Red Guards (Finland)

1015: 1058:. A Red Guard company usually consisted of the men of some trade union local. For example, the Helsinki Red Guard had units composed of shoemakers, tailors, blacksmiths, sheet metal workers, plumbers, stonemasons and so on. Also some working-class sporting clubs formed their own squads. In the rural areas, the units were assembled by the men of the same locality. The Red Guard fighters received a salary that was sometimes even bigger than what they were paid for their usual work. As there was high unemployment, money was one of the reasons for joining the guards. Very few Reds had any kind of military background. The ones who had served in the Russian Imperial Army were usually voted as company leaders. The Red Guard fighters had a short military training before they were sent to the front line. The battles were usually fought like an ordinary working day. The fighting begun at the dawn and as the Sun set, the men returned to the base. On the Tavastia Front, some troops even spent the nights in Tampere, returning to the front by train in the morning. 308: 1071: 367: 839: 347: 27: 1035: 771: 1007: 1186: 1083: 556: 297: 234: 651: 973: 326: 1165:). The northernmost area of the Western Front, located north of Tampere, was often known as the Northern Front. The Red Guard general staff worked in Helsinki, with major subordinate staffs in Tampere and Vyborg. As a major railway junction, Lahti was also an important town for the Red military. A large number of units were organized and trained there before they were sent to the eastern fronts in Savo and Karelia. 1026:. Most of them were members of the Finnish Trade Union Federation. The number of middle-class people was very small. The average age was between 20 and 30, the youngest fighters were only 15 to 16-years-old. The Red military units consisted of infantry, artillery and a small unit of cavalry. Weapons and other equipment were mostly received from the Russian troops. In the beginning of February, a train commanded by 912: 1221:, and then transferred to various prison camps across southern Finland. Although most of the women and children were released, 200–600 Red women were executed and hundreds of others moved into other prison camps. The last major battle took place in Vyborg, which the Whites occupied on 29 April. The last remaining Red stronghold was in the 985:

including 2,600 female fighters and thousands of women in the unarmed maintenance units. Approximately 40,000 were at the front at any one time. The largest single unit was the Helsinki Red Guard with a strength of 8,000–10,000 men and women. Other major units were the Red Guards of Tampere and Vyborg and the

1252:. In mid-March, these units comprised up to 2,500 men. Ahava managed to stop the Whites and he was also eager to attack their rear in the northern Finland. However, the Red leaders were not interested in supporting him as they considered that the war would be determined in the populated areas of south. 1181:

was fought from 23 March to 6 April. It was the fiercest battle of the Finnish Civil War, and at the time, also the largest urban battle in the world. The Battle of Tampere ended with mass executions of surrendering Reds, of whom 10,000–11,000 were captured, and thousands fled the surrounding areas.

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arrived from Saint Petersburg, carrying a cargo of 15,000 rifles, machine-guns, artillery pieces and 2 million cartridges, which the commander-in-chief Ali Aaltonen had purchased from the Bolsheviks. The Reds also had six armoured trains and a couple of aeroplanes which were flown by Russian pilots.

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The Red Guards' major problems were a lack of equipment, poor leadership and training, and food shortages at the front. The practice of electing officers democratically made discipline lax. Sometimes this led to a general unwillingness to go on offensive operations or to operate outside their local

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were still in Finland. Only a few hundred joined the Red Guards, including a few dozen officers. Most of the Russian troops simply wanted to leave the country and return home. In addition to the Finland-based troops, the Saint Petersburg Bolsheviks supported the Reds in some battles on the Karelian

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Due to incomplete and destroyed records, the exact number of men who served in the Red Guards is unknown. Historians provide estimates between 80,000 and 100,000 men. As the war started, the number was about 40,000, but by the end of the war, the total strength rose to 80,000–100,000 men and women,

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200 people were arrested, but only one Red Guard platoon leader was convicted, as there was not enough evidence against the others. The funeral of the slain Reds became a mass demonstration against the violence of the bourgeoisie. The Protection Corps, in turn, arranged a large funeral as a protest

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province joined the refugee column that was coming from the west. In two weeks, more than 100,000 Red refugees headed east, in order to flee to Soviet Russia. About 12,000 managed to cross the border, while most of the remaining were captured. In late April, up to 30,000 civilians and Red fighters

