710:
684:
402:
627:
831:
818:
153:
111:
142:
100:
194:
37:
212:
201:
184:
165:
123:
482:
740:
652:. Conscripts were much easier to command and send into a heavy battle than voluntary White Guards. Instead of disobedience, the problem was now the lack of war experience which in turn meant heavy losses. Three White battalions had at least 200 men killed, the total casualties were more than 50% of their strength in dead or wounded. Also the voluntary
842:
The true number of casualties is unclear. The number of killed Whites is usually estimated at 600–820 and the Reds at 600–1,000. A thousand Reds and 200 Russians were also executed after the battle. According to some sources, a mass grave in the
Kalevankangas Cemetery contains 2,751 Reds of which
656:
and the German-trained Jäger troops suffered hard losses. The Swedes were dressed in white snow-camouflage battledresses, making them an easy target as there was hardly snow at all. The Jägers wore green uniforms which easily stood out of the grey-suited privates. As a result, the 400-man
Swedish
890:
The Whites started the executions right after the Reds surrendered. Up to 1,000 were shot as well as all the
Russians in Tampere. Most of the 200 executed Russians were soldiers. The executed included also women and children, although captured women fighters were not systematically shot like the
514:
two days later. The Red front collapsed and the troops withdrew towards
Tampere where the Reds now had about 15,000 fighters. Instead of capitulating, the Red staff decided to defend the city as long as possible. The Whites reached Tampere on 23 March and besieged the city with 17,000 men in the
736:, only to lose it again in the evening, as the main force was stuck on the east side of Tammerkoski. Melin's troops executed 20 surrendered Reds in the yard of the Näsinlinna Palace despite the leaflets signed by the White commander C. G. E. Mannerheim claiming Whites would not shoot prisoners.
701:
river which divided the town in two. During the day, the Whites had 207 killed and the Reds 115–170. Also, nearly 20 civilians were killed. As leaving the town was impossible, people from the suburbs fled into the centre. Churches and other public buildings were crowded with refugees, the local
668:. According to the French journalist Henry Laporte, Lehtimäki drove in his car back and forth through the Red lines to encourage his men. Laporte was a retired officer returning from an official mission to Russia. He later described his experiences of the Tampere Battle in the 1929 book
696:
The Whites launched their decisive offensive on 3 April at 2:30 am. During the first day, they managed to take the eastern working-class districts of
Tammela and Kyttälä despite the heavy resistance. The fighting went on block by block and house by house. The Whites finally reached the
441:
In the 1910s, Tampere was the third largest town in
Finland with a population of approximately 60,000, including the suburbs. It was the most industrialized town in Finland which was considered the capital of the Finnish labour movement. Tampere had played a key role in the 1905
675:
After the failed attack, the Whites halted their offensive for the next five days. Only the artillery was pounding the town. The artillery fire killed at least 20 civilians, some of them neutral or White supporters, and destroyed the working-class neighbourhoods of
Tammela and
579:, 15 kilometres east of Tampere, but using an armoured train, 300 Reds managed to fight their way through advancing White troops and flee to Messukylä. On the evening of 24 March, the Reds finally lost Lempäälä. The Whites were now able to cut the
906:, where they had to stand for nearly 24 hours. The prisoners were then transferred to a prison camp established in the eastern Kaleva district. During the next five months, 1,228 Reds died in the Tampere camp of executions, disease or hunger.
