346:
146:
321:
75:
847:
767:
489:, including plans to expand the Finnish territory. Their political visions included principles of democracy, but as Red Finland was primarily the formation of revolution and civil war, the acts of violence and warfare were emphasized in the policy. The Red Guards included a minor faction of Finnish Bolsheviks who supported association of FSWR to Soviet Russia. FSWR/Red Finland never gained a true status and form of state and republic as the Reds lost the Civil War on 5 May 1918.
89:
833:
758:, to the Whites. Therefore, the formation of the local Red civil administration remained unfinished and waited for the result of the Civil War. The top and middle-rank civil servants of the pre-civil war administration refused to co-operate with the Reds, and new leadership had to be chosen and trained from the lower rank servants.
661:
was the prime mover at the start of the
Finnish-Russian talks for the Red Treaty; among other things he aimed to work for peace talks between the Finnish Whites and Reds, by diminishing the Russian influence in Finland. The Finnish Bolsheviks, few in number, but influential and active in the Finnish
134:
633:, an ideal level of co-operation and co-ordination was never achieved, due to both states being preoccupied with their own respective civil wars. The goal of the Finnish Reds' majority was a neutral and independent Finland, and some of them demanded annexation of
476:
proposed adding "Socialist
Workers' Republic" into the name during negotiations. The People's Delegation later blamed its delegates for succumbing to Lenin's demand, since the official name of the state should have been decided by the Finns themselves.
1369:
Klemettilä, Aimo (1989). "Lenin ja Suomen kansalaissota" [Lenin and the
Finnish Civil War]. In Numminen, J.; Apunen, O.; von Gerich-Porkkala, C.; Jungar, S.; Paloposki, T.; Kallio, V.; Kuusi, H.; Jokela, P.; Veilahti, V. (eds.).
592:
empowered the lamed
Finnish Parliament, until July 1917; restoration of the socialists' power in the Parliament was among the main goals of the January Revolution 1918. The Finnish Red-White conflict of 1918 has been described as
1393:
Manninen, Ohto (1995). "Vapaussota - osana suursotaa ja Venäjän imperiumin hajoamista" [War of
Independence - as part of the Great War and the disintegration of the Russian Empire]. In Aunesluoma, J.; Häikiö, M. (eds.).
2558:
743:, the Red Government. On April 10 of the same year, the Reds reformed their entire administration and Manner was appointed leader of the Red Finland and the Supreme Commander of the Red Guard under the authority of the
133:
135:
2605:
785:
and FSWR on 5 May 1918. After the war, the initially powerful and well-organized
Finnish Social Democrats, born and bred in the relatively free and nationalistic social atmosphere, within the
505:
between White and Red
Finland took shape approximately between 28 January and 3 February 1918, and it remained largely unchanged until the general offensive of the Whites in March 1918.
565:
were excluded and given to state and local administration. The draft was never finally formulated and approved in Red
Finland, before the defeat of FSWR in the 1918 war.
1300:
Kalela, Jorma (2008). "Yhteiskunnallinen kysymys ja porvarillinen reformismi" [Social question and bourgeois reformism]. In Pernaa, V.; Niemi, K. Mari (eds.).
645:
areas of
Russian Karelia to Finland. The Russian-Finnish Red treaty had only minor importance for the Bolsheviks as they carried out peace negotiations with the
3088:
1323:
Keränen, Jorma; Tiainen, Jorma; Ahola, Matti; Ahola, Veikko; Frey, Stina; Lempinen, Jorma; Ojanen, Eero; Paakkonen, Jari; Talja, Virpi; Väänänen, Juha (1992).
2506:
3083:
2548:
754:
took major attention and energy of the Red leadership, and the situation was not alleviated by the loss of many strategically important sites, such as
485:
Red
Finland/FSWR was an attempt to establish a socialist state, based on the legacy of Scandinavian-Finnish culture, socialist ideas originating from
1231:
Haapala, Pertti (2014). "The Expected and Non-Expected Roots of Chaos: Preconditions of the Finnish Civil War". In Tepora, T.; Roselius, A. (eds.).
3103:
677:. After the successful seizure of power in October 1917 and in January 1918, the Bolsheviks' power political strategy shifted gradually toward
2501:
2473:
2329:
1830:
622:
1440:
Pietiäinen, Jukka-Pekka (1992). "Suomen ulkopolitiikan alku" [The beginning of Finland's foreign policy]. In Manninen, O. (ed.).