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At the beginning of 1918, the Workers' Order Guards still had very few guns. For example, the largest guard in Helsinki was armed with only 20–30 military rifles. In early January, the commander-in-chief Ali Aaltonen went to Saint Petersburg to acquire weaponry from the Bolsheviks. On 13 January,

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The general strike was the first time the Workers' Order Guards were used as a nationwide organization. In many places, they were actually leading the strike, instead of the strike committees. The guards were acting on their own, searching for food supplies and weapons from wealthy houses. As the

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labour movement and the political right. The strike lasted only a week, but in the final days differing views created a deep gap between the two parties. The National Guard, which was established for law enforcement as the police began to participate, was likewise split into the working-class Red

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Up to this point, many of the largest Workers' Order Guards were occupied by radicals who were pushing the Finnish labour movement towards an armed conflict. They were no longer under the authority of the Social Democratic Party or the Trade Union Federation. In order to keep the labour movement

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in the mainland. In the final day of the revolt, Johan Kock declared a general strike on his own, without permission from the Social Democratic Party, which was leading the Finnish labour movement in the absence of any central trade union. The strike was joined by thousands of Helsinki workers.

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Finally, on 25 January, the Senate declared the Protection Corps to be government troops. The Social Democrats and the labour movement interpreted this as a declaration of war against the working class. As a result, the Workers' Order Guards and the Helsinki Red Guard were merged into the

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After Finland gained its independence from Soviet Russia on 6 December 1917, disagreement and discontent were still growing. Incidents occurred across the country as the striking workers and the Workers' Order Guards clashed with the Protection Corps and right-wing bourgeoisie. Unemployed

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The Reds launched three major offensives; in the beginning of February, 21 February and 10 March. The goal was to take the east–west railways connecting Ostrobothnia, Savonia and Karelia. From there the Reds could strike at the strongest White strongholds as well as the White capital of

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In the next three weeks, the number of guards increase to 237 with more than 30,000 members. The rules of the Guards were published in the party newspapers. The formation was very similar to a common military organization, though the commander was replaced with a five-men committee.

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areas. The Red Guards did not have a clear command structure. Local commanders developed plans of their own, which did not always coincide with the ones composed by general staff in Helsinki. As there were very few trained officers, battlefield tactics had to be kept basic.

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Finland was now split into two camps; the middle and upper classes, including the wealthy farmers, against the working class, poor peasants and the landless people. The first violent incidents between the Protective Guards and the Workers' Order Guards occurred during the

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in late August. Some delegates opposed the decision and had a secret meeting where an underground organization was established to preserve the Red Guards. The organization was soon revealed to the party leaders but the underground Red Guards were active until the 1907

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served as the chief of the Red Guards general staff from 16 February to 6 April. On 25 April, Manner fled to Soviet Russia, and for the last ten days of the war, there was no commander-in-chief. The final major battle was fought in Vyborg under the command of

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the Protection Corps was surrounded by an angry mob of local people throwing stones. The incident escalated into a gunfight between the Protection Corps and the Red Guards, supported by a squad of Russian sailors. The riot was finally disrupted by the Russian

688:. The power to enact laws was to be transferred from Saint Petersburg to Helsinki and from the Senate to the parliament. This law would have enabled a purely Social Democratic government to be formed in consequence of the position the party gained in the 783:

right-wing Protection Corps were rather weak, the Workers' Order Guards could usually act without any resistance, although, in some places, the Protection Corps took up arms, which resulted in violent clashes, prefiguring the oncoming Civil War.

703:, the Social Democratic Party lost its majority, although it remained the largest party with 92 seats. The Senate now disbanded the People's Militia and established a police force which left-wing and labour activists were not allowed to join. 1176:

On 15 March, the Whites launched their major offensive against the Reds in the northern Häme where the Red front collapsed in a couple of days. The Whites were now able to besiege Tampere, militarily the most important Red town. The

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Aaltonen informed the general staff of the cargo of 10,000 rifles and 10 artillery pieces which would be brought to Finland within a couple of weeks. At the same time, the Protection Corps was preparing to receive 60,000 rifles from

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A substantial number of Finnish Red Guards managed to retreat into Russian-held territories after the Whites' victory in Finland. Many of those who fled to Russia were reorganized into new fighting units and participated in the

