia on 18 February 1918. The German-Soviet Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 3 March restricted the Bolsheviks' support for the Finnish Reds to weapons and supplies. The Soviets remained active on the
1978:
political power existed in the Parliament of Finland. The political left, consisting mainly of social democrats, covered a wide spectrum from moderate to revolutionary socialists. The political right was even more diverse, ranging from social liberals and moderate conservatives to rightist
4226:
agonised in 1919: "Those who still trust in the future of this nation must have an exceptionally strong faith. This young independent country has lost almost everything due to the war." Voionmaa was a vital companion for the leader of the reformed Social Democratic Party, Väinö Tanner.
3885:
Finland had become a protectorate of the German Empire and General Rüdiger von der Goltz was called "the true Regent of Finland". No armistice or peace negotiations were carried out between the Whites and Reds and an official peace treaty to end the Finnish Civil War was never signed.
3820:
skills drove them to use political violence as a military weapon. Most of the executions were carried out by cavalry units called Flying Patrols, consisting of 10 to 80 soldiers aged 15 to 20 and led by an experienced, adult leader with absolute authority. The patrols, specialised in
3260:
In March 1918, the German Empire intervened in the Finnish Civil War on the side of the White Army. Finnish activists leaning on Germanism had been seeking German aid in freeing Finland from Soviet hegemony since late 1917, but because of the pressure they were facing at the
2465:
was essential; Svinhufvud accepted that he had to negotiate with Lenin for the acknowledgement. The socialists, having been reluctant to enter talks with the Russian leadership in July 1917, sent two delegations to Petrograd to request that Lenin approve Finnish sovereignty.
4249:
The weakness of both Germany and Russia after World War I empowered Finland and made a peaceful, domestic Finnish social and political settlement possible. A reconciliation process led to a slow and painful, but steady, national unification. In the end, the power vacuum and
3621:. Sporadic fighting lasted until the evening. In total, 60 Germans, 300–400 Reds and 23 White Guard troopers were killed in the battle. Around 7,000 Reds were captured. The German army celebrated the victory with a military parade in the centre of Helsinki on 14 April 1918.
3898:
Casualties of Finnish Civil War were according to a Finnish Government project (2004): Died in battle: White Guard 3,414, Red Guard 5,199; Missing: whites 46, reds 1,767; Executed: whites 1,424, reds 7,370; Died in prison camps: whites 4, reds 11,652 – total deaths 36,640.
1735:
character. From 1899 to 1906, the movement became conclusively independent, shedding the paternalistic thinking of the Fennoman estates, and it was represented by the Finnish Social Democratic Party, established in 1899. Workers' activism was directed both toward opposing
2785:
of free nations would carry out socialist revolutions and unite with Soviet Russia later. The majority of the Finnish labour movement supported Finland's independence. The Finnish Bolsheviks, influential, though few in number, favoured annexation of Finland by Russia.
1683:
that preceded Russian governance and divided the Finnish people economically, socially and politically. Finland's population grew rapidly in the nineteenth century (from 860,000 in 1810 to 3,130,000 in 1917), and a class of agrarian and industrial workers, as well as
5766:
In 1917–1918, Finns were still under the shadow of the trauma of the 1867–1868 famine, in which around 200,000 people had died due to malnutrition and epidemic diseases, caused by a sudden climate change with decreased air temperatures during the growing season.
2978:, mostly recruited from the industrial centres and cities of southern Finland. Urban and agricultural workers constituted the majority of the Red Guards, whereas land-owning farmers and well-educated people formed the backbone of the White Army. Both armies used
2525:; they led the rural Reds and convinced the socialist leaders who wavered between peace and war to support the revolution. On the right, the vanguard was the Jägers, who had transferred to Finland, and the volunteer Civil Guards of southwestern Finland, southern
1432:
in Finland, and the subsequent struggle for dominance led to militarisation and an escalating crisis between the left-leaning labour movement and the conservatives. The Reds carried out an unsuccessful general offensive in February 1918, supplied with weapons by
3493:. The White Army did not achieve a decisive victory in the fierce combat, suffering more than 50 per cent losses in some of their units. The Whites had to re-organise their troops and battle plans, managing to raid the town centre in the early hours of 3 April.
6059:
The Bolsheviks received 15 million marks from Berlin after the October Revolution, but Lenin's authority was weak and Russia became embroiled in a civil war which turned the focus of all the major Russian military, political and economic activities inwards.
2819:
combat skill and trusted in the abilities of the German-trained Finnish Jägers. As a former Russian army officer, Mannerheim was well aware of the demoralisation of the Russian army. He co-operated with White-aligned Russian officers in Finland and Russia.
3204:
and foodstuff to Germany; sustaining the tranquility of Swedish society; and geopolitics. The government accepted the participation of Swedish volunteer officers and soldiers in the Finnish White Army in order to block expansion of revolutionary unrest to
2044:, but it did not reflect the socialists' large parliamentary majority: it comprised six social democrats and six non-socialists. In theory, the Senate consisted of a broad national coalition, but in practice (with the main political groups unwilling to
4078:
had its first official party meeting after the Civil War on 25 December 1918, at which the party proclaimed a commitment to parliamentary means and disavowed Bolshevism and communism. The leaders of Red Finland, who had fled to Russia, established the
2480:, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland had recognised Finnish independence. The United Kingdom and United States did not approve it; they waited and monitored the relations between Finland and Germany (the main enemy of the
4182:
On 15 March 1917, the fate of Finns had been decided outside Finland, in Petrograd. On 11 November 1918, the future of the nation was determined in Berlin, as a result of Germany's surrender to end World War I. The German Empire collapsed in the
7082:
Mannerheim promised those officers who co-operated their personal freedom, while many of those opposing the Whites were executed. Some Red Russian officers were executed by the Finnish Reds after the bitter defeat in the Battle for Tampere.
4470:) the Civil War and World War II from the viewpoint of the common people. Part II of Linna's work opened a larger view of these events and included tales of the Reds in the 1918 war. At the same time, a new outlook on the war was opened by
1590:
2071:
production, the bulk of the food supply for the country depended on cereals produced in southern Russia. The cessation of cereal imports from disintegrating Russia led to food shortages in Finland. The Senate responded by introducing
3617:. German artillery bombarded and destroyed the Workers' Hall and put out the red lantern of the Finnish revolution. The eastern parts of the town surrendered around 14:00 on 13 April, when a white flag was raised in the tower of the
3114:
in the Battle of Tampere, provided successful leadership, but could not change the course of the war. The Reds achieved some local victories as they retreated from southern Finland toward Russia, such as against German troops in the
2484:), hoping to override Lenin's regime and to get Russia back into the war against the German Empire. In turn, the Germans hastened Finland's separation from Russian rule so as to move the country to within their sphere of influence.
2161:
and decreased support for moderate politics. The crisis of July 1917 did not bring about the Red Revolution of January 1918 on its own, but together with political developments based on the commoners' interpretation of the ideas of
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Lackman, Matti (2014), "Suur-Ruotsi vai itsenäinen Suomi? Puntarointia ja kevään 1918 lopputulos. In: Blomgren, R., Karjalainen, M., Manninen, O., Saloranta, P. & Tuunainen, P. (eds.) Sotahistoriallinen Aikakauskirja 34",
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been achieved. After foreign forces left Finland, the militant factions of the Reds and the Whites lost their backing, while the pre-1918 cultural and national integrity and the legacy of Fennomania stood out among the Finns.
2805:
In foreign policy, the Vaasa Senate relied on the German Empire for military and political aid. Their objective was to defeat the Finnish Reds; end the influence of Bolshevist Russia in Finland and expand Finnish territory to
1870:(modern Saint Petersburg), and World War I emphasised that role. Strategically, the Finnish territory was the less important northern section of the Estonian–Finnish gateway and a buffer zone to and from Petrograd through the
3604:
area. Toward the end, a German brigade with 2,000–3,000 soldiers, led by Colonel Kondrad Wolf joined the battle. The unit rushed from north to the eastern parts of Helsinki, pushing into the working-class neighbourhoods of
15385:
2942:, all of which were bought from Germany. Like the Reds, the Whites also had no domestic pilots and relied on Swedish, Danish, and Russian pilots. The White Guard had two flight detachments during the war; one based at
1812:
The capacity of the Finnish Parliament to solve socio-economic problems was stymied by confrontations between the largely uneducated commoners and the former estates. Another conflict festered as employers denied
2145:, both pledged to defend the Finnish Parliament, were it threatened with attack. However, the Provisional Government still had sufficient support in the Russian army to survive and as the street movement waned,
3109:
on 20 March. The last commander-in-chief of the Red Guard was Kullervo Manner, from 10 April until the last period of the war when the Reds no longer had a named leader. Some talented local commanders, such as
6005:
The role of the Swedish-speaking upper-class was significant, due to their long-term influence over the economy, industry, administration and the military. A battle for power arose between the most left-wing
2982:, mainly between 14 and 17 years of age. The use of juvenile soldiers was not rare in World War I; children of the time were under the absolute authority of adults and were not shielded against exploitation.
2284:
between the social democrats and the conservatives increased markedly and the period witnessed the appearance of political violence. An agricultural worker was shot during a local strike on 9 August 1917 at
16652:
3993:
at 34 per cent, while the rate varied between 5 per cent and 20 per cent in the others. In total, around 12,500 Finns perished (3,000–4,000 due to the Spanish flu) while detained. The dead were buried in
1949:
against the duration and hardships of the Great War, and the collision between the most conservative regime in Europe and a Russian people desiring modernisation. The Tsar's power was transferred to the
2136:
In Petrograd, the social democrats' plan had the backing of the Bolsheviks. They had been plotting a revolt against the Provisional Government since April 1917, and pro-Soviet demonstrations during the
15432:
8528:, along with other moderate female politicians, had tried to avoid civil war in January 1918, with a proposal for a new Senate, including both non-socialist and socialist members, but were overruled.
3387:
on 26 April. The final blow to the cause of the Finnish Reds was dealt when the Bolsheviks broke off the peace negotiations at Brest-Litovsk, leading to the German eastern offensive in February 1918.
9735:
Eerola, Jouni (2010). "Punaisen Suomen panssarijunat. In: Perko, T. (ed.) Sotahistoriallinen Aikakauskirja 29" [Armored trains of Red Finland. In: Perko, T. (ed.) War history periodical 29].
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wrote: "It is urgent to get the life and development in this country back on the path that we had already reached in 1906 and which the turmoil of war turned us away from." Moderate social democrat
423:
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The number of Finnish troops on each side varied from 70,000 to 90,000 and both had around 100,000 rifles, 300–400 machine guns and a few hundred cannons. While the Red Guards consisted mostly of
8429:
The Finnish economy grew exceptionally fast between 1924 and 1939 despite a slow-down during the depression of 1929–1931, substantially enhancing the standard of living of the majority of Finns,
4254:
of 1917–1919 gave way to the Finnish compromise. From 1919 to the present, the democracy and sovereignty of the Finns withstood challenges from right-wing and left-wing political radicalism, the
1607:, the peripheral authority of the Finns gradually increased, and relations between Russian Empire and Grand Duchy of Finland were exceptionally peaceful for a many years. Russia's defeat in the
5358:
rights for the common people in the class system, in order to increase the political power of the Finnish-speaking population within the estates, but the nobility-burghers had stalled the plan,
3504:
rapids. The Reds' attempts to break the siege of Tampere from the outside along the Helsinki-Tampere railway failed. The Red Guards lost the western parts of the town between 4 and 5 April. The
2659:. The Red Guards controlled the area to the south, including nearly all the major towns and industrial centres, along with the largest estates and farms with the highest numbers of crofters and
9573:(1992). "Valta ja valtio – miksi vallasta tuli ongelma 1900-luvun vaihteessa" [Power and the state - why power became a problem at the turn of the 20th century]. In Haapala, P. (ed.).
8813:
3933:, Tampere and Viipuri. The Senate decided to keep the prisoners detained until each individual's role in the Civil War had been investigated. Legislation making provision for a Treason Court (
2449:
increased under the less uniform Russian rule. Economically, the Grand Duchy of Finland benefited from having an independent domestic state budget, a central bank with national currency, the
3840:
The Red Guards executed influential Whites, including politicians, major landowners, industrialists, police officers, civil servants and teachers as well as White Guards. Ten priests of the
8601:
The Civil War slowed down and interfered with the Finnish modernisation process, which had been ongoing since the end of the nineteenth century as an interaction between industrialisation,
2294:, the leader of the Agrarian League. Parliament seized the sovereign power in Finland on 15 November 1917 based on the socialists' "Law of Supreme Power" and ratified their proposals of an
8049:
Some of the innocent persons were White supporters or neutral Finns, taken by force to serve in the Red Guards, but who were unable to prove immediately their motivations in the conflict.
3800:. The February and October Revolutions initiated similar violence in Finland: at first by Russian army troops executing their officers, and then later between the Finnish Whites and Reds.
1582:, the most popular names were as follows: Civil War: 29%, Citizen War: 25%, Class War: 13%, War of Independence: 11%, Red Rebellion: 5%, Revolution: 1%, other name: 2% and no answer: 14%.
3196:
Sweden declared neutrality both during World War I and the Finnish Civil War. General opinion, in particular among the Swedish elite, was divided between supporters of the Allies and the
3816:. This order authorised field commanders to execute essentially anyone they saw fit. No order by the less-organised, highest Red Guard leadership authorising Red Terror has been found.
3028:, approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of Tampere, connecting eastern and western Finland and as well as southern and northern Finland. Other critical junctions included
385:
3200:, Germanism being somewhat more popular. Three war-time priorities determined the pragmatic policy of the Swedish liberal-social democratic government: sound economics, with export of
2600:, the Bolsheviks' headquarters in Petrograd. The Red Order of Revolution was issued on 26 January, and a red lantern, a symbolic indicator of the uprising, was lit in the tower of the
1025:
2573:, was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Civil Guards. The Senate appointed the Guards, henceforth called the White Guards, as the White Army of Finland. Mannerheim placed his
2533:
in the southeastern corner of Finland. The first local battles were fought during 9–21 January 1918 in southern and southeastern Finland, mainly to win the arms race and to control
10991:"Ruotsalaisen sivistyksen puolesta barbariaa vastaan – ruotsalainen prikaati lähti Suomen sisällissotaan sankariteot mielessä, mutta ne hautautuivat Kalevankankaan veriseen lumeen"
13193:
8838:
4127:
these plans due to their peace treaties with Lenin. The Civil War weakened the Finnish Parliament; it became a Rump Parliament that included only three socialist representatives.
2386:
became the goal of the radicalised socialists after the loss of political control, and events in November 1917 offered momentum for a socialist uprising. In this phase, Lenin and
2084:, accompanied by sharply rising food prices, formed. As a consequence, export to the free market of the Petrograd area increased. Food supply, prices and, in the end, the fear of
1826:
The main factor behind the Finnish Civil War was a political crisis arising out of World War I. Under the pressures of the Great War, the Russian Empire collapsed, leading to the
2585:
area. The White Order to engage was issued on 25 January. The Whites gained weaponry by disarming Russian garrisons during 21–28 January, in particular in southern Ostrobothnia.
13208:
11501:
Westerlund, Lars; Kalleinen, Kristiina (2004). "Loppuarvio surmansa saaneista venäläisistä" [Final assessment of the Russians who were killed]. In Westerlund, L. (ed.).
17004:
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3744:—the Reds' symbolic last stand of the 1918 uprising—in the early hours of 29 April 1918. In total, 400 Whites died, and 500–600 Reds perished and 12,000–15,000 were captured.
3500:, the White Guards advanced from house to house and street to street, as the Red Guards retreated. In the late evening of 3 April, the Whites reached the eastern banks of the
1630:
central power tried to unite the "Russian Multinational Dynastic Union" as the military and strategic situation of Russia became more perilous due to the rise of Germany and
1424:
and modernisation. The socio-economic condition and education of the population had gradually improved, and national awareness and culture had progressed. World War I led to
2974:
with 11,000–15,000 volunteers. The main motives for volunteering were socio-economic factors, such as salary and food, as well as idealism and peer pressure. The Red Guards
3881:
base on the Karelian Isthmus, from the Russian troops. White Finland and General Mannerheim celebrated the victory with a large military parade in Helsinki on 16 May 1918.
4063:) or just "commies". Among the Reds in particular, the loss of the war caused such bitterness that some of those who fled behind the eastern border tried to carry out the
7224:
production and grain exports to Sweden. The fall led to political and religious conservatism, and emigration to the United States in the wake of rapid population growth.
3485:
and one of the four most decisive military engagements of the war. The fight for the area of Tampere began on 28 March, on the eve of Easter 1918, later called "Bloody
3433:
65 km (40 mi) north-east of the town, through the right flank of the Reds' defence. At the same time, the Whites attacked through the north-western frontline
16647:
9845:
Haapala, Pertti (2008). "Monta totuutta" [Many truths]. In Hoppu, T.; Haapala, P.; Antila, K.; Honkasalo, M.; Lind, M.; Liuttunen, A.; Saloniemi, M-R. (eds.).
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Saarela, Tauno (2014). "To Commemorate or Not: The Finnish Labor Movement and the Memory of the Civil War in the Interwar Period". In Tepora, T.; Roselius, A. (eds.).
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to Russia. In 1917, exports to Russia collapsed and, after 1919, Finns reorientated to the western market due to the high demand for products following the Great War.
3288:
led to a rapid collapse of the Soviet forces and to the signing of the first Treaty of Brest-Litovsk by the Bolsheviks on 3 March 1918. Finland, the Baltic countries,
590:
6153:
as well as artillery to the Whites and arrange the safe return of the Jäger battalion to Finland. The German arms were transported to Finland in February–March 1918,
4613:) from 2013, describes post-war traumas of the 1918 war and Finnish mentality in the 1930s. Many of the stories have been utilised in motion pictures and in theatre.
13290:
3673:
7327:
On 7 March, the representatives E. Hjelt and R. Erich signed disadvantageous German-Finnish agreements and promised to pay costs of the German military assistance.
4074:
The Finnish labour movement was divided into three parts: moderate social democrats in Finland; radical socialists in Finland; and communists in Soviet Russia. The
14894:
12927:
12751:
12091:
6178:
The socialists planned to ask the Bolsheviks for acceptance of Finland's sovereignty with a manifesto, but the uncertain situation in Petrograd stalled this plan.
3528:
1758:
the inherent natural leader of the nation. The political struggle for democracy was solved outside Finland, in international politics: the Russian Empire's failed
1147:
8606:
questions and problems, in the context of the long-term history, structure and the way of life of the northern society formed between western and eastern Europe.
1616:, which bound the Finns to the domestic administration and led to the idea that the Grand Duchy was an increasingly autonomous state ruled by the Russian Empire.
1496:) was used during the war by both sides to express the fight for liberation from capitalism for the Reds and freedom from Soviet Russian influence by the Whites;
16009:
13369:
4621:
The Civil War and the literature about it has inspired many Finnish filmmakers to take it the subject for the film and television adaptations. As early as 1957,
3371:
east of Helsinki. The larger German formations advanced eastwards from Hanko and took Helsinki on 12–13 April, while Detachment Brandenstein overran the town of
2874:. They divided their detachments into three fronts. The northern front, which was overseen by the detachment in Tampere, consisted of the red troops between the
2305:
1075:
878:
411:
2985:
Rifles and machine guns from Imperial Russia were the main armaments of the Reds and the Whites. The most commonly used rifle was the Russian 7.62mm (.30 cal)
2592:, refused to recognise the Whites' hegemony and established a military authority of their own. Aaltonen installed his headquarters in Helsinki and nicknamed it
14851:
13397:
11904:
10369:
Poliittinen liike ja sosiaalinen kollektiivisuus: tutkimus sosialidemokratiasta ja ammattiyhdistysliikkeestä Suomessa 1918–1930. Historiallisia tutkimuksia 138
10290:
Keränen, Jorma; Tiainen, Jorma; Ahola, Matti; Ahola, Veikko; Frey, Stina; Lempinen, Jorma; Ojanen, Eero; Paakkonen, Jari; Talja, Virpi; Väänänen, Juha (1992),
1018:
16701:
15031:
14560:
13585:
13312:
13004:
11962:
4717:
3331:(in mid-February 1918, the islands had been occupied by a Swedish military expedition, which departed from there in May). On 3 April 1918, the 10,000-strong
3147:
south-eastern front, mainly in the Battle of Rautu on the Karelian Isthmus between February and April 1918, where they defended the approaches to Petrograd.
9198:
4242:, who wrote in early 1918: "A political turn more to the right will not help us now, instead it would strengthen the support of socialism in this country."
2862:
Finnish pilots, they solely relied on foreign pilots, most of whom were Russian. The Reds had four main operational flight detachments located in Helsinki,
15333:
13692:
4688:
1704:
to include the common people in a non-political role; the labour movement, youth associations and the temperance movement were initially led "from above".
10740:
Vapaussota – osana suursotaa ja Venäjän imperiumin hajoamista. In: Aunesluoma, J. & Häikiö, M. (eds.) Suomen vapaussota 1918. Kartasto ja tutkimusopas
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4211:
demanded the establishment of democratic republics in post-war Europe, to lure the masses away from widespread revolutionary movements. The Finno–Russian
16750:
15375:
14684:
13600:
13355:
4579:
13595:
13285:
13236:
13151:
3572:
Around 7,000 Finnish Reds defended Helsinki, but their best troops fought on other fronts of the war. The main strongholds of the Red defence were the
8458:
In terms of dates in history, Finnish independence symbolically formed a triangle composed of 15 November 1917, 6 December 1917 and 11 November 1918,
3122:
Around 50,000 of the former tsar's army troops were stationed in Finland in January 1918. The soldiers were demoralised and war-weary, and the former
2770:). The negotiations for the treaty implied that – as in World War I in general – nationalism was more important for both sides than the principles of
13439:
8817:
4545:
4451:) from 1950 presented the life and experiences of a worker family in the Tampere of 1918, including a point of view from outsiders to the Civil War.
1011:
571:
9052:
Haapala, Pertti (2014). "The Expected and Non-Expected Roots of Chaos: Preconditions of the Finnish Civil War". In Tepora, T.; Roselius, A. (eds.).
4556:
3734:
16716:
16046:
14715:
14518:
11119:
Roselius, Aapo (2004). "Saksalaisten henkilötappiot Suomessa vuonna 1918" [German casualties in Finland in 1918]. In Westerlund, L. (ed.).
6571:
Attempts at sustaining peace and neutrality between socialist and non-socialists were made in January 1918 by agreements at a local level, e.g. in
3639:
10175:
Maaliskuun vallankumouksesta toukokuun paraatiin 1918. In: Aunesluoma, J. & Häikiö, M. (eds.) Suomen vapaussota 1918. Kartasto ja tutkimusopas
9539:(30 March 2008). "Suomalaisten valinnat vuoden 1918 sodan nimestä" [Finns' choices about the name of the 1918 war]. Su Asiat (in Finnish).
8022:"Vuoden 1918 sodan sotasurmat kuolintavan ja osapuolen mukaan. Valtioneuvoston kanslia, Suomi Finland (Finnish Government war casualties project)"
3845:
leave Finland. The two major centres for Red Terror were Toijala and Kouvola, where 300–350 Whites were executed between February and April 1918.
2565:
On 12 January 1918, Parliament authorised the Svinhufvud Senate to establish internal order and discipline on behalf of the state. On 15 January,
2052:
The February Revolution halted the Finnish economic boom caused by the Russian war-economy. The collapse in business led to unemployment and high
16835:
13280:
12638:
9900:
Helsingin Sanomat (19 October 2017). "Kirja-arvostelu: Heidi Köngäs, Sandra" [Book review: Heidi Köngäs, Sandra]. Kulttuuri (in Finnish).
9649:
4531:
3406:
2270:
6888:
White-supporting women demanded the establishment of female White Guards. Mannerheim stalled the plan, but some women were drafted as soldiers.
2280:
November 1917 became another watershed in the 1917–1918 rivalry for the leadership of Finland. After the dissolution of the Finnish Parliament,
2222:) were organised by local men of influence: conservative academics, industrialists, major landowners, and activists. The Workers' Order Guards (
17054:
16913:
16580:
16272:
10229:
Yhteiskunnallinen kysymys ja porvarillinen reformismi. In: Pernaa, V. & Niemi, K. Mari (eds.) Suomalaisen yhteiskunnan poliittinen historia
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10265:
Kestämättömät sopimukset. Muuramen, Savonlinnan ja Teuvan rauhallisuuteen vaikuttaneiden tekijöiden vertailua kesästä 1917 sisällissotaan 1918
4544:
Väinö Linna's trilogy turned the general tide, and after it, several books were written mainly from the Red viewpoint: The Tampere-trilogy by
3692:, in connection with which killed 21 Germans and about 50 Red Guards. After the battle, at least 150 of the Reds were executed by the Whites.
2781:
aimed at preventing the disintegration of Russia during the period of military weakness. He assumed that in war-torn, splintering Europe, the
16689:
12131:
3925:
The White Army and German troops captured around 80,000 Red prisoners, including 5,000 women, 1,500 children and 8,000 Russians. The largest
3422:
his army's lack of combat skills and the potential for a major counterattack by the Reds in the area or in the south-west made it too risky.
609:
11355:
Vares, Vesa (2009). "Kuningashankkeesta tasavallan syntyyn" [From the king's project to the birth of the republic]. In Haapala, P.;
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was signed on 14 October 1920, with the aim of stabilizing political relations between Finland and Russia and settling the border question.
17059:
16930:
15328:
15300:
15156:
14019:
13340:
13270:
12909:
12121:
12032:
9379:
Tepora, Tuomas (2014). "Changing Perceptions of 1918: World War II and the Post-War Rise of the Left". In Tepora, T.; Roselius, A. (eds.).
2747:
661:
649:
636:
250:
245:
11561:
17029:
16642:
16637:
15897:
14817:
13364:
12255:
11709:
3969:, due to the condemnatory atmosphere of White Finland. In total 76,000 cases were examined and 68,000 Reds were convicted, primarily for
871:
10722:
9806:
9310:
Roselius, Aapo (2014). "Holy War: Finnish Irredentist Campaigns in the aftermath of the Civil War". In Tepora, T.; Roselius, A. (eds.).
8846:
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fight against Russia, but that the objective of the White campaign was to beat the Finnish Reds and the Soviet troops supporting them.
2975:
2722:. The delegation sought democratic socialism based on the Finnish Social Democratic Party's ethos; their visions differed from Lenin's
1728:
730:
9029:
Haapala, Pertti; Tikka, Marko (2013). "Revolution, Civil War and Terror in Finland in 1918". In Gerwarth, Robert; Horne, John (eds.).
4510:, who had experienced the Battle of Tampere at the age of nine, presented a pacifist view of the Civil War in his "Poems of Tampere" (
15016:
12262:
6014:
conservatives. The language issue was not as fundamental as social differences, since many Swedish-speaking workers joined the Reds.
1781:
The Reform of 1906 was a giant leap towards the political and social liberalisation of the common Finnish people because the Russian
1910:, an area rich in raw materials for the mining industry. Finland possessed large ore reserves and a well-developed forest industry.
16184:
15051:
13827:
11914:
10247:
Suomi ja eurooppalainen vallankumousvaihe. In: Pernaa, V. & Niemi, K. Mari (eds.) Suomalaisen yhteiskunnan poliittinen historia
9599:(1987). "Rajamaasta tasavallaksi" [From a borderland to a republic]. In Avikainen, P.; Hetemäki, I.; Pärssinen, E. (eds.).
2457:
15875:
13590:
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13304:
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10758:
Työväenkaartien kehitys maaliskuusta marraskuuhun 1917. In: Manninen, O. (ed.) Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920, I Irti Venäjästä
9425:
Tepora, Tuomas; Roselius, Aapo (2014b). "The Finnish Civil War, Revolution and Scholarship". In Tepora, T.; Roselius, A. (eds.).
8943:
Ahlbäck, Anders (2014). "Masculinities and the Ideal Warrior: Images of the Jäger Movement". In Tepora, T.; Roselius, A. (eds.).
2790:
2360:
After political defeats in July and October 1917, the social democrats put forward an uncompromising program called "We Demand" (
1177:
1102:
3134:
The revolutions in Russia divided the Soviet army officers politically and their attitude towards the Finnish Civil War varied.
2902:. In February 1918, the Whites would have received an aircraft donation of a reconnaissance and training plane from Sweden, the
16790:
16721:
16014:
15948:
15472:
15263:
15026:
14747:
14190:
13714:
13704:
13572:
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4092:
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2751:
2735:
in political decision-making. In order to ensure the authority of the labour movement, the common people would have a right to
2719:
2021:
1720:. The workers' initiatives and the corresponding responses of the dominant authorities intensified social conflict in Finland.
