Socialist state - Knowledge

5753:. Marx described the Paris Commune as the prototype for a revolutionary government of the future, "the form at last discovered" for the emancipation of the proletariat. Engels noted that "all officials, high or low, were paid only the wages received by other workers. In this way, an effective barrier to place-hunting and careerism was set up". Commenting on the nature of the state, Engels continued: "From the outset, the Commune was compelled to recognize that the working class, once come to power, could not manage with the old state machine". In order not to be overthrown once having conquered power, Engels argues that the working class "must, on the one hand, do away with all the old repressive machinery previously used against it itself, and, on the other, safeguard itself against its own deputies and officials, by declaring them all, without exception, subject to recall at any moment". Engels argued such a state would be a temporary affair and suggested a new generation brought up in "new and free social conditions" will be able to "throw the entire lumber of the state on the scrap-heap". 7122:. "The scholars in camp of democratic socialism believe that China should draw on the Sweden experience, which is suitable not only for the West but also for China. In the post-Mao China, the Chinese intellectuals are confronted with a variety of models. The liberals favor the American model and share the view that the Soviet model has become archaic and should be totally abandoned. Meanwhile, democratic socialism in Sweden provided an alternative model. Its sustained economic development and extensive welfare programs fascinated many. Numerous scholars within the democratic socialist camp argue that China should model itself politically and economically on Sweden, which is viewed as more genuinely socialist than China. There is a growing consensus among them that in the Nordic countries the welfare state has been extraordinarily successful in eliminating poverty." 5734:

would be concerned with directing processes of production in a socialist society, essentially ceasing to be a state. Although Marx never referred to a socialist state, he argued that the working class would have to take control of the state apparatus and machinery of government in order to transition out of capitalism and to socialism. The dictatorship of the proletariat would represent this transitional state and would involve working class interests dominating government policy in the same manner that capitalist class interests dominate government policy under capitalism (the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie). Engels argued that as socialism developed, the state would change in form and function. Under socialism, it is not a "government of people, but the administration of things", thereby ceasing to be a state by the traditional definition. With the fall of the

6681:(1 January 1987): "Liberty, justice, respect for the dignity of the human person, political and social pluralism, the recognition of the distinct identity of the indigenous peoples and those of African descent within the framework of a unitary and indivisible state, the recognition of different forms of property, free international cooperation and respect for the free self-determination of peoples, Christian values, socialist ideals, and practices based on solidarity, and the values and ideals of the Nicaraguan culture and identity, are the principles of the Nicaraguan nation. The socialist ideals promote the common good over individual egoism, seeking to create an ever more inclusive, just and fair society, promoting an economic democracy which redistributes national wealth and eliminates exploitation among human beings". 6233:—were characterized by the gradual absence of money, the market, and so on, the difference between them being that earlier in the first stage, a system of rationing would be used to allocate goods to people, while in communism this could be abandoned in favour of full free access. This view distinguished Bordiga from Marxist–Leninists, who tended, and still tend, to telescope the first two stages and so have money and the other exchange categories surviving into socialism. But Bordiga would have none of this. For him, no society in which money, buying and selling, and the rest survived could be regarded as either socialist or communist—these exchange categories would die out before the socialist rather than the communist stage was reached. Stalin made the claim that the 2504:, the political perspective that the working class needs to use state power and government policy to establish a socialised economic system. The term can vary in its use from meaning a political system to adopting terms of a welfare state. This may either mean a system where the means of production, distribution, and exchange are nationalised or under state ownership, or simply a system in which social values or workers' interests have economic priority. However, the concept of a socialist state is mainly advocated by Marxist–Leninists and most socialist states have been established by political parties adhering to Marxism–Leninism or some national variation thereof such as 5933: 8573:(4): 116–122. "Trotsky argues that the Soviet Union was, at that time, a "deformed workers' state" or degenerated workers' state, and not a socialist republic or state, because the "bureaucracy wrested the power from the hands of mass organizations," thereby necessitating only political revolution rather than a completely new social revolution, for workers' political control (i.e. state democracy) to be reclaimed. He argued that it remained, at base, a workers' state because the capitalists and landlords had been expropriated". Retrieved 27 December 2019. 5897:" as strong centralized control progressively reduces as local communities gain more empowerment. As he put it succinctly, "o long as the state exists, there is no freedom. When there will be freedom, there will be no state". In this way, Lenin was thereby proposing a classically dynamic view of progressive social structure which, during his own short period of governance, emerged as a defensive and preliminary bureaucratic centralist stage. He regarded this structural paradox as the necessary preparation for and antithesis of the desired 5910: 5745:

division of labor originates from the days of absolute monarchy, serving nascent middle class society as a mighty weapon in its struggle against feudalism". In other words, "the centralized state power inherited by the bourgeoisie from the absolute monarchy necessarily assumes, in the course of the intensifying struggles between capital and labor, 'more and more the character of the national power of capital over labour, of a public organized for social enslavement, of an engine of class despotism'".

6616:(28 November 1996): "Gathered in the national movement and later within the National Front of Liberation, the Algerian people have made great sacrifices to assume their collective destiny in the framework of recovered freedom and cultural identity and to build authentic people's democratic constitutional institutions. The National Front of Liberation crowned the sacrifices of the best sons of Algeria during the people's war of liberation with independence and built a modern and full sovereign State". 6391: 5418: 1503: 6278:, Lenin did not call the Soviet Union a socialist state, nor did he claim that it had achieved socialism. He adopted state capitalist policies, defending them from left-wing criticism, but arguing that they were necessary for the future development of socialism and not socialist in themselves. On seeing the Soviet Union's growing coercive power, Lenin was quoted as saying that Russia had reverted to "a bourgeois tsarist machine barely varnished with socialism". 6405: 5430: 3842: 2337: 6315:, also reject the concept of a socialist state for being antithetical to socialism, but they believe that socialism can only be established through revolution and dissolving the existence of the state. Within the socialist movement, there is criticism towards the use of the term socialist states in relation to countries such as China and previously of Soviet Union and Eastern and Central European states before what some term the "collapse of 4044: 57: 9244:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2020. "State capitalism would be a step forward as compared with the present state of affairs in our Soviet Republic. If in approximately six months' time state capitalism became established in our Republic, this would be a great success and a sure guarantee that within a year socialism will have gained a permanently firm hold and will have become invincible in this country." 3828: 6419: 5442: 3856: 1515: 1486: 9198:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2020. "No one, I think, in studying the question of the economic system of Russia, has denied its transitional character. Nor, I think, has any Communist denied that the term Soviet Socialist Republic implies the determination of the Soviet power to achieve the transition to socialism, and not that the existing economic system is recognised as a socialist order." 2968: 7096:, sometimes referred to as democratic socialism—an economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections. For example, government ownership in Sweden is limited primarily to railroads, mineral resources, a public bank, and liquor and tobacco operations." 5632:(although they do not use this term to refer to themselves), despite the fact that these countries never claimed to have achieved communism in their countries—rather, they claim to be building and working toward the establishment of socialism and the development towards communism thereafter in their countries. Terms used by communist states include 6629:(4 November 1972): "Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process, a socialist society free from exploitation, a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedoms, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens". 8940:

According to nineteenth-century socialist views, socialism would function without capitalist economic categories, such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent. Rather, it would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognized the

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From the Preamble: "On 2 July 1976, the National Assembly of reunified Vietnam decided to change the country's name to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; the country entered a period of transition to socialism, strove for national construction, and unyieldingly defended its frontiers while fulfilling

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A variety of non-state, libertarian communist and socialist positions reject the concept of a socialist state altogether, believing that the modern state is a byproduct of capitalism and cannot be used for the establishment of a socialist system. They reason that a socialist state is antithetical to

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In depicting the most general phases of the development of the proletariat, we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway

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By 1888, the term 'socialism' was in general use among Marxists, who had dropped 'communism', now considered an old fashioned term meaning the same as 'socialism'. At the turn of the century, Marxists called themselves socialists. The definition of socialism and communism as successive stages was

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In 1816, he declares that politics is the science of production, and foretells the complete absorption of politics by economics. The knowledge that economic conditions are the basis of political institutions appears here only in embryo. Yet what is here already very plainly expressed is the idea of

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From Article 5: "The Communist Party of Cuba, a follower of Martí's ideas and of Marxism–Leninism, and the organized vanguard of the Cuban nation, is the highest leading force of society and of the state, which organizes and guides the common effort toward the goals of the construction of socialism

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Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance

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and has been described as being "more Leninist than Lenin", did not distinguish between the two in the same way Marxist–Leninists do. Both Lenin and Bordiga did not see socialism as a separate mode of production from communism, but rather, just as how communism looks as it emerges out of capitalism

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It should not be forgotten, however, that in the period of the Second International, some of the reformist currents of Marxism, as well as some of the extreme left-wing ones, not to speak of the anarchist groups, had already criticised the view that State ownership and central planning is the best

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The National Health service and the Welfare State have come to be used as interchangeable terms, and in the mouths of some people, as terms of reproach. Why this is so it is not difficult to understand, if you view everything from the angle of a strictly individualistic competitive society. A free

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Article 13: Political parties and other organizations whose programmes are based upon totalitarian methods and the modes of activity of nazism, fascism and communism, as well as those whose programmes or activities sanction racial or national hatred, the application of violence for the purpose of

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The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist

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Anti-authoritarian communists and socialists such as anarchists, other democratic and libertarian socialists, as well as revolutionary syndicalists and left communists claim that the so-called socialist states actually presided over state capitalist economies and cannot be called socialist. Those

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theorized the nature of the state would change during the transition to socialism. Both Saint-Simon and Engels described a transformation of the state from an entity primarily concerned with political rule over people (via coercion and law creation) to a scientific "administration of things" that

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in their names include the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, while a number of countries make references to socialism in their constitutions, but not in their names. These include India and Portugal. In addition, countries such as Belarus, Colombia,

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But there are still others (concepts and institutions) which by virtue of their nature cannot stand transplantation and always carry the flavor of a particular institutional framework. It is extremely dangerous, in fact it amounts to a distortion of historical description, to use them beyond the

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stated: "The Constituent Assembly affirms the Portuguese people's decision to defend their national independence, safeguard the fundamental rights of citizens, establish the basic principles of democracy, secure the primacy of the rule of law in a democratic state, and open the way to socialist

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that "the working class cannot simply lay hold of the ready-made state machinery, and wield it for its own purposes. The centralized state power, with its ubiquitous organs of standing army, police, bureaucracy, clergy, and judicature—organs wrought after the plan of a systematic and hierarchic

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Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always

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and democratic participation in the management of the economy. Because these authoritarian political measures were inconsistent with the organizational precepts of socialism, Trotsky characterized the Soviet Union as a deformed workers' state that would not be able to effectively transition to

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Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time. The real fruit of their battles lies, not in the immediate result, but in the ever expanding union of the workers. t ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier. It compels legislative recognition of particular interests of the

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A number of countries make references to socialism in their constitutions that are not single-party states embracing Marxism–Leninism and planned economies. In most cases, these are constitutional references to the building of a socialist society and political principles that have little to no

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consolidated their power and sought to control and direct the social and economic affairs of the state and broader Russian society to safeguard against counterrevolutionary insurrection, foreign invasion, and to promote socialist consciousness among the Russian population while simultaneously

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states that the Portuguese state has, as one of its goals, opening "the way to socialist society". Another broad example is that of Slovenia, which defines itself as a "state governed by the rule of law and a social state". Algeria, the Congo, India, and Sri Lanka have directly used the term

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conception, these battles eventually reach a point where a revolutionary movement arises. A revolutionary movement is required in the view of Marxists to sweep away the capitalist state and the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, which must be abolished and replaced with a dictatorship of the

6327:. This leads them to consider state socialism a form of state capitalism (an economy based on centralized management, capital accumulation and wage labor, but with the state owning the means of production) which Engels stated would be the final form of capitalism rather than socialism. 6518:

Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at

6694:(7 September 1978): "o constitute Sri Lanka into a democratic socialist republic whilst ratifying the immutable republican principles of representative democracy, and assuring to all peoples freedom, equality, justice, fundamental human rights and the independence of the judiciary". 9510:

A new phrase, state-capitalism, has been widely used in mC20, with precedents from eC20, to describe forms of state ownership in which the original conditions of the definition – centralized ownership of the means of production, leading to a system of wage-labour – have not really

7335:. Quote: "A close reading of the text reveals ... that the speech does not re-interpret Marxism-Leninism ... In fact, it neither deviates from the Marxism-Leninism of its day nor does it exceed levels of patriotism that were then considered acceptable throughout the East Bloc." 6873:

social world or culture whose denizens they are. Now ownership or property – also, so I believe, taxation – are such denizens of the world of commercial society, exactly as knights and fiefs are denizens of the feudal world. But so is the state (a denizen of commercial society).