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The food shortage launched a large number of agricultural strikes during the summer of 1917. On 13 July, a violent clash between the striking farm workers and their employers occurred in the Western Finnish municipality of

882:. In Vyborg, the second largest city in Finland, the Protection Corps was trying to seize control but was expelled from the town. Another serious incident was in Luumäki, as the Protection Corps seized 200 rifles at the 470:

in 1917. The combined strength of the Red Guard was about 30,000 at the beginning of the Civil War, peaking at between 90,000 and 120,000 during the course of the conflict, including more than 2,000 members of the

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On 6 January, the Helsinki Workers' Order Guard declared itself independent from the Social Democratic Party. The unit was renamed the Helsinki Red Guard. Three days later, the guard occupied the residence of the

1209:, but the plan was never realized. Instead, the order caused a mass exodus of refugees as tens of thousands of Red Guard fighters, their family members and other Red supporters fled towards the east. 1014: 898:. The order for the mobilization came on the next morning from the executive committee of the Trade Union Federation, coinciding with the spontaneous clashing of Red Guards and the Protection Corps. 2013: 1090:

As the war started on 27 January, the Red Guards occupied the capital, Helsinki, and the largest towns of industrialized southern Finland. The front line was soon established, stretching from the

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and Vyborg. The Whites occupied rural northern Finland, where the few Red strongholds fell in less than two weeks without any strong resistance. The last Red occupied town in the north was

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on 16–18 December 1917. By the new rules adopted in the meeting, the guards were now under an unconditional authority of the Social Democratic Party and the Trade Union Federation.

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was organized in late March in the seventeen largest Finnish towns. The political right did not accept the new arrangement and the Senate formed a committee to solve the dispute.

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Jussila, Osmo (1979). "Nationalismi ja vallankumous venäläis-suomalaisissa suhteissa 1899–1914" [Nationalism and revolution in Russian-Finnish relations 1899–1914].

552:, but violent clashes were avoided. Although the general strike was over, both guards remained active. In 1906, the number of Red Guard members was estimated at 25,000. 716:. The incident is often seen as the beginning of the events which finally led to the Civil War in January 1918. After the Huittinen riot, the right-wing farmers in the 786:

The Workers' Order Guards were most powerful in Helsinki as they were armed by the Russian troops. The Helsinki Guard captured a couple hundred people and invaded the

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in November 1917. More workers were still joining the Order Guards, as the strike ended on 20 November, the number of members was 40,000–50,000. The newspaperman

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

621: 815:, the Order Guard occupied town offices and captured the chief of police. The Protection Corps attacked the labour activists in some places too. 1218: 472: 313: 731:. By the early October, guards were formed in seventeen towns and twenty rural municipalities, mostly in the industrialized areas of the 612:

Once the Sveaborg rebellion was suppressed, 900 Russian mutineers and about 100 Red Guard members were arrested. 77 Reds were convicted.

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united, the party leadership was forced to negotiate with the revolutionary guards. Many of the leading Social Democrats, such as

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had about 2,000–2,600 members. Russian participation remained low, although 40,000 soldiers of the Imperial Russian Army and the

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to search for guns hidden by the local Protection Corps. The operation escalated into a gunfight in which two Reds were killed.

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The general staff was located in Helsinki, with major subordinate staffs in Tampere and Vyborg. The infantry was divided into

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and the revolution was proclaimed in the late evening of 26 January by lighting a red lantern as a sign on the tower of the

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In 19–23 January, violent clashes between the Workers' Order Guards and the Protection Corps occurred in eastern Finland in

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banned both guards. The Social Democratic Party had already decided to disband the Red Guards in the party congress held in

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Finnish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

1173:. However, the offensives failed and the front line remained in the same position from early February to mid-March. 1508: 1306: 886:

railway station. Two days later, the Workers' Guards attacked the Protection Corps in order to take the guns back.

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Between 23 March and 18 April, some clashes also occurred in the remote eastern Lapland. The Karelian nationalist

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and the Red Guard general staff left Helsinki for Vyborg. The Red units in the western provinces of Satakunta and

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refused to approve the law and, with the co-operation of the Finnish bourgeois parties, dissolved the parliament.