1357:
864:
48:
5669:
at the end of the nineteenth century. The Finnish Party and Young Finnish Party were descendants of the old Fennoman parties,
3706:
On 19 April 1918, Detachment Brandenstein took over the town of Lahti. The German troops advanced from the east-southeast via
3324:, wanted to keep Petrograd under threat of attack via the Viipuri-Narva area and to install a German-led monarchy in Finland.
1818:
politics led to a contest for leadership of the Finnish state during the ten years before the collapse of the Russian Empire.
17039:
17024:
16318:
15071:
14837:
14694:
14607:
14597:
13935:
13876:
13486:
13420:
13257:
13136:
12809:
11828:
11684:
11422:
11399:
11372:
11277:
11259:
11223:
11205:
11187:
11169:
11074:
10980:
10962:
10859:
10841:
10819:
10585:
10549:
10531:
10489:
10471:
10452:
10357:
10335:
10317:
10281:
10254:
10236:
10218:
10200:
10164:
10146:
10127:
10104:
10078:
10053:
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10011:
9989:
9963:
9918:
9891:
9873:
9854:
9772:
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9638:
9461:
9438:
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9392:
9369:
9346:
9323:
9277:
9254:
9235:
9065:
9042:
8956:
2089:
Finland before the civil war and the food market remained a secondary stimulator in the power struggle of the Finnish state.
4278:
3856:
In total, 1,650 Whites died as a result of Red Terror, while around 10,000 Reds perished by White Terror, which turned into
3085:
and in the field, left them unable to capitalise on this momentum, and most of the offensives came to nothing. The military
17044:
16669:
16659:
15953:
14587:
14511:
14139:
13661:
13081:
11866:
11445:
6448:
France broke off diplomatic relations to the White government later in 1918, due to the Whites' co-operation with Germany,
2166:
and socialism, the events favoured a Finnish revolution. In order to win power, the socialists had to overcome Parliament.
1778:
substantially. The party encompassed a higher proportion of the population than any other socialist movement in the world.
1090:
9152:
4605:), published in 2006, deals with the period of 1915–1930 from both the Red and the White sides. Westö's book "Mirage 38" (
3155:
1858:, was relatively peaceful until early 1918. The war between the German Empire and Russia had only indirect effects on the
16694:
15454:
14689:
14077:
13962:
13432:
12756:
12384:
11889:
8483:
From the 1920s onwards, Finland gradually became a subject in international politics, instead of merely being an object.
4824:
2422:
Whites and Reds took place. In total, 34 casualties were reported. Eventually, the political rivalries of 1917 led to an
2154:
2037:
2017:
13646:
11162:
Yhteiskunnan modernisoituminen. In: Pernaa, V. & Niemi, K. Mari (eds.) Suomalaisen yhteiskunnan poliittinen historia
4313:
2750:. A Red-initiated Finno–Russian treaty and peace agreement was signed on 1 March 1918, where Red Finland was called the
2060:, better working conditions and higher wages led to demonstrations and large-scale strikes in industry and agriculture.
1785:
had been the most autocratic and conservative ruler in Europe. The Finns adopted a unicameral parliamentary system, the
16908:
16740:
16627:
16106:
15824:
15081:
14899:
14775:
13631:
12921:
12323:
12081:
11031:
Kansallisen eheytyksen ensi askeleet. In: Manninen, O. (ed.) Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920, III Katse tulevaisuuteen
4075:
4022:
3020:; vital means for transporting troops and supplies, as well for using armoured trains, equipped with light cannons and
2141:
brought matters to a head. The Helsinki Soviet and the Regional Committee of the Finnish Soviets, led by the Bolshevik
1775:
1501:
1385:
1142:
1132:
8243:
16850:
16469:
16415:
16410:
16358:
16353:
16343:
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16293:
16283:
16261:
16256:
16233:
16228:
16203:
16179:
16174:
16159:
16019:
15056:
15036:
14611:
13992:
13967:
13506:
13200:
13016:
12288:
11759:
11551:
11533:
11514:
11491:
11468:
11345:
11322:
11299:
11241:
11151:
11132:
11110:
11092:
11056:
11038:
11020:
10943:
10895:
10877:
10801:
10783:
10765:
10747:
10712:
10694:
10676:
10658:
10640:
10567:
10429:
10402:
10385:
Klemettilä, Aimo (1989). "Lenin ja Suomen kansalaissota" [Lenin and the Finnish Civil War]. In Numminen, J.;
10376:
10299:
10182:
9937:
9835:
9795:
9689:
9612:
9586:
9560:
9519:
9496:
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9187:
9160:
9092:
8979:
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subject. The number of reliable literary sources is negligible, while the number of unreliable oral sources is high.
7734:"Varkaudessa sisällissota johti 21.2.1918 järkyttäviin teloituksiin – Yli 200 miestä ammuttiin taisteluiden tauottua"
6424:
4212:
4131:
4014:
to 11,600 prisoners in 1973. The traumatic hardships of the prison camps increased support for communism in Finland.
3857:
2989:
Model 1891. In total, around ten different rifle models were in service, causing problems for ammunition supply. The
3266:
16452:
16388:
16213:
16126:
15395:
15149:
12686:
11724:
10328:
Vapauden ja vihan vuosi. In: Häggman, K., Keskisarja, T., Kuisma, M. & Kukkonen, J. 1917. Suomen ihmisten vuosi
8677:
Punaisten ja valkoisten perintöä vaalitaan yhä – Suomalaiset lähettivät yli 400 muistoa vuoden 1918 sisällissodasta
8095:
YLE: 2 500 tuntematonta suomalaista vainajaa on levännyt joukkohaudassa yli sata vuotta – tämä heistä tiedetään nyt
7290:
On 31 December 1917, the people of Åland proclaimed by a 57% majority their will to integrate the islands with the
4184:
3481:
The Battle for Tampere was fought between 16,000 White and 14,000 Red soldiers. It was Finland's first large-scale
6379:
Svinhufvud's initial vision was that the Senate would lead Finland and the independence process with a call for a
5081:
4693:
3508:
was among the last strongholds of the Reds. The battle ended 6 April 1918 with the surrender of Red forces in the
17069:
17064:
16845:
16605:
16590:
16531:
15890:
15462:
15290:
14642:
14504:
13757:
13562:
13542:
13329:
13265:
13088:
12957:
11861:
11781:
11719:
10139:
Kynällä ja kiväärillä. In: Häggman, K., Keskisarja, T., Kuisma, M. & Kukkonen, J. 1917. Suomen ihmisten vuosi
7128:
The Russian Bolsheviks declared war against White Finland after the Whites attacked Soviet garrisons in Finland.
4151:
2994:
2723:
16745:
12422:
4122:, and the Senate asked the German troops to remain in Finland. 3 March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and 7 March
16313:
16277:
15844:
15741:
15713:
15541:
15494:
15442:
15365:
14806:
14464:
13840:
13557:
13552:
13547:
13537:
13231:
11876:
11851:
11749:
11180:
Taistelu autonomiasta. In: Pernaa, V. & Niemi, K. Mari (eds.) Suomalaisen yhteiskunnan poliittinen historia
10833:
8971:
3908:
3051:
The German Army's landings on the south coast and their operations. The Whites' decisive offensives in Karelia.
2699:
2548:
1955:
1767:
1724:
1462:
1080:
10389:; von Gerich-Porkkala, C.; Jungar, S.; Paloposki, T.; Kallio, V.; Kuusi, H.; Jokela, P.; Veilahti, V. (eds.).
9782:
Haapala, Pertti (1992). "Työväenluokan synty" [The birth of the working class]. In Haapala, P. (ed.).
2097:
17049:
16728:
16479:
16208:
16034:
16029:
15984:
15680:
15489:
15236:
15210:
14628:
14550:
14396:
14231:
13532:
13527:
13491:
13425:
13317:
13163:
12746:
12598:
12136:
12064:
11995:
11764:
11734:
11729:
11013:
Suomen ulkopolitiikan alku. In: Manninen, O. (ed.) Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920, III Katse tulevaisuuteen
10211:
Miten Suomi syntyi?. In: Pernaa, V. & Niemi, K. Mari (eds.) Suomalaisen yhteiskunnan poliittinen historia
9511:
4844:
4154:. Hoover arranged for the delivery of food shipments and persuaded the Allies to relax their blockade of the
3977:
while the mean-length of punishment for the rest was two to four years in jail. 555 people were sentenced to
3813:
1891:
1107:
11382:
Varpio, Yrjö (2009). "Vuosi 1918 kaunokirjallisuudessa" [The year 1918 in fiction]. In Haapala, P.;
3998:
near the camps, of which more than 2,500 Red Guards have been buried in the large mass grave located in the
3296:
were transferred to the German sphere of influence. The Finnish Civil War opened a low-cost access route to
2169:
The February Revolution resulted in a loss of institutional authority in Finland and the dissolution of the
2056:, but the employed workers gained an opportunity to resolve workplace problems. The commoners' call for the
1484:
The war has been assigned several designations according to different political and ideological viewpoints.
16805:
16775:
16770:
16711:
16600:
16595:
16563:
16504:
16425:
16383:
16266:
15819:
15400:
15295:
15280:
14934:
14860:
14720:
14092:
13820:
13481:
13108:
13048:
12945:
12850:
12613:
12399:
12103:
11942:
11841:
11636:
11585:
6384:
4809:
4665:
2393:
1576:), is applied in some poetic settings. According to a 2008 interview of 1,005 people done by the newspaper
1283:
1035:
614:
40:
6612:, disapproved of the Finnish Red Revolution. Kautsky, an opponent of Lenin, supported a reformist policy.
3949:) was enacted on 29 May 1918. The judicature of the 145 inferior courts led by the Supreme Treason Court (
3764:
Both Whites and Reds carried out political violence through executions, respectively termed White Terror (
3739:
16940:
16923:
16795:
16664:
16632:
16568:
16457:
16348:
16333:
16169:
15285:
15142:
14734:
14255:
13940:
13719:
13156:
13141:
12999:
12951:
12716:
12267:
12141:
12054:
12049:
11818:
11806:
11801:
10350:
To the national people's power. Finnish independence, social democrats and the Russian revolution of 1917
5448:
Elvira Willman, Väinö Voionmaa, Sulo Wuolijoki, Wäinö Wuolijoki (called the "November 1905 socialists").
4171:
3585:
3281:
3262:
3164:
2740:
2566:
2497:
1951:
1635:
1397:
1377:
1234:
595:
12328:
10025:
Taistelevat osapuolet ja johtajat. In: Haapala, P. & Hoppu, T. (eds.) Sisällissodan pikkujättiläinen
7932:
lawful and moral justification for violence in civil war, by either side, leads to bias and distortion.
17014:
16994:
16840:
16378:
16368:
16338:
16328:
15943:
15883:
15864:
15839:
15506:
15437:
14555:
14421:
14416:
14127:
14117:
14107:
13977:
13861:
13699:
13656:
12933:
12691:
12676:
12578:
12447:
12015:
11927:
11884:
9269:
9179:
4135:
4080:
4027:
3555:, and advanced on the central-western parts of the town. The German naval squadron led by Vice Admiral
1763:
11599:
10687:
Sodanjohto ja strategia. In: Manninen, O. (ed.) Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920, II Taistelu vallasta
9657:
957:
16679:
16573:
16373:
15834:
15061:
15046:
15041:
14965:
14633:
14277:
14149:
14014:
13987:
13893:
13641:
13409:
12993:
12981:
12736:
12721:
12442:
12333:
12027:
12005:
11754:
11744:
11677:
9976:(2008b). "Tampere – sodan katkerin taistelu" [Tampere – the bitterest battle of the war]. In
5108:
4722:
4388:
4385:
4123:
3573:
3309:
3163:
in Vaasa, Finland, on 26 February 1918. The battalion is being inspected by White Commander-in-Chief
2574:
1894:, and to radical, separatist factions, such as the Finnish national activist movement leaning toward
1771:
1744:. This was a reaction to the domestic dispute, ongoing since the 1880s, between the Finnish nobility-
1473:
1204:
1162:
1065:
106:
12588:
11652:
10705:
Taistelevat osapuolet. In: Manninen, O. (ed.) Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920, II Taistelu vallasta
9866:
Yhteiskunnallinen kompromissi. In: Haapala, P. & Hoppu, T. (eds.) Sisällissodan pikkujättiläinen
4923:
The term "civil war" has come to be commonly used for the conflict in English. For other names, see
4715:
during the Civil War. Other noteworthy documentary-styled films about the Finnish Civil War include
3425:
Mannerheim decided to strike first at Tampere, despite the fact that the town, mostly known for its
2898:
The White Guard's also had aircraft during the course of the war, which would later evolve into the
1671:
The major reasons for rising political tensions among Finns were the autocratic rule of the Russian
17019:
16999:
16820:
16526:
16101:
15905:
15849:
15829:
15251:
15241:
15066:
14904:
14791:
14411:
14211:
13982:
13616:
13103:
13093:
13022:
12975:
12963:
12903:
12711:
12706:
12628:
12037:
12010:
11714:
11612:
11049:
Rintamien selustassa. In: Manninen, O. (ed.) Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920, II Taistelu vallasta
9488:
9356:
Siltala, Juha (2014). "Being absorded into an Unintended War". In Tepora, T.; Roselius, A. (eds.).
7220:
The economy of Ostrobothnia declined, due to weak industrialisation after the ending of commercial
6673:, a gradually resurgent Russia recaptured many of the nations that had become independent in 1918.
5900:
The weakness of Russia emphasised the significance of the Finnish area as a buffer zone protecting
4130:
On 9 October 1918, under pressure from Germany, the Senate and Parliament elected a German prince,
3577:
3429:, housed nearly 15,000 heavily armed Red Guards. He launched the main assault on 16 March 1918, at
2926:. The symbol was further adopted as the official insignia of the Finnish Air Force till the end of
1620:
1528:), are synonymous and appeared mostly after the war. More ideologic names were also used including
1369:
1293:
1157:
717:
204:
7294:. The question of controlling Åland became a dispute between Sweden and Finland after World War I.
7253:
Swedish Germanism included an idea of "Greater Sweden", with plans to take over the Finnish area.
4219:
3344:
3220:, took part in the Battle of Tampere and in the fighting south of the town. In February 1918, the
2605:
987:
902:
398:
16733:
16462:
16081:
15246:
14975:
14796:
14757:
14362:
14347:
14282:
14102:
14082:
13908:
13898:
13813:
13687:
13679:
13621:
13381:
13076:
12839:
12666:
12661:
12593:
12452:
12437:
12432:
12412:
12293:
12170:
11620:
9034:
6534:
garrisons. Some Russian army officers sold their unit's weapons both to the Reds and the Whites.
4897:
4188:
3685:
3630:
3597:
3356:
2771:
2501:
2470:
2439:
2281:
1740:
and in developing a domestic policy that tackled social problems and responded to the demand for
1199:
1194:
972:
922:
12633:
11103:
Lokakuun vallankumous ja Suomen itsenäistyminen. In: Numminen J. et al. (eds.) Lenin ja Suomi II
10346:
Kansalliseen kansanvaltaan. Suomen itsenäisyys, sosiaalidemokraatit ja Venäjän vallankumous 1917
10004:
Sisällissodan puhkeaminen. In: Haapala, P. & Hoppu, T. (eds.) Sisällissodan pikkujättiläinen
8990:
3989:: 5,000 in July; 2,200 in August; and 1,000 in September. The mortality rate was highest in the
3981:, of whom 113 were executed. The trials revealed that some innocent adults had been imprisoned.
3836:
Red Terror in April 1918: the Viipuri county jail massacre, where 30 White prisoners were killed
3116:
2418:
and Tampere, based on the original Red Guards that had been formed during 1905–1906 in Finland.
2254:) were recruited through the local social democratic party sections and from the labour unions.
992:
952:
16935:
16610:
16131:
16066:
15859:
15315:
15076:
14980:
14970:
14811:
14541:
14527:
14175:
14122:
13888:
13454:
13178:
13113:
12969:
12696:
12623:
12573:
12558:
12540:
12513:
12427:
12394:
12059:
12020:
12000:
11811:
11704:
11569:
7458:
YLE: Suomalaiset kuvaavat sotien jälkiä kaupungeissa – katso kuvat ja tarinat tutuilta kulmilta
4641:
4218:
In April 1918, the leading Finnish social liberal and the eventual first President of Finland,
3999:
3990:
3490:
3411:
2911:
2831:
2295:
2010:
1934:
1461:
became a part of this warfare. Around 12,500 Red prisoners died of malnutrition and disease in
1361:
1167:
1152:
1137:
942:
199:
16323:
4376:
The first neutrally critical books were written soon after the war, notably, "Devout Misery" (
4166:
1619:
However in 1899, the Russian Empire had begun to initiate a policy of integration through the
16865:
16825:
16585:
16514:
15963:
15854:
15531:
15338:
15275:
15021:
14297:
14216:
14134:
13444:
13098:
12987:
12763:
12726:
12656:
12603:
12525:
12493:
12467:
12417:
12348:
12250:
12203:
11987:
11856:
11739:
10888:
Modernisoituva suuriruhtinaskunta. In: Zetterberg, S. (ed.) Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen
10776:
Kaartit vastakkain. In: Manninen, O. (ed.) Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920, I Irti Venäjästä
10730:
9814:
8174:
8029:
5665:
in Finland. Bolshevism became more popular among Finnish industrial workers who emigrated to
5044:
3352:
3285:
2931:
2910:. Therefore, the first plane to officially arrive to the Whites was the license manufactured
2890:
2570:
2526:
2492:
2481:
2377:
2325:
2310:
1942:
1814:
1786:
1689:
1594:
A map of Russia's Grand Duchy of Finland from 1825. The map texts are in Russian and Swedish.
1389:
1249:
737:
436:
148:
8731:
neglected, but this has not diminished the high value of the trilogy in Finnish literature.
8224:
4344:
3796:). Large-scale terror operations were born and bred in Europe during World War I, the first
16398:
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14545:
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14241:
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13794:
13709:
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12363:
12313:
11670:
9980:; Haapala, P.; Antila, K.; Honkasalo, M.; Lind, M.; Liuttunen, A.; Saloniemi, M-R. (eds.).
9954:; Haapala, P.; Antila, K.; Honkasalo, M.; Lind, M.; Liuttunen, A.; Saloniemi, M-R. (eds.).
8879:"Dead or Alive 1918 AKA Taistelu Näsilinnasta 1918 AKA The Battle of Näsilinna 1918 (2012)"
8878:
8602:
8525:
4829:
4584:
4459:
4119:
3921:, Helsinki. Around 12,500 Red prisoners died in such camps due to malnutrition and disease.
3870:
3139:
2958:. They carried out rather small operations of reconnaissance, leaflet drops, and bombings.
2798:
2736:
2101:
Russian soldiers in Helsinki. Prior to 1917, they sustained Finland's stability, after the
1903:
1676:
1381:
1224:
962:
699:
337:
237:
14801:
12338:
10870:
Uhkan väliaikainen väistyminen. In: Zetterberg, S. (ed.) Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen
4110:
of Finland, Helsinki 1918. German army officers stand in the left corner. Social Democrat
2608:
at the Karelian Isthmus on 27 January 1918. The Finnish rivalry for power had culminated.
1929:
932:
8:
17034:
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16903:
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16288:
16223:
15994:
15751:
15501:
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15190:
14990:
14377:
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14267:
14226:
14196:
14065:
14051:
13856:
13776:
12915:
12779:
12731:
12608:
12568:
12563:
12508:
12191:
12185:
12086:
10524:
Sodasta syntynyt. Itsenäisen Suomen synty Sarajevon laukauksista Tarton rauhaan 1914–1920
9448:
Tikka, Marko (2014). "Warfare & Terror in 1918". In Tepora, T.; Roselius, A. (eds.).
4646:
4223:
3606:
3589:
3497:
3332:
2970:, with wages paid at the beginning of the war, the White Army consisted predominantly of
2727:
2427:
2398:
2102:
1991:
1919:
1827:
1469:
1457:, won by German troops, leading to overall victory for the Whites and the German forces.
1406:
1229:
1214:
313:
276:
14995:
13729:
10046:
Valkoisten voitto. In: Haapala, P. & Hoppu, T. (eds.) Sisällissodan pikkujättiläinen
8664:
4541:
describes contradictory emotions and attitudes in a village drifting towards civil war.
3832:
3254:
2695:. The elimination of these strongholds was a priority for both armies in February 1918.
1770:. In an attempt to quell the general unrest, the system of estates was abolished in the
1325:
628:
16963:
16945:
16898:
16880:
16860:
16499:
16251:
16149:
16121:
16004:
15989:
15769:
15693:
15205:
15165:
14985:
14944:
14874:
14457:
14382:
14334:
14324:
14236:
14163:
14097:
14002:
13972:
13871:
13848:
13736:
13651:
13010:
12874:
12856:
12821:
12785:
12618:
12583:
12535:
12520:
12407:
12358:
12197:
12156:
11836:
10267:, Jyväskylä: Jyväskylän yliopisto, Historian ja etnologian laitos, Pro gradu-tutkielma.
9673:
9172:
9135:
9127:
9077:
9010:
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4819:
4594:
4550:
4011:
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3135:
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2879:
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1831:
1806:
1759:
1458:
1450:
1425:
1310:
1219:
1127:
1055:
967:
907:
654:
641:
576:
11198:
Siviilihallinto. In: Haapala, P. & Hoppu, T. (eds.) Sisällissodan pikkujättiläinen
4945:
Including conspirative co-operation between Germany and Russian Bolsheviks 1914–1918,
4561:
3930:
3040:
and Viipuri. The Whites captured Haapamäki at the end of January 1918, leading to the
3005:
guns. The machine guns caused a substantial part of the casualties in combat. Russian
16870:
16810:
16617:
16521:
16420:
16298:
16111:
16091:
16086:
16076:
15911:
15736:
15665:
15582:
15559:
15231:
15169:
14879:
14583:
14406:
14357:
14185:
13769:
13763:
13724:
13626:
13459:
13042:
12897:
12681:
12503:
12483:
12318:
12303:
12233:
12221:
11922:
11899:
11846:
11642:
11547:
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11487:
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11395:
11368:
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11034:
11016:
10976:
10958:
10939:
10891:
10873:
10855:
10837:
10815:
10797:
10794:
Tie sotaan. In: Manninen, O. (ed.) Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920, I Irti Venäjästä
10779:
10761:
10743:
10708:
10690:
10672:
10654:
10636:
10600:
10581:
10563:
10545:
10527:
10511:
10485:
10467:
10448:
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10398:
10372:
10353:
10331:
10313:
10295:
10277:
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9985:
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9914:
9887:
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9791:
9768:
9744:
9721:
9685:
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9608:
9582:
9556:
9515:
9492:
9457:
9434:
9411:
9388:
9365:
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9088:
9061:
9038:
9014:
8975:
8952:
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6856:
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4761:
4730:
4712:
4663:. However, perhaps the most famous film about the Finnish Civil War is the 1968 film
4628:
4362:
4350:
4158:, which had obstructed food supplies to Finland, and to allow food into the country.
4031:
4007:
3878:
3727:
3644:
3532:
The White Army parade on Senate Square after the conquest of Helsinki on May 16, 1918
3505:
3415:
3401:
3086:
3021:
2899:
2033:
2003:
1899:
1723:
The Finnish labour movement, which emerged at the end of the nineteenth century from
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1413:
1393:
1271:
1070:
982:
947:
937:
917:
361:
57:
36:
10542:
Jüri Vilmsin mysteeri. In: Nieminen, J. (ed.) Helsinki ensimmäisessä maailmansodassa
9950:(2008a). "Venäläisten upseerien kohtalo" [The fate of Russian officers]. In
4002:. Moreover, 700 severely weakened prisoners died soon after release from the camps.
3913:
3808:
was implemented by the highest-ranking White staff, and the White troops were given
3375:
on 19 April. The main German detachment proceeded northwards from Helsinki and took
3160:
2930:. During the war, the Whites obtained seven additional aircraft which included four
2338:
1644:
1085:
693:
16855:
16800:
16706:
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12498:
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12151:
12146:
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11894:
11794:
11643:
The Representation of Violence in the Finnish (press-) Photography of the Civil War
10578:
Jääkäriliike. In: Haapala, P. & Hoppu, T. (eds.) Sisällissodan pikkujättiläinen
9453:
9430:
9407:
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Public memory, National Heritage, and memorialization of the 1918 Finnish Civil War
6011:
4882:
4874:
4704:
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4606:
4598:
4567:
4536:
4519:
4511:
4499:
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4475:
4463:
4455:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4404:
4392:
4377:
4366:
4354:
4353:, who had volunteered for the White Army, celebrated its cause in "The Great Age" (
4331:
4200:
4192:
4111:
4107:
4096:
4084:
4052:
4044:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3934:
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2755:
2711:
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1959:
1879:
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1545:
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1509:
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In the immediate aftermath, the Finns passed from Russian governance to the German
1412:
In the years before the conflict, Finland had experienced rapid population growth,
1353:
1320:
1172:
927:
499:
11603:
11589:
11216:
Vankileirit. In: Haapala, P. & Hoppu, T. (eds.) Sisällissodan pikkujättiläinen
8785:
6232:
campaign, because you have the power of the Finnish Social Democrats in Finland."
4234:
3446:
3097:
as commander-in-chief. He, in turn, was displaced by the Bolshevik triumvirate of
2273:
came into force on 6 December and peace negotiations began on 22 December 1917 at
1862:. Since the end of the 19th century, the Grand Duchy had become a vital source of
1639:
out terrorist acts. During World War I and the rise of Germanism, the pro-Swedish
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16622:
16474:
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16096:
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10041:
10020:
9999:
9977:
9973:
9951:
9947:
9547:(1993). "Sotaretkillä" [On military expeditions]. In Manninen, O. (ed.).
8231:
8181:
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3701:
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3213:
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1999:
1875:
1643:
began their covert collaboration with Imperial Germany and, from 1915 to 1917, a
1454:
1421:
1417:
1209:
977:
705:
666:
468:
349:
289:
179:
11639:(part of the 1914–1918 online International Encyclopedia of the First World War)
9199:"Agreeing on History: Adaptation as Restorative Truth in Finnish Reconciliation"
4301:
3711:
2469:
In December 1917, Lenin was under intense pressure from the Germans to conclude
2013:, which drew its support mainly from peasants with small or mid-sized farms; and
1866:, industrial products, food and labour for the growing Imperial Russian capital
1420:. The country's political and governmental systems were in an unstable phase of
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16785:
16548:
16538:
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15779:
15703:
15698:
15688:
15655:
15640:
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15554:
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13469:
13449:
13120:
12833:
12671:
12462:
12353:
12209:
12113:
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11144:
Amatöörien sota. Rintamataisteluiden henkilötappiot Suomen sisällissodassa 1918
10386:
9622:
9596:
8908:
4795:
4781:
4651:
4471:
4428:
4306:
4259:
4238:
Finnish conservatives followed the thinking of National Coalition Party member
4147:
3614:
3454:
3348:
3197:
3106:
2979:
2919:
2906:, however its transport to Vaasa was stopped when the ferry's engine failed at
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2146:
2077:
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1970:
1907:
1843:
1839:
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1365:
1315:
1298:
1117:
912:
535:
211:
9006:
4834:
4590:
3681:
3384:
16988:
16918:
16755:
16393:
15789:
15759:
15731:
15721:
15645:
15602:
15592:
15587:
15577:
15215:
14919:
14914:
14428:
13580:
12868:
12862:
12298:
12215:
12126:
11633:(search service for information from Finnish archives, libraries and museums)
11067:
Kaupantekoa Suomen itsenäisyydellä. Saksan sodan päämäärät Suomessa 1917–1918
10604:
10515:
9748:
9570:
9544:
9292:
9214:
9108:
9079:
From Grand Duchy to a Modern State: A Political History of Finland since 1809
8647:
According to a tale that is probably incorrect, Estonian Vice-Prime Minister
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6860:
6145:
Despite German-Russian peace negotiations, the Germans agreed to sell 70,000
4656:
4495:
4412:
4400:
4294:
4289:
4230:
4143:
4067:
during a White Guard's victory parade of Tampere in 1920, with poor results.
3929:
were Suomenlinna (an island facing Helsinki), Hämeenlinna, Lahti, Riihimäki,
3689:
3650:
3618:
3482:
3458:
3438:
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3249:
machine gun in Helsinki after the surrender of the Red Guard headquarters in
3190:
2922:. The aircraft carried Rosen's personal symbol of luck, a right-facing, blue
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2291:
1984:
1946:
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418:
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393:
325:
162:
9222:
Lintunen, Tiina (2014). "Women at War". In Tepora, T.; Roselius, A. (eds.).
8648:
7874:
Around 350 Red women – mainly troops – were executed, 200 of them in Lahti.