639:
On 28 March, the Whites suffered the hardest daily casualties of the war so far, in what was later called ″Bloody
Thursday″. The Whites completed a large offensive in order to finally enter the town. The fighting concentrated to the areas of
489:
As the Red offensives failed in late
February and early March, the Whites launched their operation against Tampere on 15 March. The aim was to encircle the Red forces in the Tavastia Front and then invade Tampere. Heavy fighting occurred in
753:
To the residents and troops of
Tampere! Resistance is hopeless. Raise the white flag and surrender. The blood of the citizen has been shed enough. We will not kill like the Reds kill their prisoners. Send your representative with a white
429:. It is the most famous and the heaviest of all the Finnish Civil War battles. Today it is particularly remembered for its bloody aftermath as the Whites executed hundreds of capitulated Reds and took 11,000 prisoners who ended up in the
622:
attempted a simultaneous breakthrough along the southbound Helsinki railway. Up to 30 fighters were killed and the armoured train had to pull back. On 27 March, the fighting still continued in Messukylä–Kaleva area, Epilä and Lempäälä.
570:
village belonging to it) and the village of Lempäälä, 15 kilometres south of Tampere, but were repelled. White artillery started firing on the town, and the Reds were forced to evacuate the eastern working-class district of
918:
park in 1939 but was finally erected on a hill eight kilometres from Tampere in 1956. Due to its remote location, the statue has often been vandalized during the years by local anarchists and other left-wing radicals.
644:
and the Hippodrome in the eastern outskirts of Tampere. The attack was launched at 9:00 am. After seven hours of fighting, the Whites managed to repel the Reds from the Kaleva district but could not reach the town.
602:
district. The Whites also managed to capture Ylöjärvi, located 10 kilometres northwest of Tampere. After taking Ylöjärvi, the Whites instantly continued the attack on the western side of town in
1040:"Ruotsalaisen sivistyksen puolesta barbariaa vastaan – ruotsalainen prikaati lähti Suomen sisällissotaan sankariteot mielessä, mutta ne hautautuivat Kalevankankaan veriseen lumeen"
443:
943:, who was responsible for executing more than 70 Reds. The Swedish Brigade commemorative plaque is placed near the Kalevankangas Cemetery. It is a work of the sculptor
1269:
914:
The statue of the White Army commander C. G. E. Mannerheim stands at the site where he was observing the battle. The controversial statue was first suggested to the
927:, is another statue commemorating the White conquest of Tampere. It was placed in the Hämeenpuisto Park in 1921. The model of the figure was the far-right priest
275:
1359:
461:
became the major theatre of the war. The large working-class population and the railway connections made Tampere the main base for Red Guards, although the
1777:
511:
470:
1511:
863:
544:
951:
458:
729:
680:
almost completely. During this five-day period, the fighting continued in Lempäälä, where the Reds still were desperately trying to breakthrough.
1691:
940:
954:
who was held at the Kalevankangas Prison Camp in 1918 at the age of 15. Another memorial is placed in Pispala where the last Reds surrendered.
776:
721:
804:
1150:
779:
refused to capitulate. The last City Hall defenders finally surrendered at 5:30 pm. The remaining Reds retreated to the western suburbs of
709:
610:, but suffered heavy losses and were pushed back. The Reds, in turn, launched a 3,500-man counterattack in Lempäälä, under the command of
1772:
559:
268:
1647:
1742:
759:
On the next morning at 4:00 am, the Whites crossed the Tammerkoski River at several points, including the railway bridge and the
683:
401:
902:
As the number of capitulated became too large, it was impossible to shoot everyone. More than 10,000 Reds were gathered to the
261:
1485:
1386:
1468:
1342:
1312:
1181:
1135:
1007:
771:
Avenue on the western side of town. On 5 April, the Whites managed to take the rest of the town. The last Red pocket was the
626:
1276:
844:
830:
447:
1245:
Tie Tampereelle: 1918: dokumentoitu kuvaus Tampereen antautumiseen johtaneista sotatapahtumista Suomen sisällissodassa
810:
On 6 April, the Whites were about to attack the western suburbs, but at 8:30 am a white flag was raised on top of the
775:, defended together by male and female fighters. According to a legend, the City Hall lasted this long as the Tampere
1747:
1363:
580:
899:. Even people who were neither involved in the battle nor members of the Red Guards were imprisoned and killed.