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were given the order to retreat to eastern Finland. The intention was to re-organize the troops behind the river

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troops landed on the south coast of Finland and launched their campaign to support the Whites. On 6 April, the

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As the Germans seized Helsinki on 13 April, up to 8,000 local Reds surrendered. Thousands of others from the

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The Red Guards came about during a general strike in November 1905. The strike began in reaction to the

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as his military advisor from the end of February. Haapalainen was expelled on 20 March and replaced by

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urged the party and trade union locals to establishing Workers' Order Guards throughout the country.

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fell into the hands of the German and White troops in Lahti. The captured were first placed at the

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Tukkiliikkeestä kommunismiin. Lapin työväenliikkeen radikalisoituminen ennen ja jälkeen 1918

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ID card of August Jokinen, 3rd regiment 1st battalion 2nd company of the Helsinki Red Guard.

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into the newly independent Finland. Ahava formed a Red Guard unit in the Russian town of

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The Red military operations were divided into three major theaters: the Western Front (

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The first commander-in-chief of the Red Guards was the former Russian Army lieutenant

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of the Reds who had fled from Lapland. Two other Finnish Red Guards were formed in

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On 18 July, the so-called "power law" was passed in the Social Democratic majority

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Finland and Europe: The Period of Autonomy and the International Crises, 1808–1914

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was given the dictator's rights as head of the Red Government and the Red Guards.

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Amateur war. Personal losses from frontline battles in the Finnish Civil War 1918

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Armband of the 4th regiment 3rd battalion 3rd company of the Helsinki Red Guard.

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Amatöörien sota. Rintamataisteluiden henkilötappiot Suomen sisällissodassa 1918

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The Red Guards were composed of industrial workers, landless rural workers and

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Violence between the two sides finally burst out on 2 August 1906 during the

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as a result of disputes over law enforcement and the general turmoil in the

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working-class district in order to keep the city's tram traffic rolling. At

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expand this article with text translated from the corresponding articles in

1962: 1921: 1421: 1386:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Finnish Historical Society. pp. 141–146. 1294: 1107: 994: 972: 924: 860: 760: 488: 440: 256: 179: 2113: 1936: 1266: 1249: 1241: 1222: 1027: 940: 452: 592:

The bourgeoisie opposed the strike and sent the Protection Corps to the

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

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province where the Reds finally surrendered to the Germans on 6 May.

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provinces. These units had up to 7,000–8,000 men. On 20 October, the

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Arrested Reds are taken in custody after the 1906 Sveaborg rebellion.

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the city council was captured by the local Workers' Order Guard. In

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but disbanded a year later until they were re-established after the

1877: 1206: 1047: 1023: 916: 883: 602: 585: 549: 1872: 1213: 1111: 1075: 1039: 977: 808: 448: 351: 248: 1873:"Sisällissodan naiskaartilaiset herättivät pelkoa ja pahennusta" 1638:[Confessions of independence and preparations for war]. 1285:. The British hoped to use the Murmansk Legion to fight off the 605:, ending with two Reds and seven Protection Corps members dead. 522:. The Red Guards ceased to exist as an organized force by 1920. 67: 1667:[The skirmish between the reds and the whites begins]. 1139: 1135: 879: 871: 804: 655: 496: 157: 2267: 1170: 1103: 832: 812: 775: 525: 1479:[Organizational authority is faltering in Finland]. 1693:"Sisällissodassa vastakkain kaksi kouluttamatonta armeijaa" 1099: 629: 548:. Some minor incidents followed, especially in the capital 252: 1844:

Red Guards and Workers' Militias in the Russian Revolution

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Royal Reds: Finns in the British Murmansk Legion 1918–1919

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during the early 1900s. The Red Guards formed the army of

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Two Finnish Red Guards in a Helsinki photography studio

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demonstrators surrounded the town hall for two days in

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Paramilitary organization in early 20th-century Finland

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Military units and formations of the Finnish Civil War

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and were soon followed in other parts of the country.