805:), were split in two. The moderate socialists continued their pre-1918 political culture, adhered to the society and political system of
145:
3058:
2578:
2012:
1638:
876:
3098:
3078:
2590:
2533:
2249:
3093:
2645:
2001:
1348:
Poliittinen liike ja sosiaalinen kollektiivisuus: tutkimus sosialidemokratiasta ja ammattiyhdistysliikkeestä Suomessa 1918-1930
1746:
1687:
1544:
1430:
1313:
1290:
1267:
1244:
74:
1950:
662:
Red Guards supported Lenin's Russian federalism. The Finns got Petsamo, but the question of Aunus and Viena remained open.
88:
3073:
2627:
1888:
1773:
1352:
Political movement and social collectivity: a study of social democracy and the trade union movement in Finland 1918-1930
2997:
1602:
408:
649:. In the end, the fate of the Finnish Reds and FSWR was determined through the power political decisions made between
1803:
1778:
1586:
1563:
1521:
1498:
1476:
1453:
1407:
1383:
1359:
1336:
1221:
463:
2568:
2322:
2635:
2463:
530:
197:
3017:
2914:
2886:
2714:
2667:
2615:
2538:
2275:
1651:
1213:
740:
514:
459:
404:
233:
212:
701:
among the Finnish socialists stalled his plan. Lenin's "socialist" power policy followed that of the former
3063:
2853:
2662:
2409:
2383:
2207:
2042:
1531:
Suodenjoki, Sami (2009). "Siviilihallinto" [Civil administration]. In Haapala, P.; Hoppu, T. (eds.).
2992:
2573:
2468:
2453:
1903:
1631:
111:
2458:
2315:
2066:
1751:
870:
781:
The Finnish Civil War ended with the German invasion of Finland and the consequent defeat of the Finnish
694:
3068:
3037:
3012:
2679:
2610:
2232:
2227:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1788:
1672:
1422:
939:
896:
810:
3007:
2088:
1960:
1825:
1798:
1704:
881:
339:
572:
in Finland raised a major question in terms of the constitution draft, among the Finnish (moderate)
3022:
3002:
2424:
2414:
2222:
2022:
1793:
673:, Lenin emphasized the policy of nations' right to self-determination for the former parts of the
2419:
2173:
2158:
2093:
1913:
1893:
1719:
1709:
1624:
690:
562:
525:
of Red Finland/FSWR, on the basis of the Finnish Social Democratic principles and mentality. The
466:, signed on 1 March 1918. The People's Delegation had earlier used the name Republic of Finland (
1608:
435:
of the Finnish People's Delegation. The FSWR collapsed when the Red Guards were defeated by the
3032:
2488:
1986:
1933:
1699:
3027:
2704:
2511:
2448:
2108:
2027:
1945:
751:
588:. The relation between democracy and revolution was contradictory for the socialists, as the
412:
2113:
2098:
2052:
1955:
1898:
1808:
1761:
782:
416:
8:
2924:
2674:
2600:
2493:
2363:
2188:
2130:
2078:
2037:
2007:
1876:
1862:
1667:
891:
771:
589:
518:
80:
709:
position of a country determined the way it was treated by the Russian leadership (e.g.
2942:
2866:
2378:
2338:
2268:
2193:
2145:
2135:
2047:
1974:
1908:
1813:
1783:
1682:
1659:
953:
775:
670:
190:
126:
2909:
2838:
2755:
2732:
2431:
2404:
2342:
2217:
2168:
1996:
1714:
1582:
1559:
1540:
1517:
1494:
1472:
1449:
1426:
1403:
1379:
1355:
1332:
1309:
1286:
1263:
1240:
1217:
730:
686:
546:
432:
397:
251:
2937:
2833:
2803:
2770:
2553:
2483:
2478:
2307:
2291:
2244:
2212:
2118:
2083:
1729:
1236:
943:
901:
860:
852:
642:
630:
451:
436:
176:
153:
52:
37:
2972:
2823:
2373:
2282:
2183:
2178:
2123:
2032:
1991:
886:
802:
736:
428:
389:
219:
194:
180:
2952:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2828:
2813:
2793:
2742:
2727:
2696:
2543:
2296:
1923:
1855:
1741:
838:
798:
674:
658:
626:
486:
473:
292:
669:
after the revolutionary year 1917. While in political opposition prior to the
3052:
2962:
2932:
2904:
2894:
2818:
2775:
2765:
2760:
2750:
2388:
2239:
1486:
930:
766:
646:
638:
542:
444:
440:
2957:
2899:
2843:
2808:
2606:
Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia
2595:
2585:
2017:
706:
550:
522:
498:
697:, the victory of the White Guards in the Finnish civil war and the marked
2967:
2947:
2798:
2722:
2163:
1734:
1694:
786:
698:
538:
246:
1463:
Piilonen, Juhani (1993). "Rintamien selustassa". In Manninen, O. (ed.).