2174:
began assuming a broader and more paramilitary character. The Civil Guards (
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16198:
16164:
15919:
15784:
15726:
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15635:
15433:
Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia
15422:
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15011:
14939:
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10274:
Kun aseet puhuvat. Poliittinen väkivalta Espanjan ja Suomen sisällissodissa
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6609:
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4239:
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3317:
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2718:), established on 28 January 1918 in Helsinki, which was supervised by the
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and German weaponry arrived in Finland during October–November 1917 on the
2157:, the social democrats lost their absolute majority, which radicalised the
2081:
2041:
1902:
were spent on this endeavour. Controlling the Finnish area would allow the
1835:
1750:
1685:
1663:) battalion consisting of 1,900 Finnish volunteers was trained in Germany.
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1401:
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301:
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ran through southern Finland from west to east, dividing the country into
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1969:
In Finland, mass meetings and local strikes of early 1917 escalated to a
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32:
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Muistin paikat. Vuoden 1918 sisällissodan muistamisesta ja unohtamisesta
10397:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus. pp. 163–203.
9884:
Kun kansankirkko hajosi. In: Huhta, I. (ed.) Sisällissota 1918 ja kirkko
9761:
Pitkät jäähyväiset. Suomi Ruotsin ja Venäjän välissä vuoden 1809 jälkeen
9743:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomen Sotahistoriallinen seura: 123–165.
9555:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus. pp. 180–445.
6868:
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5261:
dominated by the Swedish administration and the common Lutheran Church,
3269:
with the Soviet Union. The German stance changed after 10 February when
3047:
2109:
The passing of the Tokoi Senate bill called the "Law of Supreme Power" (
1465:. About 39,000 people, of whom 36,000 were Finns, died in the conflict.
16815:
16765:
16684:
16553:
15612:
15482:
15477:
15270:
14761:
13913:
13866:
11334:
Kuninkaantekijät. Suomalainen monarkia 1917–1919, myytti ja todellisuus
9756:
9131:
6576:
6421:
6007:
5662:
4849:
4839:
4681:
4483:
4255:
4155:
3752:
3676:, on the other hand, attacked Helsinki north on April 15 and conquered
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blocked the city harbour, bombarded the southern town area, and landed
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1995:
1963:
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1855:
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and those who opposed socialism with assistance late in the war by the
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to a fully independent state. The clashes took place in the context of
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511:
216:
11270:
Seinää vasten vain; poliittisen väkivallan motiivit Suomessa 1917–1918
10612:
8991:"The foreign office and British intervention in the Finnish civil war"
4518:) in 1966. The same battle is described in the novel "Corpse Bearer" (
16403:
15195:
13036:
12803:
11624:
11509:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: VNKJ 3/2004c, Edita. pp. 267–271.
11127:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: VNKJ 10/2004, Edita. pp. 165–176.
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2423:
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2138:
2073:
2053:
1945:. The collapse of the Russian Empire was caused by military defeats,
1867:
1741:
1709:
1578:
1437:. A counteroffensive by the Whites began in March, reinforced by the
1352:
in 1918 fought for the leadership and control of the country between
1345:
711:
373:
10990:
9122:
9103:
8094:
1564:) was used by the Whites and their supporters. Another designation,
1441:'s military detachments in April. The decisive engagements were the
856:
16968:
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15390:
14387:
14024:
13805:
13296:
10421:
8816:(in Finnish), Embassy of Finland, Kiev, 8 June 2010, archived from
8676:
7457:
6818:
4758:
All Bridges Burning: Red Revolt and White Guard in Finland, 1917-18
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2020:, which sought to retain the rights of the former nobility and the
1504:
after their defeat in the war. The general terms for the conflict,
112:
14007:
9705:
Air Force participation in the Finnish War of Independence in 1918
4639:. The most recent films about the civil war include the 2007 film
4102:
3873:. The war of 1918 ended on 15 May 1918, when the Whites took over
3328:
3226:
2625:
The frontlines and initial offensives at the beginning of the war.
2551:, and last commander-in-chief and also only prime minister of the
2540:
1692:
was rapid in Finland, though it started later than in the rest of
14029:
13836:
10122:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomen Kirkkohistoriallinen seura.
9031:
War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War
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Socialism was the antithesis of the class system of the estates.
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89:
53:
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Venäläissurmat Suomessa 1914–1922, 2.2. Sotatapahtumat 1918–1922
11480:
Venäläissurmat Suomessa 1914–1922, 2.1. Sotatapahtumat 1918–1922
10919:
Poliittiset väkivaltaisuudet Suomessa 1918, II Valkoinen terrori
10067:
Vallatkaa Helsinki. Saksan hyökkäys punaiseen pääkaupunkiin 1918
8651:
was executed by the Germans in Helsinki and buried in the tomb.
4026:
The body of a young boy on Suvantokatu near the intersection of
3476:
circulated by the Whites urging the Red defenders to surrender.
2049:
the right, all serving to undermine the authority of the state.
15907:
14342:
11616:
9886:, Helsinki: Suomen Kirkkohistoriallinen seura, pp. 17–23,
9607:] (in Finnish). Espoo: Weilin & Göös. pp. 47–404.
8344:
the weak Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War led to the German
7980:
7978:
6380:
5127:
4318:
3974:
3610:
3552:
3289:
3274:
2951:
2871:
2684:
2668:
2330:
2170:
2068:
1851:
1847:
11662:
11630:
11507:
Russian deaths in Finland 1914–1922, 2.2. War events 1918–1922
11484:
Russian deaths in Finland 1914–1922, 2.1. War events 1918–1922
10906:
Poliittiset väkivaltaisuudet Suomessa 1918, I Punainen terrori
10597:
Sotahistoriallinen Aikakauskirja = Journal of Military History
7733:
3320:
on 9 March 1918. The leader of the German war effort, General
1842:. The Grand Duchy of Finland became embroiled in the turmoil.
15467:
14292:
14034:
13464:
9788:
Economy, power and the state. Studies on 19th century Finland
9765:
A long farewell. Finland between Sweden and Russia after 1809
9579:
Economy, power and the state. Studies on 19th century Finland
7879:
7006:
7002:
6580:
6146:
4175:
3978:
3450:
3372:
3265:, the Germans did not want to jeopardise their armistice and
3233:, but the German army's Finland operation stalled this plan.
3123:
2943:
2676:
2578:
2522:
2518:
2415:
1871:
1859:
1631:
11338:
Kingmakers. The Finnish monarchy 1917–1919, myth and reality
9605:
History of Finland 6, Periods of oppression and independence
7975:
4118:
In May 1918, a conservative-monarchist Senate was formed by
4010:
pardoned the last 50 prisoners. The Finnish government paid
3189:
in the north, and the ownership of farmland conferred major
14039:
10560:
Suomen vai Saksan puolesta? Jääkäreiden tuntematon historia
10097:
Women's Guards of the Civil War. Finnish women in arms 1918
9958:(in Finnish). Tampere: Tampereen museot. pp. 188–199.
9849:(in Finnish). Tampere: Tampereen museot. pp. 255–261.
9790:] (in Finnish). Tampere: Vastapaino. pp. 227–249.
9581:] (in Finnish). Tampere: Vastapaino. pp. 251–267.
3804:
of the White terror was centrally led. In February 1918, a
2739:. The socialists planned to transfer a substantial part of
2680:
2672:
2064:
1672:
10193:
Kansa kahtia, henki halpaa. Oikeus sisällissodan Suomessa?
10093:
Sisällissodan naiskaartit. Suomalaiset naiset aseissa 1918
10071:
Conquer Helsinki. German attack on the red capital in 1918
9984:(in Finnish). Tampere: Tampereen museot. pp. 96–161.
9701:
Ilmavoimien osallistuminen Suomen vapaussotaan vuonna 1918
9682:
Finnish War of Independence 1918. Atlas and research guide
9553:
The years of independence 1917–1920, II Struggle for power
8814:"Raja 1918-elokuva eurooppalaisilla elokuvafestivaaleilla"
8244:
Mannerheimin murhayrityksen jälkinäytös käytiin Vallilassa
3351:, west of Helsinki. It was followed on 7 April by Colonel
3138:
led Finnish Red troops in western Finland in February and
846:
32,500 casualties (100–200 neutral/Finnish Reds civilians)
798:
5,700–5,800 casualties (100–200 neutral/"White" civilians)
10995:
10619:(in Finnish), Historiatieteen laitos, Tampereen yliopisto
7221:
2324:
The purely non-socialist, conservative-led government of
823:
12,500 prisoners deceased, 700 acute deaths after release
10289:
9784:
Talous, valta ja valtio. Tutkimuksia 1800-luvun Suomesta
9575:
Talous, valta ja valtio. Tutkimuksia 1800-luvun Suomesta
8484:
8463:
8430:
8405:
8361:
8279:
8054:
7996:
7984:
7941:
7887:
7842:
7762:
7397:
7365:
7332:
7299:
7092:
7050:
6786:
6784:
6771:
6769:
6736:
6682:
6617:
6596:
6547:
6505:
6453:
6432:
6392:
6301:
6245:
6211:
6187:
6158:
6129:
6109:
6093:
6061:
5969:
5917:
5852:
5816:
3657:
After losing Helsinki, the Red Defense Command moved to
3056: Areas controlled by the Whites and their offensive
3024:. The strategically most important railway junction was
2993:
was the most-used machine gun, along with the less-used
2839: Areas controlled by the Whites and their offensive
2826:
The main offensives until 6 April 1918. The Whites take
2630: Areas controlled by the Whites and their offensive
1699:
The difference between Scandinavian-Finnish and Russian-
11317:] (in Finnish). Vol. II. Jyväskylä: Gummerus.
9075:
Jussila, Osmo; Hentilä, Seppo; Nevakivi, Jukka (1999).
7878:
against women, Red women in particular, is a long-term
5139:
4373:) in 1918. The war tales of the Reds were kept silent.
4114:
is on the right, representing Finnish socialists alone.
3327:
On 5 March 1918, a German naval squadron landed on the
2810:, a geopolitically significant home to people speaking
2513:
vanguard of the movement was the urban Red Guards from
1500:
is the term increasingly employed by the reconstituted
1076:
Conscription disturbance at the Brisbane School of Arts
11461:
Those who were killed in wartime between 1914 and 1922
11394:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY. pp. 441–463.
11367:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY. pp. 376–394.
11294:] (in Finnish). Vol. I. Jyväskylä: Gummerus.
11051:, Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus, pp. 486–627,
11033:, Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus, pp. 228–249,
11015:, Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus, pp. 252–403,
10830:
Tasavallan tiellä, Suomi kansalaissodasta 2010-luvulle
10796:, Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus, pp. 398–432,
10778:, Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus, pp. 346–395,
10760:, Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus, pp. 324–343,
10599:, Helsinki: Suomen Sotahistoriallinen seura: 216–250,
9549:
Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920, II Taistelu vallasta
9074:
8369:
8142:
8058:
7405:
7336:
6625:
5216:
4764:
series, which emulated the conflict of the civil war.
4317:
1918 Finnish Civil War Red Guard mass monument at the
3829:
opponents' actions, increasing the spiral of revenge.
2882:. The central front was between the Lake Päijänne and
2845: Areas controlled by the Reds and their offensive
2636: Areas controlled by the Reds and their offensive
2105:, the Russian troops became a source of social unrest.
17005:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe
16702:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
15032:
Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia
11105:, Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus, pp. 83–161,
10707:, Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus, pp. 96–177,
8206:
Oula Seitsonen, Paul R. Mullins & Timo Ylimaunu:
6796:
6781:
6766:
4902:
3600:, the Smolna, the Presidential Palace and the Senate-
1998:
and conservatives, with the liberals divided between
1360:(Red Finland) during the country's transition from a
15164:
11252:
Kun kansa leikki kuningasta. Suomen suuri lakko 1905
10689:, Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus, pp. 24–93,
10510:, Helsinki: Suomen Sotatieteellinen Seura: 154–205,
7902:, pp. 25–32, 69–81, 103–138, 141–146, 157–158,
7468:
7466:
7156:
7154:
4771:
3193:, motivating the farmers to fight against the Reds.
2357:; around 50 Jägers had returned by the end of 1917.
2080:. The farmers resisted the state control and thus a
1679:. The latter system originated in the regime of the
1598:
1400:
at the request of the Finnish civil government. The
11500:
11463:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: VNKJ 10/2004, Edita.
10923:
Political violence in Finland 1918, II White terror
10544:, Helsinki: Gummerus Kustannus Oy, pp. 42–43,
9450:
The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
9427:
The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
9404:
The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
9381:
The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
9358:
The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
9335:
The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
9312:
The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
9224:
The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
9054:
The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
8945:
The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
8225:
Mikko Porvali : Murhayritys joka jäi tekemättä
7001:
platoons were active in combat along the Alvettula–
5080:Kinnunen, Tiina; Niinistö, Jussi (8 October 2014).
5059:
4530:from 2007. The multilayered "Malmi 1917" (2013) by
4305:1918 Finnish Civil War Red Guard mass grave at the
4142:southern Finland. Late in 1918, Finnish politician
1979:conservative elements. The four main parties were:
11486:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: VNKJ 2/2004, Edita.
9171:
9076:
4673:and based on the first two books of Väinö Linna's
4419:in 1931 with the book "A Man and His Conscience" (
4233:supported moderate politics. His party colleague,
2271:armistice between Germany and the Bolshevik regime
11606:International Encyclopedia of the First World War
11592:International Encyclopedia of the First World War
11234:Terrorin aika. Suomen levottomat vuodet 1917–1921
9899:
9627:Saksalaisten sotilaallinen toiminta Suomessa 1918
9601:Suomen historia 6, Sortokaudet ja itsenäistyminen
8772:
8744:
7463:
7151:
3150:
2115:laki Suomen korkeimman valtiovallan käyttämisestä
1708:political questions interacted with the ideas of
16986:
16717:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
16047:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
10910:Political violence in Finland 1918, I Red terror
10812:Suomen historia. Linjat, rakenteet, käännekohdat
9678:Suomen vapaussota 1918. Kartasto ja tutkimusopas
9671:
9485:The Communist Parties of Scandinavia and Finland
9146:
8839:"Lehti: Käsky-elokuvassa miesten välistä seksiä"
7703:
7667:
7610:
7582:
7516:
7484:
7445:
7137:
6813:
6811:
5505:
5224:
5188:
5079:
4282:German Memorial to the Finnish Civil War at the
3093:Ali Aaltonen was replaced on 28 January 1918 by
2894:The insignia of the Finnish Air Force, 1918–1945
2616:
16836:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
16751:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
12639:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
11415:Blue song. The story of independent Finnish art
11411:Sininen laulu. Itsenäisen Suomen taiteen tarina
11085:Kansanvaltuuskunta Punaisen Suomen hallituksena
9424:
9401:
8665:Pääkirjoitus: Kansalaissota on arka muistettava
5133:
5084:[The different names of the 1918 war].
4293:A mass grave for Red soldiers and civilians in
3079:
2433:
1958:, but this new authority was challenged by the
1774:. The general strike increased support for the
1416:, urbanisation and the rise of a comprehensive
11457:Sotaoloissa vuosina 1914–1922 surmansa saaneet
11125:Deaths in war conditions between 1914 and 1922
11121:Sotaoloissa vuosina 1914–1922 surmansa saaneet
10479:
9904:
8545:
8471:
8417:
8385:
8008:
7413:
7377:
7344:
6363:
5625:
4006:the Social Democratic Party government led by
2797:and opposed democracy; others had approved of
2290:politicians accepted a compromise proposal by
16690:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
15891:
15150:
14845:
14512:
13821:
11678:
6808:
4890:
4178:on 9 July 1938, 20 years after the Civil War.
3547:. The Germans broke through the area between
2814:. The weakness of Russia inspired an idea of
2647:At the beginning of the war, a discontinuous
1019:
872:
77:(3 months, 2 weeks and 4 days)
14859:
10669:Ruotsin historia, jääkaudesta tulevaisuuteen
10648:
10630:
10438:
9905:Hentilä, Marjaliisa; Hentilä, Seppo (2016).
9711:
9707:] (in Finnish). Otava. pp. 203–226.
9028:
8845:(in Finnish), 13 August 2008, archived from
8377:
8189:
8110:
8070:
8004:
7945:
7903:
7891:
7857:, pp. 25–32, 69–100, 141–146, 157–158,
7846:
7810:
7790:
7770:
7691:
7655:
7614:
7598:
7570:
7538:
7472:
7084:
7042:
7018:
7014:
6977:
6953:
6941:
6889:
6608:The "ideological father" of the socialists,
6539:
6473:
6427:ratified the recognition on 4 January 1918.
6334:, pp. 9–10, 181–182, 203–204, 264–276,
6285:
6043:
5706:
5403:
5040:
5020:
5018:
1612:and cultural unity through the birth of the
1380:) in Europe. The war was fought between the
16643:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
16638:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
14818:Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn
13129:
11658:Finland Divided: The Finnish Civil War 1918
11477:
11454:
11431:
11213:
11195:
11100:
11082:
10952:
10929:
10916:
10903:
9718:Casualties in the Finnish Civil War of 1918
9656:(in Finnish), Bonnier Group, archived from
9289:A Concise History of the Russian Revolution
8533:
8146:
8118:
8114:
8106:
8078:
8066:
8050:
7961:
7949:
7937:
7933:
7895:
7883:
7850:
7838:
7629:
7627:
7100:
7058:
6752:
6629:
6613:
6517:
6241:
5796:
5157:
5063:
5032:
5028:
5024:
3672:. The Germans troops, led by Major General
2830:and defeat the Finnish-Russian Reds at the
2191:
2040:. A new Senate was formed in March 1917 by
1731:and Fennomania, had a Finnish nationalist,
1370:the national, political, and social turmoil
1033:
56:'s civilian buildings destroyed during the
15959:Military history of the Russian Federation
15898:
15884:
15157:
15143:
14930:Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee
14852:
14838:
14526:
14519:
14505:
13828:
13814:
11685:
11671:
11559:
11541:
11159:
11064:
11010:
10791:
10773:
10755:
10384:
10325:
10307:
10262:
9828:When society fell apart, Finland 1914–1920
9714:Henkilötappiot Suomen sisällissodassa 1918
8619:
8442:
8434:
8397:
8349:
7907:
7826:
7715:
7546:
7512:
7480:
7441:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7237:
7196:
6957:
6686:
6678:
6653:
6584:
6555:
6543:
6513:
6477:
6457:
6436:
6367:
6265:
6261:
6166:
6031:
5792:
4997:
4965:
4963:
4631:and based on Jarl Hemmer's play and novel
3853:, the aftermath of the Battle of Viipuri.
3680:four days later, continuing from there to
2777:Lenin's policy on the right of nations to
2500:in 1918, with a white armband showing the
1954:(Russian Parliament) and the left-leaning
1634:. Finns called the increased military and
1026:
1012:
879:
865:
16209:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
11523:
11254:, Helsinki: Suomen kirjallisuuden seura,
11177:
10975:, Helsinki: Suomen Kirjallisuuden seura,
10827:
10809:
10720:
10702:
10684:
10666:
10484:, Helsinki: Suomen kirjallisuuden seura,
10172:
9633:] (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Gummerus.
9535:
9121:
8585:
7554:
7340:
7307:
7258:
7133:
6897:
6756:
6690:
6551:
6509:
6400:
6396:
6343:
6162:
6027:
6019:
5772:
5641:
5617:
5577:
5232:
5196:
5145:
5015:
4977:
4973:
4711:) was made, which tells the story of the
3596:On 13 April, German troops took over the
3016:The Civil War was fought primarily along
2918:donated on 6 March 1918 by Swedish Count
2746:In foreign policy, Red Finland leaned on
2092:
1821:
1675:and the undemocratic class system of the
1552:) by the Reds and their supporters while
15052:Commune of the Working People of Estonia
14895:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
12928:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
11438:The years of hunger. A history of famine
11408:
11141:
11118:
11046:
11028:
10970:
10885:
10737:
10497:
10366:
10271:
9927:
9881:
9863:
9631:German military activity in Finland 1918
9402:Tepora, Tuomas; Roselius, Aapo (2014a).
9309:
9244:
9221:
9147:Jutikkala, Eino; Pirinen, Kauko (2003).
8760:
8732:
8706:
8627:
8623:
8607:
8577:
8573:
8561:
8529:
8381:
8170:
7969:
7911:
7707:
7675:
7671:
7633:
7624:
7373:
7164:
7141:
7096:
7054:
6961:
6909:
6901:
6760:
6740:
6694:
6657:
6621:
6077:
6010:and the most right-wing elements of the
5957:
5387:
5106:
5055:
4954:
4616:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4277:
4165:
4101:
4021:
3912:
3831:
3751:
3710:, through the Mustankallio graveyard in
3649:(front), commander of the Red Guards of
3634:
3527:
3463:
3405:
3240:
3154:
3046:
2889:
2821:
2743:to the state and local administrations.
2620:
2539:
2491:
2392:
2304:
2096:
1928:
1589:
1148:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
16170:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
16040:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
15418:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
15361:Provisional Committee of the State Duma
13305:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
10988:
10610:
10593:
10575:
10557:
10539:
10447:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Minerva.
10244:
10226:
10208:
10190:
10154:
10136:
9913:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Siltala.
9844:
9824:Kun yhteiskunta hajosi, Suomi 1914–1920
9821:
9804:
9781:
9569:
9470:
9355:
9332:
9101:
9051:
8988:
8965:
8942:
8895:
8748:
8718:
8652:
8635:
8615:
8611:
8589:
8569:
8565:
8537:
8508:
8492:
8488:
8467:
8446:
8438:
8413:
8373:
8331:
8319:
8307:
8295:
8283:
8215:, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
8166:
8150:
8074:
8000:
7957:
7731:
7409:
7369:
7315:
7279:
7268:
7262:
7241:
7233:
7229:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7192:
7188:
7168:
7062:
6893:
6842:
6748:
6722:
6698:
6637:
6485:
6408:
6404:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6335:
6331:
6323:
6319:
6305:
6289:
6269:
6249:
6219:
6215:
6191:
6133:
6113:
6073:
6069:
6047:
6035:
6023:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5973:
5965:
5961:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5921:
5913:
5909:
5888:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5856:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5820:
5812:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5754:
5750:
5734:
5730:
5722:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5674:
5670:
5649:
5621:
5613:
5609:
5597:
5581:
5569:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5513:
5509:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5469:
5461:
5449:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5407:
5395:
5391:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5329:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5228:
5220:
5200:
5192:
5184:
5180:
5176:
4960:
4950:
4134:, the brother-in-law of German Emperor
3888:
3747:
3390:
2961:
1838:and a subsequent struggle for power in
16987:
16791:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
16722:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
16581:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
16559:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
16273:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
15949:Military history of the Russian Empire
15473:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
15017:Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets
14748:Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland
11440:] (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Atena.
11381:
10867:
10521:
10461:
10411:
10343:
10040:
10019:
9998:
9972:
9946:
9755:
9734:
9698:
9595:
9505:
9378:
9196:
8866:
8768:
8764:
8740:
8736:
8714:
8710:
8692:
8688:
8496:
7711:
7687:
7644:
7520:
7488:
7311:
7303:
7254:
7108:
7104:
7066:
7038:
6819:"The history of the Finnish Air Force"
6802:
6790:
6775:
6744:
6481:
6339:
6327:
6237:
6207:
6183:
6039:
5977:
5925:
5860:
5824:
5678:
5605:
5573:
5525:
5497:
5481:
5457:
5453:
5379:
5363:
5359:
5333:
5325:
5278:
5212:
4637:7th Berlin International Film Festival
4258:and the other crisis of World War II,
3236:
2768:Finlands socialistiska arbetarrepublik
2376:) on 1 November, in order to push for
2032:The Social Democratic Party gained an
1913:
1472:with a plan to establish a German-led
17055:Separatist rebellion-based civil wars
16941:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
16319:Russian colonization of North America
15879:
15138:
15072:Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic
14833:
14716:National Defence Training Association
14500:
13809:
13258:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
12594:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
11666:
11354:
11331:
11308:
11285:
11249:
11231:
11164:, Helsinki: Edita, pp. 113–131,
10938:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Tammi.
10852:Venäjän sotilaat valkoisessa Suomessa
10849:
10613:"Vuosi 1918 suomalaisessa elokuvassa"
10352:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Tammi.
10113:
10087:
10061:
9830:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Edita.
9720:] (in Finnish). Turenki: Jaarli.
9621:
9482:
9447:
9286:
9263:
9247:The Russian Revolution: A New History
9169:
8631:
8581:
8557:
8541:
8459:
8409:
8401:
8365:
8357:
8353:
8275:
8271:
8259:
8255:
8193:
8185:
8162:
8138:
8134:
8122:
8082:
8062:
7965:
7953:
7919:
7915:
7899:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7814:
7806:
7794:
7786:
7774:
7758:
7719:
7695:
7659:
7618:
7602:
7586:
7574:
7558:
7542:
7524:
7504:
7492:
7393:
7389:
7361:
7328:
7295:
7225:
7184:
7172:
7160:
7145:
7129:
7116:
7112:
7088:
7070:
7046:
7026:
7022:
7010:
6985:
6981:
6965:
6929:
6917:
6913:
6905:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6674:
6649:
6633:
6559:
6535:
6521:
6501:
6489:
6469:
6449:
6428:
6388:
6281:
6233:
6203:
6179:
6154:
6125:
6105:
6089:
6065:
6015:
5953:
5905:
5808:
5768:
5746:
5726:
5690:
5645:
5637:
5601:
5593:
5565:
5541:
5532:, pp. 85–100, 101–127, 150–151,
5501:
5488:, pp. 85–100, 101–127, 150–151,
5465:
5399:
5383:
5172:
5067:
5036:
5009:
4985:
4981:
4969:
4946:
4506:), all published in 1960. In poetry,
4273:
3756:Two Reds being executed by Whites in
3624:
3523:
2760:Suomen sosialistinen työväentasavalta
2458:Finland's Declaration of Independence
2257:
1941:The February Revolution removed Tsar
1007:
886:
860:
15954:Military history of the Soviet Union
15301:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
13835:
13662:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
11417:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY.
11267:
11218:, Helsinki: WSOY, pp. 335–355,
11200:, Helsinki: WSOY, pp. 246–269,
11087:, Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus,
10925:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Tammi.
10912:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Tammi.
10653:, Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus,
10635:, Helsinki: Valtion painatuskeskus,
10439:Kolbe, Laura; Nyström, Samu (2008).
10249:, Helsinki: Edita, pp. 95–109,
10141:, Helsinki: WSOY, pp. 157–217,
10099:] (in Finnish). Juva: Gummerus.
10073:] (in Finnish). Juva: Gummerus.
10048:, Helsinki: WSOY, pp. 199–223,
10027:, Helsinki: WSOY, pp. 112–143,
9868:, Helsinki: WSOY, pp. 395–404,
9767:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY.
9712:Eerola, Jari; Eerola, Jouni (1998).
9543:
8370:Jussila, Hentilä & Nevakivi 1999
8143:Jussila, Hentilä & Nevakivi 1999
8059:Jussila, Hentilä & Nevakivi 1999
7766:
7699:
7663:
7606:
7578:
7550:
7508:
7476:
7437:
7425:
7406:Jussila, Hentilä & Nevakivi 1999
7401:
7337:Jussila, Hentilä & Nevakivi 1999
6626:Jussila, Hentilä & Nevakivi 1999
6326:, pp. 49–73, 156–159, 243–245,
5217:Jussila, Hentilä & Nevakivi 1999
4498:'s "My Grandmother and Mannerheim" (
3721:
3395:
3277:duly requested help on 14 February.
2791:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud's first senate
2022:Swedish-speaking minority of Finland
1846:less important than the continental
1666:
17060:Subsidiary conflicts of World War I
16695:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
15264:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
14690:Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency
13591:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
12385:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
11182:, Helsinki: Edita, pp. 45–94,
10231:, Helsinki: Edita, pp. 31–44,
10213:, Helsinki: Edita, pp. 15–30,
10006:, Helsinki: WSOY, pp. 92–111,
9647:
8808:
8173:, pp. 9–24, 214–220, 307–325,
7809:, pp. 19–38, 69–138, 141–158,
7732:Vironen, Petri (21 February 2018).
7537:and film-making group to Helsinki.
5972:, pp. 35, 37, 39, 40, 50, 52,
5920:, pp. 35, 37, 39, 40, 50, 52,
5819:, pp. 35, 37, 39, 40, 50, 52,
5158:Haapala, P. (2008). "Pax Russica".
4825:Kagal (Finnish resistance movement)
4431:in 1942 with "Restless Childhood" (
4093:Socialist Workers' Party of Finland
4065:assassination of General Mannerheim
3963:överdomstolen för statsförbrytelser
3917:A prison camp for Red prisoners in
3810:Instructions for Wartime Judicature
2752:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
2611:
2476:By the beginning of the Civil War,
2471:peace negotiations at Brest-Litovsk
2401:'s Tampere company pictured in 1918
2063:While the Finns had specialised in
1603:From 1809 to 1898, a period called
1358:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
13:
16741:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
16107:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
15386:Council of the People's Commissars
15082:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
15027:Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
12324:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
10890:, Porvoo: WSOY, pp. 465–533,
10580:, Helsinki: WSOY, pp. 48–57,
10466:(in Finnish), Atena Kustannus Oy,
10441:Helsinki 1918. Pääkaupunki ja sota
10330:, Helsinki: WSOY, pp. 13–74,
9684:] (in Finnish). Porvoo: WSOY.