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socialists who oppose any system of state control whatsoever believe in a more decentralized approach which puts the means of production directly into the hands of the workers rather than indirectly through state bureaucracies which they claim represent a new elite or

6642:(20 February 1980): "Convinced that the organisation of the State and society on socialist principles is the only means of ensuring social and economic justice for all of the people of Guyana; and, therefore, being motivated and guided by the principles of socialism". 5692:

to the emergence of capitalism as a dominant mode of production, with its organizational precepts and functions designed specifically to manage and regulate the affairs of a capitalist economy. Because this involves governance and laws passed in the interest of the

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need for money and prices (at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism), socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilize the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.

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tradition conceive of the state as representing the interests of the ruling class, partially out of material necessity for the smooth operation of the modes of production it presides over. Marxists trace the formation of the contemporary form of the

6047:. Those socialists believe there is no need for a state in a socialist system because there would be no class to suppress and no need for an institution based on coercion and therefore, regard the state being a remnant of capitalism. They hold that 3957:

dominated the economy, some political commentators claimed that during the post-war period, when socialist parties were in power, countries such as Britain and France were democratic socialist states and the same is now applied to the

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One of the most influential modern visions of a transitional state representing proletarian interests was based on the Paris Commune, in which the workers and working poor took control of the city of Paris in 1871 in reaction to the

5844:. Adapted to the conditions of semi-feudal Russia, Lenin's concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat involved a revolutionary vanguard party acting as representatives of the proletariat and its interests. According to Lenin's 5592:

that adhere to Marxism–Leninism, or some national variation thereof, refer to themselves as socialist states or workers' and peasants' states. They involve the direction of economic development toward the building up of the

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with Marxism–Leninism, and in the country's 1992 constitution, all references to Marxism–Leninism and communism were removed from state and party materials. Scholars are divided over the classification of the modern-day

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road to socialism. But with the victory of Leninism in Russia, all dissent was silenced, and socialism became identified with 'democratic centralism', 'central planning', and State ownership of the means of production.

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introduced into Marxist theory by Lenin in 1917 , the new distinction was helpful to Lenin in defending his party against the traditional Marxist criticism that Russia was too backward for a socialist revolution.

7044:. Retrieved 14 June 2020. "If we were to extend the definition of socialism to include Labor Britain or socialist Sweden, there would be no difficulty in refuting the connection between capitalism and democracy." 5717:

and thus, class distinctions on the basis of private property ownership are eliminated, the modern state would have no function and would gradually "wither away" or be transformed into a new form of governance.

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is to "guide the common effort toward the goals and construction of socialism (and the progress toward a communist society)". The 2019 constitution retains the aim to work towards the construction of socialism.

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Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2020. " Reality tells us that state capitalism would be a step forward. If in a small space of time we could achieve state capitalism in Russia, that would be a

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article: "State Socialism? — I don't agree with it; in fact, I think the two words contradict one another, and that it is the business of Socialism to destroy the State and put Free Society in its place".

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Even in the statist 1960s–70s, SOEs in France and the UK did not account for more than 15–20% of capital formation; in the 1980s the developed-nation average was around 8%, and it dropped below 5% in the

5848:, the goal of the revolution and vanguard party is not the introduction of socialism (it could only be established on a worldwide scale), but to bring production and the state under the control of the 6256:

by Lenin. This view is consistent with, and helped to inform early concepts of, socialism in which the law of value no longer directs economic activity, namely, that monetary relations in the form of

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in their country's full name, although this does not necessarily reflect the structure and development paths of these countries' political and economic systems. Currently, these countries include

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and static centralization of political power, Trotsky condemned the Soviet government's policies for lacking widespread democratic participation on the part of the population and for suppressing

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of large industries was relatively widespread and it was not uncommon for commentators to describe some European countries as democratic socialist states seeking to move their countries toward a

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Marxists also view state socialism as an oxymoron, arguing that while an association for managing production and economic affairs would exist in socialism, it would no longer be a state in the

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because the economic interests of the proletariat would have to guide state affairs and policy during a transitional state. Alluding further to the establishment of a socialist economy where

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deny that it is socialism, calling it state capitalism. Other Trotskyists agree that these states could not be described as socialist, but deny that they were state capitalist. They support

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can vary widely and sometimes the constitutional references to socialism are left over from a previous period in the country's history. In the case of many Middle Eastern states, the term

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The 1936 Constitution described the Soviet Union for the first time as a 'socialist society', rhetorically fulfilling the aim of building socialism in one country, as Stalin had promised.

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The Preamble of the Constitution of India reads: "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic ". See

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and finally, Lenin's death, war measures that were deemed to be temporary, such as forced requisition of food and the lack of democratic control, became permanent and a tool to boost

266: 6655:(26 November 1949): "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens". 6601:, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism. 3932:, disputed the claim that Britain was a socialist state. For Crosland and others who supported his views, Britain was a socialist state. According to Bevan, Britain had a socialist 2674:

on 26 December 1991. The political systems of these Marxist–Leninist socialist states revolved around the central role of the party which holds ultimate authority. Internally, the

4784: 4625: 6691: 6613: 7066:. Barkan, Joanne; Brand, Horst; Cohen, Mitchell; Coser, Lewis; Denitch, Bogdan; Fehèr, Ferenc; Heller, Agnès; Horvat, Branko; Tyler, Gus. pp. 96–110. Retrieved 17 April 2020. 7766: 4779: 4774: 4769: 5777:

instead take the view that the working class grows stronger through its battle for reforms (such as in Marx's time, the ten-hours bill). In 1848, Marx and Engels wrote:

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thinkers had little to say about the organization of the state in a socialist society, presuming the modern state to be specific to the capitalist mode of production,

4001:(PAP) during its first few decades in power were of a pragmatic kind as characterized by its rejection of nationalization. Despite this, the PAP still claimed to be a 7627: 5605:. This may or may not include the existence of a socialist economy, depending on the specific terminology adopted and level of development in specific countries. The 5773:

of Marxist thought. Bernstein stated: "The socialist movement is everything to me while what people commonly call the goal of Socialism is nothing". Following Marx,

2927:, leaving a more ambiguous meaning. In the constitutions of Croatia, Hungary, and Poland, direct condemnation is made to the respective past socialist regimes. The 2891:

in their official constitution and name. Croatia, Hungary, and Poland directly denounce "Communism" in their founding documents in reference to their past regimes.

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which is organizing the country's economic, political, and social development toward the realization of socialism. Economically, this involves the development of a

6665: 2686: 2520:. A state, whether socialist or not, is opposed the most by anarchists, who reject the idea that the state can be used to establish a socialist society due to its 7370: 2567:

is not specifically structured to pursue the development of socialism. Socialist states in the Marxist–Leninist sense are sovereign states under the control of a

9919: 2803:, and others considering it to still be a form of Marxism–Leninism, combined with nationalism and idolization, deification, and mystification of the Kim family. 6106:

of the means of production as a way to establish socialism. Lenin himself acknowledged state capitalism as part of the transition from capitalism to socialism.

4005:, pointing out its regulation of the private sector, state intervention in the economy, and social policies as evidence of this. The Singaporean prime minister 9924: 6626: 5472: 6668:(20 September 2015): "Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state". 4120: 7316:. Quote: "The DPRK claims that juche is Kim Il Sung’s creative application of Marxist-Leninist principle to the modern political realities in North Korea." 7395: 9209: 7589: 5392: 3046: 2667: 2365: 7717:

Cobham, David (November 1984). "The Nationalisation of the Banks in Mitterand's France: Rationalisations and Reasons". Journal of Public Policy. 4 (4).

6639: 3887: 9575:. "Trotsky and the Collapse of Stalinism". Bertrams. "The Soviet bureaucracy and Western capitalism rested on mutually antagonistic social systems". 3766: 3761: 2733: 7735: 5213: 10277: 2631: 10470: 10385: 5791:

proletariat, to begin constructing a socialist society. In this view, only through revolution can a socialist state be established as written in

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as a whole, and because government officials either come from the bourgeoisie or are dependent upon their interests, Marx characterized the

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This article is about countries constitutionally committed to socialism. For countries governed by Marxist–Leninist communist parties, see

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into its name during this period. It had become a people's republic in 1948, but the country had not used that term in its official name.

10375: 10055: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 2721:. China's socio-economic structure has been referred to as "nationalistic state capitalism" and the Eastern Bloc (Eastern Europe and the 1545: 7360:. Quote: "Even though Marx's predictions have fallen wide of the mark, Marxism-Leninism remains a cornerstone of North Korean ideology." 8644: 6796: 6274: 5976:

socialism. Ostensibly socialist states where democracy is lacking, yet the economy is largely in the hands of the state, are termed by

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Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand; Mansfeldová, Zdenka (2001). "Chapter 5: Czech Republic". In Blondel, Jean; Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand (eds.).

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obtaining power or to influence the State policy, or provide for the secrecy of their own structure or membership, shall be forbidden.

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in France and the United Kingdom during the height of nationalization in the 1960s and 1970s never accounted for more than 15–20% of

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in Russia, it is now associated with Communist Party ruled states. A number of the short-lived communist states which formed during

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which rested on a largely nationalized industry run according to a production plan and claimed that the former Stalinist states of

5554: 5108: 2737: 1796: 9792: 9629:. From "A Petty-Bourgeois Opposition in the Socialist Workers Party" (1939). Marxists Internet Archive. In Trotsky, Leon (1942). 7349: 7015: 6752: 5588:

that is organizing the economic, social, and political affairs of said state toward the construction of socialism. States run by

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the future conversion of political rule over men into an administration of things and a direction of processes of production.

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workers, by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself. Thus, the ten-hours' bill in England was carried.

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to refer to this development and instead called it a communist society that has not yet reached its higher-stage. The term

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In the Western world, particularly in mass media, journalism, and politics, these states and countries are often called

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would not operate and apply to Marxist socialism. Unlike Stalin, who first claimed to have achieved socialism with the

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Other historic reformist or gradualist movements within socialism, as opposed to revolutionary approaches, include

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Morgan, W. John (2001). "Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism". In Wright, James D., ed.

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NATO and Eastern Europe After 2000: Strategic Interactions with Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, and Bulgaria

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labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.

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definition of a socialist state is a state representing the interests of the working class which presides over a

5566: 5271: 5123: 5096: 5081: 4944: 4211: 2702: 2671: 2236: 1538: 1494: 8511: 7225: 6970:"Lenin's Conception of Socialism: Learning from the early experiences of the world's first socialist revolution" 5505:

is a type of socialist state with a republican constitution. Although the term initially became associated with

10339: 10237: 10189: 10022: 9950: 9104: 7689: 7391: 7357: 5138: 4986: 4976: 4899: 4861: 4637: 2043: 1998: 10032: 8448: 5584:

is widely used by Marxist–Leninist parties, theorists, and governments to mean a state under the control of a

10349: 10247: 10027: 8910: 8874: 8410: 6348: 6075: 5981: 5675: 5550: 5118: 5006: 4904: 4078: 4058: 4027: 3308: 2827: 2729: 2714: 2710: 1869: 1460: 383: 329: 304: 172: 147: 9254: 7326: 3358: 2528:. The concept of a socialist state is also considered unnecessary or counterproductive and rejected by some 10393: 10092: 10082: 9851: 6222: 6122: 6098:, as well as anarchists and other libertarian socialists—criticized the idea of using the state to conduct 5546: 5304: 5183: 5133: 4826: 4759: 4157: 4132: 3723: 3176: 2431: 1417: 1387: 1362: 443: 247: 104: 9646: 8740:

The Human Rights Reader: Major Political Essays, Speeches, and Documents from Ancient Times to the Present

5864:

These ideas were adopted by Lenin in 1917 just prior to the October Revolution in Russia and published in

1264: 10438: 10344: 10118: 9712: 6726: 6704: 6372: 6269: 6010: 5972: 5932: 5894: 5652: 5491: 5208: 5001: 4680: 4347: 4226: 3975: 2977: 2767: 2642:(USSR). The Soviet Union proclaimed itself a socialist state and proclaimed its commitment to building a 2063: 1578: 666: 346: 276: 192: 162: 10490: 5870:. With the failure of the worldwide revolution, or at least European revolution, envisaged by Lenin and 309: 10204: 10087: 9886: 9555: 6360: 5985: 5497: 5335: 5243: 5228: 5198: 5011: 4737: 2843: 2749: 1884: 1531: 1319: 1204: 746: 8796: 10538: 10455: 10327: 9529: 8837:

Hudis, Peter; Vidal, Matt, Smith, Tony; Rotta, Tomás; Prew, Paul, eds. (September 2018 – June 2019).