629:, and the 1 March 1918 Red Treaty was signed between these two unstable
2785:
2655:
2650:
2443:
1724:
1677:
1154:
957:
678:
577:
573:
558:
502:
621:
Although the Finnish Socialist Worker's Republic was supported by the
2368:
1354:]. Historiallisia tutkimuksia (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Gummerus.
581:
443:, with Manner and most of the Finnish People's Delegation fleeing to
1283:
A nation divided, spirit cheap. Justice in the civil war in Finland?
948:
925:
2563:
2198:
1835:
1616:
744:
610:
554:
420:
166:
94:
1818:
789:
and Russian culture, and affected primarily by socialist ideas of
1840:
1647:
1603:
Treaty of Friendship with the Finnish Socialist Workers’ Republic
865:
806:
794:
790:
755:
718:
714:
702:
682:
654:
634:
585:
526:
393:
364:
326:
533:
was absent from the program. Instead, it represented an idea of
2153:
818:
814:
735:
After the start of the Finnish Civil War, on January 28, 1918,
710:
666:
650:
521:, formulated and set forth, on 23 February 1918, a draft for a
368:
16:
Socialist revolutionary faction of the Finnish Civil War (1918)
1446:
The years of independence 1917–1920, III Looking to the future
821:
and a marked part of the common supporters living in Finland.
2640:
2103:
1845:
1850:
424:
1469:
The years of independence 1917-1920, II Struggle for power
1442:
Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920, III Katse tulevaisuuteen
1400:
Finnish War of Independence 1918. Atlas and research guide
1279:
Kansa kahtia, henki halpaa. Oikeus sisällissodan Suomessa?
873:— short-lived Soviet puppet government during World War II
1378:] (in Finnish). Opetusministeriö. pp. 163–203.
1322:
1094:
1030:
1006:
978:
1157:[Tampere surrendered, Finland 80] (in Finnish).
1465:
Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917-1920, II Taistelu vallasta
1539:] (in Finnish). W. Söderström. pp. 246–269.
549:. The constitution model included most of democratic
2337:
1514:
People's delegation as the government of Red Finland
828:
1609:
Treaty with the Finnish Socialist Workers’ Republic
1402:] (in Finnish). W. Söderström. pp. 21–32.
1233:
The Finnish Civil War 1918. History, Memory, Legacy
685:, Lenin plotted its annexation by Russia, but the
3050:
1556:The Communist Parties of Scandinavia and Finland
1396:Suomen vapaussota 1918. Kartasto ja tutkimusopas
450:The name "Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic" (
107:"Kaikkien maiden proletaarit, liittykää yhteen!"
1510:Kansanvaltuuskunta Punaisen Suomen hallituksena
537:and it was influenced by the constitutions of
3089:States and territories disestablished in 1918
2323:
1632:
1302:Suomalaisen yhteiskunnan poliittinen historia
576:. The question arose if the power gained via
467:
431:served as its sole leader as Chairman of the
44:
29:
623:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
423:, most of southern Finland, and the city of
1507:
1491:A Concise History of the Russian Revolution
1308:] (in Finnish). Edita. pp. 31–44.
1183:
1126:
1086:
1062:
1022:
970:
817:, with the main leaders living in exile in
665:Lenin aimed to halt a complete collapse of
3084:States and territories established in 1918
2330:
2316:
1639:
1625:
1530:
1439:
1368:
1171:
1130:
1098:
1090:
1042:
982:
974:
144:
1149:
1147:
947:
919:
917:
1462:
1392:
1345:
1306:The political history of Finnish society
1167:
1106:
1102:
1066:
1058:
1034:
986:
877:Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic
809:, while the far-left faction formed the
765:
407:, a government formed by members of the
2591:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
2534:Provisional Committee of the State Duma
1276:
1253:
1230:
1207:
1191:
1187:
1138:
1114:
1110:
1038:
1026:
994:
990:
923:
616:
3051:
2646:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1516:] (in Finnish). Opetusministeriö.