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A Red Guard fighter (right) and a nurse (left) in 1918

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Movement, culture and everyday life in workers' sport

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Soviet units and formations of the Russian Civil War

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Svinhufvud – Suomen itsenäisyyden tekijät ja vaiheet

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where some fought against the Finnish Whites in the

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The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy

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The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy

1893: 1757:. International Encyclopedia of the First World War 662:The Red Guards were re-established during the 1917 572:, a revolt of the Russian Bolshevik sailors in the 1777: 1665:"Punaisten ja valkoisten välinen kahakointi alkaa" 1636:"Itsenäisyyden tunnustuksia ja sodan valmisteluja" 1436: 1054:but in practice, the largest commanded units were 842:Helsinki Worker's Order Guard in the fall of 1917. 506:Approximately 10,000 to 13,000 Red Guards fled to 2114:"Finland: A Country Study. The Finnish Civil War" 2016:[Red Guards and Guardians - two armies]. 1232:was fighting against the Whites who launched the 1114:, which the Whites seized on 21 February. In the 475:. The Red Guards were defeated in Finland by the 462:The Red Guards were first established during the 2307: 2014:"Punakaartit ja suojeluskunnat – kaksi armeijaa" 2284: 2273: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 1399: 479:in May 1918 and around 80,000 were captured as 2288:Armies of the Baltic Independence Wars 1918–20 2225: 1967:Jaeger Platoon: Finnish Army 1918–1945 Website 1899: 1752: 1716: 1714: 727:The labour movement responded by establishing 88:accompanying your translation by providing an 54:Click for important translation instructions. 2111: 1721:Haapala, Pertti; Hoppu, Tuomas, eds. (2007). 1575:[From orderly guards to red guards]. 483:, where 12,000 to 14,000 of them died in the 455:and were one of the main belligerents of the 2063: 2042:Bewegung, Kultur und Alltag im Arbeitersport 1720: 1395: 1393: 2136: 2134: 1711: 1319:Female Red Guards of the Finnish Civil War 878:and in the western part of the country in 526:1905 general strike and Sveaborg rebellion 2285:Thomas, Nigel; Boltowsky, Toomas (2019). 2175:. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 100. 2112:Solsten, Eric; Meditz, Sandra W. (1988). 1934: 1748: 1746: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1502: 1500: 1390: 1373: 1371: 1369: 2195: 2189: 2140: 2131: 2078: 1870: 1662: 1656: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1470: 1468: 1400:Paasivirta, Juhani; Kirby, D.G. (1962). 1184: 1130:regions most Reds were captured, but in 1081: 1069: 1033: 1013: 1005: 971: 910: 837: 769: 763:, who had served as a lieutenant in the 706: 654:Worker's Militia in the Turku suburb of 649: 640: 576:in Helsinki. As the mutiny started, the 554: 2248: 2105: 2038: 1900:Tepora, Tuomas; Roselius, Aapo (2014). 1570: 1506: 1377: 1277:from Red Guard refugees as part of the 2308: 2251:Venäjän Karjala ja Muurmanni 1914–1922 1987: 1808: 1775: 1743: 1633: 1599: 1551: 1497: 1474: 1366: 658:during the general strike of May 1917. 645: 2166: 1939:[One train - many stations]. 1935:Marjamäki, Merja (27 February 2007). 1622: 1465: 1434: 827:, like the Bolshevik headquarters in 584:, joined the rebellion by conducting 426: 1841: 1784:. Westport, CT: Greenwood. pp. 20: 1573:"Järjestyskaarteista punakaartiksi" 1324:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic 1189:A refugee family captured in Lahti. 