8906:
5753:, pp. 155–159, 197, 203–225,
4984:, pp. 107, 267–273, 377–391,
4659:and based on Leena Lander's novel
4309:. The monument was erected in 1946
4017:
3695:
3068: Areas controlled by the Reds
2687:; within the Red area lay Porvoo,
2569:, a former Finnish general of the
1854:gateway, Finland, isolated by the
1426:the collapse of the Russian Empire
14:
17086:
17075:Wars involving the United Kingdom
16606:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
15057:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
15037:Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic
11578:
11434:Nälän vuodet. Nälänhädän historia
11392:The Little Giant of the Civil War
11365:The Little Giant of the Civil War
10989:Pesonen, Mikko (4 October 2021),
10872:, Porvoo: WSOY, pp. 553–65,
9476:History of the Russian Revolution
8907:L., Bertrand (15 November 2020).
3449:on 24 March and westward ones at
2789:The government of White Finland,
1834:in 1917. This breakdown caused a
1599:Finland as grand duchy: 1809–1917
16660:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
16453:Russian conquest of Central Asia
16389:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
16185:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
16127:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
15396:Military Revolutionary Committee
12687:Second Battle of the Piave River
12309:Russian invasion of East Prussia
11340:] (in Finnish). Juva: WSOY.
11146:, Helsinki: VNKJ 1/2006, Edita,
11011:Pietiäinen, Jukka-Pekka (1992),
10742:, Porvoo: WSOY, pp. 21–32,
10177:, Porvoo: WSOY, pp. 11–20,
9813:(in Finnish) (2). Archived from
9737:Sotahistoriallinen Aikakauskirja
9508:The Finnish Revolution 1917–1918
9478:. London: The Camelot Press ltd.
8900:
8889:
8871:
8860:
8831:
8802:
8778:
8754:
8724:
8698:
8682:
8670:
8658:
8641:
8595:
8551:
8514:
8502:
8477:
8452:
8423:
8391:
8337:
8325:
8313:
8301:
8289:
8265:
8249:
8237:
8218:
8199:
8175:National Archive of Finland 2004
8156:
8128:
8100:
8088:
8043:
8014:
7990:
7925:
7868:
7832:
7820:
7800:
5045:National Archive of Finland 2004
4904:Grazhdanskaya voyna v Finlyandii
4788:
4774:
4415:in 1919. These were followed by
4051:) and "red russkies" (for Reds;
3965:) did not meet the standards of
3284:attacked Russia on 18 February.
2349:freighter and the German U-boat
670:
660:
648:
635:
622:
603:
584:
565:
553:
541:
529:
517:
505:
493:
485:
475:
461:
443:
430:
417:
405:
392:
379:
367:
355:
343:
331:
319:
307:
295:
283:
269:
244:
230:
210:
198:
185:
173:
155:
141:
47:
16946:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
16591:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
16532:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
15291:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
13758:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
12958:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
11692:
11526:Käännekohdat Suomen historiassa
11315:Revolution in Finland 1917–1918
11311:Vallankumous Suomessa 1917–1918
11292:Revolution in Finland 1917–1918
11288:Vallankumous Suomessa 1917–1918
10936:Prison camps in Finland in 1918
10649:Lappalainen, Jussi T. (1981b),
10631:Lappalainen, Jussi T. (1981a),
10292:Suomen itsenäistymisen kronikka
9648:Aro, Tuuve (29 November 2007),
8968:State and Revolution in Finland
8930:
8282:, pp. 136, 149, 152, 159,
7780:
7752:
7725:
7681:
7649:
7638:
7592:
7564:
7530:
7498:
7451:
7431:
7419:
7383:
7350:
7321:
7284:
7247:
7214:
7178:
7122:
7076:
7032:
6991:
6971:
6947:
6935:
6923:
6882:
6836:
6728:
6704:
6663:
6643:
6602:
6590:
6565:
6527:
6495:
6463:
6442:
6414:
6373:
6311:
6295:
6275:
6255:
6225:
6197:
6172:
6161:, pp. 59, 63, 66, 68, 98,
6139:
6119:
6099:
6083:
6053:
5999:
5947:
5894:
5882:
5846:
5802:
5760:
5740:
5716:
5684:
5655:
5631:
5587:
5559:
5519:
5475:
5441:
5413:
5351:
5318:
5288:
5254:
5206:
5166:
5151:
5060:Westerlund & Kalleinen 2004
4152:Committee for Relief in Belgium
4150:, the American chairman of the
3947:domstolen för statsförbrytelser
3902:
3806:Desk of Securing Occupied Areas
3410:Unburied bodies of the Reds at
2887:was scattered and ineffective.
2724:dictatorship of the proletariat
2456:Svinhufvud's Senate introduced
2038:parliamentary elections of 1916
2009:the social reformist, centrist
1906:to penetrate Petrograd and the
1688:, emerged over the period. The
17030:Finland–Soviet Union relations
17010:Civil wars of the 20th century
16628:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
16278:War of the Austrian Succession
15825:German Revolution of 1918–1919
15366:Russian Provisional Government
14900:German Revolution of 1918–1919
14807:List of wars involving Finland
13936:History of independent Finland
13581:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
13440:Deportations from East Prussia
13237:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
11615:(pictures of the Civil War on
11388:Sisällissodan pikkujättiläinen
11361:Sisällissodan pikkujättiläinen
10953:Pekkalainen, Tuulikki (2014),
10482:Miina Sillanpää – edelläkävijä
10445:Helsinki 1918. Capital and war
10420:] (in Finnish). Helsinki:
10157:Suomen historian suuret myytit
9266:Civil War in Europe, 1905–1949
8972:University of California Press
8540:, pp. 223–225, 243, 249,
6425:Council of People's Commissars
5100:
5073:
5003:
4991:
4939:
4917:
4868:
4260:pressure from the Soviet Union
3909:Finnish Civil War prison camps
3543:north-west, supported via the
3347:, launched the main attack at
3151:White Guards and Sweden's role
2575:Headquarters of the White Army
2206:) and the later White Guards (
1:
16851:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
16729:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
16480:Russian invasion of Manchuria
16470:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
16416:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
16411:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
16354:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
16344:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
16309:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
16304:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
16294:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
16284:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
16262:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
16257:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
16234:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
16229:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
16204:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
16180:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
16175:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
16160:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
16035:List of wars involving Russia
16030:Sino-Russian border conflicts
15490:Socialist Revolutionary Party
15237:Ukrainian War of Independence
13492:Ukrainian Canadian internment
10971:Peltonen, Ulla-Maija (2003),
10500:"Hyvinkää itsenäisyyssodassa"
10480:Korppi-Tommola, Aura (2016),
10120:Civil war 1918 and the church
9512:University of Minnesota Press
9104:"The Finnish Communist Party"
8520:Ståhlberg, Ingman, Tokoi and
8466:, pp. 67, 73, 154, 171,
8416:, pp. 190–191, 276–291,
7698:, pp. 391–400, 424–442,
7515:, pp. 103–295, 429–443,
7483:, pp. 103–295, 429–443,
7475:, pp. 144–148, 156–170,
7444:, pp. 103–295, 429–443,
6038:, pp. 123–127, 237–243,
5964:, pp. 158–162, 195–196,
5912:, pp. 158–162, 195–196,
5815:, pp. 158–162, 195–196,
5783:, pp. 155–159, 203–225,
5456:, pp. 250–288, 428–439,
5382:, pp. 289–309, 416–449,
5336:, pp. 250–288, 416–449,
5179:, pp. 110–114, 150–196,
5086:Suojeluskunnat ja Lotta Svärd
5082:"Vuoden 1918 sodan eri nimet"
5039:, pp. 191–200, 453–460,
4892:Гражданская война в Финляндии
4856:
4845:Ukrainian War of Independence
4760:in the tenth volume of their
4391:in 1919; "Dead Apple Trees" (
4324:
4161:
3893:
3814:Shoot on the Spot Declaration
3714:and the Russian garrisons at
3225:geopolitically vital Finnish
2617:Red Finland and White Finland
2556:
2507:
2309:Soldiers of the paramilitary
1892:Socialist Revolutionary Party
1585:
1449:, won by the Whites, and the
16806:Eritrean War of Independence
16776:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
16771:East German uprising of 1953
16712:Eastern Front (World War II)
16601:Red Army invasion of Georgia
16596:Red Army invasion of Armenia
16564:Estonian War of Independence
16505:Russian occupation of Tabriz
16426:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
16384:War of the Seventh Coalition
16267:War of the Polish Succession
16214:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
15401:Russian Constituent Assembly
15296:Red Army invasion of Georgia
15281:Estonian War of Independence
14935:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
13647:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
12946:Estonian War of Independence
12614:Southern Palestine offensive
11566:Historiallinen Aikakauskirja
11432:Voutilainen, Miikka (2017).
10930:Paavolainen, Jaakko (1971).
10917:Paavolainen, Jaakko (1967).
10904:Paavolainen, Jaakko (1966).
10727:Historiallinen Aikakauskirja
9932:(in Finnish). Porvoo: WSOY.
9811:Historiallinen Aikakauskirja
9174:A Concise History of Finland
9153:Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö
8511:, pp. 223–225, 243, 249
8258:, pp. 38–115, 199–261,
7704:Aunesluoma & Häikiö 1995
7668:Aunesluoma & Häikiö 1995
7611:Aunesluoma & Häikiö 1995
7583:Aunesluoma & Häikiö 1995
7517:Aunesluoma & Häikiö 1995
7485:Aunesluoma & Häikiö 1995
7446:Aunesluoma & Häikiö 1995
7138:Aunesluoma & Häikiö 1995
6385:Russian Constituent Assembly
5506:Jutikkala & Pirinen 2003
5370:, pp. 85–127, 150–151,
5231:, pp. 81–150, 264–282,
5225:Jutikkala & Pirinen 2003
5195:, pp. 81–148, 264–282,
5189:Jutikkala & Pirinen 2003
5160:Historiallinen Aikakauskirja
4933:
4810:Estonian War of Independence
4701:The Battle of Näsilinna 1918
4666:Here, Beneath the North Star
4185:German Revolution of 1918–19
3496:After a heavy, concentrated
3383:on 21–22 April, followed by
3212:A 1,000-strong paramilitary
3080:Red Guards and Soviet troops
2434:Full independence of Finland
1898:. Between 30 and 40 million
1772:Parliamentary Reform of 1906
121:Collapse of the Finnish Reds
7:
17045:Revolution-based civil wars
16846:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
16796:Sino-Soviet border conflict
16665:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
16633:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
16569:Latvian War of Independence
16458:Russian conquest of Bukhara
16349:War of the Fourth Coalition
16334:War of the Second Coalition
15845:Workers' Councils in Poland
15443:Ukrainian People's Republic
15286:Latvian War of Independence
15012:Soviet Republic of Naissaar
14695:National Defence University
13601:USA against Austria-Hungary
13000:Turkish War of Independence
12952:Latvian War of Independence
12677:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
12268:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
11653:Finnish War Victims 1914–22
11560:Ylikangas, Heikki (1993b),
11542:Ylikangas, Heikki (1993a),
10116:Sisällissota 1918 ja kirkko
9930:Kyösti Kallio I (1873–1929)
9741:Journal of Military History
9506:Upton, Anthony F. (1980b).
8614:, pp. 97–99, 243–256,
8568:, pp. 97–99, 243–256,
8420:, pp. 197–203, 287–300
8388:, pp. 210–215, 300–310
8188:, pp. 32–38, 209–223,
8026:Suomen sotasurmat 1914-1922
7972:, pp. 106–166, 287–356
6542:, pp. 15–65, 177–182,
6476:, pp. 15–65, 177–182,
5771:, pp. 95–98, 109–114,
5749:, pp. 95–98, 109–114,
5677:, pp. 56–59, 142–147,
5600:, pp. 11–13, 152–156,
5572:, pp. 11–13, 152–156,
5332:, pp. 49–69, 245–250,
5134:Tepora & Roselius 2014b
4903:
4767:
4403:in 1918; and "Homecoming" (
4172:Finland's Statue of Liberty
4089:Suomen kommunistinen puolue
3842:Evangelical Lutheran Church
2856:
2700:Finnish People's Delegation
2698:Red Finland was led by the
2567:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
2549:Finnish People's Delegation
2397:Troops of the paramilitary
1962:(city council), leading to
1924:
1768:a general strike in Finland
1760:1904–1905 war against Japan
1235:Turkish War of Independence
118:Division in Finnish society
10:
17091:
16841:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
16379:War of the Sixth Coalition
16369:War of the Fifth Coalition
16339:War of the Third Coalition
15944:Military history of Russia
15906:Armed conflicts involving
15865:Belarusian-Soviet conflict
15507:General Jewish Labour Bund
15376:Pro-independence movements
14743:Allotment system of Sweden
14191:Government-owned companies
13862:Finland under Swedish rule
13684:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
13232:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
12692:Second Battle of the Marne
12579:Second battle of the Aisne
12448:Second Battle of Champagne
12289:German invasion of Belgium
11524:Ylikangas, Heikki (1986),
11478:Westerlund, Lars (2004b).
11455:Westerlund, Lars (2004a).
11309:Upton, Anthony F. (1981).
11286:Upton, Anthony F. (1980).
11214:Suodenjoki, Sami (2009b),
11196:Suodenjoki, Sami (2009a),
11101:Rinta-Tassi, Osmo (1989),
11083:Rinta-Tassi, Osmo (1986),
11065:Rautkallio, Hannu (1977),
10834:Schildts & Söderströms
10828:Meinander, Henrik (2012),
10810:Meinander, Henrik (2010),
10667:Lindqvist, Herman (2003),
10326:Keskisarja, Teemu (2017),
10308:Keskisarja, Teemu (2013),
9529:
9483:Upton, Anthony F. (1973).
9270:Cambridge University Press
9264:Payne, Stanley G. (2011).
9180:Cambridge University Press
8936:
8472:Hentilä & Hentilä 2016
8441:, pp. 9–13, 212–217,
8418:Hentilä & Hentilä 2016
8386:Hentilä & Hentilä 2016
8169:, pp. 9–13, 212–217,
8113:, pp. 114, 121, 123,
8009:Hentilä & Hentilä 2016
7414:Hentilä & Hentilä 2016
7378:Hentilä & Hentilä 2016
7345:Hentilä & Hentilä 2016
6717:, pp. 38–46, 56–115,
6364:Hentilä & Hentilä 2016
5626:Hentilä & Hentilä 2016
5299:, pp. 19–39, 85–100,
4924:
4709:Taistelu Näsilinnasta 1918
4458:described in his trilogy "
4081:Communist Party of Finland
3973:; 39,000 were released on
3906:
3725:
3699:
3688:took place in the town of
3684:. In that connection, the
3628:
3580:, the Red Headquarters at
3535:
3399:
3119:on 28–29 April in Tuulos.
2912:Morane-Saulnier MS Parasol
2487:
2437:
2298:and universal suffrage in
2261:
1917:
1384:, led by a section of the
729:Red Guards 80,000–90,000 (
690:White Guards 80,000–90,000
16954:
16889:
16680:Soviet invasion of Poland
16490:
16374:French invasion of Russia
16242:
16140:
16059:
15985:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
15977:
15934:
15927:
15835:Hungarian Soviet Republic
15812:
15750:
15712:
15679:
15611:
15568:
15540:
15522:
15515:
15453:
15353:
15224:
15211:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
15183:
15176:
15111:
15095:
15062:Hungarian Soviet Republic
15047:Soviet Republic of Saxony
15042:Ukrainian Soviet Republic
15004:
14958:
14867:
14802:Demilitarization of Åland
14784:
14733:
14703:
14677:
14621:
14576:
14569:
14534:
14451:
14333:
14263:
14254:
14202:National income agreement
14171:
14162:
14073:
14064:
13958:
13949:
13894:Golden Age of Finnish Art
13847:
13790:
13749:
13670:
13609:
13571:
13515:
13504:
13465:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
13408:
13380:
13328:
13250:
13224:
13176:
13069:
13062:
12994:Irish War of Independence
12890:
12772:
12737:Armistice of Villa Giusti
12722:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
12647:
12549:
12476:
12377:
12334:First Battle of the Marne
12281:
12243:
12178:
12169:
12112:
11986:
11975:
11941:
11913:
11875:
11827:
11780:
11773:
11700:
11160:Saarikoski, Vesa (2008),
11047:Piilonen, Juhani (1993),
11029:Piilonen, Juhani (1992),
10932:Vankileirit Suomessa 1918
10792:Manninen*, Turo (1993c),
10774:Manninen*, Turo (1993b),
10756:Manninen*, Turo (1993a),
10263:Kallioinen, Sami (2009),
9882:Haapala, Pertti (2009b),
9864:Haapala, Pertti (2009a),
9489:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
9249:. London: Profile Books.
9203:Literature/Film Quarterly
9007:10.1080/13698240008402448
8474:, pp. 11–14, 323–344
8348:plan to seize Petrograd.
8011:, pp. 11–14, 197–203
7232:, pp. 40–51, 74–77,
7191:, pp. 40–51, 74–77,
6932:, pp. 25–30, 141–152
5779:, pp. 163–164, 192,
5725:, pp. 221, 232–235,
5693:, pp. 109, 195–263,
5508:, pp. 372–373, 377,
5452:, pp. 62–69, 90–97,
5269:, pp. 49–69, 90–97,
5265:, pp. 29–35, 40–51,
5175:, pp. 13–15, 30–32,
4891:
4754:strategy-based board game
4578:in 2003; and "Sandra" by
4486:'s "The Events of 1918" (
4443:book "Scrambled Ground" (
4205:regeringsform för Finland
4124:German-Finnish agreements
3661:, where it was headed by
2333:, in September 1917. The
2236:arbetarnas ordningsgardet
2117:, more commonly known as
1205:Irish War of Independence
1081:Australian general strike
1045:
898:
747:
681:
259:
131:
63:
46:
30:
25:
16:1918 civil war in Finland
17040:Revolutions of 1917–1923
17025:Finland–Russia relations
16821:South African Border War
16746:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
16648:Chechen uprising of 1932
16329:Russo-Persian War (1796)
15830:Bavarian Soviet Republic
15820:Revolutions of 1917–1923
15067:Bavarian Soviet Republic
14905:1919 Egyptian revolution
14861:Revolutions of 1917–1923
14078:Administrative divisions
13617:Constantinople Agreement
12910:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
12773:Co-belligerent conflicts
12742:Second Romanian campaign
12712:Third Transjordan attack
12423:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
12329:Battle of Grand Couronné
11409:von Bagh, Peter (2007).
11178:Soikkanen, Timo (2008),
10886:Olkkonen, Tuomo (2003),
10721:Manninen, Ohto (1993c),
10703:Manninen, Ohto (1993b),
10685:Manninen, Ohto (1993a),
10464:Kuusi kuolemaantuomittua
10367:Kettunen, Pauli (1986),
10272:Kekkonen, Jukka (2016),
10191:Jyränki, Antero (2014),
10173:Jutikkala, Eino (1995),
9822:Haapala, Pertti (1995).
9805:Haapala, Pertti (1993).
8404:, pp. 8–18, 87–92,
8378:Kolbe & Nyström 2008
8360:, pp. 8–18, 87–92,
8190:Haapala & Tikka 2013
8111:Eerola & Eerola 1998
8071:Haapala & Tikka 2013
8005:Kolbe & Nyström 2008
7946:Eerola & Eerola 1998
7904:Haapala & Tikka 2013
7892:Eerola & Eerola 1998
7847:Eerola & Eerola 1998
7811:Haapala & Tikka 2013
7791:Haapala & Tikka 2013
7771:Haapala & Tikka 2013
7615:Kolbe & Nyström 2008
7331:, pp. 8–18, 87–92,
6843:Jokinen, Pertti (1979).
6044:Haapala & Tikka 2013
5707:Haapala & Tikka 2013
5404:Haapala & Tikka 2013
5041:Eerola & Eerola 1998
4861:
4743:
4633:A Man and His Conscience
4566:in 1998; "The Command" (
4474:book "Private Matters" (
4468:Täällä Pohjantähden alla
4266:and threat of Russia in
3578:Helsinki railway station
3304:status was altered as a
3245:German soldiers with an
2720:Central Workers' Council
2228:työväen järjestyskaartit
1621:Russification of Finland
1479:
1294:Uprising in West Hungary
1108:German strike of January
833:800–900 killed in action
788:450–500 killed in action
74:27 January – 15 May 1918
41:Revolutions of 1917–1923
16463:Khivan campaign of 1873
16314:Russo-Polish War (1792)
15247:Kiev Bolshevik Uprising
14976:1919 Southampton mutiny
14910:Greater Poland Uprising
14561:List of senior officers
13909:Finland in World War II
13899:Independence of Finland
13680:Modus vivendi of Acroma
13632:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
12940:Greater Poland Uprising
12840:National Protection War
12717:Meuse–Argonne offensive
12667:German spring offensive
12662:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
12438:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
12413:Second Battle of Artois
12294:Battle of the Frontiers
11621:Vapriikki Museum Centre
11236:, Jyväskylä: Gummerus,
11142:Roselius, Aapo (2006),
10738:Manninen, Ohto (1995),
10611:Laitamo, Mikko (1997),
10576:Lackman, Matti (2009),
10558:Lackman, Matti (2000),
10522:Kuisma, Markku (2010),
10498:Kronlund, Jarl (1986),
10371:, Jyväskylä: Gummerus,
10294:, Jyväskylä: Gummerus,
10276:, Helsinki: Art House,
10245:Kalela, Jorma (2008c),
10227:Kalela, Jorma (2008b),
10209:Kalela, Jorma (2008a),
10195:, Helsinki: Art House,
9928:Hokkanen, Kari (1986).
9287:Pipes, Richard (1996).
9245:McMeekin, Sean (2017).
9035:Oxford University Press
8989:Gerrard, Craig (2000).
8966:Alapuro, Risto (1988).
8230:30 October 2023 at the
7356:The Murmansk–Petrograd
6845:"The Finnish Air Force"
5107:Manninen, Ohto (1993).
4454:Between 1959 and 1962,
4425:En man och hans samvete
4256:Soviet invasion of 1939
4146:appealed for relief to
4076:Social Democratic Party
3357:Detachment Brandenstein
3353:Otto von Brandenstein's
2834:, the Karelian Isthmus.
2772:international socialism
2602:Helsinki Workers' House
2588:The Red Guards, led by
2502:coat of arms of Finland
2440:Independence of Finland
1386:Social Democratic Party
1178:Greater Poland uprising
1103:Austro-Hungarian strike
101:Finnish Whites victory
17070:Wars involving Germany
17065:Wars involving Finland
16936:Western Libya campaign
16611:East Karelian uprising
16132:Wagner Group rebellion
16067:Uprising of Bolotnikov
15860:Slovak Soviet Republic
15840:Hungarian–Romanian War
15542:Provisional Government
15077:Slovak Soviet Republic
14981:Seattle General Strike
14528:Finnish Defence Forces
13705:Paris Peace Conference
13693:Ukraine–Central Powers
13487:Massacres of Albanians
13455:Late Ottoman genocides
13262:Bulgarian occupations
12970:Third Anglo-Afghan War
12934:Hungarian–Romanian War
12752:Naval Victory Bulletin
12747:Armistice with Germany
12697:Hundred Days Offensive
12624:Battle of La Malmaison
12574:Second battle of Arras
12541:Battle of Transylvania
12395:Second Battle of Ypres
12263:Sarajevo assassination
12152:South African Republic
11637:Finnish Civil War 1918
11586:Finnish Civil War 1918
10868:Nygård, Toivo (2003),
10850:Muilu, Heikki (2010),
10540:Kuusela, Kari (2015),
10412:Klinge, Matti (1997).
10155:Jussila, Osmo (2007),
9907:Saksalainen Suomi 1918
9699:Bremer, Aarne (1934).
9102:Hodgson, John (1970).
8773:Helsingin Sanomat 2017
8745:Helsingin Sanomat 2017
8544:, pp. 58, 96–99,
7360:was deployed in 1916.
4913:Finnischer Bürgerkrieg
4912:
4886:
4878:
4708:
4635:, was screened at the
4610:
4602:
4571:
4555:in 1977; "Juho 18" by
4523:
4515:
4503:
4492:Vuoden 1918 tapahtumat
4491:
4479:
4467:
4448:
4436:
4424:
4408:
4396:
4381:
4370:
4358:
4335:
4321:
4310:
4298:
4286:
4204:
4196:
4179:
4115:
4088:
4056:
4048:
4035:
4000:Kalevankangas Cemetery
3962:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3922:
3863:
3837:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3654:
3653:, and Emil Ylén (left)
3545:Helsinki-Turku railway
3533:
3491:Kalevankangas Cemetery
3478:
3418:
3412:Kalevankangas cemetery
3365:Abteilung Brandenstein
3364:
3340:
3312:the Soviet harbour of
3257:
3168:
3076:
3074: Railroad network
3062: German offensive
3009:were mostly used with
2895:
2853:
2851: Railroad network
2802:changed their stance.
2767:
2759:
2715:
2707:
2644:
2642: Railroad network
2562:
2504:
2402:
2373:
2365:
2321:
2296:eight-hour working day
2251:
2243:
2238:) and the Red Guards (
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2187:
2179:
2155:October 1917 elections
2126:
2114:
2106:
2093:Contest for leadership
2058:eight-hour working day
2018:Swedish People's Party
1994:, which included both
1956:Provisional Government
1938:
1935:Helsinki Senate Square
1822:International politics
1802:
1794:
1660:
1652:
1595:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1493:
1168:1918 protest in Zagreb
1138:Canadian Labour Revolt
1133:British police strikes
1091:Brazil strike movement
814:5,700 killed in action
761:3,500 killed in action
260:Commanders and leaders
16931:Intervention in Syria
16866:Tajikistani Civil War
16574:Lithuanian–Soviet War
16515:Battle of Robat Karim
15964:Post-Soviet conflicts
15532:Nicholas II of Russia
15022:Odesa Soviet Republic
13715:Treaty of St. Germain
13688:Russia–Central Powers
13642:Sykes–Picot Agreement
13470:Pontic Greek genocide
13445:Destruction of Kalisz
13421:Eastern Mediterranean
12982:Polish–Lithuanian War
12764:Armistice of Belgrade
12727:Armistice of Salonica
12657:Operation Faustschlag
12604:Third Battle of Oituz
12526:Baranovichi offensive
12494:Lake Naroch offensive
12468:Battle of Robat Karim
12443:Vistula–Bug offensive
12418:Battles of the Isonzo
12349:First Battle of Ypres
11250:Tikka, Marko (2009),
11232:Tikka, Marko (2006),
10462:Korjus, Olli (2014),
10418:The Emperor's Finland
10344:Ketola, Eino (1987).
10312:, Helsinki: Siltala,
10137:Häggman, Kai (2017),
10114:Huhta, Ilkka (2009).
9809:[Class war].
9197:Larsen, Mads (2020).
9170:Kirby, David (2006).
8909:"All Bridges Burning"
8487:, pp. 154, 171,
8180:10 March 2015 at the
8057:, pp. 140, 142,
7944:, pp. 121, 138,
7890:, pp. 121, 138,
6739:, pp. 102, 142,
5050:10 March 2015 at the
4887:Finska inbördeskriget
4627:, a film directed by
4617:Cinema and television
4504:Mummoni ja Mannerheim
4316:
4304:
4292:
4281:
4220:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg
4169:
4105:
4097:1944 Moscow Armistice
4025:
3916:
3835:
3755:
3638:
3531:
3516:sections of Tampere.
3467:
3409:
3367:) taking the town of
3345:Rüdiger von der Goltz
3244:
3158:
3050:
2893:
2825:
2624:
2571:Imperial Russian Army
2543:
2495:
2396:
2378:political concessions
2326:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
2308:
2100:
1932:
1815:collective bargaining
1787:Parliament of Finland
1690:Industrial Revolution
1593:
1250:Luton Peace Day Riots
748:Casualties and losses
738:Russian Imperial Army
437:Otto von Brandenstein
399:Rüdiger von der Goltz
386:Stanislaw Boguslawski
105:Establishment of the
17050:Socialism in Finland
16914:Annexation of Crimea
16618:Central Asian Revolt
16527:Ukrainian–Soviet War
16399:Russo-Circassian War
16082:Pugachev's Rebellion
16025:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
15969:Russian Armed Forces
15939:Early modern warfare
15850:Polish–Ukrainian War
15252:Polish–Ukrainian War
15242:Ukrainian–Soviet War
14966:French Army Mutinies
14711:Finnish Border Guard
14546:President of Finland
14439:World Heritage Sites
13710:Treaty of Versailles
13426:Mount Lebanon famine
13341:in the United States
13309:Russian occupations
13023:Turkish–Armenian War
12964:Polish–Ukrainian War
12904:Ukrainian–Soviet War
12851:Central Asian Revolt
12634:Armistice of Focșani
12364:Battle of Sarikamish
12314:Battle of Tannenberg
11710:Military engagements
11332:Vares, Vesa (1998).