1471:] (in Finnish). pp. 486–627.
1448:] (in Finnish). pp. 252–403.
1299:
1144:
1070:
914:
458:) appeared only in the Treaty between
46:Finlands socialistiska arbetarrepublik
2311:
1620:
1572:
1558:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1553:
1485:
1416:
1134:
1082:
1046:
1018:
761:
508:
456:Suomen sosialistinen työväentasavalta
31:Suomen sosialistinen työväentasavalta
2474:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
1646:
492:
3104:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
2437:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
1579:Revolution in Finland 1917-1918, II
1575:Vallankumous Suomessa 1917-1918, II
1329:Chronicle of Finland's independence
501:area of Red Finland as well as the
378:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
23:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
13:
2559:Council of the People's Commissars
1260:The great myths of Finnish history
1025:, pp. 19–24, 30–33, 497–504;
568:The political situation after the
561:in political decision making, but
419:. The FSWR controlled the capital
14:
3115:
3059:1918 disestablishments in Finland
1611:, Lenin's writings on the matter.
1596:
1581:] (in Finnish). Gummerus Oy.
1537:The Little Giant of the Civil War
750:The warfare between the Reds and
2569:Military Revolutionary Committee
845:
831:
557:, including an extensive use of
403:The FSWR was established by the
384:), more commonly referred to as
344:
319:
131:
87:
73:
2464:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
1325:Suomen itsenäistymisen kronikka
1285:] (in Finnish). Art House.
1210:State and Revolution in Finland
1177:
924:Hodgson, John H. (March 1970).
531:dictatorship of the proletariat
3099:1918 establishments in Finland
2998:German Revolution of 1918–1919
2539:Russian Provisional Government
1747:History of independent Finland
1533:Sisällissodan pikkujättiläinen
1493:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing.
1419:Civil War in Europe, 1905-1949
1331:] (in Finnish). Gummerus.
1256:Suomen historian suuret myytit
1214:University of California Press
1161:
1120:
1076:
1052:
1012:
1000:
964:
739:was appointed chairman of the
464:Council of People's Commissars
1:
3094:Former unrecognized countries
2663:Socialist Revolutionary Party
2410:Ukrainian War of Independence
926:"The Finnish Communist Party"
907:
2574:Russian Constituent Assembly
2469:Red Army invasion of Georgia
2454:Estonian War of Independence
1155:"Tampere antautui, Suomi 80"
973:, pp. 73–113, 417–429;
724:
112:Workers of the world, unite!
7:
3018:Workers' Councils in Poland
2616:Ukrainian People's Republic
2459:Latvian War of Independence
1605:, a Russian-Finnish treaty.
1186:, pp. 19–22, 497–504;
871:Finnish Democratic Republic
824:
693:, Finland-operation of the
515:Finnish People's Delegation
460:Finnish People's Delegation
405:Finnish People's Delegation
400:from January to May 1918.
234:Finnish People's Delegation
213:Finnish People's Delegation
10:
3120:
3079:Post–Russian Empire states
3074:Former socialist republics
3038:Belarusian-Soviet conflict
2680:General Jewish Labour Bund
2549:Pro-independence movements
2002:Government-owned companies
1673:Finland under Swedish rule
1573:Upton, Anthony F. (1981).
1554:Upton, Anthony F. (1973).
1508:Rinta-Tassi, Osmo (1986).
1423:Cambridge University Press
1417:Payne, Stanley G. (2011).
1262:] (in Finnish). WSOY.
940:Cambridge University Press
811:Communist Party of Finland
728:
3008:Hungarian Soviet Republic
2985:
2923:
2885:
2852:
2784:
2741:
2713:
2695:
2688:
2626:
2526:
2397:
2384:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
2356:
2349:
2262:
2144:
2074:
2065:
2013:National income agreement
1982:
1973:
1884:
1875:
1769:
1760:
1705:Golden Age of Finnish Art
1658:
882:Kingdom of Finland (1918)
607:Abortive (Red) Revolution
584:a true chance in Finnish
360:
298:
288:
284:
274:
264:
260:
239:
229:
225:
207:
203:
186:
172:
162:
143:
119:
103:
69:
64:
21:
3003:Bavarian Soviet Republic
2993:Revolutions of 1917–1923
1889:Administrative divisions
1346:Kettunen, Pauli (1986).