797: 544:Guards and the bourgeoisie-aligned 539:and was a joint effort between the 239:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic 13: 2089:Prime Minister's Office of Finland 1729:]. Porvoo: WSOY. p. 388. 987:Saint Petersburg Finnish Red Guard 890:paramilitary Red Guard of Finland 14: 2347: 2331:Defunct communist militant groups 2226:Jalonen, Jussi (8 October 2014). 1753:Tepora, Tuomas (8 October 2014). 1727:The Little Giant of the Civil War 901: 563: 1871:Tiessalo, Paula (9 March 2017). 1507:Kissane, Bill (1 October 2004). 1477:"Järjestysvalta horjuu Suomessa" 1297:. Red Guard units served in the 1255: 530: 365: 345: 324: 306: 295: 232: 156: 25: 2242: 2219: 2160: 2032: 2006: 1981: 1955: 1928: 1864: 1835: 1802: 1769: 1685: 1001: 2020:(in Finnish). 29 December 2012 1723:Sisällissodan pikkujättiläinen 1604:[Week of impatience]. 1593: 1428: 1380:Historiallisia tutkimuksia 110 1341: 1236:in order to annex the Russian 1157:provinces), the Middle Front ( 745:Finnish Trade Union Federation 694:Russian Provisional Government 615: 98:You may also add the template 1: 2291:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2274:Thomas & Boltowsky (2019) 1517:Comparative Political Studies 1408:University of Minnesota Press 1334: 1161:) and the Eastern Front (the 906: 2169:"Warfare and Terror in 1918" 1439:A Concise History of Finland 1303:Estonian War of Independence 1098:, 30–50 kilometres north of 520:Estonian War of Independence 396:Estonian War of Independence 100:{{Translated|fi|Punakaarti}} 7: 1312: 931:, with the Russian colonel 823:. It was now called as the 821:Governor-General of Finland 10: 2352: 2141:Patteeuw, Maarten (2003). 1937:"Yksi juna – monta asemaa" 1445:Cambridge University Press 1293:-aligned White Finns into 1134:many were able to flee to 386:Russian Revolution of 1905 62:Machine translation, like 1848:Stanford University Press 1776:Lavery, Jason E. (2006). 1602:"Kärsimättömyyden viikko" 1279:North Russia Intervention 720:province started forming 516:North Russia intervention 379: 319: 290: 262: 244: 227: 208: 167: 155: 126: 1811:Kuusi kuolemaantuomittua 1755:"Finnish Civil War 1918" 1530:10.1177/0010414004267983 892:(Suomen Punainen Kaarti) 537:Russification of Finland 2249:Harjula, Mirko (2007). 2196:Aatsinki, Ulla (2009). 2079:Roselius, Aapo (2006). 2039:Hentilä, Seppo (2014). 1663:Viitanen, Jani (1998). 1571:Haapala, Tuuli (1998). 967: 495:. Most Red Guards were 109:For more guidance, see 1988:Berner, Aarne (1934). 1780:The History of Finland 1634:Jouste, Marko (1998). 1600:Nurmio, Kirsi (1998). 1475:Takala, Helka (1998). 1384:Historical studies 110 1301:when it fought in the 1190: 1087: 1079: 1074:Red Guard fighters in 1065: 1043: 1019: 1011: 981: 976:A Red Guard unit from 920: 915:A Red Guard unit from 896:Helsinki Workers' Hall 843: 779: 668:Grand Duchy of Finland 659: 609:against Red violence. 560: 436: 428:[ˈpunɑˌkɑːrti] 419: 146: 137: 2167:Tikka, Marko (2014). 2018:Pala Suomen historiaa 1842:Wade, Rex A. (1984). 1815:Six death row inmates 1809:Korjus, Olli (2014). 1670:University of Tampere 1641:University of Tampere 1607:University of Tampere 1578:University of Tampere 1482:University of Tampere 1435:Kirby, David (2006). 1188: 1085: 1073: 1037: 1017: 1009: 975: 914: 841: 792:Tampere Workers' Hall 773: 765:Imperial Russian Army 729:Workers' Order Guards 707:Workers' Order Guards 653: 641:1917 re-establishment 558: 501:Government of Finland 485:post-war prison camps 282:Left-wing nationalism 111:Knowledge:Translation 82:copyright attribution 2321:Communism in Finland 2316:Socialism in Finland 1850:. pp. 321–322. 1410:. pp. 196–197. 1038:Medical unit of the 788:House of the Estates 2228:"Battle of Tampere" 2118:Library of Congress 1406:. Minneapolis, MN: 1307:Republic of Estonia 1265:and, by extension, 774:A demonstration in 672:February Revolution 646:February Revolution 620:As a result of the 468:February Revolution 464:1905 general strike 245:Active regions 200:Otto Wille Kuusinen 1699:(in Finnish). 