11268:Uola, Mikko (1998),
10955:Lapset sodasssa 1918
10854:, Jyväskylä: Atena,
10395:Lenin and Finland II
9672:Aunesluoma, Juhana;
9387:. pp. 364–400.
9341:. pp. 331–363.
9318:. pp. 119–155.
9230:. pp. 201–229.
9149:A History of Finland
8951:. pp. 254–293.
8849:on 16 September 2011
8771:, pp. 390–400,
8767:, pp. 441–463,
8743:, pp. 390–400,
8739:, pp. 441–463,
8717:, pp. 390–400,
8713:, pp. 441–463,
8691:, pp. 441–463,
8634:, pp. 376–394,
8626:, pp. 395–404,
8622:, pp. 115–131,
8618:, pp. 255–261,
8610:, pp. 228–249,
8603:constitutional state
8588:, pp. 174–182,
8584:, pp. 376–394,
8576:, pp. 395–404,
8564:, pp. 228–249,
8560:, pp. 480–481,
8536:, pp. 121–141,
8491:, pp. 243–256,
8462:, pp. 447–481,
8445:, pp. 115–131,
8437:, pp. 252–403,
8412:, pp. 199–261,
8400:, pp. 377–390,
8384:, pp. 119–155,
8380:, pp. 144–147,
8376:, pp. 190–191,
8368:, pp. 122–129,
8356:, pp. 460–481,
8352:, pp. 377–390,
8278:, pp. 447–481,
8274:, pp. 105–142,
8165:, pp. 447–481,
8149:, pp. 335–355,
8141:, pp. 447–481,
8137:, pp. 105–142,
8121:, pp. 335–355,
8117:, pp. 115–150,
8077:, pp. 177–188,
8069:, pp. 335–355,
8065:, pp. 161–178,
8007:, pp. 144–155,
8003:, pp. 190–191,
7999:, pp. 123–137,
7960:, pp. 150–188,
7936:, pp. 183–208,
7914:, pp. 201–229,
7910:, pp. 312–386,
7841:, pp. 183–208,
7761:, pp. 219–243,
7718:, pp. 232–309,
7714:, pp. 199–223,
7710:, pp. 139–147,
7702:, pp. 411–437,
7694:, pp. 201–226,
7690:, pp. 486–512,
7674:, pp. 165–176,
7670:, pp. 104–105,
7666:, pp. 399–410,
7658:, pp. 194–201,
7613:, pp. 100–102,
7609:, pp. 384–399,
7601:, pp. 174–184,
7585:, pp. 100–102,
7581:, pp. 384–399,
7573:, pp. 174–184,
7553:, pp. 384–399,
7549:, pp. 252–403,
7541:, pp. 174–184,
7511:, pp. 180–445,
7507:, pp. 317–368,
7479:, pp. 180–445,
7440:, pp. 180–445,
7404:, pp. 180–445,
7392:, pp. 369–424,
7376:, pp. 119–155,
7310:, pp. 705–719,
7306:, pp. 483–524,
7298:, pp. 990–120,
7261:, pp. 705–719,
7257:, pp. 483–524,
7207:, pp. 264–291,
7167:, pp. 151–160,
7132:, pp. 259–262,
7111:, pp. 112–143,
7107:, pp. 188–199,
7103:, pp. 175–188,
7091:, pp. 265–278,
7087:, pp. 154–176,
7065:, pp. 276–291,
7061:, pp. 175–188,
7049:, pp. 265–278,
7045:, pp. 154–176,
7041:, pp. 415–422,
7021:, pp. 233–236,
7013:, pp. 227–255,
6984:, pp. 227–255,
6980:, pp. 177–205,
6956:, pp. 177–205,
6912:, pp. 201–229,
6892:, pp. 154–176,
6755:, pp. 175–188,
6747:, pp. 516–524,
6721:, pp. 376–394,
6689:, pp. 252–403,
6685:, pp. 94, 106,
6681:, pp. 163–203,
6677:, pp. 255–278,
6656:, pp. 252–403,
6652:, pp. 262–265,
6632:, pp. 246–269,
6624:, pp. 486–627,
6620:, pp. 88, 102,
6616:, pp. 417–429,
6558:, pp. 398–432,
6546:, pp. 163–203,
6538:, pp. 390–515,
6520:, pp. 175–188,
6516:, pp. 398–432,
6504:, pp. 390–515,
6480:, pp. 398–432,
6472:, pp. 390–515,
6452:, pp. 343–382,
6431:, pp. 343–382,
6391:, pp. 343–382,
6358:, pp. 216–250,
6350:, pp. 254–293,
6346:, pp. 108–173,
6330:, pp. 483–524,
6284:, pp. 317–342,
6268:, pp. 393–395,
6264:, pp. 324–343,
6240:, pp. 368–384,
6236:, pp. 264–342,
6218:, pp. 152–156,
6210:, pp. 368–384,
6206:, pp. 264–342,
6186:, pp. 368–384,
6182:, pp. 256–342,
6157:, pp. 195–263,
6128:, pp. 264–342,
6108:, pp. 264–342,
6092:, pp. 195–263,
6068:, pp. 113–149,
6042:, pp. 112–143,
6034:, pp. 324–343,
6026:, pp. 151–167,
6022:, pp. 166–167,
6018:, pp. 195–230,
5984:, pp. 255–261,
5980:, pp. 502–524,
5976:, pp. 229–245,
5968:, pp. 251–267,
5956:, pp. 163–194,
5932:, pp. 255–261,
5928:, pp. 502–524,
5924:, pp. 229–245,
5916:, pp. 251–267,
5908:, pp. 163–194,
5863:, pp. 502–524,
5859:, pp. 229–245,
5827:, pp. 487–524,
5823:, pp. 229–245,
5811:, pp. 163–194,
5791:, pp. 157–217,
5775:, pp. 163–172,
5733:, pp. 255–261,
5705:, pp. 255–261,
5697:, pp. 143–149,
5644:, pp. 163–164,
5608:, pp. 483–524,
5604:, pp. 113–149,
5576:, pp. 483–524,
5548:, pp. 244–263,
5540:, pp. 230–232,
5536:, pp. 251–267,
5528:, pp. 242–250,
5512:, pp. 244–263,
5500:, pp. 450–482,
5496:, pp. 230–232,
5492:, pp. 251–267,
5484:, pp. 242–250,
5460:, pp. 553–565,
5426:, pp. 218–225,
5422:, pp. 227–249,
5390:, pp. 517–521,
5378:, pp. 218–225,
5374:, pp. 227–249,
5366:, pp. 242–250,
5243:, pp. 254–293,
5215:, pp. 483–524,
5199:, pp. 108–165,
5062:, pp. 267–271,
5058:, pp. 165–176,
4949:, pp. 113–149,
4830:List of Finnish wars
4675:Under the North Star
4649:, and the 2008 film
4460:Under the North Star
4389:Frans Emil Sillanpää
4386:Nobel Prize laureate
4365:in "Young Anthony" (
4349:in 1918. In poetry,
4197:Suomen hallitusmuoto
3955:valtiorikosylioikeus
3889:Aftermath and impact
3871:Battle of Ahvenkoski
3748:Red and White terror
3391:Decisive engagements
3282:Imperial German Army
3140:Konstantin Yeremejev
3117:Battle of Syrjäntaka
2976:included 2,600 women
2962:Soldiers and weapons
2737:permanent revolution
1904:Imperial German Army
1886:groups, such as the
1677:estates of the realm
1398:German Imperial Army
1284:Mongolian Revolution
1225:March First Movement
1163:Swiss general strike
1066:French Army mutinies
700:Imperial German Army
16974:Sphere of influence
16904:Russo-Ukrainian War
16761:First Indochina War
16734:Soviet–Japanese War
16670:Xinjiang War (1937)
16539:Kazakhstan Campaign
16324:Kościuszko Uprising
16224:Second Northern War
16102:Coup attempt (1991)
15995:Soviet-Finnish wars
15502:Union of October 17
15321:Kronstadt rebellion
15316:Workers' Opposition
15191:February Revolution
14991:May Fourth Movement
14629:Ministry of Defence
14551:Minister of Defence
13777:They shall not pass
13700:Treaty of Bucharest
13657:Treaty of Bucharest
13596:USA against Germany
13573:Declarations of war
13277:German occupations
13190:British casualties
13049:Soviet–Georgian War
12976:Egyptian Revolution
12916:Armeno-Georgian War
12780:Somaliland campaign
12732:Armistice of Mudros
12609:Battle of Caporetto
12599:Battle of Mărășești
12569:Zimmermann telegram
12564:February Revolution
12509:Battle of the Somme
12433:Bug-Narew Offensive
12408:Battle of Gallipoli
12400:Sinking of the RMS
12192:Scramble for Africa
12186:Franco-Prussian War
11842:Sinai and Palestine
11568:(2), archived from
11272:, Helsinki: Otava,
10957:, Helsinki: Tammi,
10729:(2), archived from
10651:Punakaartin sota II
10562:, Helsinki: Otava,
9911:German Finland 1918
9817:on 6 November 2002.
9456:. pp. 90–118.
8913:Gazette du wargamer
8705:mind. Not for us",
8572:, pp. 255–261,
8546:Korppi-Tommola 2016
8495:, pp. 95–109,
8485:Keränen et al. 1992
8464:Keränen et al. 1992
8431:Keränen et al. 1992
8406:Keränen et al. 1992
8362:Keränen et al. 1992
8280:Keränen et al. 1992
8081:, pp. 84–244,
8055:Keränen et al. 1992
7997:Keränen et al. 1992
7985:Keränen et al. 1992
7968:, pp. 90–118,
7948:, pp. 59, 91,
7942:Keränen et al. 1992
7918:, pp. 90–118,
7894:, pp. 59, 91,
7888:Keränen et al. 1992
7849:, pp. 59, 91,
7843:Keränen et al. 1992
7763:Keränen et al. 1992
7523:, pp. 96–161,
7491:, pp. 96–161,
7398:Keränen et al. 1992
7366:Keränen et al. 1992
7364:, pp. 62–144,
7333:Keränen et al. 1992
7302:, pp. 79, 97,
7300:Keränen et al. 1992
7163:, pp. 62–144,
7093:Keränen et al. 1992
7069:, pp. 112–143,
7051:Keränen et al. 1992
7017:, pp. 130–135
6916:, pp. 90–118,
6908:, pp. 85–106,
6900:, pp. 96–177,
6849:Aerospace Historian
6737:Keränen et al. 1992
6683:Keränen et al. 1992
6618:Keränen et al. 1992
6597:Keränen et al. 1992
6554:, pp. 96–177,
6548:Keränen et al. 1992
6512:, pp. 96–177,
6506:Keränen et al. 1992
6484:, pp. 92–111,
6456:, pp. 80, 81,
6454:Keränen et al. 1992
6435:, pp. 79, 81,
6433:Keränen et al. 1992
6395:, pp. 73, 78,
6393:Keränen et al. 1992
6322:, pp. 89–100,
6304:, pp. 67, 70,
6302:Keränen et al. 1992
6246:Keränen et al. 1992
6244:, pp. 83–161,
6212:Keränen et al. 1992
6188:Keränen et al. 1992
6165:, pp. 96–177,
6159:Keränen et al. 1992
6130:Keränen et al. 1992
6112:, pp. 67, 70,
6110:Keränen et al. 1992
6094:Keränen et al. 1992
6062:Keränen et al. 1992
5992:, pp. 95–109,
5970:Keränen et al. 1992
5936:, pp. 95–109,
5918:Keränen et al. 1992
5871:, pp. 95–109,
5853:Keränen et al. 1992
5835:, pp. 95–109,
5817:Keränen et al. 1992
5673:, pp. 85–132,
5596:, pp. 62–144,
5568:, pp. 62–144,
5328:, pp. 73–133,
4980:, pp. 96–177,
4879:Suomen sisällissota
4718:The Mommila Murders
4603:Där vi en gång gått
4207:) on 17 July 1919.
3858:political cleansing
3812:, later called the
3590:Helsinki University
3333:Baltic Sea Division
3237:German intervention
3165:C. G. E. Mannerheim
2995:M1895 Colt–Browning
2904:NAB Type 9 Albatros
2728:Otto Ville Kuusinen
2498:C. G. E. Mannerheim
2430:towards civil war.
2103:February Revolution
1992:Young Finnish Party
1933:A demonstration at
1920:February Revolution
1914:February Revolution
1832:October Revolutions
1729:religious movements
1486:War of Independence
1470:sphere of influence
1451:Battles of Helsinki
1407:C. G. E. Mannerheim
1392:, conducted by the
1230:May Fourth Movement
1215:La Canadenca strike
1158:Egyptian Revolution
780:55 killed in action
277:C. G. E. Mannerheim
168:Foreign volunteers:
115:until November 1918
16964:Russian Revolution
16899:Russo-Georgian War
16881:Second Chechen War
16861:Georgian Civil War
16500:Russo-Japanese War
16252:Great Northern War
16150:Russo-Crimean Wars
16122:Second Chechen War
16020:Russo-Turkish wars
16015:Russo-Swedish wars
16005:Russo-Persian Wars
15990:Russo-Crimean Wars
15770:Stepan Petrichenko
15694:Alexander Kerensky
15206:October Revolution
15166:Russian Revolution
14986:March 1st Movement
14945:September Uprising
14875:Russian Revolution
14776:War in Afghanistan
14721:Territorial Forces
14542:Commander-in-chief
14232:Telecommunications
13872:Great Northern War
13737:Treaty of Lausanne
13652:Paris Economy Pact
13586:UK against Germany
13516:Entry into the war
13482:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
13201:Ottoman casualties
13011:Franco-Turkish War
12891:Post-War conflicts
12875:Russian Revolution
12857:Invasion of Darfur
12822:Kelantan rebellion
12810:Kurdish rebellions
12786:Mexican Revolution
12619:October Revolution
12584:Kerensky offensive
12559:Capture of Baghdad
12536:Monastir offensive
12521:Brusilov offensive
12359:Battle of Kolubara
12198:Russo-Japanese War
11604:1914-1918-online.
11600:Tampere, Battle of
11590:1914-1918-online.
11572:on 12 January 2003
11069:, Helsinki: WSOY,
10814:, Helsinki: WSOY,
10733:on 6 November 2002
10671:, Helsinki: WSOY,
10633:Punakaartin sota I
10526:, Helsinki: WSOY,
10159:, Helsinki: WSOY,
9364:. pp. 51–89.
9060:. pp. 21–50.
9037:. pp. 72–84.
8763:, pp. 15–55,
8751:, pp. 157–217
8735:, pp. 15–55,
8721:, pp. 157–217
8709:, pp. 15–55,
8695:, pp. 390–400
8630:, pp. 17–23,
8580:, pp. 17–23,
8499:, pp. 231–250
8470:, pp. 18–38,
8286:, pp. 331–363
8262:, pp. 376–394
8192:, pp. 72–84,
8153:, pp. 331–363
8073:, pp. 72–84,
7987:, pp. 123–137
7964:, pp. 49–68,
7956:, pp. 19–30,
7922:, pp. 269–274
7906:, pp. 72–84,
7829:, pp. 290–301
7813:, pp. 72–84,
7793:, pp. 72–84,
7789:, pp. 71–85,
7773:, pp. 72–84,
7769:, pp. 11–30,
7662:, pp. 61–70,
7621:, pp. 124–392
7617:, pp. 76–94,
7589:, pp. 124–392
7577:, pp. 44–61,
7561:, pp. 124–392
7545:, pp. 44–61,
7519:, pp. 92–97,
7487:, pp. 92–97,
7428:, pp. 180–445
7416:, pp. 117–196
7412:, pp. 48–57,
7396:, pp. 41–44,
7372:, pp. 48–57,
7318:, pp. 216–250
7265:, pp. 216–250
7203:, pp. 90–92,
7171:, pp. 48–57,
7144:, pp. 21–32,
7099:, pp. 21–32,
7057:, pp. 21–32,
7029:, pp. 181–202
7025:, pp. 70–81,
6964:, pp. 21–32,
6960:, pp. 15–21,
6920:, pp. 269–274
6904:, pp. 21–32,
6763:, pp. 119–155
6743:, pp. 21–32,
6713:, pp. 62–68,
6701:, pp. 276–282
6697:, pp. 21–32,
6636:, pp. 25–32,
6550:, pp. 80–89,
6508:, pp. 80–89,
6488:, pp. 51–89,
6460:, pp. 252–403
6407:, pp. 21–50,
6403:, pp. 11–20,
6366:, pp. 15–40,
6362:, pp. 51–89,
6354:, pp. 21–50,
6342:, pp. 13–81,
6338:, pp. 15–30,
6308:, pp. 235–237
6292:, pp. 151–171
6288:, pp. 15–65,
6272:, pp. 282–291
6169:, pp. 393–395
6080:, pp. 125–136
6076:, pp. 48–57,
6072:, pp. 86–95,
6046:, pp. 72–84,
5988:, pp. 31–44,
5940:, pp. 51–89,
5875:, pp. 21–50,
5867:, pp. 31–44,
5839:, pp. 21–50,
5831:, pp. 31–44,
5795:, pp. 13–74,
5787:, pp. 21–50,
5709:, pp. 72–84,
5701:, pp. 11–14,
5681:, pp. 553–565
5652:, pp. 230–243
5648:, pp. 75–97,
5640:, pp. 51–54,
5624:, pp. 21–50,
5616:, pp. 48–57,
5612:, pp. 54–64,
5552:, pp. 31–44,
5544:, pp. 62–78,
5504:, pp. 62–78,
5468:, pp. 25–32,
5464:, pp. 15–30,
5434:, pp. 31–44,
5430:, pp. 15–30,
5406:, pp. 72–84,
5402:, pp. 12–75,
5398:, pp. 31–44,
5394:, pp. 15–30,
5386:, pp. 38–55,
5344:, pp. 31–44,
5340:, pp. 15–30,
5311:, pp. 31–44,
5307:, pp. 15–30,
5303:, pp. 40–46,
5277:, pp. 31–44,
5273:, pp. 15–30,
5251:, pp. 216–250
5247:, pp. 21–50,
5239:, pp. 48–57,
5235:, pp. 45–94,
5223:, pp. 13–85,
5183:, pp. 49–73,
5066:, pp. 53–72,
4988:, pp. 269–274
4976:, pp. 24–93,
4972:, pp. 19–24,
4957:, pp. 125–136
4953:, pp. 48–57,
4820:History of Finland
4689:Dead or Alive 1918
4595:Where We Once Went
4480:Yksityisiä asioita
4397:Kuolleet omenapuut
4322:
4311:
4299:
4287:
4274:In popular culture
4180:
4116:
4036:
3923:
3838:
3822:search and destroy
3780:) and Red Terror (
3762:
3686:Battle of Hyvinkää
3655:
3631:Battle of Hyvinkää
3625:Battle of Hyvinkää
3538:Battle of Helsinki
3534:
3524:Battle of Helsinki
3479:
3474:General Mannerheim
3472:leaflet signed by
3419:
3343:), led by General
3267:peace negotiations
3258:
3169:
3136:Mikhail Svechnikov
3077:
3042:Battle of Vilppula
3022:heavy machine guns
2896:
2854:
2799:parliamentarianism
2779:self-determination
2708:kansanvaltuuskunta
2645:
2563:
2547:, chairman of the
2505:
2403:
2322:
2302:, from July 1917.
2264:October Revolution
2258:October Revolution
2107:
1939:
1807:universal suffrage
1626:The strengthened,
1596:
1459:Political violence
1443:Battles of Tampere
1311:September Uprising
1220:Kinmel Park mutiny
1200:Southampton mutiny
1056:Russian Revolution
776:Swedish volunteers
655:Mikhail Svechnikov
642:Konstantin Eremeev
424:Hans von Tschirsky
107:Kingdom of Finland
17015:Conflicts in 1918
16995:Finnish Civil War
16982:
16981:
16871:First Chechen War
16826:Soviet–Afghan War
16811:Angolan Civil War
16586:Polish–Soviet War
16544:Finnish Civil War
16522:Russian Civil War
16421:November Uprising
16359:Anglo-Russian War
16299:Bar Confederation
16112:First Chechen War
16092:Russian Civil War
16087:Decembrist revolt
16077:Bulavin Rebellion
16072:Razin's Rebellion
16055:
16054:
16010:Russo-Polish Wars
15978:Lists by opponent
15873:
15872:
15855:Polish–Soviet War
15808:
15807:
15742:Alexander Antonov
15737:Maria Spiridonova
15666:Felix Dzerzhinsky
15583:Alexander Kolchak
15560:Alexander Guchkov
15349:
15348:
15276:Polish–Soviet War
15259:Finnish Civil War
15232:Russian Civil War
15132:
15131:
14885:Finnish Civil War
14880:Russian Civil War
14827:
14826:
14753:Finnish Civil War
14729:
14728:
14608:list of equipment
14598:list of equipment
14584:Finnish Air Force
14494:
14493:
14447:
14446:
14250:
14249:
14158:
14157:
14140:Political parties
14093:Foreign relations
14060:
14059:
13803:
13802:
13786:
13785:
13770:The Golden Virgin
13764:Mutilated victory
13745:
13744:
13725:Treaty of Trianon
13720:Treaty of Neuilly
13627:Damascus Protocol
13500:
13499:
13460:Armenian genocide
13417:Allied blockades
13389:Belgian refugees
13172:
13171:
13082:Strategic bombing
13058:
13057:
13043:Franco-Syrian War
13017:Greco-Turkish War
13005:Anglo-Turkish War
12988:Polish–Soviet War
12922:German Revolution
12898:Russian Civil War
12881:Finnish Civil War
12707:Battle of Megiddo
12682:Battle of Goychay
12629:Battle of Cambrai
12589:Battle of Mărăști
12504:Battle of Jutland
12484:Erzurum offensive
12339:Siege of Przemyśl
12319:Siege of Tsingtao
12304:Battle of Galicia
12234:Second Balkan War
12222:Italo-Turkish War
12179:Pre-War conflicts
12165:
12164:
12055:Portuguese Empire
11971:
11970:
11933:German New Guinea
11915:Asian and Pacific
11424:978-951-0-32895-8
11401:978-951-0-35452-0
11374:978-951-0-35452-0
11279:978-951-11-5440-2
11261:978-952-222-141-4
11225:978-951-0-35452-0
11207:978-951-0-35452-0
11189:978-951-37-5321-4
11171:978-951-37-5321-4
11076:978-951-0-08492-2
10982:978-951-74-6468-0
10964:978-951-31-6939-8
10861:978-951-796-624-5
10843:978-951-52-2957-1
10821:978-951-0-37863-2
10587:978-951-0-35452-0
10551:978-951-24-0086-7
10533:978-951-0-36340-9
10491:978-952-222-724-9
10473:978-952-30002-4-7
10454:978-952-492-138-1
10391:Lenin ja Suomi II
10359:978-951-30-6728-1
10337:978-951-0-42701-9
10319:978-952-234-187-7
10283:978-951-884-586-0
10256:978-951-37-5321-4
10238:978-951-37-5321-4
10220:978-951-37-5321-4
10202:978-951-884-520-4
10166:978-951-0-33103-3
10148:978-951-0-42701-9
10129:978-952-5031-55-3
10106:978-951-24-0559-6
10080:978-951-20-9130-0
10055:978-951-0-35452-0
10034:978-951-0-35452-0
10013:978-951-0-35452-0
9991:978-951-609-369-0
9965:978-951-609-369-0
9920:978-952-234-384-0
9893:978-952-5031-55-3
9875:978-951-0-35452-0
9856:978-951-609-369-0
9774:978-951-0-34880-2
9727:978-952-91-0001-9
9640:978-951-96-1744-2
9463:978-90-04-24366-8
9440:978-90-04-24366-8
9433:. pp. 1–16.
9417:978-90-04-24366-8
9394:978-90-04-24366-8
9371:978-90-04-24366-8
9348:978-90-04-24366-8
9325:978-90-04-24366-8
9279:978-1-107-64815-9
9256:978-1-78125-902-3
9237:978-90-04-24366-8
9085:C. Hurst & Co
9067:978-90-04-24366-8
9044:978-0-19-968605-6
8958:978-90-04-24366-8
8885:, 24 October 2019
8883:Rewind DVDCompare
8548:, pp. 99–102
8213:World Archaeology
8196:, pp. 90–118
8125:, pp. 90–118
8085:, pp. 90–118
7865:, pp. 90–118
7861:, pp. 7–14,
7817:, pp. 90–118
7797:, pp. 90–118
7777:, pp. 90–118
7740:(in Finnish). Yle
7722:, pp. 90–118
7692:Lappalainen 1981b
7656:Lappalainen 1981b
7605:, pp. 44–61,
7599:Lappalainen 1981b
7571:Lappalainen 1981b
7557:, pp. 7–47,
7539:Lappalainen 1981b
7527:, pp. 90–118
7495:, pp. 90–118
7473:Lappalainen 1981b
7343:, pp. 7–47,
7292:Kingdom of Sweden
7228:, pp. 9–50,
7187:, pp. 9–50,
7175:, pp. 90–118
7148:, pp. 90–118
7119:, pp. 90–118
7115:, pp. 9–86,
7085:Lappalainen 1981a
7073:, pp. 90–118
7043:Lappalainen 1981a
7019:Lappalainen 1981b
7015:Lappalainen 1981a
6988:, pp. 90–118
6978:Lappalainen 1981a
6968:, pp. 90–118
6954:Lappalainen 1981a
6942:Lappalainen 1981a
6890:Lappalainen 1981a
6759:, pp. 7–47,
6671:Russian Civil War
6599:, pp. 91–101
6562:, pp. 90–118
6540:Lappalainen 1981a
6524:, pp. 90–118
6492:, pp. 90–118
6474:Lappalainen 1981a
6286:Lappalainen 1981a
6096:, pp. 52, 59
5960:, pp. 9–89,
5620:, pp. 7–47,
5580:, pp. 7–47,
5410:, pp. 21–50.