1277:Jyränki, Antero (2014).
388:, was a self-proclaimed
198:proletarian dictatorship
2420:Kiev Bolshevik Uprising
1720:Finland in World War II
1710:Independence of Finland
1208:Alapuro, Risto (1988).
691:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
563:private property rights
480:
409:Social Democratic Party
3033:Slovak Soviet Republic
3013:Hungarian–Romanian War
2715:Provisional Government
1254:Jussila, Osmo (2007).
897:Revolutions of 1917–23
778:
468:
455:
415:, with support of the
411:to rival the existing
276:• Disestablished
45:
30:
2705:Nicholas II of Russia
774:in parade after 1918
769:
472:), but Soviet leader
413:Government of Finland
173:Common languages
3064:Communism in Finland
3023:Polish–Ukrainian War
2425:Polish–Ukrainian War
2415:Ukrainian–Soviet War
2250:World Heritage Sites
1376:Lenin and Finland II
1237:Brill Academic Press
1190:, pp. 287–288;
1170:, pp. 486–627;
1137:, pp. 382–406;
1133:, pp. 163–203;
1113:, pp. 287–288;
1105:, pp. 486–627;
1101:, pp. 252–403;
1093:, pp. 163–203;
1089:, pp. 417–429;
1085:, pp. 262–265;
1069:, pp. 486–627;
1065:, pp. 497–504;
1045:, pp. 249–269;
1041:, pp. 287–288;
1037:, pp. 486–627;
1033:, pp. 88, 102;
1029:, pp. 167–176;
1021:, pp. 105–142;
993:, pp. 287–288;
985:, pp. 252–403;
981:, pp. 88, 106;
977:, pp. 163–203;
617:Relations with Lenin
535:democratic socialism
123: Kansainvälinen
2675:Union of October 17
2494:Kronstadt rebellion
2489:Workers' Opposition
2364:February Revolution
1095:Keränen et al. 1992
1031:Keränen et al. 1992
1007:Keränen et al. 1992
979:Keränen et al. 1992
892:Otto Wille Kuusinen
866:Republic of Finland
772:Baltic Sea Division
741:People's Delegation
609:by the Finnish Red
590:February Revolution
519:Otto Ville Kuusinen
327:Republic of Finland
266:• Established
2943:Stepan Petrichenko
2867:Alexander Kerensky
2379:October Revolution
2339:Russian Revolution
2043:Telecommunications
1683:Great Northern War
1239:. pp. 21–50.
1174:, pp. 249–269
1141:, pp. 282–288
1129:, pp. 24–28;
1109:, pp. 21–32;
989:, pp. 21–32;
813:in August 1918 in
779:
776:Battle of Helsinki
762:Defeat of the FSWR
671:October Revolution
570:January Revolution
509:Draft constitution
340:Kingdom of Finland
191:Socialist republic
127:The Internationale
3069:Finnish Civil War
3046:
3045:
3028:Polish–Soviet War
2981:
2980:
2915:Alexander Antonov
2910:Maria Spiridonova
2839:Felix Dzerzhinsky
2756:Alexander Kolchak
2733:Alexander Guchkov
2522:
2521:
2449:Polish–Soviet War
2432:Finnish Civil War
2405:Russian Civil War
2305:
2304:
2258:
2257:
2061:
2060:
1969:
1968:
1951:Political parties
1904:Foreign relations
1871:
1870:
1546:978-951-0-35452-0
1432:978-1-107-64815-9
1372:Lenin ja Suomi II
1315:978-951-37-5321-4
1292:978-951-884-520-4
1269:978-951-0-33103-3
1246:978-900-4243-66-8
1061:, pp. 9–89;
801:(pre-World War I
731:Finnish Civil War
689:, German-Russian
687:Russian Civil War
547:French Revolution
493:Geographical area
433:Central Committee
398:Finnish Civil War
374:
373:
356:
355:
352:
351:
332:
331:
252:Finnish Civil War
136:
129:
115:
3111:
2938:Maria Nikiforova
2834:Nikolai Bukharin
2804:Grigory Zinoviev
2771:Nikolai Yudenich
2693:
2692:
2554:Petrograd Soviet
2484:Tambov Rebellion
2479:Left SR uprising
2354:
2353:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2233:Independence Day
2223:National symbols
2072:
2071:
1980:
1979:
1882:
1881:
1774:Cities and towns
1767:
1766:
1752:Military history
1730:Continuation War
1641:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1592:
1569:
1550:
1527:
1504:
1482:
1459:
1436:
1413:
1389:
1365:
1342:
1319:
1296:
1273:
1250:
1227:
1195:
1194:, pp. 21–50
1184:Rinta-Tassi 1986
1181:
1175:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1142:
1127:Rinta-Tassi 1986
1124:
1118:
1117:, pp. 83–96
1097:, pp. 106;
1087:Rinta-Tassi 1986
1080:
1074:
1073:, pp. 31–44
1063:Rinta-Tassi 1986
1056:
1050:
1049:, pp. 25–32
1023:Rinta-Tassi 1986
1016:
1010:
1009:, pp. 88–90
1004:
998:
997:, pp. 10–16