8309: 7285: 6352: 4954: 3738: 2951: 2694: 2559:, where the state is not constitutionally bound to the construction of socialism. In such cases, the 1412: 1084: 227: 207: 9448: 8562: 6117:

said that their socialism was a form of political opportunism which preserved rather than destroyed

4527: 2783:, with some considering it to be a departure from Marxist–Leninist principles, given the primacy of 10398: 10322: 9955: 9856: 9542: 8791: 8525: 6721: 5887: 5866: 5522: 5178: 4949: 4647: 4249: 4177: 3998: 3326: 3126: 3109: 2936: 2883: 2788: 2784: 1634: 1294: 351: 242: 24: 9214: 8905: 8879: 6969: 6577: 6568: 4073: 3945:

health service is pure Socialism and as such, it is opposed to the hedonism of capitalist society.

10262: 9767: 9593: 9488: 8666: 8539: 8506: 8405: 7650: 6130: 5886:, as well as the notion that socialism can be created and exist in a single state with theory of 5793: 5774: 5740: 5614: 5173: 5168: 5163: 4836: 4662: 4615: 4110: 3933: 3929: 3733: 3203: 2875: 2855: 2823: 2693:

announced the completion of socialist construction and declared the optimistic goal of achieving

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have at times included African, Asian, and Middle Eastern socialist states when they have had a

5501:

are used by scholars, particularly when focusing on the political systems of these countries. A

10528: 10480: 10475: 10415: 9866: 9809: 9755: 9750: 9241: 9227: 9195: 8623: 7849:

Power, Networks and Violent Conflict in Central Asia: A Comparison of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan

7465: 7133: 7003: 6772: 6742: 6292: 6230: 6052: 5538: 5203: 4422: 4337: 4192: 3979: 2541: 2307: 1874: 1357: 701: 463: 299: 197: 187: 9282: 8860: 7574: 6079: 4367: 3967: 1224: 9990: 9861: 9608: 9295: 8247: 8122: 7309: 6142: 5841: 5770: 5223: 4846: 4482: 4100: 4090: 3658: 3223: 3161: 3034: 2989: 2775: 2706: 2679: 2659: 2302: 2165: 1762: 1214: 976: 751: 731: 696: 608: 538: 513: 9663: 8636: 8338: 6788: 6363:

based on the same relations of production as the Soviet Union. Some Trotskyists such as the

4392: 3298: 10509: 10242: 10152: 9975: 9903: 9871: 9821: 9816: 9626: 9097:

Chinese Marxism in Flux, 1978–1984: Essays on Epistemology, Ideology, and Political Economy

9031:

Fu, Hualing; Gillespie, John; Nicholason, Penelope; Partlett, William Edmund, eds. (2018).

7960:. Anthem Series on Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies. Anthem Press. p. 148. 6598: 6465: 6463: 6162: 6044: 6028: 6002: 5726: 5646: 5622: 5597:

to underpin the establishment of a socialist economy and usually include that at least the

5502: 5486: 4917: 4841: 4811: 4542: 4182: 4043: 4035: 3950: 3728: 3418: 3288: 3104: 3051: 2984: 2847: 2815: 2741: 2663: 2576: 2457: 2424: 1284: 1184: 1119: 656: 583: 438: 182: 132: 89: 72: 67: 10485: 5510: 4507: 4009:

also stated that he has been influenced by the democratic socialist British Labour Party.

3378: 8: 10272: 9980: 9831: 9784: 9772: 9479: 6312: 6040: 5977: 5750: 5340: 5330: 4866: 4851: 4592: 4552: 4259: 4142: 3383: 3250: 3141: 3056: 3014: 2533: 2517: 2434:

and progressing toward a communist society. These countries never describe themselves as

2226: 2135: 2092: 1879: 1644: 1465: 1432: 1392: 1377: 661: 573: 563: 533: 428: 314: 281: 127: 109: 99: 56: 6460: 4517: 3974:

and attempted to nationalize all French banks, but this attempt faced opposition of the

3920:

claimed that capitalism had been abolished in Britain, although others such as Welshman

3518: 3448: 1239: 10533: 10267: 9846: 9836: 9077: 7718: 6295:, developing its own unique political and economic institutions for a highly organized 6261: 6253: 6138: 6087: 6032: 5946: 5853: 5534: 4871: 4831: 4707: 4432: 4085: 3954: 3901: 3811: 3800: 3593: 3588: 3573: 3553: 3213: 3099: 3066: 2911: 2430:, despite these countries being officially socialist states in the process of building 1864: 1649: 1624: 1455: 1397: 1229: 1154: 926: 906: 891: 741: 646: 503: 483: 468: 418: 398: 376: 217: 152: 40: 7327:"The Watershed Speech that Wasn't: Re-evaluating Kim Il Sung's 'Juche Speech" of 1955" 7163:

Political Systems of the Socialist States: An Introduction to Marxist-Leninist Regimes

7011: 6748: 4407: 3498: 2744:

since its founding until mid-1950s, by which point the supreme leader of North Korea,

1016: 10174: 9940: 9841: 9576: 9492: 9454: 9424: 9418: 9394: 9388: 9367: 9175: 9150: 9125: 9100: 9036: 9008: 8983: 8980:

History of Socialism: An Historical Comparative Study of Socialism, Communism, Utopia

8958: 8929: 8848: 8814: 8811:

From Marx to Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation

8545: 8427: 8251: 8240: 8201: 8174: 8147: 8102: 8075: 8048: 8021: 7994: 7961: 7934: 7907: 7880: 7853: 7826: 7799: 7655: 7353: 7289: 7260: 7166: 7139: 7115: 7085: 6947: 6937: 6907: 6897: 6861: 6835: 6825: 6581: 6539: 6507: 6504:

From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation

6475: 6376: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6226: 6158: 6146: 6099: 6091: 6067: 5898: 5875: 5836:

pioneered the idea of a revolutionary state based on his theory of the revolutionary

5829: 5722: 5714: 5618: 5594: 5589: 4821: 4727: 4512: 4457: 4377: 4357: 4274: 4187: 4127: 4105: 3987: 3913: 3909: 3663: 3513: 3303: 3293: 3061: 2999: 2994: 2928: 2915: 2839: 2818:, although it gives direct power to the governing ruling party, the Marxist–Leninist 2796: 2690: 2643: 2580: 2552: 2529: 2524:

and arguably coercive nature, considering a socialist state or state socialism as an

2441: 2427: 2297: 2018: 1849: 1801: 1629: 1562: 1347: 1259: 1164: 1026: 956: 861: 846: 613: 553: 508: 493: 453: 388: 167: 157: 94: 10420: 8297:. Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels: Welke (in German). Vol. 21. Berlin: Dietz Verlag. 8282:. Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels: Welke (in German). Vol. 20. Berlin: Dietz Verlag. 7112:

Political Thought and China's Transformation: Ideas Shaping Reform in Post-Mao China

6017:, criticize the concept of establishing a socialist state instead of abolishing the 4332: 9965: 9487:. Oxford paperbacks (revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 9474: 9069: 8856: 8293:

Engels, Friedrich (1962). Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus bein ZK der SED (ed.).

8278:

Engels, Friedrich (1962). Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus bein ZK der SED (ed.).

7986: 7852:. Routledge advances in Central Asian studies. Vol. 5. Routledge. p. 53. 6594: 6487:

of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State.

6442: 6437: 6424: 6396: 6071: 6036: 5849: 5807: 5787: 5766: 5730: 5710: 5698: 5610: 5446: 5422: 5377: 4801: 4582: 4562: 4417: 4412: 4397: 4068: 4063: 3983: 3959: 3917: 3860: 3832: 3648: 3638: 3628: 3608: 3478: 3433: 3403: 3373: 3368: 3338: 3245: 3233: 3121: 3029: 2959: 2907: 2851: 2732:

was founded on 1 October 1949, and proclaims itself to be a socialist state in its

2572: 2560: 2544:

and other socialist political thinkers who view the modern state as a byproduct of

2537: 2448: 2130: 2053: 2023: 1897: 1639: 1619: 1507: 1490: 1209: 1189: 1109: 1104: 1046: 1006: 996: 961: 881: 856: 826: 811: 806: 781: 726: 711: 618: 593: 523: 478: 448: 336: 324: 252: 237: 177: 142: 9414: 9359: 8727:

American Capitalism: Social Thought and Political Economy in the Twentieth Century

7257:

A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present

3990:, further dropping to 8% in the 1980s and below 5% in the 1990s after the rise of 3473: 2590:

Academics, political commentators, and other scholars tend to distinguish between

1289: 951: 681: 8713: 8648: 8529:. p. 70. cf. "Chapter V, The economic basis for the withering away of the state". 8195: 8168: 8141: 8096: 8069: 8042: 8015: 7955: 7928: 7901: 7874: 7847: 7820: 7793: 7420: 7399: 7093: 7019: 6800: 6756: 6447: 6410: 6150: 6110: 6103: 6023: 5923: 5689: 5629: 5602: 5434: 5402: 5382: 4744: 4442: 4402: 4387: 4382: 4199: 4162: 4137: 4018: 4002: 3925: 3905: 3846: 3598: 3468: 3413: 3353: 3238: 3171: 3089: 3084: 3019: 2879: 2718: 2675: 2584: 2556: 2501: 2411: 2399: 2341: 2314: 2170: 2160: 1957: 1854: 1422: 1367: 1174: 1134: 966: 936: 921: 871: 841: 776: 716: 676: 598: 588: 488: 232: 222: 20: 8680: 8637:"Tasks of Working-Class Governments under the Socialist-oriented Market Economy" 7412: 6789:"Tasks of Working-Class Governments under the Socialist-oriented Market Economy" 6090:, many socialist groups—including reformists, orthodox Marxist currents such as 4502: 3503: 10380: 9945: 8485: 7532: 7506: 7480: 7451: 6356: 6308: 6257: 6114: 6056: 5915: 5837: 5833: 5585: 5530: 5397: 5350: 5299: 4537: 4522: 4472: 4437: 4352: 4342: 4317: 4172: 3653: 3613: 3603: 3583: 3543: 3533: 3488: 3453: 3348: 3343: 3333: 3218: 3191: 2903: 2800: 2792: 2603: 2602:

countries which have been democratically governed by socialist parties such as

2568: 2402: 2319: 2250: 2155: 1988: 1902: 1382: 1274: 1244: 1234: 1159: 1129: 1124: 1114: 1001: 981: 941: 911: 851: 791: 766: 706: 393: 202: 9572: 8955:

Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day

5625:, while the realization of a socialist economy is held as the long-term goal. 3558: 3523: 2705:

in Eastern and Central Europe which adhered to Marxism–Leninism, Soviet-style

1279: 10522: 10460: 10214: 9970: 9881: 9760: 8538:

Freeden, Michael; Sargent, Lyman Tower; Stears, Marc, eds. (15 August 2013).