2016 1193:At the same time, 1191: 1088: 1080: 1044: 1020: 1012: 982: 933:Mikhail Svechnikov 921: 844: 780: 664:Russian Revolution 660: 578:Helsinki Red Guard 570:Sveaborg rebellion 561: 302:Russian Red Guards 210:Dates of operation 90:interlanguage link 2260:978-951-74691-6-6 2212:978-951-44757-4-0 2182:978-900-42436-6-8 2098:978-952-53549-2-8 2087:]. Helsinki: 2056:978-952-59762-6-7 1917:978-900-42436-6-8 1857:978-080-47116-7-8 1828:978-952-30002-4-7 1817:]. Helsinki: 1795:978-031-33283-7-4 1736:978-951-03545-2-0 1458:978-052-15398-9-0 1417:978-081-66584-2-8 1329:Red Guard's March 1263:Russian Civil War 1179:Battle of Tampere 722:Protection Guards 626:Senate of Finland 574:Sveaborg Fortress 541:Social Democratic 512:Russian Civil War 457:Finnish Civil War 408: 407: 391:Finnish Civil War 122: 121: 55: 51: 2343: 2302: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2204: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2147:Ghent University 2138: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2076: 2061: 2060: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1994: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1908:Brill Publishers 1897: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1846:. 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Retrieved 1352: 1349:"Background" 1343: 1299:7th Red Army 1295:East Karelia 1259: 1227: 1219:Fellman camp 1211: 1192: 1175: 1167: 1148: 1116:Ostrobothnia 1108:Lappeenranta 1089: 1060: 1045: 1021: 1002:Organization 995:Baltic Fleet 983: 925:Ali Aaltonen 922: 891: 888: 869: 861:Taavi Tainio 857:Väinö Tanner 853: 845: 817: 801: 785: 781: 761:Ali Aaltonen 753: 749: 728: 726: 721: 710: 698: 683: 678: 676: 670:. After the 661: 619: 611: 607: 591: 567: 534: 505: 489:malnutrition 461: 441:paramilitary 411: 409: 401:Kinship Wars 359:White Guards 343: 334:(1905–1907) 314:Russian SFSR 257:East Karelia 180:Ali Aaltonen 86:edit summary 77: 48: 37: 18: 1524:(8): 4, 7. 1267:World War I 1242:Kandalaksha 1223:Kymenlaakso 1102:, Tampere, 1028:Jukka Rahja 941:Adolf Taimi 616:Dissolution 453:Red Finland 439:) were the 437:Röda gardet 361:(1917–1920) 340:(1905–1906) 147:Röda gardet 2310:Categories 1906:. Leiden: 1677:26 January 1648:26 January 1614:26 January 1585:20 January 1489:20 January 1447:. p. 1358:20 January 1335:References 1230:Iivo Ahava 1052:battalions 1042:Red Guard. 937:Eino Rahja 907:Commanders 686:parliament 582:Johan Kock 459:in 1918. 420:Punakaarti 412:Red Guards 228:Allegiance 190:Eino Rahja 175:Johan Kock 138:Punakaarti 130:Red Guards 1538:154732286 1151:Satakunta 1056:companies 1048:regiments 718:Satakunta 714:Huittinen 594:Hakaniemi 580:, led by 493:execution 320:Opponents 277:Communism 272:Socialism 220:1917–1920 217:1905–1907 104:talk page 2234:16 March 1885:16 March 1878:Yle News 1703:12 April 1313:See also 1207:Kymijoki 1024:crofters 917:Pertteli 884:Taavetti 603:cossacks 586:sabotage 550:Helsinki 518:and the 497:pardoned 264:Ideology 80:provide 2152:6 March 2123:6 March 2024:6 March 1998:6 March 1973:6 March 1947:6 March 1761:6 March 1543:2 March 1291:Germany 1289:of the 1281:of the 1214:Uusimaa 1132:Lapland 1124:Savonia 1112:Varkaus 1094:to the 1076:Ruovesi 1040:Pispala 998:Front. 978:Pukkila 876:Luumäki 849:Germany 809:Tampere 807:and in 741:Viipuri 737:Uusimaa 499:by the 449:Finland 433:Swedish 416:Finnish 354:(1918) 352:Finland 249:Finland 168:Leaders 143:Swedish 134:Finnish 102:to the 84:in the 47:. 40:Finnish 2295: 2257: 2209: 2179: 2095: 2053: 1914: 1854: 1825: 1792: 1733: 1536: 1455: 1414: 1283:Allies 1269:. The 1195:German 1140:Norway 1136:Sweden 989:. The 880:Kiikka 872:Vyborg 825:Smolna 805:Vyborg 692:. 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