971:Rinta-Tassi 1986
968:
962:
961:
951:
921:
902:Santeri Nuorteva
861:Eero Haapalainen
855:
853:Communism portal
850:
849:
848:
841:
836:
835:
834:
631:socialist states
625:(RSFSR), led by
553:for the Finnish
471:
469:Suomen tasavalta
348:
347:
336:
335:
323:
322:
316:
315:
300:
299:
211:Chairman of the
150:Red: Red Finland
148:
138:
137:
125:
109:
91:
77:
56:
48:
41:
33:
19:
18:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
2977:
2973:Peter Kropotkin
2919:
2881:
2848:
2824:Semyon Budyonny
2780:
2737:
2709:
2684:
2622:
2611:Tsentralna Rada
2518:
2393:
2374:Kornilov affair
2345:
2336:
2306:
2301:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2254:
2228:Public holidays
2140:
2057:
1965:
1929:Law enforcement
1867:
1756:
1688:The Great Wrath
1654:
1645:
1599:
1589:
1566:
1547:
1524:
1501:
1479:
1456:
1433:
1410:
1386:
1362:
1339:
1316:
1293:
1270:
1247:
1224:
1199:
1198:
1182:
1178:
1172:Suodenjoki 2009
1166:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1131:Klemettilä 1989
1125:
1121:
1099:Pietiäinen 1992
1091:Klemettilä 1989
1081:
1077:
1057:
1053:
1043:Suodenjoki 2009
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
983:Pietiäinen 1992
975:Klemettilä 1989
969:
965:
949:10.2307/2493091
922:
915:
910:
887:Kullervo Manner
851:
846:
844:
837:
832:
830:
827:
803:Austria-Hungary
764:
737:Kullervo Manner
733:
727:
619:
511:
495:
483:
429:Kullervo Manner
390:socialist state
367:
345:
320:
277:
270:29 January 1918
267:
256:
220:Kullervo Manner
216:
158:
157:(February 1918)
156:
151:
139:
132:
124:
108:
99:
98:
97:
92:
84:
83:
78:
60:
59:
50:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:Semen Karetnyk
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2877:Boris Sokoloff
2874:
2872:Boris Savinkov
2869:
2864:
2862:Viktor Chernov
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2829:Yakov Sverdlov
2826:
2821:
2816:
2814:Mikhail Frunze
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2794:Vladimir Lenin
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2743:White movement
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2728:Pavel Milyukov
2725:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2544:White movement
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2507:Central Powers
2504:
2498:Interventions
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2136:Welfare system
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:Climate change
2086:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2033:Stock exchange
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1961:Prime Minister
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1806:
1804:National parks
1801:
1799:Municipalities
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:Extreme points
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1742:Finlandization
1739:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1597:External links
1595:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1570:
1564:
1551:
1545:
1528:
1522:
1505:
1499:
1487:Pipes, Richard
1483:
1477:
1460:
1454:
1437:
1431:
1414:
1408:
1390:
1384:
1366:
1360:
1343:
1337:
1320:
1314:
1297:
1291:
1274:
1268:
1251:
1245:
1228:
1222:
1197:
1196:
1176:
1160:
1143:
1119:
1075:
1051:
1011:
999:
963:
912:
911:
909:
906:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
868:
863:
857:
856:
842:
839:Finland portal
826:
823:
799:Czechoslovakia
763:
760:
729:Main article:
726:
723:
675:Russian Empire
659:Edvard Gylling
627:Vladimir Lenin
618:
615:
510:
507:
494:
491:
487:Central Europe
482:
479:
474:Vladimir Lenin
372:
371:
362:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
342:
333:
330:
329:
324:
312:
311:
306:
296:
295:
290:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
271:
268:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
255:
254:
249:
243:
241:
240:Historical era
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
223:
222:
217:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
188:
184:
183:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
149:
141:
140:
130:
117:
116:
101:
100:
93:
86:
85:
79:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
62:
61:
58:
57:
42:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3116:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:International
2984:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Viktor Bilash
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Nestor Makhno
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:Mark Natanson
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Yakov Blumkin
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:Joseph Stalin
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2776:Lavr Kornilov
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Pyotr Krasnov
2764:
2762:
2761:Anton Denikin
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Pyotr Wrangel
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2389:Junker mutiny
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Ship-building
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1588:951-26-2022-7
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1565:0-297-99542-1
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1523:951-860-079-1
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1500:0-679-74544-0
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1478:951-37-0728-8
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1455:951-37-0729-6
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1409:951-0-20174-X
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1385:951-860-402-9
1381:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1361:951-9254-86-2
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1338:951-20-3800-5
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1223:0-520-05813-5
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1168:Piilonen 1993
1164:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:Manninen 1995
1104:
1103:Piilonen 1993
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1067:Piilonen 1993
1064:
1060:
1059:Kettunen 1986
1055:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:Piilonen 1993
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
996:
992:
988:
987:Manninen 1995
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
959:
955:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:
931:Slavic Review
927:
920:
918:
913:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
854:
843:
840:
829:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
773:
768:
759:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
732:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:German Empire
644:
640:
639:Viena Karelia
636:
632:
628:
624:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:United States
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
506:
504:
500:
490:
488:
478:
475:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
445:Soviet Russia
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:until March.
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
370:
366:
363:
361:Today part of
359:
343:
341:
338:
337:
334:
328:
325:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
297:
294:
291:
287:
283:
279:
273:
269:
263:
259:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
206:
202:
199:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
155:
154:White Finland
147:
142:
128:
122:
118:
113:
106:
102:
96:
90:
82:
76:
68:
63:
54:
47:
43:
39:
32:
28:
27:
20:
2958:Fedir Shchus
2900:Boris Kamkov
2844:Alexei Rykov
2809:Leon Trotsky
2596:Green armies
2586:Black Guards
2436:
2283:Bibliography
2200:The Kalevala
2199:
2174:Coat of arms
2159:Architecture
2094:Demographics
2018:Nordic model
1992:Central bank
1914:Human rights
1894:Constitution
1614:
1578:
1574:
1555:
1536:
1532:
1513:
1509:
1490:
1468:
1464:
1445:
1441:
1418:
1399:
1395:
1375:
1371:
1351:
1347:
1328:
1324:
1305:
1301:
1282:
1278:
1259:
1255:
1232:
1216:, Berkeley.