1252:
462:
1732:
817:
457:, 100 kilometres north of Tampere. The frontline was soon established 50–60 kilometres north of Tampere and
648:
Instead of the paramilitary White Guards, the White Army now used troops composed of conscripts and led by
720:
One of the most famous operations of the battle was conducted on the same day. A White unit led by jäger
485:
General map of the battle of Tampere, the presentation includes shooting targets of the White artillery.
1767:
1762:
1515:
835:
1625:
354:
1216:"Tampereen kevät 1918 oli ennennäkemätön verilöyly – näin punaisten ja valkoisten suurtaistelu eteni"
1077:
950:
The Red memorial was erected to the Kalevankangas Cemetery in 1941. It was designed by the sculptor
1752:
932:
788:
591:
562:, 10 kilometres east of the city. During the next two days, the Whites also attacked the suburb of
453:
As the Civil War started in late January 1918, the Reds targeted the important railway junction of
1197:
598:. On the same day, the Reds left their defence posts in Messukylä, forming a new line next to the
558:
On 23 March, the Whites approached Tampere from the northeast and clashed with the Red defence in
384:
299:
1682:
814:, and the battle was over. However, there were still some lone Red snipers for a couple of days.
369:
319:
1412:
507:
389:
349:
1757:
1581:
1023:
YLE: Suomalaiset kuvaavat sotien jälkiä kaupungeissa – katso kuvat ja tarinat tutuilta kulmilta
903:
851:
733:
641:
339:
1537:
997:
587:
104:
1651:
1560:"Mannerheimin patsas töhrittiin Tampereella jälleen - puhtaaksi itsenäisyyspäivään mennessä"
1435:
426:
359:
127:
329:
8:
664:
died after a hand grenade accidentally exploded in his headquarters. He was succeeded by
146:
796:
725:
714:
665:
216:
963:
748:
430:
364:
304:
1464:
1338:
1308:
1248:
1177:
1131:
1003:
875:
772:
703:
414:
379:
334:
314:
285:
28:
1215:
649:
1737:
1489:
1390:
973:
871:
599:
572:
515:
largest military operation of the war. Related battles were fought in the areas of
324:
173:
42:
847:
database knows the names of 824 Whites, 1,087 Reds and 67 are unknown or neutral.
532:
1458:
1332:
1302:
968:
760:
653:
552:
374:
188:
157:
115:
36:
1676:
787:. In the evening, a large group of Reds managed to flee across the ice of lakes
768:
1128:
Amatöörien sota. Rintamataisteluiden henkilötappiot Suomen sisällissodassa 1918
928:
924:
879:
811:
792:
309:
764:
1726:
1706:
1693:
1360:"Olof Palme (1884 -1918). Mannen som kunde ha blivit en svensk fascistledare"
850:
Notable persons who died in the Battle of Tampere were the Swedish historian
607:
516:
422:
193:
540:
1220:
944:
867:
800:
677:
661:
205:
169:
563:
524:
454:
915:
859:
855:
751:
circulated by the Whites urging the Red defenders to surrender. English:
698:
1650:(in Finnish). Werstas – The Finnish Labour Museum. 2006. Archived from
1514:(in Finnish). War Victims of Finland 1914–1922 Database. Archived from
1389:(in Finnish). HELEMI – Lapuan historiallinen tietokanta. Archived from
744:
739:
611:
491:
469:. On January 27, Tampere was completely under the control of the Reds.
1304:
History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland
576:
567:
536:
528:
481:
473:
had about 6,000 members, including 300 women, about 5% of the total.
1039:
253:
1155:
1022:
780:
702:
residents hid in their basements. 1,700 people took shelter in the
660:
During the day, the Reds had 50–70 fighters killed. The Red leader
520:
503:
466:
1603:
1559:
1486:"Vuoden 1918 kahinoissa kuoli viisi suomalaista olympiaurheilijaa"
619:
603:
784:
499:
495:
418:
72:
68:
1151:
100 years ago today: Reds take Tampere, Finnish Civil War begins
1130:. Helsinki: Prime Minister's Office of Finland. pp. 31–51.