5362:, pp. 3–25,
5281:, pp. 9–43,
5070:, pp. 90–118
4901:
4713:Battle of Tampere
4524:Kylmien kyytimies
4384:) written by the
4363:V. A. Koskenniemi
4351:Bertel Gripenberg
4032:Battle of Tampere
3939:valtiorikosoikeus
3879:coastal artillery
3770:valkoinen terrori
3728:Battle of Viipuri
3722:Battle of Viipuri
3506:Tampere City Hall
3498:artillery barrage
3416:Battle of Tampere
3402:Battle of Tampere
3396:Battle of Tampere
3126:were thirsty for
2950:and the other at
2900:Finnish Air Force
2748:Bolshevist Russia
2461:Russia and other
2034:absolute majority
2016:the conservative
2004:economic liberals
1983:The conservative
1766:in Russia and to
1714:social liberalism
1667:Domestic politics
1614:Fennoman movement
1414:industrialisation
1342:Finnish Civil War
1335:
1334:
1272:Patagonia Rebelde
1143:German Revolution
1113:Finnish Civil War
1001:
1000:
890:Finnish Civil War
855:
854:
770:4 prisoner deaths
591:Fredrik Johansson
362:Harald Hjalmarson
127:
126:
58:Battle of Tampere
37:Russian Civil War
26:Finnish Civil War
17082:
16856:Transnistria War
16801:War of Attrition
16707:Continuation War
16656:
16448:January Uprising
16289:Seven Years' War
16189:Time of Troubles
16155:Russo-Kazan Wars
16000:Russo-Kazan Wars
15932:
15931:
15900:
15893:
15886:
15877:
15876:
15765:Maria Nikiforova
15661:Nikolai Bukharin
15631:Grigory Zinoviev
15598:Nikolai Yudenich
15520:
15519:
15381:Petrograd Soviet
15311:Tambov Rebellion
15306:Left SR uprising
15181:
15180:
15159:
15152:
15145:
15136:
15135:
15124:World revolution
14996:1923 Kraków riot
14950:Hamburg Uprising
14890:Aster Revolution
14854:
14847:
14840:
14831:
14830:
14766:Continuation War
14656:Plans and Policy
14588:list of aircraft
14574:
14573:
14556:Chief of Defence
14521:
14514:
14507:
14498:
14497:
14474:
14467:
14460:
14422:Independence Day
14412:National symbols
14261:
14260:
14169:
14168:
14071:
14070:
13963:Cities and towns
13956:
13955:
13941:Military history
13919:Continuation War
13830:
13823:
13816:
13807:
13806:
13730:Treaty of Sèvres
13622:Treaty of London
13513:
13512:
13291:Northeast France
13222:
13221:
13194:Parliamentarians
13127:
13126:
13089:Chemical weapons
13067:
13066:
12828:Senussi campaign
12798:Muscat rebellion
12792:Maritz rebellion
12760:
12702:Vardar offensive
12531:Battle of Romani
12499:Battle of Asiago
12489:Battle of Verdun
12453:Kosovo offensive
12228:First Balkan War
12176:
12175:
12075:Russian Republic
11984:
11983:
11778:
11777:
11720:Economic history
11687:
11680:
11673:
11664:
11663:
11619:uploaded by the
11598:Jalonen, Jussi:
11584:Tepora, Tuomas:
11573:
11556:
11546:, Porvoo: WSOY,
11538:
11520:
11497:
11474:
11451:
11447:978-952-30035-14
11428:
11405:
11378:
11351:
11328:
11305:
11282:
11264:
11246:
11228:
11210:
11192:
11174:
11156:
11138:
11115:
11097:
11079:
11061:
11043:
11025:
11007:
11006:
11004:
10985:
10967:
10949:
10926:
10913:
10900:
10882:
10864:
10846:
10824:
10806:
10788:
10770:
10752:
10734:
10717:
10699:
10681:
10663:
10645:
10627:
10626:
10624:
10607:
10590:
10572:
10554:
10536:
10518:
10494:
10476:
10458:
10435:
10408:
10381:
10363:
10340:
10322:
10304:
10286:
10268:
10259:
10241:
10223:
10205:
10187:
10169:
10151:
10133:
10110:
10084:
10058:
10037:
10016:
9995:
9969:
9943:
9924:
9901:
9896:
9878:
9860:
9841:
9818:
9801:
9778:
9752:
9731:
9708:
9695:
9668:
9667:
9665:
9644:
9618:
9592:
9566:
9540:
9525:
9502:
9479:
9467:
9444:
9421:
9398:
9375:
9352:
9329:
9306:
9283:
9260:
9241:
9218:
9193:
9177:
9166:
9143:
9125:
9098:
9082:
9071:
9048:
9025:
9023:
9021:
8985:
8962:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8920:
8904:
8898:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8875:
8869:
8864:
8858:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8835:
8829:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8820:on 15 March 2014
8806:
8800:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8782:
8776:
8758:
8752:
8728:
8722:
8702:
8696:
8686:
8680:
8674:
8668:
8662:
8656:
8655:, pp. 42–43
8645:
8639:
8638:, pp. 21–50
8599:
8593:
8592:, pp. 21–50
8555:
8549:
8534:Rinta-Tassi 1986
8522:Heikki Ritavuori
8518:
8512:
8506:
8500:
8481:
8475:
8456:
8450:
8449:, pp. 51–89
8427:
8421:
8408:, pp. 152,
8395:
8389:
8372:, pp. 121,
8364:, pp. 136,
8341:
8335:
8329:
8323:
8317:
8311:
8310:, pp. 72–73
8305:
8299:
8293:
8287:
8269:
8263:
8253:
8247:
8241:
8235:
8222:
8216:
8203:
8197:
8160:
8154:
8147:Suodenjoki 2009b
8132:
8126:
8119:Suodenjoki 2009b
8115:Westerlund 2004a
8107:Paavolainen 1971
8104:
8098:
8092:
8086:
8079:Pekkalainen 2014
8067:Suodenjoki 2009b
8061:, pp. 112,
8051:Paavolainen 1971
8047:
8041:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8032:on 10 March 2015
8028:, archived from
8018:
8012:
7994:
7988:
7982:
7973:
7962:Pekkalainen 2014
7950:Westerlund 2004a
7938:Paavolainen 1967
7934:Paavolainen 1966
7929:
7923:
7896:Westerlund 2004a
7884:Paavolainen 1967
7872:
7866:
7851:Westerlund 2004a
7839:Paavolainen 1966
7836:
7830:
7824:
7818:
7804:
7798:
7784:
7778:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7729:
7723:
7685:
7679:
7678:, pp. 89–91
7653:
7647:
7642:
7636:
7631:
7622:
7596:
7590:
7568:
7562:
7534:
7528:
7502:
7496:
7470:
7461:
7455:
7449:
7448:, pp. 92–97
7435:
7429:
7423:
7417:
7387:
7381:
7380:, pp. 41–70
7354:
7348:
7347:, pp. 41–70
7325:
7319:
7288:
7282:
7277:
7266:
7251:
7245:
7244:, pp. 90–92
7218:
7212:
7211:, pp. 48–57
7182:
7176:
7158:
7149:
7126:
7120:
7101:Westerlund 2004b
7080:
7074:
7059:Westerlund 2004b
7036:
7030:
6999:Female Red Guard
6995:
6989:
6975:
6969:
6951:
6945:
6939:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6815:
6806:
6800:
6794:
6788:
6779:
6773:
6764:
6753:Westerlund 2004b
6732:
6726:
6725:, pp. 21–50
6708:
6702:
6667:
6661:
6660:, pp. 21–32
6647:
6641:
6640:, pp. 51–89
6630:Suodenjoki 2009a
6628:, pp. 108,
6614:Rinta-Tassi 1986
6606:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6587:, pp. 1–146
6569:
6563:
6531:
6525:
6518:Westerlund 2004b
6499:
6493:
6467:
6461:
6446:
6440:
6439:, pp. 13–74
6418:
6412:
6411:, pp. 18–38
6377:
6371:
6370:, pp. 13–74
6315:
6309:
6299:
6293:
6279:
6273:
6259:
6253:
6252:, pp. 51–89
6242:Rinta-Tassi 1989
6229:
6223:
6222:, pp. 51–89
6201:
6195:
6194:, pp. 18–38
6176:
6170:
6143:
6137:
6136:, pp. 18–38
6123:
6117:
6116:, pp. 18–38
6103:
6097:
6087:
6081:
6057:
6051:
6050:, pp. 21–50
6012:Swedish-speaking
6003:
5997:
5996:, pp. 51–89
5951:
5945:
5944:, pp. 21–50
5898:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5879:, pp. 18–38
5850:
5844:
5843:, pp. 51–89
5806:
5800:
5799:, pp. 25–44
5797:Voutilainen 2017
5764:
5758:
5757:, pp. 21–50
5744:
5738:
5737:, pp. 21–50
5720:
5714:
5713:, pp. 21–50
5688:
5682:
5659:
5653:
5635:
5629:
5628:, pp. 15–40
5591:
5585:
5584:, pp. 21–50
5563:
5557:
5556:, pp. 21–50
5523:
5517:
5516:, pp. 21–50
5479:
5473:
5472:, pp. 21–50
5445:
5439:
5438:, pp. 21–50
5417:
5411:
5355:
5349:
5348:, pp. 21–50
5322:
5316:
5315:, pp. 21–50
5292:
5286:
5285:, pp. 21–50
5258:
5252:
5227:, pp. 397,
5210:
5204:
5203:, pp. 21–50
5170:
5164:
5163:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5136:, pp. 1–16.
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5077:
5071:
5064:Westerlund 2004a
5033:Paavolainen 1971
5029:Paavolainen 1967
5025:Paavolainen 1966
5022:
5013:
5012:, pp. 87–90
5007:
5001:
5000:, pp. 55–63
4995:
4989:
4967:
4958:
4943:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4906:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4872:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4726:
4697:
4588:
4565:
4554:
4540:
4472:Paavo Haavikko's
4348:
4189:Constitution Act
4112:Matti Paasivuori
4028:Aleksanterinkatu
3851:Viipuri massacre
3786:punainen terrori
3743:
3670:Efraim Kronqvist
3648:
3477:
3322:Erich Ludendorff
3255:Gunnar Lönnqvist
3253:. Photograph by
3095:Eero Haapalainen
3087:chain of command
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
2956:Viipuri Province
2932:Friedrichshafens
2850:
2844:
2838:
2812:Finnic languages
2716:folkdelegationen
2641:
2635:
2629:
2612:Opposing parties
2606:Battle of Kämärä
2598:Smolny Institute
2561:
2560: 1913–1915
2558:
2531:Viipuri province
2205:
2202:
2201:protection corps
2199:
2196:
2193:
1966:in the country.
1960:Petrograd Soviet
1880:Karelian Isthmus
1783:House of Romanov
1776:social democrats
1502:social democrats
1474:Finnish monarchy
1321:Hamburg Uprising
1173:Darwin rebellion
1040:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1005:
1004:
893:
891:
881:
874:
867:
858:
857:
674:
665:
664:
653:
652:
644:
640:
639:
629:Verner Lehtimäki
627:
626:
625:
618:
608:
607:
606:
599:
589:
588:
587:
580:
570:
569:
568:
558:
557:
556:
546:
545:
544:
534:
533:
532:
522:
521:
520:
510:
509:
508:
500:Eero Haapalainen
498:
497:
496:
489:
480:
479:
478:
466:
465:
464:
448:
447:
439:
435:
434:
422:
421:
410:
409:
401:
397:
396:
384:
383:
382:
372:
371:
370:
360:
359:
358:
348:
347:
346:
336:
335:
334:
324:
323:
322:
312:
311:
310:
300:
299:
298:
288:
287:
286:
274:
273:
272:
249:
248:
235:
234:
233:
215:
214:
203:
202:
190:
189:
188:
178:
177:
176:
161:
159:
158:
146:
145:
144:
65:
64:
51:
23:
22:
17090:
17089:
17085:
17084:
17083:
17081:
17080:
17079:
17020:Democratization
17000:1918 in Finland
16985:
16984:
16983:
16978:
16950:
16891:
16885:
16876:War of Dagestan
16650:
16623:August Uprising
16492:
16486:
16475:Boxer Rebellion
16443:Amur Annexation
16244:
16238:
16142:
16136:
16117:War of Dagestan
16097:August Uprising
16051:
15973:
15923:
15904:
15874:
15869:
15804:
15800:Peter Kropotkin
15746:
15708:
15675:
15651:Semyon Budyonny
15607:
15564:
15536:
15511:
15449:
15438:Tsentralna Rada
15345:
15220:
15201:Kornilov affair
15172:
15163:
15133:
15128:
15119:World communism
15107:
15103:First Red Scare
15091:
15000:
14954:
14863:
14858:
14828:
14823:
14780:
14725:
14699:
14673:
14634:Defence Command
14617:
14565:
14530:
14525:
14495:
14490:
14477:
14470:
14463:
14456:
14443:
14417:Public holidays
14329:
14246:
14154:
14118:Law enforcement
14056:
13945:
13877:The Great Wrath
13843:
13834:
13804:
13799:
13782:
13741:
13673:
13666:
13637:Treaty of Darin
13605:
13567:
13523:Austria-Hungary
13509:
13496:
13477:Rape of Belgium
13404:
13376:
13324:
13318:Western Armenia
13313:Eastern Galicia
13246:
13220:
13184:
13183:Civilian impact
13182:
13168:
13125:
13054:
12886:
12816:Ovambo Uprising
12768:
12754:
12643:
12545:
12472:
12390:Battle of Łomża
12373:
12369:Christmas truce
12344:Race to the Sea
12277:
12239:
12161:
12132:Austria-Hungary
12108:
12043:Empire of Japan
11980:
11978:
11967:
11951:U-boat campaign
11937:
11909:
11871:
11823:
11769:
11750:Popular culture
11696:
11691:
11581:
11576:
11554:
11544:Tie Tampereelle
11536:
11517:
11494:
11471:
11448:
11425:
11402:
11375:
11348:
11325:
11302:
11280:
11262:
11244:
11226:
11208:
11190:
11172:
11154:
11135:
11113:
11095:
11077:
11059:
11041:
11023:
11002:
11000:
10983:
10965:
10946:
10898:
10880:
10862:
10844:
10822:
10804:
10786:
10768:
10750:
10715:
10697:
10679:
10661:
10643:
10622:
10620:
10588:
10570:
10552:
10534:
10492:
10474:
10455:
10432:
10405:
10379:
10360:
10338:
10320:
10302:
10284:
10257:
10239:
10221:
10203:
10185:
10167:
10149:
10130:
10107:
10081:
10056:
10035:
10014:
9992:
9966:
9940:
9921:
9894:
9876:
9857:
9838:
9798:
9775:
9728:
9692:
9663:
9661:
9660:on 22 June 2012
9641:
9615:
9589:
9563:
9532:
9522:
9510:. Minneapolis:
9499:
9464:
9441:
9418:
9395:
9372:
9349:
9326:
9303:
9280:
9257:
9238:
9190:
9163:
9123:10.2307/2493091
9095:
9068:
9045:
9019:
9017:
8982:
8959:
8939:
8933:
8928:
8918:
8916:
8905:
8901:
8894:
8890:
8877:
8876:
8872:
8865:
8861:
8852:
8850:
8837:
8836:
8832:
8823:
8821:
8812:
8807:
8803:
8794:
8792:
8784:
8783:
8779:
8759:
8755:
8729:
8725:
8703:
8699:
8687:
8683:
8675:
8671:
8663:
8659:
8646:
8642:
8620:Saarikoski 2008
8600:
8596:
8556:
8552:
8526:Miina Sillanpää
8519:
8515:
8507:
8503:
8482:
8478:
8457:
8453:
8443:Saarikoski 2008
8435:Pietiäinen 1992
8433:, p. 157,
8428:
8424:
8398:Rautkallio 1977
8396:
8392:
8350:Rautkallio 1977
8342:
8338:
8330:
8326:
8318:
8314:
8306:
8302:
8294:
8290:
8270:
8266:
8254:
8250:
8242:
8238:
8232:Wayback Machine
8223:
8219:
8204:
8200:
8182:Wayback Machine
8161:
8157:
8145:, p. 112,
8133:
8129:
8105:
8101:
8093:
8089:
8048:
8044:
8035:
8033:
8020:
8019:
8015:
7995:
7991:
7983:
7976:
7930:
7926:
7908:Keskisarja 2013
7876:Sexual violence
7873:
7869:
7845:, p. 105,
7837:
7833:
7827:Keskisarja 2013
7825:
7821:
7805:
7801:
7785:
7781:
7757:
7753:
7743:
7741:
7730:
7726:
7716:Keskisarja 2013
7706:, p. 112,
7686:
7682:
7654:
7650:
7643:
7639:
7632:
7625:
7597:
7593:
7569:
7565:
7547:Pietiäinen 1992
7535:
7531:
7513:Ylikangas 1993a
7503:
7499:
7481:Ylikangas 1993a
7471:
7464:
7456:
7452:
7442:Ylikangas 1993a
7436:
7432:
7424:
7420:
7408:, p. 117,
7388:
7384:
7368:, p. 108,
7355:
7351:
7339:, p. 117,
7335:, p. 108,
7326:
7322:
7314:, p. 130,
7289:
7285:
7278:
7269:
7252:
7248:
7238:Ylikangas 1993b
7219:
7215:
7197:Ylikangas 1993b
7183:
7179:
7159:
7152:
7127:
7123:
7081:
7077:
7037:
7033:
6996:
6992:
6976:
6972:
6958:Ylikangas 1993a
6952:
6948:
6940:
6936:
6928:
6924:
6887:
6883:
6873:
6871:
6841:
6837:
6827:
6825:
6817:
6816:
6809:
6805:, pp. 204.
6801:
6797:
6793:, pp. 225.
6789:
6782:
6778:, pp. 203.
6774:
6767:
6733:
6729:
6709:
6705:
6687:Pietiäinen 1992
6679:Klemettilä 1989
6668:
6664:
6654:Pietiäinen 1992
6648:
6644:
6607:
6603:
6595:
6591:
6585:Kallioinen 2009
6570:
6566:
6556:Manninen* 1993c
6544:Klemettilä 1989
6532:
6528:
6514:Manninen* 1993c
6500:
6496:
6478:Manninen* 1993c
6468:
6464:
6458:Pietiäinen 1992
6447:
6443:
6437:Keskisarja 2017
6419:
6415:
6378:
6374:
6368:Keskisarja 2017
6316:
6312:
6300:
6296:
6280:
6276:
6266:Manninen* 1993b
6262:Manninen* 1993a
6260:
6256:
6230:
6226:
6214:, pp. 64,
6202:
6198:
6177:
6173:
6167:Manninen* 1993b
6144:
6140:
6124:
6120:
6104:
6100:
6088:
6084:
6058:
6054:
6032:Manninen* 1993a
6004:
6000:
5952:
5948:
5899:
5895:
5887:
5883:
5851:
5847:
5807:
5803:
5793:Keskisarja 2017
5765:
5761:
5745:
5741:
5729:, p. 150,
5721:
5717:
5689:
5685:
5661:There were few
5660:
5656:
5636:
5632:
5592:
5588:
5564:
5560:
5524:
5520:
5480:
5476:
5446:
5442:
5418:
5414:
5356:
5352:
5323:
5319:
5293:
5289:
5259:
5255:
5211:
5207:
5191:, p. 397,
5171:
5167:
5156:
5152:
5144:
5140:
5132:
5128:
5118:
5116:
5113:Koskesta Voimaa
5105:
5101:
5091:
5089:
5078:
5074:
5052:Wayback Machine
5023:
5016:
5008:
5004:
4998:Ylikangas 1993a
4996:
4992:
4968:
4961:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4922:
4918:
4889:; Russian:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4780:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4746:
4734:from 1976, and
4720:
4691:
4619:
4593:'s epic novel "
4582:
4559:
4548:
4546:Erkki Lepokorpi
4534:
4516:Tampereen runot
4437:Levoton lapsuus
4382:Hurskas kurjuus
4359:Den stora tiden
4342:
4340:Arvi Järventaus
4327:
4276:
4213:Treaty of Tartu
4164:
4120:J. K. Paasikivi
4108:Rump Parliament
4043:" (for Whites;
4020:
4018:War-torn nation
3991:Tammisaari camp
3911:
3905:
3896:
3891:
3866:
3824:operations and
3750:
3737:
3730:
3724:
3704:
3702:Battle of Lahti
3698:
3696:Battle of Lahti
3642:
3633:
3627:
3540:
3526:
3487:Maundy Thursday
3404:
3398:
3393:
3341:Ostsee-Division
3239:
3218:Hjalmar Frisell
3214:Swedish Brigade
3153:
3082:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3053:
2964:
2876:Gulf of Bothnia
2859:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:Battle of Rautu
2816:Greater Finland
2741:property rights
2643:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2614:
2559:
2545:Kullervo Manner
2510:
2490:
2478:Austria-Hungary
2442:
2436:
2337:of the Finnish
2300:local elections
2266:
2260:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2159:labour movement
2095:
2011:Agrarian League
2000:social liberals
1927:
1922:
1916:
1876:Gulf of Finland
1824:
1764:1905 Revolution
1669:
1601:
1588:
1482:
1422:democratisation
1418:labour movement
1338:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1210:First Red Scare
1041:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1002:
997:
894:
889:
887:
885:
851:
817:10,000 executed
803:
743:
723:
706:Swedish Brigade
677:
667:Georgy Bulatsel
659:
647:
634:
633:
623:
621:
612:
604:
602:
593:
585:
583:
574:
572:Heikki Kaljunen
566:
564:
554:
552:
542:
540:
530:
528:
518:
516:
506:
504:
494:
492:
476:
474:
469:Kullervo Manner
462:
460:
454:
442:
429:
428:
416:
404:
391:
390:
380:
378:
368:
366:
356:
354:
350:Hjalmar Frisell
344:
342:
332:
330:
320:
318:
308:
306:
296:
294:
290:Hannes Ignatius
284:
282:
270:
268:
255:
243:
231:
229:
223:
209:
197:
186:
184:
180:Swedish Brigade
174:
172:
156:
154:
142:
140:
92:
80:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
17088:
17078:
17077:
17072:
17067:
17062:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17002:
16997:
16980:
16979:
16977:
16976:
16971:
16966:
16961:
16959:Russian Winter
16955:
16952:
16951:
16949:
16948:
16943:
16938:
16933:
16928:
16927:
16926:
16921:
16916:
16911:
16901:
16895:
16893:
16887:
16886:
16884:
16883:
16878:
16873:
16868:
16863:
16858:
16853:
16848:
16843:
16838:
16833:
16828:
16823:
16818:
16813:
16808:
16803:
16798:
16793:
16788:
16786:Vlora incident
16783:
16778:
16773:
16768:
16763:
16758:
16753:
16748:
16743:
16738:
16737:
16736:
16731:
16726:
16725:
16724:
16714:
16709:
16704:
16699:
16698:
16697:
16687:
16682:
16672:
16667:
16662:
16657:
16645:
16640:
16635:
16630:
16625:
16620:
16615:
16614:
16613:
16608:
16603:
16598:
16593:
16588:
16583:
16578:
16577:
16576:
16571:
16566:
16556:
16551:
16549:Sochi conflict
16546:
16541:
16536:
16535:
16534:
16519:
16518:
16517:
16507:
16502:
16496:
16494:
16488:
16487:
16485:
16484:
16483:
16482:
16472:
16467:
16466:
16465:
16460:
16450:
16445:
16440:
16439:
16438:
16428:
16423:
16418:
16413:
16408:
16407:
16406:
16401:
16391:
16386:
16381:
16376:
16371:
16366:
16361:
16356:
16351:
16346:
16341:
16336:
16331:
16326:
16321:
16316:
16311:
16306:
16301:
16296:
16291:
16286:
16281:
16275:
16270:
16264:
16259:
16254:
16248:
16246:
16240:
16239:
16237:
16236:
16231:
16226:
16221:
16216:
16211:
16206:
16201:
16196:
16191:
16182:
16177:
16172:
16167:
16162:
16157:
16152:
16146:
16144:
16138:
16137:
16135:
16134:
16129:
16124:
16119:
16114:
16109:
16104:
16099:
16094:
16089:
16084:
16079:
16074:
16069:
16063:
16061:
16057:
16056:
16053:
16052:
16050:
16049:
16044:
16043:
16042:
16032:
16027:
16022:
16017:
16012:
16007:
16002:
15997:
15992:
15987:
15981:
15979:
15975:
15974:
15972:
15971:
15966:
15961:
15956:
15951:
15946:
15941:
15935:
15929:
15925:
15924:
15903:
15902:
15895:
15888:
15880:
15871:
15870:
15868:
15867:
15862:
15857:
15852:
15847:
15842:
15837:
15832:
15827:
15822:
15816:
15814:
15810:
15809:
15806:
15805:
15803:
15802:
15797:
15792:
15787:
15782:
15780:Semen Karetnyk
15777:
15772:
15767:
15762:
15756:
15754:
15748:
15747:
15745:
15744:
15739:
15734:
15729:
15724:
15718:
15716:
15710:
15709:
15707:
15706:
15704:Boris Sokoloff
15701:
15699:Boris Savinkov
15696:
15691:
15689:Viktor Chernov
15685:
15683:
15677:
15676:
15674:
15673:
15668:
15663:
15658:
15656:Yakov Sverdlov
15653:
15648:
15643:
15641:Mikhail Frunze
15638:
15633:
15628:
15623:
15621:Vladimir Lenin
15617:
15615:
15609:
15608:
15606:
15605:
15600:
15595:
15590:
15585:
15580:
15574:
15572:
15570:White movement
15566:
15565:
15563:
15562:
15557:
15555:Pavel Milyukov
15552:
15546:
15544:
15538:
15537:
15535:
15534:
15528:
15526:
15517:
15513:
15512:
15510:
15509:
15504:
15499:
15498:
15497:
15487:
15486:
15485:
15480:
15470:
15465:
15459:
15457:
15451:
15450:
15448:
15447:
15446:
15445:
15435:
15430:
15425:
15420:
15415:
15410:
15409:
15408:
15398:
15393:
15388:
15383:
15378:
15373:
15371:White movement
15368:
15363:
15357:
15355:
15351:
15350:
15347:
15346:
15344:
15343:
15342:
15341:
15336:
15334:Central Powers
15331:
15325:Interventions
15323:
15318:
15313:
15308:
15303:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15273:
15268:
15267:
15266:
15256:
15255:
15254:
15249:
15244:
15234:
15228:
15226:
15222:
15221:
15219:
15218:
15213:
15208:
15203:
15198:
15193:
15187:
15185:
15178:
15174:
15173:
15162:
15161:
15154:
15147:
15139:
15130:
15129:
15127:
15126:
15121:
15115:
15113:
15109:
15108:
15106:
15105:
15099:
15097:
15093:
15092:
15090:
15089:
15087:Labin Republic
15084:
15079:
15074:
15069:
15064:
15059:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15008:
15006:
15002:
15001:
14999:
14998:
14993:
14988:
14983:
14978:
14973:
14968:
14962:
14960:
14956:
14955:
14953:
14952:
14947:
14942:
14937:
14932:
14927:
14922:
14917:
14912:
14907:
14902:
14897:
14892:
14887:
14882:
14877:
14871:
14869:
14865:
14864:
14857:
14856:
14849:
14842:
14834:
14825:
14824:
14822:
14821:
14814:
14812:Military ranks
14809:
14804:
14799:
14794:
14788:
14786:
14782:
14781:
14779:
14778:
14773:
14755:
14750:
14745:
14739:
14737:
14731:
14730:
14727:
14726:
14724:
14723:
14718:
14713:
14707:
14705:
14701:
14700:
14698:
14697:
14692:
14687:
14681:
14679:
14675:
14674:
14672:
14671:
14631:
14625:
14623:
14619:
14618:
14616:
14615:
14601:
14591:
14580:
14578:
14571:
14567:
14566:
14564:
14563:
14558:
14553:
14548:
14538:
14536:
14532:
14531:
14524:
14523:
14516:
14509:
14501:
14492:
14491:
14489:
14488:
14483:
14476:
14475:
14468:
14461:
14453:
14452:
14449:
14448:
14445:
14444:
14442:
14441:
14436:
14431:
14426:
14425:
14424:
14414:
14409:
14404:
14399:
14394:
14393:
14392:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14339:
14337:
14331:
14330:
14328:
14327:
14325:Welfare system
14322:
14317:
14316:
14315:
14310:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14278:Climate change
14275:
14270:
14264:
14258:
14252:
14251:
14248:
14247:
14245:
14244:
14239:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14222:Stock exchange
14219:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14199:
14193:
14188:
14183:
14178:
14172:
14166:
14160:
14159:
14156:
14155:
14153:
14152:
14150:Prime Minister
14147:
14142:
14137:
14132:
14131:
14130:
14120:
14115:
14110:
14105:
14100:
14095:
14090:
14085:
14080:
14074:
14068:
14062:
14061:
14058:
14057:
14055:
14054:
14049:
14048:
14047:
14042:
14037:
14032:
14027:
14017:
14012:
14011:
14010:
14000:
13995:
13993:National parks
13990:
13988:Municipalities
13985:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13968:Extreme points
13965:
13959:
13953:
13947:
13946:
13944:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13931:Finlandization
13928:
13927:
13926:
13921:
13916:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13880:
13879:
13869:
13864:
13859:
13853:
13851:
13845:
13844:
13833:
13832:
13825:
13818:
13810:
13801:
13800:
13798:
13797:
13791:
13788:
13787:
13784:
13783:
13781:
13780:
13773:
13766:
13761:
13753:
13751:
13747:
13746:
13743:
13742:
13740:
13739:
13734:
13733:
13732:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13712:
13702:
13697:
13696:
13695:
13690:
13682:
13676:
13674:
13672:Peace treaties
13671:
13668:
13667:
13665:
13664:
13659:
13654:
13649:
13644:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13624:
13619:
13613:
13611:
13607:
13606:
13604:
13603:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13583:
13577:
13575:
13569:
13568:
13566:
13565:
13560:
13558:United Kingdom
13555:
13550:
13548:Ottoman Empire
13545:
13540:
13535:
13530:
13525:
13519:
13517:
13510:
13505:
13502:
13501:
13498:
13497:
13495:
13494:
13489:
13484:
13479:
13474:
13473:
13472:
13467:
13462:
13452:
13450:Sack of Dinant
13447:
13442:
13437:
13436:
13435:
13430:
13429:
13428:
13414:
13412:
13406:
13405:
13403:
13402:
13401:
13400:
13398:United Kingdom
13395:
13386:
13384:
13378:
13377:
13375:
13374:
13373:
13372:
13367:
13358:
13352:POW locations
13350:
13345:
13344:
13343:
13334:
13332:
13326:
13325:
13323:
13322:
13321:
13320:
13315:
13307:
13302:
13301:
13300:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13275:
13274:
13273:
13268:
13260:
13254:
13252:
13248:
13247:
13245:
13244:
13239:
13234:
13228:
13226:
13219:
13218:
13217:
13216:
13211:
13203:
13198:
13197:
13196:
13187:
13185:
13177:
13174:
13173:
13170:
13169:
13167:
13166:
13161:
13160:
13159:
13152:United Kingdom
13149:
13147:Ottoman Empire
13144:
13139:
13133:
13131:
13124:
13123:
13121:Trench warfare
13118:
13117:
13116:
13106:
13101:
13096:
13091:
13086:
13085:
13084:
13073:
13071:
13064:
13060:
13059:
13056:
13055:
13053:
13052:
13046:
13040:
13034:
13028:
13027:
13026:
13020:
13014:
13008:
12997:
12991:
12985:
12979:
12973:
12967:
12961:
12955:
12949:
12943:
12937:
12931:
12925:
12919:
12913:
12907:
12901:
12894:
12892:
12888:
12887:
12885:
12884:
12878:
12872:
12866:
12860:
12854:
12848:
12842:
12837:
12834:Volta-Bani War
12831:
12825:
12819:
12813:
12807:
12801:
12795:
12789:
12783:
12776:
12774:
12770:
12769:
12767:
12766:
12761:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12729:
12724:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12699:
12694:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12674:
12672:Zeebrugge Raid
12669:
12664:
12659:
12653:
12651:
12645:
12644:
12642:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12626:
12621:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12555:
12553:
12547:
12546:
12544:
12543:
12538:
12533:
12528:
12523:
12518:
12517:
12516:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12480:
12478:
12474:
12473:
12471:
12470:
12465:
12463:Battle of Loos
12460:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12397:
12392:
12387:
12381:
12379:
12375:
12374:
12372:
12371:
12366:
12361:
12356:
12354:Black Sea raid
12351:
12346:
12341:
12336:
12331:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12285:
12283:
12279:
12278:
12276:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12259:
12258:
12256:Historiography
12247:
12245:
12241:
12240:
12238:
12237:
12231:
12225:
12219:
12213:
12210:Bosnian Crisis
12207:
12204:Tangier Crisis
12201:
12195:
12189:
12182:
12180:
12173:
12167:
12166:
12163:
12162:
12160:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12137:Ottoman Empire
12134:
12129:
12124:
12118:
12116:
12114:Central Powers
12110:
12109:
12107:
12106:
12101:
12100:
12099:
12097:British Empire
12092:United Kingdom
12089:
12084:
12079:
12078:
12077:
12072:
12070:Russian Empire
12062:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12046:
12045:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12024:
12023:
12013:
12008:
12003:
11998:
11992:
11990:
11988:Entente Powers
11981:
11976:
11973:
11972:
11969:
11968:
11966:
11965:
11960:
11959:
11958:
11956:North Atlantic
11947:
11945:
11939:
11938:
11936:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11919:
11917:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11881:
11879:
11873:
11872:
11870:
11869:
11867:Central Arabia
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11839:
11833:
11831:
11829:Middle Eastern
11825:
11824:
11822:
11821:
11816:
11815:
11814:
11804:
11799:
11798:
11797:
11786:
11784:
11775:
11771:
11770:
11768:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11730:Historiography
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11701:
11698:
11697:
11690:
11689:
11682:
11675:
11667:
11661:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11640:
11634:
11628:
11610:
11596:
11580:
11579:External links
11577:
11575:
11574:
11562:"Sisällissota"
11557:
11552:
11539:
11534:
11528:, Juva: WSOY,
11521:
11515:
11498:
11492:
11475:
11469:
11452:
11446:
11429:
11423:
11406:
11400:
11379:
11373:
11352:
11346:
11329:
11323:
11306:
11300:
11283:
11278:
11265:
11260:
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11206:
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11188:
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11170:
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11111:
11098:
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11057:
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11039:
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11021:
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10986:
10981:
10968:
10963:
10950:
10944:
10927:
10914:
10901:
10896:
10883:
10878:
10865:
10860:
10847:
10842:
10825:
10820:
10807:
10802:
10789:
10784:
10771:
10766:
10753:
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10713:
10700:
10695:
10682:
10677:
10664:
10659:
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10641:
10628:
10608:
10591:
10586:
10573:
10568:
10555:
10550:
10537:
10532:
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10414:Keisarin Suomi
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7320:
7308:Lindqvist 2003
7283:
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7259:Lindqvist 2003
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7177:
7150:
7140:, p. 98,
7134:Manninen 1993c
7121:
7095:, p. 89,
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6397:Manninen 1993c
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6132:, p. 70,
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6028:Manninen 1993c
6020:Ylikangas 1986
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5773:Ylikangas 1986
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5233:Soikkanen 2008