1209:
1202:Bibliography
1201:
1200:
1192:Haapala 2014
1188:Jussila 2007
1179:
1163:
1139:Jussila 2007
1122:
1115:Jyränki 2014
1111:Jussila 2007
1078:
1054:
1039:Jussila 2007
1027:Alapuro 1988
1014:
1002:
995:Jyränki 2014
991:Jussila 2007
966:
935:
929:
787:Scandinavian
780:
749:
734:
707:geopolitical
705:empire; the
664:
620:
606:
603:(Red) Revolt
602:
598:
594:
580:would allow
569:
567:
551:civil rights
534:
523:constitution
512:
499:geographical
496:
484:
462:and Russian
449:
402:
385:
381:
377:
375:
309:Succeeded by
308:
303:
210:
120:
105:Motto:
104:
95:Coat of arms
2968:Fanya Baron
2948:Lev Chernyi
2799:Lev Kamenev
2723:Georgy Lvov
2697:Monarchists
1987:Agriculture
1831:Urban areas
1735:Lapland War
1700:Grand Duchy
1695:Finnish War
1071:Kalela 2008
770:The German
699:nationalism
695:German Army
539:Switzerland
529:concept of
437:White Finns
396:during the
386:Red Finland
304:Preceded by
247:World War I
230:Legislature
3053:Categories
2925:Anarchists
2786:Bolsheviks
2656:Mensheviks
2651:Bolsheviks
2601:Red Guards
2444:Heimosodat
2357:Revolution
2194:Literature
2109:Healthcare
1946:Parliament
1909:Government
1725:Winter War
1678:Cudgel War
1668:Prehistory
1135:Pipes 1996
1083:Upton 1981
1047:Payne 2011
1019:Upton 1973
908:References
783:Red Guards
679:federalism
578:revolution
574:socialists
559:referendum
503:front line
417:Red Guards
280:5 May 1918
187:Government
2854:Right SRs
2579:elections
2398:Civil War
2369:July Days
2343:Civil War
2218:Mythology
2114:Languages
2099:Education
2053:Transport
1956:President
1919:Judiciary
1899:Elections
1856:Jyväskylä
1809:Provinces
1762:Geography
1715:Civil War
942:: 70–85.
725:Civil war
681:. As for
599:Rebellion
595:Class War
582:democracy
517:, mainly
195:one-party
2887:Left SRs
2668:Left SRs
2564:Red Army
2512:Siberian
2292:Category
2189:Folklore
2131:Religion
2079:Abortion
2038:Taxation
2028:Startups
2008:Industry
1934:Military
1877:Politics
1863:Wildlife
1836:Helsinki
1652:articles
1489:(1996).
825:See also
745:dictator
611:veterans
555:citizens
421:Helsinki
289:Currency
193:under a
167:Helsinki
2689:Figures
2628:Parties
2269:Outline
2179:Cuisine
2146:Culture
2124:Swedish
2119:Finnish
2067:Society
2048:Tourism
1975:Economy
1841:Tampere
1814:Regions
1789:Islands
1784:Geology
1660:History
1648:Finland
958:2493091
807:Finland
795:Austria
791:Germany
756:Tampere
719:Finland
715:Ukraine
703:Romanov
683:Finland
655:Germany
643:Petsamo
586:society
527:Marxist
452:Finnish
441:Germany
394:Finland
365:Finland
209:•
181:Swedish
177:Finnish
163:Capital
152:White:
121:Anthem:
53:Swedish
38:Finnish
2636:Kadets
2527:Groups
2502:Allied
2350:Events
2297:Portal
2169:Cinema
2154:Anthem
2006:
1997:Energy
1826:Rivers
1650:
1585:
1562:
1543:
1520:
1497:
1475:
1452:
1429:
1406:
1382:
1358:
1335:
1312:
1289:
1266:
1243:
1220:
956:
819:Russia
815:Moscow
752:Whites
711:Poland
667:Russia
651:Russia
545:, and
369:Russia
293:Markka
49:
34:
2641:Nabat
2276:Index
2245:Sport
2240:Sauna
2213:Music
2208:Media
2104:Finns
2084:Crime
1846:Turku
1819:Ă…land
1794:Lakes
1577:[
1535:[
1512:[
1467:[
1444:[
1398:[
1374:[
1350:[
1327:[
1304:[
1281:[
1258:[
954:JSTOR
938:(1).
635:Aunus
2341:and
2184:Flag
1939:NATO
1851:Oulu
1583:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1450:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1218:ISBN
797:and
717:vs.
653:and
641:and
605:and
541:and
513:The
497:The
481:Aims
439:and
425:Oulu
382:FSWR
376:The
81:Flag
65:1918
2164:Art
1924:Law
944:doi
721:).
392:in
3055::
1425:.
1421:.
1235:.
1212:.
1146:^
952:.
936:29
934:.
928:.
916:^
793:,
747:.
657:.
637:,
613:.
601:,
597:,
454::
447:.
179:,
2331:e
2324:t
2317:v
1640:e
1633:t
1626:v
1591:.
1568:.
1549:.
1526:.
1503:.
1481:.
1458:.
1435:.
1412:.
1388:.
1364:.
1341:.
1318:.
1295:.
1272:.
1249:.
1226:.
960:.
946::
713:-
380:(
114:"
110:"
55:)
51:(
40:)
36:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