834:
The body of a young boy on Suvantokatu near the intersection of
1307:. Minneapolis, MN: University Of Minnesota Press. p. 423.
896:
548:
892:
615:
595:
1331:
Junila, Marianne (2014). "War through the Children's Eyes".
446:
and the town was a stronghold for the trade unions and the
1337:. Leiden–Boston: Brill Publishing. pp. 231, 245–246.
935:
on the other side of the park. The statue is often called
1604:"Vapaudenpatsas töhrittiin anarkistien A:lla Tampereella"
1044:
586:
The Whites completed the siege on 26 March by taking the
1463:. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 274.
939:, after the nickname of the infamous White executioner
657:
Brigade lost 20 and the Jäger troops lost 27 officers.
1275:(in Finnish). Institution of Migration. Archived from
1488:(in Finnish). Suomen Urheilutietäjät. Archived from
1198:
Punaisten puolustus murtuu Tampereen pohjoispuolella
931:. The statue is holding a sword pointed towards the
1334:
The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
1167:
1165:
1080:. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1483:
1724:
1648:"Vakaumuksensa puolesta kuolleiden muistomerkki"
1433:
1357:
1242:
1162:
1210:
1208:
1206:
566:in the southeast (taking over for a moment the
421:, Finland from 15 March to 6 April between the
1384:
1159:, January 27, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
1075:
269:
1362:(in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. Archived from
1267:
1203:
1171:
991:
989:
1778:Russian Civil War prisoner of war massacres
1562:(in Finnish). Yle Uutiset. 25 November 2013
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1002:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 993.
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
276:
262:
1677:Tampere 1918 Exhibition Official Homepage
1326:
1324:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1033:
1031:
986:
923:(The Statue of Liberty), by the sculptor
1626:"RUOTSALAISEN PRIKAATIN MUISTOKIVI 1918"
1606:(in Finnish). Yle Uutiset. 30 April 2015
1125:
829:
816:
738:
708:
682:
625:
480:
400:
1172:Haapala, Pertti; Hoppu, Tuomas (2009).
1092:
1037:
594:, 20 kilometres west of Tampere in the
1725:
1456:
1330:
1321:
1060:
1028:
995:
767:bridges. In the evening, they reached
1358:Palme, Christian (26 November 1995).
1300:
999:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z
691:
575:. The Whites captured the village of
283:
257:
16:Major battle of the Finnish Civil War
1628:(in Finnish). City of Tampere. 2006
1584:(in Finnish). City of Tampere. 2006
1540:(in Finnish). City of Tampere. 2006
1415:(in Finnish). Parliament of Finland
821:Captured Reds in the Central Square
476:
13:
1773:Massacres of the Finnish Civil War
634:
630:Wounded Red soldiers in a hospital
14:
1789:
1670:
1076:Jalonen, Jussi (8 October 2014).
1038:Pesonen, Mikko (4 October 2021).
843:1,208 were killed in action. The
543:, as well as further west on the
1743:Battles of the Finnish Civil War
845:War Victims of Finland 1914–1922
210:
199:
192:
182:
163:
151:
140:
121:
109:
98:
35:
1640:
1618:
1596:
1574:
1552:
1530:
1504:
1477:
1460:A History of Finnish Literature
1450:
1434:Lindstedt, Risto (3 May 2007).
1427:
1405:
1378:
1351:
1294:
1261:
1236:
1438:(in Finnish). Suomen Kuvalehti
1385:Ylitalo, Teppo (5 June 2012).
1247:(in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY.
1190:
1174:Sisällissodan pikkujättiläinen
1144:
1016:
795:. Among them were Red leaders
1:
1176:. Porvoo: WSOY. p. 174.