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4796:History portal
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4782:Finland portal
4769:
4766:
4745:
4742:
4669:, directed by
4655:, directed by
4652:Tears of April
4647:Lauri Törhönen
4645:, directed by
4618:
4615:
4429:Oiva Paloheimo
4361:) in 1928 and
4326:
4323:
4275:
4272:
4268:Bellum Russica
4224:Väinö Voionmaa
4163:
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4148:Herbert Hoover
4132:Friedrich Karl
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3907:Main article:
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3726:Main article:
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3700:Main article:
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3640:Oskari Koivula
3629:Main article:
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3536:Main article:
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3400:Main article:
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3198:Central powers
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3107:Evert Eloranta
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2980:child soldiers
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2180:suojeluskunnat
2147:Vladimir Lenin
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2078:price controls
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2014:
2007:
1988:
1971:general strike
1926:
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1908:Kola Peninsula
1844:Geopolitically
1840:Eastern Europe
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1694:Western Europe
1681:Swedish Empire
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14883:
14881:
14878:
14876:
14873:
14872:
14870:
14866:
14862:
14855:
14850:
14848:
14843:
14841:
14836:
14835:
14832:
14820:
14819:
14815:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14792:Civil defence
14790:
14789:
14787:
14783:
14777:
14774:
14771:
14767:
14763:
14759:
14756:
14754:
14751:
14749:
14746:
14744:
14741:
14740:
14738:
14736:
14732:
14722:
14719:
14717:
14714:
14712:
14709:
14708:
14706:
14702:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14683:
14682:
14680:
14676:
14669:
14665:
14661:
14657:
14653:
14649:
14645:
14644:
14639:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14626:
14624:
14620:
14613:
14612:list of ships
14609:
14605:
14602:
14599:
14595:
14592:
14589:
14585:
14582:
14581:
14579:
14575:
14572:
14568:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14543:
14540:
14539:
14537:
14533:
14529:
14522:
14517:
14515:
14510:
14508:
14503:
14502:
14499:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14478:
14473:
14469:
14466:
14462:
14459:
14455:
14454:
14450:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14430:
14427:
14423:
14420:
14419:
14418:
14415:
14413:
14410:
14408:
14405:
14403:
14400:
14398:
14395:
14391:
14390:
14386:
14385:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14340:
14338:
14336:
14332:
14326:
14323:
14321:
14318:
14314:
14311:
14309:
14306:
14305:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14265:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14253:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14212:Ship-building
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14184:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14174:
14173:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14161:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14133:
14129:
14126:
14125:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14104:
14101:
14099:
14096:
14094:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14075:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14063:
14053:
14050:
14046:
14043:
14041:
14038:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14022:
14021:
14018:
14016:
14013:
14009:
14006:
14005:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13960:
13957:
13954:
13952:
13948:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13911:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13878:
13875:
13874:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13854:
13852:
13850:
13846:
13842:
13838:
13831:
13826:
13824:
13819:
13817:
13812:
13811:
13808:
13796:
13793:
13792:
13789:
13779:
13778:
13774:
13772:
13771:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13760:
13759:
13755:
13754:
13752:
13748:
13738:
13735:
13731:
13728:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13707:
13706:
13703:
13701:
13698:
13694:
13691:
13689:
13686:
13685:
13683:
13681:
13678:
13677:
13675:
13669:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13653:
13650:
13648:
13645:
13643:
13640:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13614:
13612:
13608:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13578:
13576:
13574:
13570:
13564:
13563:United States
13561:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13520:
13518:
13514:
13511:
13508:
13503:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13483:
13480:
13478:
13475:
13471:
13468:
13466:
13463:
13461:
13458:
13457:
13456:
13453:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13441:
13438:
13434:
13431:
13427:
13424:
13423:
13422:
13419:
13418:
13416:
13415:
13413:
13411:
13407:
13399:
13396:
13394:
13391:
13390:
13388:
13387:
13385:
13383:
13379:
13371:
13368:
13366:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13353:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13342:
13339:
13338:
13336:
13335:
13333:
13331:
13327:
13319:
13316:
13314:
13311:
13310:
13308:
13306:
13303:
13299:
13298:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13278:
13276:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13263:
13261:
13259:
13256:
13255:
13253:
13249:
13243:
13240:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13229:
13227:
13223:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13206:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13195:
13192:
13191:
13189:
13188:
13186:
13180:
13175:
13165:
13164:United States
13162:
13158:
13155:
13154:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
13134:
13132:
13128:
13122:
13119:
13115:
13114:Convoy system
13112:
13111:
13110:
13109:Naval warfare
13107:
13105:
13102:
13100:
13097:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13087:
13083:
13080:
13079:
13078:
13075:
13074:
13072:
13068:
13065:
13061:
13050:
13047:
13044:
13041:
13038:
13035:
13032:
13029:
13024:
13021:
13018:
13015:
13012:
13009:
13006:
13003:
13002:
13001:
12998:
12995:
12992:
12989:
12986:
12983:
12980:
12977:
12974:
12971:
12968:
12965:
12962:
12959:
12956:
12953:
12950:
12947:
12944:
12941:
12938:
12935:
12932:
12929:
12926:
12923:
12920:
12917:
12914:
12911:
12908:
12905:
12902:
12899:
12896:
12895:
12893:
12889:
12882:
12879:
12876:
12873:
12870:
12869:Kaocen revolt
12867:
12864:
12863:Easter Rising
12861:
12858:
12855:
12852:
12849:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12835:
12832:
12829:
12826:
12823:
12820:
12817:
12814:
12811:
12808:
12805:
12802:
12799:
12796:
12793:
12790:
12787:
12784:
12781:
12778:
12777:
12775:
12771:
12765:
12762:
12758:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12705:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12654:
12652:
12650:
12646:
12640:
12637:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12620:
12617:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12556:
12554:
12552:
12548:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12529:
12527:
12524:
12522:
12519:
12515:
12512:
12511:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12481:
12479:
12475:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12428:Great Retreat
12426:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12403:
12398:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12382:
12380:
12376:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12360:
12357:
12355:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12342:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12299:Battle of Cer
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12286:
12284:
12280:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12257:
12254:
12253:
12252:
12249:
12248:
12246:
12242:
12235:
12232:
12229:
12226:
12223:
12220:
12217:
12216:Agadir Crisis
12214:
12211:
12208:
12205:
12202:
12199:
12196:
12193:
12190:
12187:
12184:
12183:
12181:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12168:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12119:
12117:
12115:
12111:
12105:
12104:United States
12102:
12098:
12095:
12094:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12067:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12044:
12041:
12040:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12022:
12021:French Empire
12019:
12018:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11993:
11991:
11989:
11985:
11982:
11974:
11964:
11963:Mediterranean
11961:
11957:
11954:
11953:
11952:
11949:
11948:
11946:
11944:
11943:Naval warfare
11940:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11920:
11918:
11916:
11912:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11882:
11880:
11878:
11874:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11834:
11832:
11830:
11826:
11820:
11819:Italian Front
11817:
11813:
11810:
11809:
11808:
11807:Eastern Front
11805:
11803:
11802:Western Front
11800:
11796:
11793:
11792:
11791:
11788:
11787:
11785:
11783:
11779:
11776:
11772:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11760:Puppet states
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11702:
11699:
11695:
11688:
11683:
11681:
11676:
11674:
11669:
11668:
11665:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11648:
11645:(requires an
11644:
11641:
11638:
11635:
11632:
11629:
11626:
11622:
11618:
11614:
11611:
11608:
11607:
11601:
11597:
11594:
11593:
11587:
11583:
11582:
11571:
11567:
11563:
11558:
11555:
11553:951-0-18897-2
11549:
11545:
11540:
11537:
11535:951-0-13745-6
11531:
11527:
11522:
11518:
11516:952-5354-45-8
11512:
11508:
11504:
11499:
11495:
11493:952-5354-44-X
11489:
11485:
11481:
11476:
11472:
11470:952-5354-52-0
11466:
11462:
11458:
11453:
11449:
11443:
11439:
11435:
11430:
11426:
11420:
11416:
11412:
11407:
11403:
11397:
11393:
11389:
11385:
11380:
11376:
11370:
11366:
11362:
11358:
11353:
11349:
11347:951-0-23228-9
11343:
11339:
11335:
11330:
11326:
11324:951-26-2022-7
11320:
11316:
11312:
11307:
11303:
11301:951-26-2022-7
11297:
11293:
11289:
11284:
11281:
11275:
11271:
11266:
11263:
11257:
11253:
11248:
11245:
11243:951-20-7051-0
11239:
11235:
11230:
11227:
11221:
11217:
11212:
11209:
11203:
11199:
11194:
11191:
11185:
11181:
11176:
11173:
11167:
11163:
11158:
11155:
11153:952-5354-92-X
11149:
11145:
11140:
11136:
11134:952-5354-52-0
11130:
11126:
11122:
11117:
11114:
11112:951-860-402-9
11108:
11104:
11099:
11096:
11094:951-860-079-1
11090:
11086:
11081:
11078:
11072:
11068:
11063:
11060:
11058:951-37-0728-8
11054:
11050:
11045:
11042:
11040:951-37-0729-6
11036:
11032:
11027:
11024:
11022:951-37-0729-6
11018:
11014:
11009:
10998:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10984:
10978:
10974:
10969:
10966:
10960:
10956:
10951:
10947:
10945:951-30-1015-5
10941:
10937:
10933:
10928:
10924:
10920:
10915:
10911:
10907:
10902:
10899:
10897:951-0-27365-1
10893:
10889:
10884:
10881:
10879:951-0-27365-1
10875:
10871:
10866:
10863:
10857:
10853:
10848:
10845:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10826:
10823:
10817:
10813:
10808:
10805:
10803:951-37-0727-X
10799:
10795:
10790:
10787:
10785:951-37-0727-X
10781:
10777:
10772:
10769:
10767:951-37-0727-X
10763:
10759:
10754:
10751:
10749:951-0-20174-X
10745:
10741:
10736:
10732:
10728:
10724:
10719:
10716:
10714:951-37-0728-8
10710:
10706:
10701:
10698:
10696:951-37-0728-8
10692:
10688:
10683:
10680:
10678:951-0-28329-0
10674:
10670:
10665:
10662:
10660:951-859-072-9
10656:
10652:
10647:
10644:
10642:951-859-071-0
10638:
10634:
10629:
10618:
10614:
10609:
10606:
10602:
10598:
10592:
10589:
10583:
10579:
10574:
10571:
10569:951-1-16158-X
10565:
10561:
10556:
10553:
10547:
10543:
10538:
10535:
10529:
10525:
10520:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10496:
10493:
10487:
10483:
10478:
10475:
10469:
10465:
10460:
10456:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10437:
10433:
10431:951-50-0682-1
10427:
10423:
10419:
10415:
10410:
10406:
10404:951-860-402-9
10400:
10396:
10392:
10388:
10383:
10380:
10378:951-9254-86-2
10374:
10370:
10365:
10361:
10355:
10351:
10347:
10342:
10339:
10333:
10329:
10324:
10321:
10315:
10311:
10306:
10303:
10301:951-20-3800-5
10297:
10293:
10288:
10285:
10279:
10275:
10270:
10266:
10261:
10258:
10252:
10248:
10243:
10240:
10234:
10230:
10225:
10222:
10216:
10212:
10207:
10204:
10198:
10194:
10189:
10186:
10184:951-0-20174-X
10180:
10176:
10171:
10168:
10162:
10158:
10153:
10150:
10144:
10140:
10135:
10131:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10112:
10108:
10102:
10098:
10094:
10090:
10089:Hoppu, Tuomas
10086:
10082:
10076:
10072:
10068:
10064:
10063:Hoppu, Tuomas
10060:
10057:
10051:
10047:
10043:
10042:Hoppu, Tuomas
10039:
10036:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10021:Hoppu, Tuomas
10018:
10015:
10009:
10005:
10001:
10000:Hoppu, Tuomas
9997:
9993:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9975:
9974:Hoppu, Tuomas
9971:
9967:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9948:Hoppu, Tuomas
9945:
9941:
9939:951-0-13876-2
9935:
9931:
9926:
9922:
9916:
9912:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9895:
9889:
9885:
9880:
9877:
9871:
9867:
9862:
9858:
9852:
9848:
9843:
9839:
9837:951-37-1532-9
9833:
9829:
9825:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9808:
9803:
9799:
9797:951-9066-53-5
9793:
9789:
9785:
9780:
9776:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9733:
9729:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9697:
9693:
9691:951-0-20174-X
9687:
9683:
9679:
9675:
9670:
9659:
9655:
9651:
9646:
9642:
9636:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9614:951-35-2495-7
9610:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9594:
9590:
9588:951-9066-53-5
9584:
9580:
9576:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9562:951-37-0728-8
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9534:
9533:
9523:
9521:0-8166-0905-5
9517:
9513:
9509:
9504:
9500:
9498:0-297-99542-1
9494:
9490:
9486:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9472:Trotsky, Leon
9469:
9465:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9446:
9442:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9423:
9419:
9413:
9409:
9405:
9400:
9396:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9377:
9373:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9354:
9350:
9344:
9340:
9336:
9331:
9327:
9321:
9317:
9313:
9308:
9304:
9302:0-679-74544-0
9298:
9294:
9293:Vintage Books
9290:
9285:
9281:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9262:
9258:
9252:
9248:
9243:
9239:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9195:
9191:
9189:0-521-83225-X
9185:
9181:
9176:
9175:
9168:
9164:
9162:951-0-27911-0
9158:
9154:
9150:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9133:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9110:
9109:Slavic Review
9105:
9100:
9096:
9094:1-85065-528-6
9090:
9086:
9081:
9080:
9073:
9069:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9050:
9046:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9027:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9001:(3): 87–100.
9000:
8996:
8992:
8987:
8983:
8981:0-520-05813-5
8977:
8973:
8969:
8964:
8960:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8941:
8940:
8914:
8910:
8903:
8897:
8892:
8884:
8880:
8874:
8868:
8863:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8834:
8819:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8791:
8790:Film Affinity
8787:
8781:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8761:von Bagh 2007
8757:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8733:von Bagh 2007
8727:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8707:von Bagh 2007
8701:
8694:
8690:
8685:
8678:
8673:
8666:
8661:
8654:
8650:
8644:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8628:Haapala 2009b
8625:
8624:Haapala 2009a
8621:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8608:Piilonen 1992
8604:
8598:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8578:Haapala 2009b
8575:
8574:Haapala 2009a
8571:
8567:
8563:
8562:Piilonen 1992
8559:
8554:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8530:Hokkanen 1986
8527:
8523:
8517:
8510:
8505:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8480:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8455:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8426:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8394:
8387:
8383:
8382:Roselius 2014
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8340:
8334:, pp. 79
8333:
8328:
8322:, pp. 75
8321:
8316:
8309:
8304:
8298:, pp. 74
8297:
8292:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8268:
8261:
8257:
8252:
8245:
8240:
8233:
8229:
8226:
8221:
8214:
8210:
8209:
8202:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8176:
8172:
8171:Peltonen 2003
8168:
8164:
8159:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8131:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8103:
8096:
8091:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8046:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8017:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7993:
7986:
7981:
7979:
7971:
7970:Kekkonen 2016
7967:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7928:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7912:Lintunen 2014
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7871:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7835:
7828:
7823:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7803:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7783:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7755:
7739:
7735:
7728:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7708:Roselius 2006
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7684:
7677:
7676:Roselius 2006
7673:
7672:Roselius 2004
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7652:
7646:
7641:
7635:
7634:Kronlund 1986
7630:
7628:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7595:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7567:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7533:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7501:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7469:
7467:
7459:
7454:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7434:
7427:
7422:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7386:
7379:
7375:
7374:Roselius 2014
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7358:Kirov Railway
7353:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7324:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7250:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7217:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7181:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7165:Roselius 2006
7162:
7157:
7155:
7147:
7143:
7142:Manninen 1995
7139:
7135:
7131:
7125:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7097:Manninen 1995
7094:
7090:
7086:
7079:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7055:Manninen 1995
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7035:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6974:
6967:
6963:
6962:Manninen 1995
6959:
6955:
6950:
6944:, p. 182
6943:
6938:
6931:
6926:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6910:Lintunen 2014
6907:
6903:
6902:Manninen 1995
6899:
6895:
6891:
6885:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6839:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6812:
6804:
6799:
6792:
6787:
6785:
6777:
6772:
6770:
6762:
6761:Roselius 2014
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6741:Manninen 1995
6738:
6731:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6707:
6700:
6696:
6695:Manninen 1995
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6666:
6659:
6658:Manninen 1995
6655:
6651:
6646:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6622:Piilonen 1993
6619:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6598:
6593:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6498:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6466:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6417:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6303:
6298:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6278:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6258:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6175:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6122:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6102:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6079:
6078:McMeekin 2017
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5958:Kettunen 1986
5955:
5950:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5891:, p. 785
5890:
5885:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5849:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5805:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5743:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5687:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5658:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5590:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5522:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5388:Olkkonen 2003
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5169:
5162:(4): 389–390.
5161:
5154:
5148:, p. 16.
5147:
5142:
5135:
5130:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5056:Roselius 2004
5053:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5011:
5006:
4999:
4994:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4964:
4956:
4955:McMeekin 2017
4952:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4867:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4786:
4783:
4772:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4680:In 2012, the
4678:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4657:Aku Louhimies
4654:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4532:Jenni Linturi
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4496:Paavo Rintala
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4441:Lauri Viita's
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4413:Runar Schildt
4410:
4406:
4402:
4401:Joel Lehtonen
4398:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4336:Tykkien virsi
4333:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4280:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4236:
4235:Kyösti Kallio
4232:
4231:Santeri Alkio
4228:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4177:
4173:
4170:Unveiling of
4168:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4144:Rudolf Holsti
4139:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3900:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3861:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3754:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3652:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3619:Kallio Church
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3598:Market Square
3594:
3591:
3587:
3586:Senate Palace
3583:
3579:
3575:
3574:Workers' Hall
3570:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3530:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3461:on 25 March.
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3427:working class
3423:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:3,000-strong
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3329:Åland Islands
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3286:The offensive
3283:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3263:Western Front
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:Åland Islands
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3191:social status
3188:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2880:Lake Päijänne
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:White Finland
2650:
2623:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2388:Joseph Stalin
2385:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:Santeri Alkio
2288:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2275:Brest-Litovsk
2272:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2099:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:Finnish Party
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1947:war-weariness
1944:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:raw materials
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:Russification
1734:
1733:working-class
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:Red Rebellion
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:kansalaissota
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:German Empire
1436:
1435:Soviet Russia
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:Eastern Front
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:ruled by the
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:White Finland
1351:
1347:
1343:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:Ruhr uprising
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:Biennio Rosso
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1006:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
897:
892:
882:
877:
875:
870:
868:
863:
862:
859:
845:
844:
843:
840:
835:
832:
831:
830:
827:
822:
820:1,150 missing
819:
816:
813:
812:
811:
808:
807:
805:
797:
796:
795:
792:
787:
785:
782:
779:
778:
777:
774:
769:
766:
763:
760:
759:
758:
755:
754:
752:
751:
746:
739:
735:
732:
728:
727:
725:
719:
718:Polish Legion
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
688:
686:
685:
680:
673:
668:
663:
658:
656:
651:
646:
643:
638:
632:
630:
620:
616:
611:
601:
597:
592:
582:
578:
573:
563:
561:
551:
549:
548:August Wesley
539:
537:
527:
525:
515:
513:
503:
501:
491:
488:
483:
473:
471:
470:
459:
458:
456:
451:
446:
441:
438:
433:
427:
425:
420:
415:
413:
408:
403:
400:
395:
389:
387:
377:
375:
365:
363:
353:
351:
341:
339:
329:
327:
326:Martin Wetzer
317:
315:
305:
303:
293:
291:
281:
279:
278:
267:
266:
264:
263:
258:
252:
251:Soviet Russia
247:
242:
240:
239:
228:
227:
225:
218:
213:
208:
206:
205:Polish Legion
201:
196:
193:
183:
181:
171:
170:
169:
166:
164:
163:German Empire
153:
151:
150:
139:
138:
136:
135:
130:
120:
117:
114:
110:
108:
104:
103:
102:
99:
96:
95:
91:
87:
84:
83:
76:
73:
72:
70:
67:
66:
62:
59:
55:
50:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
24:
19:
16675:World War II
16543:
16199:Smolensk War
16165:Livonian War
15785:Fedir Shchus
15727:Boris Kamkov
15671:Alexei Rykov
15636:Leon Trotsky
15423:Green armies
15413:Black Guards
15258:
14940:March Action
14925:Iraqi Revolt
14884:
14816:
14797:Conscription
14758:World War II
14752:
14667:
14663:
14659:
14655:
14651:
14647:
14643:Intelligence
14641:
14637:
14636:(Divisions:
14604:Finnish Navy
14594:Finnish Army
14570:Organization
14472:Bibliography
14389:The Kalevala
14388:
14363:Coat of arms
14348:Architecture
14283:Demographics
14207:Nordic model
14181:Central bank
14103:Human rights
14083:Constitution
13903:
13775:
13768:
13756:
13363: /
13295:
13130:Conscription
13094:Cryptography
13031:Iraqi Revolt
12880:
12458:Siege of Kut
12401:
11979:participants
11928:German Samoa
11862:South Arabia
11605:
11591:
11570:the original
11565:
11543:
11525:
11506:
11502:
11483:
11479:
11460:
11456:
11437:
11433:
11414:
11410:
11391:
11387:
11364:
11360:
11337:
11333:
11314:
11310:
11291:
11287:
11269:
11251:
11233:
11215:
11197:
11179:
11161:
11143:
11124:
11120:
11102:
11084:
11066:
11048:
11030:
11012:
11001:, retrieved
10999:(in Finnish)
10994:
10972:
10954:
10935:
10931:
10922:
10918:
10909:
10905:
10887:
10869:
10851:
10832:, Helsinki:
10829:
10811:
10793:
10775:
10757:
10739:
10731:the original
10726:
10723:"Vapaussota"
10704:
10686:
10668:
10650:
10632:
10623:18 September
10621:, retrieved
10616:
10596:
10577:
10559:
10541:
10523:
10507:
10504:Tiede Ja Ase
10503:
10481:
10463:
10444:
10440:
10417:
10413:
10394:
10390:
10368:
10349:
10345:
10327:
10310:Viipuri 1918
10309:
10291:
10273:
10264:
10246:
10228:
10210:
10192:
10174:
10156:
10138:
10119:
10115:
10096:
10092:
10070:
10066:
10045:
10024:
10003:
9982:Tampere 1918
9981:
9956:Tampere 1918
9955:
9929:
9910:
9906:
9883:
9865:
9847:Tampere 1918
9846:
9827:
9823:
9815:the original
9810:
9807:"Luokkasota"
9787:
9783:
9764:
9760:
9740:
9736:
9717:
9713:
9704:
9700:
9681:
9677:
9662:, retrieved
9658:the original
9653:
9630:
9626:
9623:Arimo, Reino
9604:
9600:
9597:Apunen, Osmo
9578:
9574:
9552:
9548:
9507:
9484:
9475:
9449:
9426:
9403:
9380:
9357:
9334:
9311:
9291:. New York:
9288:
9268:. New York:
9265:
9246:
9223:
9206:
9202:
9173:
9148:
9116:(1): 70–85.