8371: 8354: 6951: 6911: 6839: 6174: 6126: 5879: 5735: 4856: 4597: 4572: 4532: 4497: 4447: 4322: 4279: 4231: 4152: 3991: 3921: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3668: 3568: 3493: 3458: 3438: 3428: 3270: 3181: 3166: 2206: 2101: 2003: 1993: 1834: 1407: 1402: 1269: 1219: 1199: 1194: 1169: 1144: 1041: 946: 866: 786: 761: 686: 623: 458: 257: 27:. For constitutional references to socialism in multi-party democracies, see 7990: 7736:"Lessons from the Nationalization Nation: State-Owned Enterprises in France" 4477: 691: 16:

Sovereign state constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism

10465: 10354: 10334: 9876: 9642: 9444: 9393:. Translated by Cooke, Dorian. New York City: Harcourt, Brace & World. 7331: 6368: 6344: 6238: 6234: 6182: 6014: 5968: 5938: 5919: 5871: 5845: 5542: 5372: 5021: 4961: 4754: 4732: 4557: 4467: 4372: 4216: 4006: 3963: 3673: 3643: 3548: 3538: 3483: 3463: 3408: 3398: 3363: 3156: 3041: 2698: 2599: 2521: 2416: 2255: 2182: 2176: 2150: 2145: 2121: 2111: 2048: 1937: 1757: 1681: 1149: 1099: 1094: 1079: 1036: 1021: 991: 916: 901: 876: 836: 796: 771: 736: 651: 9337: 8705: 7879:. Turcologica Series. Vol. 81. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 21. 7822:

Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States

5909: 5893:

Lenin argued that as socialism is replaced by communism, the state would "

1139: 10194: 10179: 9826: 8681:"Theses on the Role of the Communist Party in the Proletarian Revolution" 6347:'s analysis of pre-restoration Soviet Union as a workers' state that had 6336: 6265: 6134: 6006: 5694: 5518: 5365: 5355: 5016: 4996: 4816: 4806: 4722: 4577: 4487: 4462: 4427: 4362: 4221: 3623: 3578: 3563: 3528: 3508: 3443: 3423: 3393: 3255: 3151: 2763: 2745: 2722: 2595: 2445: 2260: 2245: 2187: 2058: 1922: 1721: 1716: 1696: 1686: 1676: 1372: 1254: 1089: 1051: 1031: 971: 931: 896: 831: 821: 801: 756: 671: 641: 603: 498: 341: 271: 137: 9450:

The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going?

8926:

Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism

6404: 6379:

promoted capitalists from within the party and outside their countries.

6121:

because of the claim that the exchange of commodities would occur under

5429: 3841: 2336: 9704: 9680: 9081: 9057: 8760: 7722: 7371:"Juche is Third Position ideology built on Marx – Not Marxist-Leninism" 6932:

McKay, Iain, ed. (2012). "What would an anarchist society look like?".

6340: 6288: 6095: 6027:

to contrast it with their own form of socialism, which involves either

5962: 5857: 5276: 5261: 4791: 4587: 4547: 4327: 3633: 3388: 3260: 3208: 3136: 3131: 2831: 2545: 2470: 2265: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2197: 2038: 1829: 1711: 1706: 1570: 1342: 1249: 986: 816: 518: 473: 8424:

The Immanent Utopia: From Marxism on the State to the State of Marxism

6892:

McKay, Iain, ed. (2012). "Why do anarchists oppose state socialism?".

9735: 9283:"The Collapse of Stalinism and the Class Nature of the Russian State" 9056:

Ramana, R. (June 1983). "Reviewed Work: China's Socialist Economy by

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7626:(641). Socialist Party of Great Britain. January 1958. Archived from 6820:

McKay, Iain, ed. (2008). "Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?".

6324: 6316: 6198: 6194: 6178: 6083: 6018: 5883: 5811: 5762: 5680: 5514: 5360: 5345: 4492: 4294: 4254: 3971: 3806: 3794: 3618: 3313: 3196: 3186: 3116: 3094: 2835: 2807: 2509: 2490: 2486: 2436: 2420: 2406: 2068: 1962: 1952: 1947: 1932: 1927: 1917: 1791: 1752: 1741: 1736: 1726: 1691: 1659: 1603: 1598: 1337: 1179: 1011: 721: 558: 543: 433: 413: 403: 48: 9269: 9073: 6051:

is antithetical to true socialism, the goal of which is the eyes of

3997:

The socialist policies practiced by parties such as the Singaporean

9896: 8222:"The Problem of Transition: Development, Socialism and Lenin's NEP" 7212:

Comparative Political Systems: Policy Performance and Social Change

7135:

Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy, Volume 3

6202: 6170: 5942: 5823: 5606: 5549:

and North Korea also became a people's republic. During the 1960s,

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International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

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and democratic socialist states, with the first representing the

2513: 2466: 1942: 1779: 1769: 1069: 548: 528: 9420:

Fall of the New Class: A History of Communism's Self-Destruction

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7906:. Vol. 8: Mongolia–Nepal. Marshall Cavendish. p. 413. 7435:"Cuba ditches aim of building communism from draft constitution" 6287:

socialism and that socialism will emerge spontaneously from the

6252:

to mean the lower-state of communism was popularized during the

6173:, but rather, a composite ideology which socialist leaders like 9985: 9777: 8173:. Routledge Companions to History. Routledge. pp. 80, 88. 7226:"The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications" 4284: 3827: 2932: 2795:, and where social distinction and hierarchy are promoted over 2607: 2505: 2500:

The idea of a socialist state stems from the broader notion of

2474: 2106: 1074: 7060:"From Sweden to Socialism: A Small Symposium on Big Questions" 6692:

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Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition

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of the means of production is a form of state capitalism; the

5441: 3855: 1514: 1485: 10199: 10169: 9698:. "Chapter 5". Socialist Alternative. Retrieved 21 June 2020. 9030: 7753:

Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region

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had reached the lower stage of communism and argued that the

4929: 3940:

of Britain's capitalist society, making the following point:

2754: 2611: 2482: 2478: 886: 9558:. Ernest Mandel Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 9366:(paperback ed.). San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 9172:

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6109:

Critical of the economy and government of socialist states,

2830:

states that Vietnam only entered a transition stage between

2762:

was declared to be fully distinct by his son and successor,

2551:

A socialist state is to be distinguished from a multi-party

10184: 10108: 10050: 8044:

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6614:

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6534:

Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J. Barkley Jr. (23 July 2003).

5882:'s power, leading to the emergence of Marxism–Leninism and 4981: 4966: 4939: 4115: 319: 9664:"The Colonial Revolution and the Deformed Workers' States" 7900:

Macdonald, Fiona; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2004).

6593:

from communist, often with supporting definitions such as

6209:

This is coherent with Marx and Engels, who used the terms

5545:. In Asia, China became a people's republic following the 8514:. Marxists Internert Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2019. 7363: 7157: 7155: 6472:

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5529:. Many of these sprang up in the territory of the former 2874:

bearing on the structure and guidance of these country's

2862: 9653:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 November 2019. 9617:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 November 2019. 9598:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 November 2019. 9217:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2020. 8914:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 December 2019. 8895:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 December 2019. 8799:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 December 2019. 8669:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 November 2019. 8413:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 December 2019. 7980: 6666:

Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal

6149:

also dismissed it as a type of state capitalism because

5577:

used both terms in its official name from 1976 to 1991.

2910:

philosophy adopted by specific regimes, such as that of

2766:, and was adopted as the official state ideology in the 2758:. Originally regarded as a variant of Marxism–Leninism, 2687:

22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

9545:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 9532:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 8882:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 8753:

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8453:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 6775:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 6729:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 5991: 9556:"Why The Soviet Bureaucracy is not a New Ruling Class" 8376:

The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought

7217: 7152: 5537:. Additional people's republics emerged following the 5485:

Because most existing socialist states operated along

2548:, which would have no function in a socialist system. 23:. For a list of self-proclaimed socialist states, see 9543:"The Theory of Bureaucratic Collectivism: A Critique" 7899: 7466:"Slovenia 1991 (Rev. 2016) Constitution - Constitute" 7373:. Free Media Productions – Editorials. 30 August 2009 6536:

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with the long-term goal of building up the country's

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Committee for a Workers' International (June 1992).

7620:"The Managerial Society Part Three — Fabian Version" 7575:"Hungary 2011 (Rev. 2016) Constitution - Constitute" 7352:

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Although most Marxist–Leninists distinguish between

2770:. Further developed throughout the 1980s and 1990s, 9453:(paperback ed.). Detroit: Labor Publications. 9340:. International Communist Current. 30 December 2004 9122:

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8700: 8698: 7930:

Democratisation and Institutional Reform in Albania

7038:"Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy: A Symposium" 6627:

Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh

6561: 6559: 5561:in their official name, replacing it with the term 2626:, established in 1917. In 1922, it merged with the 2405:constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of 9478: 9364:The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System 8239: 6640:Constitution of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana 6567: 6206:before it has "developed on its own foundations". 5565:as a mark of their ongoing political development. 9683:. United Socialist Party. Retrieved 21 June 2020. 9609:"The USSR and Problems of the Transitional Epoch" 8813:. Open Court Publishing Company. pp. 44–45. 8127:Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs 8040: 7795:How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy 7769:. Rotary Club of Wellington North. Archived from 7187:. New York City: St. Martin's Press. p. 238. 7054: 7052: 7050: 5967:Following Stalin's consolidation of power in the 5956: 5509:movements in the 19th century such as the German 10520: 8729:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 160–161. 8695: 8603: 8490:Selected Writings Of Eduard Bernstein, 1920–1921 8200:(2nd ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 56. 8098:Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country 8041:Frankowski, Stanisław; Stephan, Paul B. (1995). 6703:Article 3, Section 1 of the Constitution of the 6556: 6141:was more effective than a vanguard organized by 2918:. Examples of countries directly using the term 2632:Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic 9005:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism 8563:"The Workers' State, Thermidor and Bonapartism" 7452:"Preamble to the 1976 Constitution of Portugal" 7076: 7074: 7072: 7032: 7030: 7028: 6963: 6961: 6747:. Marxists Internet Archive. p. 293. Quoted by 5817: 2444:. Additionally, a number of countries that are 8445:"On the 20th Anniversary of the Paris Commune" 7845: 7683: 7681: 7350:Chapter 2: "The Power and Poverty of Ideology" 7047: 6999: 6997: 6995: 5669: 2923:France, Russia, and Spain use the varied term 2453:references to socialism in their constitutions 9720: 9485:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society 8606:An Outline on the History of Economic Thought 8604:Screpanti, Ernesto; Zamagni, Stefano (2005). 8465:"The Civil War in France (1891 Introduction)" 7957:Bulgaria in British Foreign Policy, 1943–1949 7424:and the progress toward a communist society". 6851: 6849: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6767: 6765: 6737: 6735: 6715: 6713: 5466: 5234:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 3881: 2869:Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions 2359: 1539: 29:Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions 9210:"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder 9095:McCarthy, Greg (1985). Brugger, Bill (ed.). 8893:"Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR" 8399: 8397: 8143:North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival 7413:"Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1992" 7344:Oh, Kongdan Oh and Hassig, Ralph C. (2000) 7214:. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. pp. 24–25. 7069: 7025: 6958: 6783: 6781: 6533: 6021:state apparatus outright. They use the term 3966:. In the 1980s, the government of President 2624:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 9390:The Unperfect Society: Beyond the New Class 9149:. Princeton University Press. p. 210. 8544:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 371. 8541:The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies 8101:. Cambridge University Press. p. 233. 7872: 7678: 6992: 6241:still operated within a socialist economy. 6225:. For Bordiga, both stages of socialist or 5617:with the goal of building up the country's 5541:victory in World War II, mainly within the 2939:, has been described as a socialist state. 2725:) as "bureaucratic-authoritarian systems." 2658:as a single-party state, ostensibly with a 9727: 9713: 9035:. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. 8661: 8659: 8657: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7092:. "Sweden, Great Britain, and France have 6855: 6846: 6806: 6762: 6732: 6710: 6690:Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the 6651:Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the 6638:Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the 6625:Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the 6612:Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the 6469: 6275:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 6217:interchangeably. Like Lenin, Bordiga used 5988:workers' states and not socialist states. 5473: 5459: 4633:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 3888: 3874: 2366: 2352: 1546: 1532: 9272:. Marxist.net. Retrieved 4 November 2019. 8928:. Stanford University Press. p. 20. 8594:(227). p. 153. Retrieved 4 November 2019. 8584:"The 'Eight Hours' and the Demonstration" 8394: 8140:Kihl, Young Whan; Kim, Hong Nack (2014). 7259:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 159. 7201:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 657–662. 6927: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6778: 6679:Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua 5189:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 3982:economy among its members. Nevertheless, 2935:, which operates under the principles of 2740:(North Korea) used to adhere to orthodox 1583:List of countries by system of government 9734: 9473: 9094: 9007:. Oxford University Press. p. 126. 8952: 8193: 8067: 8020:. Kluwer Law International. p. 27. 7953: 7590:"Rojava: a beacon of hope fighting Isis" 7530: 7504: 7478: 6565: 6529: 6527: 6497: 6495: 6281: 5996: 5756: 3949:Although, as in the rest of Europe, the 2894:In these cases, the intended meaning of 9443: 9423:(hardcover ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. 9144: 8977: 8923: 8861:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.001.0001 8706:"State capitalism" in the Soviet Union" 8654: 8512:"Chapter I. Bourgeois and Proletarians" 8500: 8498: 8139: 7926: 7818: 7675:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 106. 7338: 7223: 7182: 7099: 6967: 6502:Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999). 5613:economy structured upon state-directed 5214:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 3714:International Trade Union Confederation 2638:into a single federal union called the 10521: 9259:. New York: Pioneer Publishers. p. 55. 9169: 9055: 8808: 8504:Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1848). 8462: 8310:"The Development of Utopian Socialism" 8307: 8292: 8277: 8237: 7791: 7687: 7314:Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs 7036:Barrett, William, ed. (1 April 1978). 6918: 6878: 6741:Lenin, Vladimir (February—July 1918). 6501: 6365:Committee for a Workers' International 6201:, Bordiga, who did consider himself a 6177:used to expediently determine what is 5295:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 4621:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 4290:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 3719:International Union of Socialist Youth 2863:Constitutional references to socialism 2628:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 9708: 9413: 9386: 9358: 9296:"The Fall of Stalinism: Ten Years On" 9119: 9002: 8755:. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. 8608:(2nd ed.). Oxford. p. 295. 8389:The Encyclopedia of Political Science 8246:. Cornell University Press. pp. 8094: 8013: 7562:Preamble to the Constitution of India 7346:North Korea Through the Looking Glass 7319: 7255:Seth, Michael J. (18 December 2019). 7131: 7082:Sociology in Our Time: The Essentials 7058:Heilbroner, Robert L. (Winter 1991). 6936:. Vol. II. Edinburgh: AK Press. 6931: 6896:. Vol. II. Edinburgh: AK Press. 6891: 6819: 6653:Constitution of the Republic of India 6524: 6492: 5664: 4797:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 4718:Industrialization in the Soviet Union 4653:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung 4121:Intensification of the class struggle 2738:Democratic People's Republic of Korea 2701:was a political and economic bloc of 2678:practiced a form of democracy called 1315:International socialist organizations 263:To each according to his contribution 9033:Socialist Law in Socialist East Asia 8635:Pena, David S. (21 September 2007). 8495: 8166: 8129:. United States Department of State. 7764: 7587: 7279: 7254: 6787:Pena, David S. (21 September 2007). 6299:. Libertarian communists, including 6181:and what is not communism among the 5992:Criticism within left-wing movements 5852:of workers' deputies. Following the 5489:principles of governance, the terms 5239:Sandinista National Liberation Front 4713:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 9627:"The ABC of Materialist Dialectics" 8678: 8463:Engels, Friedrich (18 March 1891). 7392:"VN Embassy – Constitution of 1992" 7310:"The Political Philosophy of Juche" 7302: 6858:Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 6824:. Vol. I. Stirling: AK Press. 6576:. Oxford University Press. p. 6375:. Other socialists argued that the 5194:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 3744:Network of Social Democracy in Asia 2656:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2640:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2636:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 13: 9317:"Theories of Stalinism's Collapse" 9228:"Session of the All-Russia C.E.C." 9147:Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars 9099:. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 142–143. 8776:. University of California Press. 8370:"Withering away of the state". In 7985:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 62. 7798:. Peterson Institute. p. 12. 6474:. Aldine Transaction. p. 21. 6009:socialists, including anarchists, 5393:State ideology of the Soviet Union 4626:The History of the Communist Party 3924:, Minister of Health in the first 2902:was often used in reference to an 2622:The first socialist state was the 2415:is often used synonymously in the 14: 10555: 9525:Socialism: Utopian and Scientific 9240:Lenin, Vladimir (21 April 1921). 9226:Lenin, Vladimir (29 April 1918). 9194:Lenin, Vladimir (21 April 1921). 8426:. Transaction Publishers. p. 71. 8314:Socialism: Utopian and Scientific 7767:"Optimism for the New Millennium" 7755:. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. 7230:Fordham International Law Journal 7084:. Cengage Learning. pp. 125–127. 6968:Fleming, Richard Fleming (1989). 6860:. Harper Perennial. p. 169. 5840:and organizational principles of 5599:commanding heights of the economy 5326:Criticism of communist party rule 4658:President Ho Chi Minh's Testament 4096:Commanding heights of the economy 3936:which stood in opposition to the 3010:Internationalist–defencist schism 2419:, specifically when referring to 9686: 9673: 9656: 9636: 9620: 9601: 9586: 9561: 9548: 9535: 9516: 9467: 9437: 9407: 9380: 9352: 9330: 9309: 9288: 9275: 9262: 9247: 9234: 9220: 9201: 9188: 9163: 9138: 9113: 9088: 9049: 9024: 8996: 8971: 8946: 8917: 8898: 8885: 8866: 8840:The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx 8831: 8802: 8783: 8766: 8745: 8732: 8123:"The Chinese Revolution of 1949" 8047:. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 23. 7165:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 6433:Legislatures in communist states 6417: 6403: 6389: 5931: 5908: 5901:which he forecast would follow. 5861:promoting economic development. 5440: 5428: 5416: 5219:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 4643:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism 4628:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) 4042: 3854: 3840: 3826: 2966: 2820:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 2812:Lao People's Democratic Republic 2806:Similarly, direct references to 2768:1972 constitution of North Korea 2335: 1513: 1501: 1484: 55: 10544:Dictatorship of the proletariat 9174:. Routledge. pp. 203–213. 8742:. Taylor & Francis. p. 245. 8719: 8672: 8629: 8616: 8597: 8576: 8555: 8532: 8517: 8492:. New Jersey: Humanities Press. 8479: 8456: 8437: 8416: 8381: 8364: 8348: 8332: 8301: 8286: 8271: 8231: 8214: 8187: 8160: 8133: 8115: 8088: 8061: 8034: 8007: 7974: 7947: 7920: 7893: 7866: 7839: 7812: 7785: 7765:Kerr, Roger (9 December 1999). 7758: 7745: 7728: 7711: 7690:"The State of the State Sector" 7665: 7642: 7612: 7581: 7567: 7554: 7524: 7498: 7472: 7458: 7444: 7427: 7406: 7385: 7273: 7248: 7204: 7191: 7176: 7125: 6697: 6684: 6671: 6155:dictatorship of the proletariat 5707:dictatorship of the proletariat 5703:dictatorship of the bourgeoisie 5683:and subsequent thinkers in the 4212:Theory of the productive forces 3047:Reformist–revolutionary dispute 2703:Soviet-aligned socialist states 2672:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2583:while simultaneously promoting 10233:Azerbaijan People's Government 9300:International Socialist Review 9294:Anthony Arnove (Winter 2000). 8582:William Morris (17 May 1890). 8378:(3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. 8359:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 8343:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 8220:Atkins, C. J. (1 April 2009). 7588:Wall, Derek (25 August 2014). 6658: 6645: 6632: 6619: 6606: 5957:Trotskyist theory of the state 5721:Influenced by the pre-Marxist 4638:A Critique of Soviet Economics 4012: 2776:significant ideological breaks 2044:Intergovernmental organisation 1999:Separation of church and state 1: 9647:"Evolution of Eastern Europe" 9530:"III: Historical Materialism" 9207:Lenin, Vladimir (June 1920). 8911:Critique of the Gotha Program 8875:Critique of the Gotha Program 8845:"Marx's Concept of Socialism" 8725:Lichtenstein, Nelson (2011). 8391:. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 8361:. Retrieved 27 December 2019. 8345:. Retrieved 27 December 2019. 8295:Die Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe 8280:Die Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe 8197:Heads of State and Government 7873:Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2009). 