979:
825:
510:in Jämsä on 16 March and the
436:
59:(3 weeks and 1 day)
1224:(in Finnish). 6 January 2017
1200:Koskesta voimaa (in Finnish)
909:
885:
854:, Members of the Parliament
583:, the main Red supply line.
7:
1685:Vapriikki Museum on Flickr.
1683:Images of Battle of Tampere
1270:"Verner Lehtimäen elämästä"
957:
670:Le Premier Échec des Rouges
10:
1794:
1484:Arponen, Antti O. (2013).
1512:"Viljamaa, Kalle Albinus"
1387:"Ernst Saari (1882–1918)"
1243:Heikki Ylikangas (1993).
874:and the Olympic athletes
581:Riihimäki–Tampere railway
405:Fallen Red Guard fighters
295:
246:2,000 killed or executed
237:
222:
133:
91:
49:
34:
26:
21:
1748:Battles involving Sweden
862:, editor and translator
506:. The fiercest were the
1707:61.498011°N 23.763686°E
1457:Ahokas, Jaakko (1997).
1126:Roselius, Aapo (2006).
448:Social Democratic Party
57:15 March – 6 April 1918
870:, the Russian officer
839:
822:
756:
752:
717:
688:
642:Kalevankangas Cemetery
631:
486:
406:
248:10,000–11,000 captured
230:400 Swedish volunteers
134:Commanders and leaders
1301:Derry, T. K. (2000).
996:Jaques, Tony (2007).
933:Tampere Workers' Hall
833:
820:
742:
712:
686:
629:
588:Siuro railway station
484:
404:
238:Casualties and losses
83:Finnish White victory
1733:History of Pirkanmaa
1712:61.498011; 23.763686
1393:on 18 September 2020
614:. The Red Guards of
508:Battle of Länkipohja
43:Tammela neighborhood
1703: /
1078:"Battle of Tampere"
147:C. G. E. Mannerheim
1518:on 18 October 2019
1268:Lehtimäki, Kimmo.
964:Battle of Helsinki
840:
823:
757:
749:General Mannerheim
747:leaflet signed by
718:
692:Battle in the town
689:
687:Swedish volunteers
632:
487:
431:Kalevankangas camp
417:battle, fought in
407:
1768:April 1918 events
1763:March 1918 events
1679:Vapriikki Museum.
1470:978-070-07087-2-7
1344:978-900-42436-6-8
1314:978-081-66379-9-7
1196:Sami Suodenjoki:
1183:978-951-03545-2-0
1137:978-952-53549-2-8
1009:978-0-313-33539-6
876:David Kolehmainen
777:Women's Red Guard
713:Dead Reds by the
704:Tampere Cathedral
512:Battle of Orivesi
471:Tampere Red Guard
415:Finnish Civil War
411:Battle of Tampere
398:
397:
287:Finnish Civil War
252:
251:
87:
86:
29:Finnish Civil War
22:Battle of Tampere
1785:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1582:"Viktor Jansson"
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1436:"Viimeinen kesä"
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1212:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1169:
1160:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1123:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1073:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1035:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1013:
993:
974:Battle of Vyborg
872:Georgij Bulatsel
836:Aleksanterinkatu
797:Verner Lehtimäki
726:Näsilinna Palace
715:Näsilinna Palace
666:Verner Lehtimäki
477:Siege of Tampere
290:
288:
278:
271:
264:
255:
254:
217:Verner Lehtimäki
215:
214:
213:
204:
203:
202:
196:
187:
186:
185:
178:
168:
167:
166:
156:
155:
154:
145:
144:
143:
126:
125:
124:
114:
113:
112:
103:
102:
101:
51:
50:
45:after the battle
39:
19:
18:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1753:1918 in Finland
1723:
1722:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1654:on 5 March 2017
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1492:on 5 March 2017
1482:
1478:
1471:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1366:on 5 March 2017
1356:
1352:
1345:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1282:on 4 March 2016
1279:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1214:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1170:
1163:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1124:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1074:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1010:
994:
987:
982:
969:Battle of Lahti
960:
912:
888:
828:
761:Satakunnansilta
694:
654:Swedish Brigade
637:
635:Bloody Thursday
545:Satakunta Front
479:
465:was working in
439:
399:
394:
291:
286:
284:
282:
247:
229:
211:
209:
208:
200:
198:
197:
189:Georgy Bulatsel
183:
181:
180:
174:
164:
162:
158:Hjalmar Frisell
152:
150:
149:
141:
139:
122:
120:
116:Swedish Brigade
110:
108:
107:
99:
97:
75:
58:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1791:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
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1538:"Evert Porila"
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1652:the original
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1516:the original
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1221:Ilta-Sanomat
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1050:. Retrieved
1048:(in Finnish)
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1025:(in Finnish)
1018:
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945:Gunnar Finne
937:Rummin-Jussi
936:
920:
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868:Juhani Siljo
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801:Ali Aaltonen
769:Hämeenpuisto
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734:Hallituskatu
722:Gunnar Melin
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206:Ali Aaltonen
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170:Hugo Salmela
128:Finnish Reds
92:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1710: /
1658:17 December
1632:17 December
1610:17 December
1588:17 December
1566:17 December
1544:17 December
1522:17 December
1496:17 December
1442:17 December
1419:17 December
1397:17 December
1370:17 December
1286:17 December
1084:17 December
916:Koskipuisto
866:, the poet
860:Juho Lehmus
856:Ernst Saari
765:Hämeensilta
732:hill along
730:Näsinkallio
699:Tammerkoski
413:was a 1918
385:Hämeenlinna
1727:Categories
1698:23°45′49″E
1695:61°29′53″N
1254:9510188972
980:References
852:Olof Palme
826:Casualties
745:propaganda
612:Eino Rahja
553:Hämeenkyrö
541:Tottijärvi
437:Background
390:Syrjäntaka
360:Ahvenkoski
350:Länkipohja
243:820 killed
1052:6 October
910:Memorials
886:Aftermath
805:K. M. Evä
793:Näsijärvi
789:Pyhäjärvi
773:City Hall
724:took the
577:Kangasala
568:Takahuhti
564:Messukylä
560:Vehmainen
537:Vesilahti
529:Aitolahti
525:Messukylä
455:Haapamäki
1228:23 March
1156:Yle News
958:See also
781:Pyynikki
608:Hatanpää
533:Lempäälä
521:Pirkkala
517:Ylöjärvi
504:Vilppula
467:Helsinki
425:and the
370:Hyvinkää
365:Helsinki
355:Lempäälä
305:Vilppula
223:Strength
64:Location
1738:Tampere
785:Pispala
728:on the
678:Kyttälä
590:on the
573:Tammela
500:Ruovesi
496:Orivesi
419:Tampere
380:Viipuri
345:Tampere
335:Varkaus
315:Ruovesi
176:†
73:Finland
69:Tampere
1467:
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1006:
897:Vyborg
600:Kaleva
549:Karkku
539:, and
502:, and
423:Whites
325:Antrea
320:Tornio
300:Kämärä
233:14,000
228:16,000
191:
172:
80:Result
1280:(PDF)
1273:(PDF)
893:Lahti
754:flag.
620:Yläne
616:Turku
604:Epilä
492:Jämsä
375:Lahti
340:Rautu
330:Ă…land
1660:2016
1634:2016
1612:2016
1590:2016
1568:2016
1546:2016
1524:2016
1498:2016
1465:ISBN
1444:2016
1421:2016
1399:2016
1372:2016
1339:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1288:2016
1249:ISBN
1230:2022
1178:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1086:2016
1054:2021
1004:ISBN
895:and
878:and
858:and
803:and
791:and
783:and
763:and
618:and
551:and
427:Reds
409:The
310:Oulu
54:Date
41:The
1045:YLE
547:in
1729::
1323:^
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1164:^
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277:e
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263:v
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