9113:
9107:
9078:
9053:
9030:
9018:. Retrieved
8998:
8994:
8970:. Berkeley:
8967:
8944:
8931:Bibliography
8917:. Retrieved
8912:
8902:
8896:Laitamo 1997
8891:
8882:
8873:
8862:
8851:, retrieved
8847:the original
8842:
8833:
8822:, retrieved
8818:the original
8804:
8793:, retrieved
8789:
8780:
8775:, p. B6
8756:
8749:Häggman 2017
8726:
8719:Häggman 2017
8700:
8684:
8679:(in Finnish)
8672:
8667:(in Finnish)
8660:
8653:Kuusela 2015
8643:
8636:Haapala 2014
8616:Haapala 2008
8612:Haapala 1995
8597:
8590:Haapala 2014
8570:Haapala 2008
8566:Haapala 1995
8553:
8538:Haapala 1995
8516:
8509:Haapala 1995
8504:
8493:Kalela 2008c
8489:Haapala 1995
8479:
8468:Jyränki 2014
8454:
8447:Siltala 2014
8439:Haapala 1995
8425:
8414:Jussila 2007
8393:
8374:Jussila 2007
8346:Schlussstein
8345:
8339:
8332:Hodgson 1970
8327:
8320:Hodgson 1970
8315:
8308:Hodgson 1970
8303:
8296:Hodgson 1970
8291:
8284:Saarela 2014
8267:
8251:
8246:(in Finnish)
8239:
8234:(in Finnish)
8220:
8212:
8207:
8201:
8167:Haapala 1995
8158:
8151:Saarela 2014
8130:
8102:
8097:(in Finnish)
8090:
8075:Jyränki 2014
8045:
8034:, retrieved
8030:the original
8025:
8016:
8001:Jussila 2007
7992:
7958:Jyränki 2014
7927:
7870:
7834:
7822:
7802:
7782:
7754:
7742:. Retrieved
7737:
7727:
7683:
7651:
7640:
7594:
7566:
7532:
7500:
7460:(in Finnish)
7453:
7433:
7421:
7410:Lackman 2009
7385:
7370:Lackman 2009
7352:
7323:
7316:Lackman 2014
7286:
7280:Pesonen 2021
7263:Lackman 2014
7249:
7242:Haapala 1995
7234:Haapala 1993
7230:Alapuro 1988
7216:
7209:Lackman 2009
7205:Jussila 2007
7201:Haapala 1995
7193:Haapala 1993
7189:Alapuro 1988
7180:
7169:Lackman 2009
7124:
7078:
7063:Jussila 2007
7034:
7005:–Syrjäntaka–
6993:
6973:
6949:
6937:
6925:
6894:Haapala 1993
6884:
6872:. Retrieved
6852:
6848:
6838:
6826:. Retrieved
6822:
6798:
6749:Lackman 2000
6730:
6723:Haapala 2014
6706:
6699:Jussila 2007
6665:
6645:
6638:Siltala 2014
6610:Karl Kautsky
6604:
6592:
6567:
6529:
6497:
6486:Siltala 2014
6465:
6444:
6416:
6409:Jyränki 2014
6405:Haapala 2014
6375:
6360:Siltala 2014
6356:Lackman 2014
6352:Haapala 2014
6348:Ahlbäck 2014
6336:Kalela 2008a
6332:Jussila 2007
6324:Haapala 1995
6320:Alapuro 1988
6313:
6306:Haapala 1995
6297:
6290:Alapuro 1988
6277:
6270:Jussila 2007
6257:
6250:Siltala 2014
6227:
6220:Siltala 2014
6216:Haapala 1995
6199:
6192:Jyränki 2014
6174:
6151:machine guns
6141:
6134:Jyränki 2014
6121:
6114:Jyränki 2014
6101:
6085:
6074:Lackman 2009
6070:Lackman 2000
6055:
6048:Haapala 2014
6036:Haapala 1995
6024:Alapuro 1988
6001:
5994:Siltala 2014
5990:Kalela 2008c
5986:Kalela 2008b
5982:Haapala 2008
5974:Haapala 1995
5966:Alapuro 1992
5962:Alapuro 1988
5949:
5942:Haapala 2014
5938:Siltala 2014
5934:Kalela 2008c
5930:Haapala 2008
5922:Haapala 1995
5914:Alapuro 1992
5910:Alapuro 1988
5896:
5889:Trotsky 1934
5884:
5877:Jyränki 2014
5873:Haapala 2014
5869:Kalela 2008c
5865:Kalela 2008b
5857:Haapala 1995
5848:
5841:Siltala 2014
5837:Haapala 2014
5833:Kalela 2008c
5829:Kalela 2008b
5821:Haapala 1995
5813:Alapuro 1988
5804:
5789:Häggman 2017
5785:Haapala 2014
5781:Haapala 1995
5777:Alapuro 1988
5762:
5755:Haapala 2014
5751:Haapala 1995
5742:
5735:Haapala 2014
5731:Haapala 2008
5723:Haapala 1995
5718:
5711:Haapala 2014
5703:Haapala 2008
5699:Haapala 1995
5695:Alapuro 1988
5686:
5675:Haapala 1995
5671:Alapuro 1988
5657:
5650:Jussila 2007
5633:
5622:Haapala 2014
5614:Lackman 2009
5610:Lackman 2000
5598:Haapala 1995
5589:
5582:Haapala 2014
5570:Haapala 1995
5561:
5554:Haapala 2014
5550:Kalela 2008b
5546:Jussila 2007
5538:Haapala 1995
5534:Alapuro 1992
5530:Alapuro 1988
5521:
5514:Haapala 2014
5510:Jussila 2007
5494:Haapala 1995
5490:Alapuro 1992
5486:Alapuro 1988
5477:
5470:Haapala 2014
5462:Kalela 2008a
5450:Haapala 1995
5443:
5436:Haapala 2014
5432:Kalela 2008b
5428:Kalela 2008a
5424:Haapala 1995
5420:Haapala 1992
5415:
5408:Haapala 2014
5396:Kalela 2008b
5392:Kalela 2008a
5376:Haapala 1995
5372:Haapala 1992
5368:Alapuro 1988
5353:
5346:Haapala 2014
5342:Kalela 2008b
5338:Kalela 2008a
5330:Haapala 1995
5320:
5313:Haapala 2014
5309:Kalela 2008b
5305:Kalela 2008a
5301:Haapala 1995
5297:Alapuro 1988
5290:
5283:Haapala 2014
5275:Kalela 2008b
5271:Kalela 2008a
5267:Haapala 1995
5263:Alapuro 1988
5256:
5249:Lackman 2014
5245:Haapala 2014
5241:Ahlbäck 2014
5237:Lackman 2009
5229:Jussila 2007
5221:Lackman 2000
5208:
5201:Haapala 2014
5193:Jussila 2007
5185:Lackman 2000
5181:Haapala 1995
5177:Alapuro 1988
5168:
5159:
5153:
5141:
5129:
5117:. Retrieved
5115:(in Finnish)
5112:
5109:"Vapaussota"
5102:
5090:. Retrieved
5088:(in Finnish)
5085:
5075:
5005:
4993:
4951:Lackman 2009
4941:
4919:
4870:
4757:
4747:
4735:
4729:
4716:
4700:
4687:
4679:
4674:
4664:
4660:
4650:
4640:
4632:
4629:Toivo Särkkä
4622:
4620:
4580:Heidi Köngäs
4576:Leena Lander
4557:Juhani Syrjä
4543:
4508:Viljo Kajava
4453:
4375:
4328:
4270:since 2014.
4267:
4248:
4244:
4240:Lauri Ingman
4229:
4217:
4209:
4181:
4140:
4129:
4117:
4073:
4069:
4060:
4037:
4008:Väinö Tanner
4004:
3983:
3967:impartiality
3927:prison camps
3924:
3903:Prison camps
3897:
3883:
3877:, a Russian
3867:
3855:
3847:
3839:
3818:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3763:
3735:Patterinmäki
3731:
3712:Salpausselkä
3705:
3656:
3595:
3571:
3562:Seebataillon
3560:
3541:
3518:
3495:
3483:urban battle
3480:
3441:–Kyröskoski–
3424:
3420:
3326:
3318:Arctic Ocean
3302:geopolitical
3300:, where the
3298:Fennoscandia
3279:
3271:Leon Trotsky
3259:
3222:Swedish Navy
3211:
3195:
3183:Christianity
3174:
3170:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3112:Hugo Salmela
3092:
3083:
3015:
2987:Mosin–Nagant
2984:
2965:
2946:in northern
2928:World War II
2897:
2860:
2808:East Karelia
2804:
2788:
2776:
2745:
2697:
2693:Uusikaupunki
2646:
2596:echoing the
2590:Ali Aaltonen
2587:
2564:
2553:Finnish Reds
2527:Ostrobothnia
2511:
2475:
2468:
2463:great powers
2455:
2447:
2443:
2420:
2408:
2404:
2382:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2323:
2282:polarisation
2279:
2269:success. An
2267:
2212:valkokaartit
2168:
2152:
2135:
2131:
2118:
2108:
2082:black market
2062:
2051:
2042:Oskari Tokoi
2031:
2027:
1975:
1968:
1940:
1884:
1836:power vacuum
1825:
1811:
1780:
1751:civil rights
1722:
1706:
1698:
1670:
1625:
1618:
1604:
1602:
1577:
1566:Brethren War
1565:
1553:
1550:vallankumous
1541:
1529:
1517:
1514:sisällissota
1505:
1497:
1485:
1483:
1467:
1430:power vacuum
1428:, causing a
1411:
1402:paramilitary
1390:White Guards
1341:
1339:
1289:March Action
1267:Iraqi Revolt
1240:Sette Giugno
1112:
1071:Potato riots
1061:Pistolerismo
888:
841:
828:
809:
793:
783:
775:
756:
740:7,000–10,000
560:Hugo Salmela
482:Ali Aaltonen
467:
338:Karl Wilkman
302:Ernst Linder
275:
238:Finnish Reds
236:
167:
147:
132:Belligerents
100:
18:
16781:Vietnam War
16651: [
16510:World War I
16431:Crimean War
16364:Finnish War
16280:(1740–1748)
16269:(1733–1738)
16194:Ingrian War
15910:(including
15795:Fanya Baron
15775:Lev Chernyi
15626:Lev Kamenev
15550:Georgy Lvov
15524:Monarchists
15005:Territories
14770:Lapland War
14678:Specialized
14176:Agriculture
14020:Urban areas
13924:Lapland War
13889:Grand Duchy
13884:Finnish War
13393:Netherlands
13370:Switzerland
13251:Occupations
13242:Spanish flu
13019:(1919–1922)
13013:(1918–1921)
13007:(1918–1923)
12996:(1919–1921)
12990:(1919–1921)
12984:(1919–1920)
12960:(1918–1920)
12954:(1918–1920)
12948:(1918–1920)
12930:(1918–1920)
12912:(1918–1920)
12906:(1917–1921)
12900:(1917–1921)
12847:(1916-1918)
12845:Arab Revolt
12836:(1915–1917)
12830:(1915–1917)
12818:(1914-1917)
12812:(1914–1917)
12806:(1914–1921)
12800:(1913–1920)
12788:(1910–1920)
12782:(1900–1920)
12755: [
12273:July Crisis
12194:(1880–1914)
11857:Mesopotamia
11735:Home fronts
11694:World War I
11647:Adobe Flash
9757:Engman, Max
9664:3 September
9650:"Raja 1918"
9545:Ahto, Sampo
8915:(in French)
8867:Larsen 2020
8853:23 February
8824:3 September
8769:Tepora 2014
8765:Varpio 2009
8741:Tepora 2014
8737:Varpio 2009
8715:Tepora 2014
8711:Varpio 2009
8693:Tepora 2014
8689:Varpio 2009
8524:as well as
8497:Kuisma 2010
7738:Yle Uutiset
7712:Hoppu 2009c
7688:Upton 1980b
7645:Korjus 2014
7521:Hoppu 2008b
7489:Hoppu 2008b
7312:Hoppu 2009b
7304:Klinge 1997
7255:Klinge 1997
7109:Hoppu 2009b
7105:Hoppu 2008a
7067:Hoppu 2009b
7039:Upton 1980b
6803:Bremer 1934
6791:Bremer 1934
6776:Bremer 1934
6745:Klinge 1997
6482:Hoppu 2009a
6340:Kuisma 2010
6328:Klinge 1997
6238:Ketola 1987
6208:Ketola 1987
6184:Ketola 1987
6040:Hoppu 2009b
5978:Klinge 1997
5926:Klinge 1997
5861:Klinge 1997
5825:Klinge 1997
5679:Nygård 2003
5606:Klinge 1997
5574:Klinge 1997
5526:Apunen 1987
5498:Klinge 1997
5482:Apunen 1987
5458:Nygård 2003
5454:Klinge 1997
5380:Klinge 1997
5364:Apunen 1987
5360:Upton 1980b
5334:Klinge 1997
5326:Apunen 1987
5279:Engman 2009
5213:Klinge 1997
4835:Lotta Svärd
4815:Finnish War
4752:released a
4740:from 1980.
4728:from 1973,
4721: [
4692: [
4685:documentary
4671:Edvin Laine
4661:The Command
4591:Kjell Westö
4583: [
4560: [
4549: [
4535: [
4528:Antti Tuuri
4456:Väinö Linna
4417:Jarl Hemmer
4371:Nuori Anssi
4343: [
4295:North Haaga
4262:during the
4252:interregnum
4012:reparations
3996:mass graves
3987:Spanish flu
3919:Suomenlinna
3826:death squad
3738: [
3682:Hämeenlinna
3674:Konrad Wolf
3667:congressman
3643: [
3602:Ritarihuone
3567:Katajanokka
3565:marines at
3557:Hugo Meurer
3549:Munkkiniemi
3502:Tammerkoski
3443:Suodenniemi
3385:Hämeenlinna
3207:Scandinavia
3103:Adolf Taimi
3036:, Tampere,
3011:direct fire
2884:Lake Saimaa
2783:proletariat
2733:referendums
2689:Kirkkonummi
2657:Red Finland
2555:, pictured
2366:Me vaadimme
2311:White Guard
2252:röda gardet
2244:punakaartit
2220:vita gardet
2188:skyddskåren
2150:announced.
2143:Ivar Smilga
1943:Nicholas II
1762:led to the
1755:citizenship
1746:bourgeoisie
1718:nationalism
1628:pan-slavist
1609:Crimean War
1605:Pax Russica
1518:Citizen War
1374:World War I
1362:grand duchy
1326:Kraków riot
1195:Tragic Week
1123:Arab Revolt
988:Hämeenlinna
731:2,600 women
613: [
610:Matti Autio
594: [
575: [
524:Adolf Taimi
450:Hugo Meurer
412:Konrad Wolf
33:World War I
17035:Proxy wars
16989:Categories
16816:Ogaden War
16766:Korean War
16685:Winter War
16554:Heimosodat
16141:Tsardom of
15752:Anarchists
15613:Bolsheviks
15483:Mensheviks
15478:Bolsheviks
15428:Red Guards
15271:Heimosodat
15184:Revolution
14762:Winter War
14660:C5 Systems
14648:Operations
14535:Leadership
14383:Literature
14298:Healthcare
14135:Parliament
14098:Government
13914:Winter War
13867:Cudgel War
13857:Prehistory
13610:Agreements
13410:War crimes
13286:Luxembourg
13179:Casualties
12050:Montenegro
11885:South West
11765:Technology
11755:Propaganda
11745:Opposition
10387:Apunen, O.
9487:. London:
9452:. Leiden:
9429:. Leiden:
9406:. Leiden:
9383:. Leiden:
9360:. Leiden:
9337:. Leiden:
9314:. Leiden:
9226:. Leiden:
9056:. Leiden:
9033:. Oxford:
8995:Civil Wars
8947:. Leiden:
8649:Jüri Vilms
8632:Vares 2009
8582:Vares 2009
8558:Upton 1981
8542:Vares 1998
8460:Upton 1981
8410:Vares 1998
8402:Arimo 1991
8366:Vares 1998
8358:Arimo 1991
8354:Upton 1981
8276:Upton 1981
8272:Upton 1973
8260:Vares 2009
8256:Vares 1998
8194:Tikka 2014
8186:Tikka 2006
8163:Upton 1981
8139:Upton 1981
8135:Upton 1973
8123:Tikka 2014
8083:Tikka 2014
8063:Tikka 2006
7966:Tikka 2014
7954:Tikka 2006
7920:Hoppu 2017
7916:Tikka 2014
7900:Tikka 2006
7863:Tikka 2014
7859:Huhta 2009
7855:Tikka 2006
7815:Tikka 2014
7807:Tikka 2006
7795:Tikka 2014
7787:Tikka 2006
7775:Tikka 2014
7759:Upton 1980
7720:Tikka 2014
7696:Upton 1981
7660:Arimo 1991
7619:Hoppu 2013
7603:Arimo 1991
7587:Hoppu 2013
7575:Arimo 1991
7559:Hoppu 2013
7543:Arimo 1991
7525:Tikka 2014
7505:Upton 1981
7493:Tikka 2014
7394:Arimo 1991
7390:Upton 1981
7362:Upton 1981
7329:Arimo 1991
7296:Upton 1981
7226:Upton 1980
7185:Upton 1980
7173:Tikka 2014
7161:Upton 1981
7146:Tikka 2014
7130:Upton 1981
7117:Tikka 2014
7113:Muilu 2010
7089:Upton 1981
7071:Tikka 2014
7047:Upton 1981
7027:Hoppu 2017
7023:Arimo 1991
7011:Upton 1981
6986:Tikka 2014
6982:Upton 1981
6966:Tikka 2014
6930:Tikka 2006
6918:Hoppu 2017
6914:Tikka 2014
6906:Vares 1998
6855:(4): 222.
6823:Ilmavoimat
6719:Vares 2009
6715:Vares 1998
6711:Upton 1981
6675:Upton 1981
6669:After the
6650:Upton 1981
6634:Payne 2011
6577:Savonlinna
6560:Tikka 2014
6536:Upton 1980
6522:Tikka 2014
6502:Upton 1980
6490:Tikka 2014
6470:Upton 1980
6450:Upton 1980
6429:Upton 1980
6422:Bolshevist
6389:Upton 1980
6282:Upton 1980
6234:Upton 1980
6204:Upton 1980
6180:Upton 1980
6155:Upton 1980
6126:Upton 1980
6106:Upton 1980
6090:Upton 1980
6066:Pipes 1996
6016:Upton 1980
6008:socialists
5954:Upton 1980
5906:Upton 1980
5809:Upton 1980
5769:Upton 1980
5747:Upton 1980
5727:Kirby 2006
5691:Upton 1980
5663:Bolsheviks
5646:Pipes 1996
5638:Upton 1980
5602:Pipes 1996
5594:Upton 1980
5566:Upton 1980
5542:Vares 1998
5502:Vares 1998
5466:Payne 2011
5400:Tikka 2009
5384:Vares 1998
5173:Upton 1980
5068:Tikka 2014
5037:Upton 1981
5010:Muilu 2010
4986:Hoppu 2017
4982:Upton 1981
4970:Arimo 1991
4947:Pipes 1996
4857:References
4850:Winter War
4840:Mensheviks
4682:dramatized
4642:The Border
4611:Hägring 38
4484:Veijo Meri
4409:Hemkomsten
4330:Cannons" (
4325:Literature
4297:, Helsinki
4162:Compromise
4156:Baltic Sea
4136:William II
4030:after the
3931:Tammisaari
3894:Casualties
3794:röd terror
3778:vit terror
3489:", in the
3470:propaganda
3431:Längelmäki
3414:after the
3306:Royal Navy
3229:, east of
3178:Bolshevist
3099:Eino Rahja
3007:field guns
2972:conscripts
2968:volunteers
2938:, and one
2649:front line
2508:Escalation
2428:escalation
2384:Revolution
2262:See also:
2164:Fennomania
2086:starvation
2046:compromise
1964:dual power
1952:State Duma
1918:See also:
1900:Reichsmark
1888:Bolsheviks
1874:area, the
1856:Baltic Sea
1725:temperance
1586:Background
1574:veljessota
1562:punakapina
1542:Revolution
1538:luokkasota
1494:vapaussota
1388:, and the
1382:Red Guards
1372:caused by
1245:Epsom riot
1128:Rice riots
993:Syrjäntaka
963:Ahvenkoski
953:Länkipohja
767:46 missing
714:volunteers
512:Eino Rahja
217:White Army
194:volunteers
16436:Åland War
16404:Murid War
16243:18th–19th
15681:Right SRs
15406:elections
15225:Civil War
15196:July Days
15170:Civil War
15096:Reactions
14704:Auxiliary
14652:Logistics
14638:Personnel
14407:Mythology
14303:Languages
14288:Education
14242:Transport
14145:President
14108:Judiciary
14088:Elections
14045:Jyväskylä
13998:Provinces
13951:Geography
13904:Civil War
13507:Diplomacy
13214:Olympians
13137:Australia
13104:Logistics
13037:Vlora War
12966:(1918–19)
12942:(1918–19)
12936:(1918–19)
12924:(1918–19)
12871:(1916–17)
12853:(1916–17)
12804:Zaian War
12794:(1914–15)
12514:first day
12402:Lusitania
12230:(1912–13)
12224:(1911–12)
12212:(1908–09)
12206:(1905–06)
12188:(1870–71)
11977:Principal
11837:Gallipoli
11740:Memorials
11725:Geography
11715:Aftermath
11625:CC-BY 2.0
11384:Hoppu, T.
11357:Hoppu, T.
11003:6 October
10605:0357-816X
10516:0358-8882
10044:(2009c),
10023:(2009b),
10002:(2009a),
9978:Hoppu, T.
9952:Hoppu, T.
9749:0357-816X
9537:Aamulehti
9215:0090-4260
9140:163842405
9015:143499598
7767:Uola 1998
7700:Ahto 1993
7664:Ahto 1993
7607:Ahto 1993
7579:Ahto 1993
7551:Ahto 1993
7509:Ahto 1993
7477:Ahto 1993
7438:Ahto 1993
7426:Ahto 1993
7402:Ahto 1993
6861:0001-9364
5902:Petrograd
5667:Petrograd
4934:Citations
4898:romanized
4805:Åland War
4756:entitled
4750:GMT Games
4748:In 2020,
4737:Flame Top
4677:trilogy.
4589:in 2017.
4061:punaryssä
3798:total war
3678:Klaukkala
3659:Riihimäki
3615:Sörnäinen
3381:Riihimäki
3308:squadron
3231:Stockholm
3216:, led by
3187:socialism
3090:and low.
3034:Riihimäki
3026:Haapamäki
2991:Maxim gun
2948:Pirkanmaa
2908:Jakobstad
2583:Seinäjoki
2424:arms race
2399:Red Guard
2374:Vi kräver
2139:July Days
2127:maktlagen
2119:valtalaki
2074:rationing
2054:inflation
1974:history,
1896:Germanism
1868:Petrograd
1795:eduskunta
1742:democracy
1710:socialism
1641:Svecomans
1579:Aamulehti
1530:Class War
1506:Civil War
1498:Civil War
1346:civil war
1038:1917–1923
374:Hans Kalm
16969:Cold War
16831:Gulf War
16187:and the
16060:Internal
15916:Imperial
15714:Left SRs
15495:Left SRs
15391:Red Army
15339:Siberian
14971:Red Week
14959:Protests
14664:Training
14577:Branches
14481:Category
14378:Folklore
14320:Religion
14268:Abortion
14227:Taxation
14217:Startups
14197:Industry
14123:Military
14066:Politics
14052:Wildlife
14025:Helsinki
13841:articles
13795:Category
13382:Refugees
13348:Italians
13337:Germans
13297:Ober Ost
13077:Aviation
12171:Timeline
12142:Bulgaria
11923:Tsingtao
11900:Togoland
11847:Caucasus
11782:European
11774:Theatres
11631:Finna.fi
11386:(eds.).
11359:(eds.).
10617:Suomi 80
10422:Schildts
10091:(2017).
10065:(2013).
9759:(2009).
9676:(1995).
9625:(1991).
9474:(1934).
9155:(WSOY).
9020:14 March
8809:Aro 2007
8228:Archived
8178:Archived
8036:22 March
6869:44523325
5048:Archived
4768:See also
4284:Helsinki
4264:Cold War
4041:butchers
3875:Fort Ino
3690:Hyvinkää
3651:Hyvinkää
3607:Hermanni
3510:Pyynikki
3459:Ylöjärvi
3447:Lempäälä
3435:Vilppula
3377:Hyvinkää
3314:Murmansk
3310:occupied
3202:iron-ore
3159:Finnish
3128:farmland
3018:railways
2924:swastika
2916:Thulin D
2857:Aviation
2795:monarchy
2515:Helsinki
2496:General
2412:Helsinki
2335:vanguard
1996:liberals
1976:de facto
1925:Build-up
1890:and the
1878:and the
1828:February
1686:crofters
1405:General
1356:and the
1153:Red Week
973:Hyvinkää
968:Helsinki
958:Lempäälä
908:Vilppula
829:Russians
712:Estonian
682:Strength
192:Estonian
113:hegemony
85:Location
31:Part of
16909:Outline
16892:century
16493:century
16245:century
15928:Related
15912:Tsarist
15516:Figures
15455:Parties
15112:Related
14868:Revolts
14735:History
14685:FINCENT
14622:Command
14458:Outline
14368:Cuisine
14335:Culture
14313:Swedish
14308:Finnish
14256:Society
14237:Tourism
14164:Economy
14030:Tampere
14003:Regions
13978:Islands
13973:Geology
13849:History
13837:Finland
13533:Germany
13433:Germany
13361:Germany
13281:Belgium
13266:Albania
13225:Disease
13205:Sports
13157:Ireland
13070:Warfare
13063:Aspects
12251:Origins
12244:Prelude
12147:Senussi
12127:Germany
12122:Leaders
12060:Romania
12001:Belgium
11996:Leaders
11895:Kamerun
11877:African
11812:Romania
11790:Balkans
11705:Outline
11649:player)
9654:MTV3.fi
9530:Finnish
9132:2493091
8937:English
8919:4 March
8843:MTV3.fi
7744:5 March
6874:4 March
6828:4 March
6573:Muurame
6149:and 70
5119:5 March
5092:5 March
4883:Swedish
4875:Finnish
4705:Finnish
4607:Swedish
4599:Swedish
4568:Finnish
4520:Finnish
4512:Finnish
4500:Finnish
4488:Finnish
4476:Finnish
4464:Finnish
4449:Moreeni
4445:Finnish
4433:Finnish
4421:Swedish
4405:Swedish
4393:Finnish
4378:Finnish
4367:Finnish
4355:Swedish
4332:Finnish
4201:Swedish
4193:Finnish
4085:Finnish
4083:(SKP) (
4057:punikki
4053:Finnish
4049:lahtari
4045:Finnish
3971:treason
3959:Swedish
3951:Finnish
3943:Swedish
3935:Finnish
3790:Swedish
3782:Finnish
3774:Swedish
3766:Finnish
3760:in 1918
3758:Varkaus
3716:Hennala
3708:Nastola
3663:painter
3514:Pispala
3369:Loviisa
3316:by the
3294:Ukraine
3038:Toijala
3030:Kouvola
2954:in the
2940:Rumpler
2872:Viipuri
2868:Kouvola
2864:Tampere
2828:Tampere
2764:Swedish
2756:Finnish
2712:Swedish
2704:Finnish
2665:Varkaus
2577:in the
2535:Viipuri
2488:Warfare
2426:and an
2370:Swedish
2362:Finnish
2319:Tampere
2315:Leinola
2248:Swedish
2240:Finnish
2232:Swedish
2224:Finnish
2216:Swedish
2208:Finnish
2195:
2184:Swedish
2176:Finnish
2153:In the
2123:Swedish
2111:Finnish
2036:in the
1805:) with
1803:riksdag
1799:Swedish
1791:Finnish
1657:Swedish
1653:jääkäri
1649:Finnish
1570:Finnish
1558:Finnish
1546:Finnish
1534:Finnish
1522:Finnish
1510:Finnish
1490:Finnish
1447:Viipuri
1350:Finland
983:Viipuri
948:Tampere
938:Varkaus
918:Ruovesi
784:Germans
736:Former
111:German
90:Finland
54:Tampere
16219:Deluge
16143:Russia
15922:times)
15920:Soviet
15908:Russia
15463:Kadets
15354:Groups
15329:Allied
15177:Events
14486:Portal
14358:Cinema
14343:Anthem
14195:
14186:Energy
14015:Rivers
13839:
13553:Russia
13528:France
13356:Canada
13271:Serbia
13142:Canada
13099:Horses
13051:(1921)
13045:(1920)
13039:(1920)
13033:(1920)
13025:(1920)
12978:(1919)
12972:(1919)
12918:(1918)
12883:(1918)
12877:(1917)
12865:(1916)
12859:(1916)
12824:(1915)
12236:(1913)
12218:(1911)
12200:(1905)
12157:Darfur
12082:Serbia
12065:Russia
12028:Greece
12016:France
12006:Brazil
11852:Persia
11795:Serbia
11623:under
11617:Flickr
11602:, in:
11588:, in:
11550:
11532:
11513:
11490:
11467:
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8786:"1918"
7009:line.
6867:
6859:
6381:Regent
6147:rifles
4925:#Names
4909:German
4494:) and
4427:) and
4319:Porvoo
3975:parole
3611:Kallio
3593:town.
3584:, the
3582:Smolna
3576:, the
3553:Pasila
3457:, and
3361:German
3337:German
3290:Poland
3275:Berlin
3251:Smolna
3161:Jägers
3072:
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3003:Madsen
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2482:Allies
2451:markka
2345:Equity
2339:Jägers
2331:Porvoo
2171:police
2069:butter
1852:Warsaw
1848:Moscow
1749:their
1701:Slavic
1661:jägare
1540:) and
1516:) and
1394:senate
1344:was a
928:Antrea
923:Tornio
903:Kämärä
757:Whites
702:14,000
694:Jägers
669:
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160:
97:Result
16655:]
15468:Nabat
14785:Other
14668:Legal
14465:Index
14434:Sport
14429:Sauna
14402:Music
14397:Media
14293:Finns
14273:Crime
14035:Turku
14008:Åland
13983:Lakes
13750:Other
13543:Japan
13538:Italy
13365:camps
13209:Rugby
12759:]
12038:Japan
12033:Italy
12011:China
11905:North
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9339:Brill
9316:Brill
9228:Brill
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13330:POWs
12649:1918
12551:1917
12477:1916
12378:1915
12282:1914
12087:Siam
11890:East
11613:1918
11548:ISBN
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