7846:Tunçer-Kılavuz, Idil (2014). 7688:Batson, Andrew (March 2017). 6744:Lenin Collected Works Vol. 27 6453: 6330: 6272:and then confirmed it in the 6221:to mean what Marx called the 4079:Soviet-type economic planning 4059:Administrative-command system 3309:Socialism of the 21st century 2942: 2828:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 2715:administrative-command system 2555:governed by a self-described 2423:socialist states governed by 2390:, sometimes referred to as a 148:Critique of political economy 9695:Imperialism and the Gulf War 9633:. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 9327:. Retrieved 4 November 2019. 9306:. Retrieved 4 November 2019. 9285:. Retrieved 4 November 2019. 8467:. Marxists Internert Archive 8422:Van Den Berg, Axel (2018) . 7325:Myers, Brian (January 2006) 7185:Khrushchev: A Political Life 7183:Tompson, William J. (1997). 6856:Schumpeter, Joseph (2008) . 6803:. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 6677:Article 5, Section 1 of the 6664:Article 4, Section 1 of the 6059:, who wrote as follows in a 5818:Leninist theory of the state 5738:, Marx cautiously argued in 5547:Chinese Communist Revolution 5184:Communist Party of Kampuchea 4827:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 4158:Proletarian internationalism 3724:Party of European Socialists 3177:Negative and positive rights 2854:states that the role of the 2598:and the latter representing 2575:economy with state-directed 2440:nor as having implemented a 1841:(socio-political ideologies) 1418:Socialist calculation debate 1388:List of socialist economists 1363:Economic calculation problem 248:Socialist mode of production 105:Socialist calculation debate 7: 10273:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 9270:"The Collapse of Stalinism" 8847:. Oxford University Press. 8704:Howard, M. C.; King, J. E. 7954:Stankova, Marietta (2014). 7734:Cohen, Paul (Winter 2010). 7648:Crosland, Anthony (2006) . 7403:its internationalist duty." 7210:Andrai, Charles F. (1994). 7138:. Routledge. p. 1461. 7132:Jones, R. J. Barry (2002). 6705:United Republic of Tanzania 6382: 6270:Soviet Constitution of 1936 6188: 6157:is a form of democracy and 5670:Marxist theory of the state 5601:are nationalized and under 5209:Indochinese Communist Party 4227:Wars of national liberation 3976:European Economic Community 2882:. The preamble to the 1976 2617: 1909:(socio-economic ideologies) 1579:List of forms of government 10: 10560: 9522:Engels, Friedrich (1880). 8982:. Routledge. p. 412. 8978:Laidler, Harry W. (2013). 8957:. Routledge. p. 765. 8443:Engels, Friedrich (1891). 8308:Engels, Friedrich (1880). 7983:Cabinets in Eastern Europe 7876:Mongolic Elements in Tuvan 7825:. Routledge. p. 296. 7742:. Retrieved 17 April 2020. 7441:. Retrieved 5 August 2020. 7308:Lee, Grace (Spring 2003)) 7161:Furtak, Robert K. (1986). 6566:Williams, Raymond (1983). 6506:. Open Court. p. 45. 6244:Marx did not use the term 6229:—with stages referring to 5960: 5828:Whereas Marx, Engels, and 5821: 5676:Marx's theory of the state 5673: 5336:Marxist schools of thought 5229:Party of Labour of Albania 5199:Communist Party of Vietnam 4016: 3926:post-war Labour government 2866: 2844:Communist Party of Vietnam 2730:People's Republic of China 18: 10507: 10368: 10300: 10225: 10132: 10101: 10015: 10004: 9933: 9912: 9743: 9670:. Retrieved 21 June 2020. 9315:Walter Daum (Fall 2002). 9120:Evans, Alfred B. (1993). 8924:Bockman, Johanna (2011). 8738:Ishay, Micheline (2007). 8683:. Communist International 8238:Nation, R. Craig (1992). 8228:. Retrieved 30 July 2009. 8194:Da Graça, John V (2000). 7751:Morley, James W. (1993). 7286:Stanford University Press 6538:. MIT Press. p. 14. 6353:bureaucratic dictatorship 5761:Socialists that embraced 3953:still operated fully and 3928:and the architect of the 3739:Young European Socialists 2695:communism in twenty years 2668:official guiding ideology 2654:. It was governed by the 2030:(geo-cultural ideologies) 1413:Socialism and LGBT rights 357:Socialist-oriented market 305:Socialist planned economy 208:Material balance planning 9614:The Transitional Program 9124:. ABC-CLIO. p. 48. 8792:The State and Revolution 8789:Lenin, Vladimir (1917). 8665:Bordiga, Amadeo (1952). 8647:5 September 2008 at the 8622:Lenin, Vladimir (1921). 8526:The State and Revolution 8523:Lenin, Vladimir (1917). 8447:. In Marx, Karl (1871). 8146:. Routledge. p. 8. 8068:Paquette, Laure (2001). 7933:. Springer. p. 21. 7654:. Constable. pp. 9, 89. 7433:Reuters (22 July 2018). 6799:5 September 2008 at the 6771:Lenin, Vladimir (1921). 6722:The State and Revolution 6719:Lenin, Vladimir (1917). 6373:deformed workers' states 6361:deformed workers' states 6359:and Eastern Europe were 5973:workers' self-management 5945:and a key figure in the 5888:socialism in one country 5867:The State and Revolution 5775:revolutionary socialists 5621:and promoting worldwide 5179:Communist Party of India 4178:Socialism in one country 4133:Marxist–Leninist atheism 3127:Environmental protection 2937:democratic confederalism 2914:and that of the various 2884:Constitution of Portugal 2814:are not included in its 352:Socialist market economy 277:Workers' self-management 243:Socialism in one country 90:Age of the Enlightenment 25:List of socialist states 10283:North Korea (1947–1948) 10278:North Korea (1946–1947) 9679:Jayasuriya, Siritunga. 9595:The Revolution Betrayed 9554:Mandel, Ernest (1979). 9387:Đilas, Milovan (1969). 9145:Pollock, Ethan (2006). 8891:Stalin, Joseph (1951). 8712:2 November 2018 at the 8507:The Communist Manifesto 8450:The Civil War in France 8406:The Civil War in France 8095:Lampe, John R. (2000). 7991:10.1057/9781403905215_6 7927:Gjevori, Elvin (2018). 7903:Peoples of Eastern Asia 7819:Minahan, James (2013). 7792:Åslund, Anders (2009). 7671:Bevan, Aneurin (1952). 7651:The Future of Socialism 7533:"Poland – Constitution" 7114:. Springer. pp. 60–69. 7080:Kendall, Diana (2011). 6470:Wilczynski, J. (2008). 6145:. The American Marxist 6131:Communist International 6080:domination by one class 5794:The Communist Manifesto 5741:The Civil War in France 5615:accumulation of capital 5557:ceased to use the term 5492:Marxist–Leninist regime 5388:State ideology of China 5314:under communist regimes 5312:Crimes against humanity 5272:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 5244:Workers' Party of Korea 5174:Communist Party of Cuba 5169:Chinese Communist Party 4837:Portuguese Colonial War 4663:The Governance of China 4616:Foundations of Leninism 4163:Protracted people's war 4111:Dialectical materialism 3934:National Health Service 3930:National Health Service 3734:Socialist International 3204:Revolutionary socialism 2876:machinery of government 2856:Communist Party of Cuba 2750:Workers' Party of Korea 2592:authoritarian socialist 2565:machinery of government 2293:Administrative division 2237:International relations 1353:Criticism of capitalism 364:Participatory economics 198:Labour-time calculation 10005:Current and historical 9607:Trotsky, Leon (1938). 9592:Trotsky, Leon (1936). 9567:Taaffe, Peter (1995). 9321:Proletarian Revolution 9253:Serge, Victor (1937). 9170:Mommen, André (2011). 8953:Reinalda, Bob (2009). 8809:Steele, David (1992). 8772:Piccone, Paul (1983). 8667:"Dialogue With Stalin" 8561:Trotsky, Leon (1935). 8339:"Henri de Saint-Simon" 8014:Hajdú, József (2011). 7481:"Croatia Constitution" 7280:Shin, Gi-wook (2006). 7224:Dae-Kyu, Yoon (2003). 6231:historical materialism 6053:libertarian socialists 5922:and the leader of the 5804: 5784: 5659:workers' and peasants' 5498:Marxist–Leninist state 5204:French Communist Party 5114:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4423:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 4338:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 3980:free-market capitalist 3978:because it demanded a 3947: 3916:politician and author 3299:Evolutionary socialism 2838:after the country was 2822:. The preamble to the 2542:libertarian socialists 1358:Criticism of socialism 310:Decentralized planning 213:Peer‑to‑peer economics 9631:In Defense of Marxism 9338:"4. State Capitalism" 9003:Smith, S. A. (2014). 8167:Webb, Adrian (2008). 8017:Labour Law in Hungary 7695:. Gavekal Dragonomics 7018:18 March 2004 at the 7004:Lenin Collected Works 6755:18 March 2004 at the 6282:Libertarian socialism 6223:lower-phase communism 6161:is undemocratic; and 6143:democratic centralism 6129:organisations by the 5997:Anarchism and Marxism 5842:democratic centralism 5799: 5779: 5757:Reform and revolution 5224:Nepal Communist Party 4847:Nicaraguan Revolution 4483:Mengistu Haile Mariam 4101:Democratic centralism 4091:Collective leadership 3999:People's Action Party 3942: 3224:Social market economy 3162:Left-wing nationalism 2990:Frankfurt Declaration 2680:democratic centralism 2660:democratic centralism 2303:Democratic transition 2166:Self-governing colony 1763:Military dictatorship 10510:History of socialism 9692:Walsh, Lynn (1991). 9651:Fourth International 9569:The Rise of Militant 9541:Cliff, Tony (1948). 9256:From Lenin to Stalin 8751:Todd, Allan (2012). 8074:. Nova. p. 55. 7531:Tschentscher, Axel. 7505:Tschentscher, Axel. 7479:Tschentscher, Axel. 6599:democratic socialist 6113:such as the Italian 6088:revolution in Russia 6078:, which is based on 6045:centralized planning 6029:collective ownership 5727:Henri de Saint-Simon 5623:socialist revolution 5569:also added the term 5447:Socialism portal 5423:Communism portal 4842:Black power movement 4812:Non-Aligned Movement 4183:Socialist patriotism 3914:British Labour Party 3861:Socialism portal 3833:Economics portal 3729:Progressive Alliance 3289:Democratic socialism 2985:Age of Enlightenment 2577:capital accumulation 1508:Communism portal 1491:Socialism portal 183:Industrial democracy 133:Collective ownership 10446:Estonia (1918–1919) 10340:Hungary (1949–1989) 9668:The Unbroken Thread 9662:Grant, Ted (1978). 8904:Marx, Karl (1875). 8872:Marx, Karl (1875). 8411:"The Paris Commune" 8403:Marx, Karl (1871). 7419:9 July 2011 at the 7398:9 July 2011 at the 6293:evolutionary manner 6041:means of production 6033:worker cooperatives 5978:orthodox Trotskyist 5802:of the proletariat. 5751:Franco-Prussian War 5647:people's republican 5641:people's democratic 5635:national-democratic 5435:Politics portal 5341:National Bolshevism 5331:Cult of personality 4867:Revolutions of 1989 4862:Naxalite insurgency 4852:Cultural Revolution 4738:Great Patriotic War 4593:Wojciech Jaruzelski 4553:Nur Muhammad Taraki 4260:Ho Chi Minh Thought 3968:François Mitterrand 3912:. In 1956, leading 3847:Politics portal 3594:Liebknecht (father) 3251:Structural violence 3142:Institutional abuse 3057:Revolutions of 1848 2713:in the form of the 2662:organization, with 2518:Ho Chi Minh Thought 2342:Politics portal 2227:Supranational union 2136:Dependent territory 2049:National government 1393:Market abolitionism 1378:Left-libertarianism 315:Inclusive Democracy 282:Workplace democracy 128:Calculation in kind 110:Socialist economics 100:Revolutions of 1848 10411:Byelorussia (1919) 9281:Ted Grant (1996). 7624:Socialist Standard 6339:following on from 6254:Russian Revolution 6139:organic centralism 6135:political vanguard 6076:Marxist definition 5947:October Revolution 5854:October Revolution 5665:Political theories 5653:socialist-oriented 5571:socialist republic 5563:socialist republic 5535:October Revolution 5527:people's republics 5525:called themselves 4872:Nepalese Civil War 4832:Great Leap Forward 4760:Chinese Revolution 4433:Kaysone Phomvihane 4148:People's democracy 4086:Collective farming 3955:private enterprise 3951:laws of capitalism 3902:post-war consensus 3812:Types of socialism 3801:The Internationale 3214:Social corporatism 3067:Welfare capitalism 2912:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2846:in 1976. The 1992 2816:founding documents 2463:socialist republic 2384:socialist republic 1398:Marxist philosophy 218:Production for use 188:Input–output model 153:Economic democracy 10516: 10515: 10503: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10296: 10295: 10038:Congo-Brazzaville 9934:Regional variants 9645:(November 1951). 9475:Williams, Raymond 9242:"The Tax in Kind" 9196:"The Tax in Kind" 8935:978-0-8047-7566-3 8820:978-0-87548-449-5 8679:Bordiga, Amadeo. 8641:Political Affairs 8624:"The Tax in Kind" 8567:New International 8226:Political Affairs 8207:978-1-56159-269-2 8000:978-1-349-41148-1 7600:on 5 January 2016 7010:: 293. Quoted by 6943:978-1-902593-90-6 6903:978-1-902593-90-6 6867:978-0-06-156161-0 6831:978-1-902593-90-6 6793:Political Affairs 6773:"The Tax in Kind" 6587:978-0-19-520469-8 6297:stateless society 6227:communist society 6159:single-party rule 6147:Raya Dunayevskaya 6092:council communism 5941:, founder of the 5918:, founder of the 5876:Russian Civil War 5830:classical Marxist 5786:According to the 5765:, exemplified by 5723:utopian socialist 5715:private ownership 5619:productive forces 5595:productive forces 5590:communist parties 5559:people's republic 5511:Völkisch movement 5503:people's republic 5483: 5482: 4822:Sino-Soviet split 4728:Spanish Civil War 4648:Guerrilla Warfare 4610:Theoretical works 4528:Władysław Gomułka 4508:Nicolae Ceaușescu 4458:Nikos Zachariadis 4378:Nikita Khrushchev 4358:Palmiro Togliatti 4128:Labor aristocracy 4106:Dialectical logic 3988:capital formation 3910:socialist economy 3898: 3897: 3304:Liberal socialism 3294:Ethical socialism 3062:Utopian socialism 3000:Godesberg Program 2995:French Revolution 2929:autonomous region 2797:classless society 2734:1982 constitution 2711:economic planning 2691:Nikita Khrushchev 2652:1977 constitution 2650:and a subsequent 2648:1936 constitution 2644:socialist economy 2581:productive forces 2553:liberal democracy 2458:people's republic 2449:capitalist states 2442:communist society 2428:communist parties 2396:workers' republic 2388:socialist country 2376: 2375: 2327: 2326: 2298:Democracy indices 2273: 2272: 2076: 2075: 1885:Semi-presidential 1810: 1809: 1556: 1555: 1348:Communist society 1320:Socialist parties 579:Saint-Simonianism 168:Equal opportunity 158:Economic planning 95:French Revolution 10551: 10539:Socialist states 10366: 10365: 10223: 10222: 10013: 10012: 10008:socialist states 9887:African-American 9729: 9722: 9715: 9706: 9705: 9699: 9690: 9684: 9677: 9671: 9660: 9654: 9640: 9634: 9624: 9618: 9605: 9599: 9590: 9584: 9565: 9559: 9552: 9546: 9539: 9533: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9507: 9505: 9482: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9384: 9378: 9377: 9356: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9334: 9328: 9313: 9307: 9292: 9286: 9279: 9273: 9266: 9260: 9251: 9245: 9238: 9232: 9224: 9218: 9205: 9199: 9192: 9186: 9185: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9117: 9111: 9110: 9092: 9086: 9085: 9062:Social Scientist 9053: 9047: 9046: 9028: 9022: 9021: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8975: 8969: 8968: 8950: 8944: 8943: 8921: 8915: 8902: 8896: 8889: 8883: 8870: 8864: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8806: 8800: 8787: 8781: 8770: 8764: 8749: 8743: 8736: 8730: 8723: 8717: 8702: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8676: 8670: 8663: 8652: 8633: 8627: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8601: 8595: 8580: 8574: 8559: 8553: 8536: 8530: 8521: 8515: 8502: 8493: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8460: 8454: 8441: 8435: 8420: 8414: 8401: 8392: 8385: 8379: 8368: 8362: 8352: 8346: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8323: 8321: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8290: 8284: 8283: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8245: 8235: 8229: 8218: 8212: 8211: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8011: 8005: 8004: 7978: 7972: 7971: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7762: 7756: 7749: 7743: 7732: 7726: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7702: 7700: 7694: 7685: 7676: 7673:In Place of Fear 7669: 7663: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7596:. Archived from 7585: 7579: 7578: 7571: 7565: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7545: 7543: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7462: 7456: 7448: 7442: 7431: 7425: 7410: 7404: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7367: 7361: 7342: 7336: 7323: 7317: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7221: 7215: 7208: 7202: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7180: 7174: 7159: 7150: 7149: 7129: 7123: 7108: 7097: 7078: 7067: 7056: 7045: 7034: 7023: 7001: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6965: 6956: 6955: 6934:An Anarchist FAQ 6929: 6916: 6915: 6894:An Anarchist FAQ 6889: 6876: 6875: 6853: 6844: 6843: 6822:An Anarchist FAQ 6817: 6804: 6785: 6776: 6769: 6760: 6739: 6730: 6717: 6708: 6701: 6695: 6688: 6682: 6675: 6669: 6662: 6656: 6649: 6643: 6636: 6630: 6623: 6617: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6571: 6563: 6554: 6553: 6531: 6522: 6521: 6499: 6490: 6489: 6467: 6443:Soviet (council) 6438:Soviet democracy 6427: 6425:Socialism portal 6422: 6421: 6413: 6408: 6407: 6399: 6397:Communism portal 6394: 6393: 6392: 6264:, interest, and 6163:Marxism–Leninism 6082:. Preceding the 6037:common ownership 6031:(in the form of 5935: 5912: 5808:Fabian socialist 5788:orthodox Marxist 5767:Eduard Bernstein 5731:Friedrich Engels 5711:social ownership 5699:capitalist state 5630:communist states 5611:state capitalist 5487:Marxist–Leninist 5475: 5468: 5461: 5445: 5444: 5433: 5432: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5378:State capitalism 4802:De-Stalinization 4583:Gennady Zyuganov 4563:Rohana Wijeweera 4418:Klement Gottwald 4413:Valko Chervenkov 4398:Lazar Kaganovich 4074:Central planning 4069:Anti-revisionism 4064:Anti-imperialism 4046: 4036:Marxism–Leninism 4023: 4022: 3984:public ownership 3970:aimed to expand 3960:Nordic countries 3918:Anthony Crosland 3890: 3883: 3876: 3859: 3858: 3845: 3844: 3831: 3830: 3599:Liebknecht (son) 3359:Batlle y Ordóñez 3246:Structural abuse 3147:Internationalism 3122:Environmentalism 2970: 2960:Social democracy 2947: 2946: 2852:Republic of Cuba 2752:(WPK), known as 2742:Marxism–Leninism 2664:Marxism–Leninism 2573:state capitalist 2561:political system 2425:Marxist–Leninist 2368: 2361: 2354: 2340: 2339: 2287: 2286: 2131:Associated state 2089: 2088: 2064:Internationalism 2054:World government 2031: 1910: 1842: 1823: 1822: 1797:Free association 1784: 1745: 1664: 1607: 1595: 1594: 1558: 1557: 1548: 1541: 1534: 1520:Organized Labour 1518: 1517: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1489: 1488: 1433:Workers' council 1070:Gracchi Brothers 594:Social democracy 337:Market socialism 325:Project Cybersyn 253:Soviet democracy 238:Social ownership 193:Internationalism 173:Free association 143:Common ownership 59: 36: 35: 10559: 10558: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10549: 10548: 10519: 10518: 10517: 10512: 10495: 10476:Slovakia (1919) 10376:Alsace-Lorraine 10364: 10292: 10221: 10128: 10097: 10006: 10000: 9929: 9908: 9739: 9733: 9703: 9702: 9691: 9687: 9678: 9674: 9661: 9657: 9641: 9637: 9625: 9621: 9606: 9602: 9591: 9587: 9566: 9562: 9553: 9549: 9540: 9536: 9521: 9517: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9472: 9468: 9461: 9442: 9438: 9431: 9412: 9408: 9401: 9385: 9381: 9374: 9357: 9353: 9343: 9341: 9336: 9335: 9331: 9314: 9310: 9293: 9289: 9280: 9276: 9267: 9263: 9252: 9248: 9239: 9235: 9225: 9221: 9206: 9202: 9193: 9189: 9182: 9168: 9164: 9157: 9143: 9139: 9132: 9118: 9114: 9107: 9093: 9089: 9074:10.2307/3516910 9054: 9050: 9043: 9029: 9025: 9015: 9001: 8997: 8990: 8976: 8972: 8965: 8951: 8947: 8936: 8922: 8918: 8903: 8899: 8890: 8886: 8871: 8867: 8836: 8832: 8821: 8807: 8803: 8788: 8784: 8774:Italian Marxism 8771: 8767: 8750: 8746: 8737: 8733: 8724: 8720: 8714:Wayback Machine 8703: 8696: 8686: 8684: 8677: 8673: 8664: 8655: 8649:Wayback Machine 8634: 8630: 8621: 8617: 8602: 8598: 8581: 8577: 8560: 8556: 8537: 8533: 8522: 8518: 8503: 8496: 8486:Steger, Manfred 8484: 8480: 8470: 8468: 8461: 8457: 8442: 8438: 8421: 8417: 8402: 8395: 8386: 8382: 8369: 8365: 8353: 8349: 8337: 8333: 8319: 8317: 8306: 8302: 8291: 8287: 8276: 8272: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8236: 8232: 8219: 8215: 8208: 8192: 8188: 8181: 8165: 8161: 8154: 8138: 8134: 8121: 8120: 8116: 8109: 8093: 8089: 8082: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8039: 8035: 8028: 8012: 8008: 8001: 7979: 7975: 7968: 7952: 7948: 7941: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7898: 7894: 7887: 7871: 7867: 7860: 7844: 7840: 7833: 7817: 7813: 7806: 7790: 7786: 7776: 7774: 7773:on 7 March 2006 7763: 7759: 7750: 7746: 7733: 7729: 7716: 7712: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7679: 7670: 7666: 7647: 7643: 7633: 7631: 7630:on 3 March 2016 7618: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7586: 7582: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7559: 7555: 7541: 7539: 7537:Servat.unibe.ch 7529: 7525: 7515: 7513: 7511:Servat.unibe.ch 7507:"Hungary Index" 7503: 7499: 7489: 7487: 7485:Servat.unibe.ch 7477: 7473: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7449: 7445: 7432: 7428: 7421:Wayback Machine 7411: 7407: 7400:Wayback Machine 7390: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7343: 7339: 7324: 7320: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7253: 7249: 7239: 7237: 7222: 7218: 7209: 7205: 7196: 7192: 7181: 7177: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7130: 7126: 7110:Li, He (2015). 7109: 7100: 7094:mixed economies 7079: 7070: 7057: 7048: 7035: 7026: 7020:Wayback Machine 7002: 6993: 6983: 6981: 6966: 6959: 6944: 6930: 6919: 6904: 6890: 6879: 6868: 6854: 6847: 6832: 6818: 6807: 6801:Wayback Machine 6786: 6779: 6770: 6763: 6757:Wayback Machine 6740: 6733: 6718: 6711: 6702: 6698: 6689: 6685: 6676: 6672: 6663: 6659: 6650: 6646: 6637: 6633: 6624: 6620: 6611: 6607: 6595:social democrat 6588: 6564: 6557: 6546: 6532: 6525: 6514: 6500: 6493: 6482: 6468: 6461: 6456: 6448:Soviet republic 6423: 6416: 6411:Politics portal 6409: 6402: 6395: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6333: 6284: 6191: 6151:state ownership 6111:left communists 6104:nationalization 6024:state socialism 5999: 5994: 5965: 5959: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5936: 5928: 5927: 5924:Bolshevik party 5913: 5856:in Russia, the 5826: 5820: 5759: 5690:sovereign state 5678: 5672: 5667: 5603:state ownership 5582:socialist state 5479: 5439: 5427: 5417: 5415: 5408: 5407: 5403:Totalitarianism 5383:State socialism 5313: 5290: 5282: 5281: 5257: 5249: 5248: 5154: 5146: 5145: 4885: 4877: 4876: 4745:Greek Civil War 4676: 4668: 4667: 4627: 4611: 4603: 4602: 4543:Mathieu Kérékou 4443:Leonid Brezhnev 4408:Bolesław Bierut 4403:Georgi Dimitrov 4388:Josip Broz Tito 4383:Walter Ulbricht 4313: 4305: 4304: 4245: 4237: 4236: 4138:One-party state 4123:under socialism 4122: 4054: 4021: 4019:Communist state 4015: 4003:socialist party 3906:nationalization 3894: 3853: 3839: 3825: 3817: 3816: 3790: 3782: 3781: 3757: 3749: 3748: 3709: 3699: 3698: 3329: 3319: 3318: 3284: 3276: 3275: 3229:Socialist state 3172:Nationalization 3090:Critical theory 3085:Civil liberties 3080: 3072: 3071: 2980: 2945: 2880:economic system 2871: 2865: 2719:command economy 2676:communist party 2620: 2585:world communism 2557:socialist party 2502:state socialism 2412:communist state 2380:socialist state 2372: 2334: 2329: 2328: 2315:Democratisation 2308:Autocratization 2284: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2231: 2192: 2171:Tributary state 2161:Satellite state 2116: 2086: 2085:Power structure 2078: 2077: 2029: 2028: 2010: 1981: 1967: 1958:Totalitarianism 1908: 1907: 1889: 1840: 1839: 1820: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1782: 1774: 1739: 1731: 1662: 1654: 1601: 1592: 1591:Source of power 1569:Basic forms of 1563:Politics series 1552: 1512: 1502: 1500: 1483: 1476: 1475: 1446: 1438: 1437: 1428:Socialist state 1423:Socialist Party 1368:Economic system 1333: 1325: 1324: 1310: 1300: 1299: 1065: 1057: 1056: 637: 629: 628: 444:Democratic road 379: 369: 368: 295: 287: 286: 233:Social dividend 223:Sharing economy 123: 115: 114: 85: 77: 32: 21:Communist state 17: 12: 11: 5: 10557: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10514: 10513: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10501: 10500: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10456:Hungary (1919) 10453: 10448: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10436: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10402: 10401: 10396: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10372: 10370: 10363: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10331: 10330: 10325: 10323:Czech Republic 10318:Czechoslovakia 10315: 10310: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10258:Inner Mongolia 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10238:East Turkestan 10235: 10229: 10227: 10220: 10219: 10218: 10217: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10166: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10147: 10142: 10136: 10134: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10105: 10103: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10059: 10058: 10053: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10019: 10017: 10010: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9937: 9935: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9927: 9922: 9920:United Kingdom 9916: 9914: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9906: 9901: 9900: 9899: 9891: 9890: 9889: 9879: 9877:United Kingdom 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9801: 9800: 9787: 9782: 9781: 9780: 9770: 9765: 9764: 9763: 9753: 9747: 9745: 9741: 9740: 9732: 9731: 9724: 9717: 9709: 9701: 9700: 9685: 9672: 9655: 9635: 9619: 9600: 9585: 9581:978-0906582473 9560: 9547: 9534: 9515: 9497: 9466: 9459: 9436: 9429: 9415:Đilas, Milovan 9406: 9399: 9379: 9372: 9360:Đilas, Milovan 9351: 9329: 9308: 9287: 9274: 9261: 9246: 9233: 9219: 9200: 9187: 9180: 9162: 9155: 9137: 9130: 9112: 9105: 9087: 9048: 9041: 9023: 9013: 8995: 8988: 8970: 8963: 8945: 8934: 8916: 8897: 8884: 8865: 8853:978-0190695545 8830: 8819: 8801: 8782: 8765: 8744: 8731: 8718: 8694: 8671: 8653: 8628: 8615: 8596: 8575: 8554: 8531: 8516: 8494: 8478: 8455: 8436: 8415: 8393: 8380: 8372:Scruton, Roger 8363: 8347: 8331: 8316:. Marxists.org 8300: 8285: 8270: 8257:978-0801480072 8256: 8230: 8213: 8206: 8186: 8179: 8159: 8152: 8132: 8114: 8107: 8087: 8080: 8060: 8053: 8033: 8026: 8006: 7999: 7973: 7966: 7946: 7939: 7919: 7912: 7892: 7885: 7865: 7858: 7838: 7831: 7811: 7804: 7784: 7757: 7744: 7727: 7710: 7677: 7664: 7660:978-1845294854 7641: 7611: 7580: 7566: 7553: 7523: 7497: 7471: 7457: 7443: 7426: 7405: 7384: 7362: 7337: 7318: 7301: 7294: 7288:. p. 94. 7272: 7265: 7247: 7236:(4): 1289–1305 7216: 7203: 7190: 7175: 7171:978-0745000480 7151: 7144: 7124: 7098: 7068: 7046: 7024: 6991: 6957: 6942: 6917: 6902: 6877: 6866: 6845: 6830: 6805: 6777: 6761: 6731: 6709: 6696: 6683: 6670: 6657: 6644: 6631: 6618: 6605: 6586: 6555: 6545:978-0262182348 6544: 6523: 6513:978-0875484495 6512: 6491: 6481:978-0202362281 6480: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6414: 6400: 6384: 6381: 6377:neo-Ba'athists 6332: 6329: 6283: 6280: 6258:exchange-value 6190: 6187: 6115:Amadeo Bordiga 6057:William Morris 6043:without state 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5961:Main article: 5958: 5955: 5937: 5930: 5929: 5916:Vladimir Lenin 5914: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5899:workers' state 5838:vanguard party 5834:Vladimir Lenin 5822:Main article: 5819: 5816: 5758: 5755: 5674:Main article: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5586:vanguard party 5567:Czechoslovakia 5533:following the 5531:Russian Empire 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5437: 5425: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5398:Third-Worldism 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5358: 5353: 5351:Post-communism 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5300:Anti-communism 5297: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5256:Related topics 5255: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4945:Czechoslovakia 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4623: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4538:Thomas Sankara 4535: 4530: 4525: 4523:Erich Honecker 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4473:Agostinho Neto 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4438:Khalid Bakdash 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4368:Võ Nguyên Giáp 4365: 4360: 4355: 4353:Maurice Thorez 4350: 4345: 4343:Ehmetjan Qasim 4340: 4335: 4333:Ernst Thälmann 4330: 4325: 4320: 4318:Vladimir Lenin 4314: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4180: 4175: 4173:Social fascism 4170: 4168:Self-criticism 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4039: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4014: 4011: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3885: 3878: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3864: 3850: 3836: 3819: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3772:United Kingdom 3769: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3710: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3226: 3221: 3219:Social justice 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3110:Representative 3107: 3102: 3092: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3022: 3020:Labor movement 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2981: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2963: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2944: 2941: 2916:Ba'ath parties 2904:Arab socialist 2864: 2861: 2801:egalitarianism 2793:class struggle 2785:family lineage 2666:remaining its 2619: 2616: 2569:vanguard party 2392:workers' state 2374: 2373: 2371: 2370: 2363: 2356: 2348: 2345: 2344: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2320:Hybrid regimes 2317: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2300: 2295: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2251:Regional power 2248: 2240: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2201: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2156:Puppet monarch 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2125: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2096: 2095: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2001: 1991: 1989:State religion 1983: 1982: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1860:Constitutional 1857: 1852: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1826: 1821: 1819:Power ideology 1818: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1786: 1785: 1783:(rule by none) 1776: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1755: 1747: 1746: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1666: 1665: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1635:Representative 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1609: 1608: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1574: 1573: 1566: 1565: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1543: 1536: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1510: 1498: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1383:Libertarianism 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1334: 1332:Related topics 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 638: 635: 634: 631: 630: 627: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 380: 375: 374: 371: 370: 367: 366: 361: 360: 359: 354: 349: 344: 334: 333: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 302: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 285: 284: 279: 274: 269: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 203:Labour voucher 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 124: 121: 120: 117: 116: 113: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 86: 83: 82: 79: 78: 76: 75: 70: 64: 61: 60: 52: 51: 45: 44: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10556: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10529:Republicanism 10527: 10526: 10524: 10511: 10506: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10426:Crimea (1919) 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10367: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10299: 10289: 10288:South Vietnam 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10224: 10216: 10215:North Vietnam 10213: 10212: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10018: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10003: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9925:United States 9923: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9911: 9905: 9902: 9898: 9895: 9894: 9892: 9888: 9885: 9884: 9883: 9882:United States 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9779: 9776: 9775: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9762: 9761:New Australia 9759: 9758: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9742: 9737: 9730: 9725: 9723: 9718: 9716: 9711: 9710: 9707: 9697: 9696: 9689: 9682: 9676: 9669: 9665: 9659: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9643:Frank, Pierre 9639: 9632: 9628: 9623: 9616: 9615: 9610: 9604: 9597: 9596: 9589: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9564: 9557: 9551: 9544: 9538: 9531: 9527: 9526: 9519: 9512: 9500: 9498:9780195204698 9494: 9490: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9470: 9462: 9460:0-929087-48-8 9456: 9452: 9451: 9446: 9445:Trotsky, Leon 9440: 9432: 9430:0-679-43325-2 9426: 9422: 9421: 9416: 9410: 9402: 9400:0-15-693125-7 9396: 9392: 9391: 9383: 9375: 9373:0-15-665489-X 9369: 9365: 9361: 9355: 9339: 9333: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9312: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9291: 9284: 9278: 9271: 9265: 9258: 9257: 9250: 9243: 9237: 9229: 9223: 9216: 9212: 9211: 9204: 9197: 9191: 9183: 9181:9781136793455 9177: 9173: 9166: 9158: 9156:9780691124674 9152: 9148: 9141: 9133: 9131:9780275947637 9127: 9123: 9116: 9108: 9102: 9098: 9091: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9052: 9044: 9042:9781108424813 9038: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9016: 9014:9780191667527 9010: 9006: 8999: 8991: 8989:9781136231438 8985: 8981: 8974: 8966: 8964:9781134024056 8960: 8956: 8949: 8942: 8937: 8931: 8927: 8920: 8913: 8912: 8907: 8901: 8894: 8888: 8881: 8877: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8841: 8834: 8827: 8822: 8816: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8794: 8793: 8786: 8779: 8775: 8769: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8748: 8741: 8735: 8728: 8722: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8701: 8699: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8625: 8619: 8612: 8607: 8600: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8551: 8550:9780199585977 8547: 8543: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8527: 8520: 8513: 8509: 8508: 8501: 8499: 8491: 8487: 8482: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8440: 8433: 8432:9781412837330 8429: 8425: 8419: 8412: 8408: 8407: 8400: 8398: 8390: 8384: 8377: 8373: 8367: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8344: 8340: 8335: 8328: 8315: 8311: 8304: 8296: 8289: 8281: 8274: 8259: 8253: 8249: 8244: 8243: 8234: 8227: 8223: 8217: 8209: 8203: 8199: 8198: 8190: 8182: 8180:9781134065219 8176: 8172: 8171: 8163: 8155: 8153:9781317463764 8149: 8145: 8144: 8136: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8110: 8108:9780521774017 8104: 8100: 8099: 8091: 8083: 8081:9781560729693 8077: 8073: 8072: 8064: 8056: 8054:9780792332183 8050: 8046: 8045: 8037: 8029: 8027:9789041137920 8023: 8019: 8018: 8010: 8002: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7977: 7969: 7967:9781783082353 7963: 7959: 7958: 7950: 7942: 7940:9783319730714 7936: 7932: 7931: 7923: 7915: 7913:9780761475477 7909: 7905: 7904: 7896: 7888: 7886:9783447060950 7882: 7878: 7877: 7869: 7861: 7859:9781317805113 7855: 7851: 7850: 7842: 7834: 7832:9781135940102 7828: 7824: 7823: 7815: 7807: 7805:9780881325461 7801: 7797: 7796: 7788: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7748: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7724: 7720: 7714: 7707: 7691: 7684: 7682: 7674: 7668: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7652: 7645: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7584: 7576: 7570: 7563: 7557: 7550: 7538: 7534: 7527: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7486: 7482: 7475: 7467: 7461: 7453: 7447: 7440: 7436: 7430: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7409: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7388: 7372: 7366: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7322: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7297: 7295:9780804754088 7291: 7287: 7283: 7276: 7268: 7266:9781538129050 7262: 7258: 7251: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7207: 7200: 7194: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7156: 7147: 7145:9781136927393 7141: 7137: 7136: 7128: 7121: 7120:9781137427816 7117: 7113: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7095: 7091: 7090:9781111305505 7087: 7083: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6962: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6935: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6874: 6869: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6850: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6823: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6774: 6768: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6738: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6716: 6714: 6706: 6700: 6693: 6687: 6680: 6674: 6667: 6661: 6654: 6648: 6641: 6635: 6628: 6622: 6615: 6609: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6570: 6562: 6560: 6552: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6530: 6528: 6520: 6515: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6496: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6464: 6459: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6420: 6415: 6412: 6406: 6401: 6398: 6387: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6328: 6326: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6175:Joseph Stalin 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6137:organized by 6136: 6133:; and that a 6132: 6128: 6127:popular front 6125:; the use of 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5880:Joseph Stalin 5877: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5754: 5752: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5736:Paris Commune 5732: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5677: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5523:its aftermath 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5476: 5471: 5469: 5464: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5424: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5319:Mass killings 5317: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5305:Mass killings 5303: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5153:Organizations 5150: 5149: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4857:Prague Spring 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4599: 4598:Todor Zhivkov 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4573:Harry Pollitt 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4533:Samora Machel 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4498:Hardial Bains 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4448:Deng Xiaoping 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4393:Mátyás Rákosi 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4323:Joseph Stalin 4321: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4280:Khrushchevism 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4233: 4232:Unified power 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4153:Popular front 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3992:neoliberalism 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3922:Aneurin Bevan 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3820: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3778: 3777:United States 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3707:Organizations 3703: 3702: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3322: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3272: 3271:Welfare state 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3182:Progressivism 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3167:Mixed economy 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2332: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2280: 2279: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2207:Confederation 2205: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2102:Unitary state 2100: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2082: 2081: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2005: 2004:State atheism 2002: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1994:Secular state 1992: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1898:Authoritarian 1896: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1875:Parliamentary 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1816: 1815: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1663:(rule by few) 1661: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1451:Related lists 1449: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1408:Progressivism 1406: 1404: 1403:Nanosocialism 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1308:Organizations 1304: 1303: 1296: 1295:Ocasio-Cortez 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1215:van der Lubbe 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 752:Chernyshevsky 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 639: 636:Intellectuals 633: 632: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 569:Revolutionary 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 504:Laissez-faire 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 409:Authoritarian 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 381: 378: 373: 372: 365: 362: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 338: 335: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 307: 306: 303: 301: 298: 297: 291: 290: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 264: 261: 259: 258:Strike action 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 163:Equal liberty 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 119: 118: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 81: 80: 74: 71: 69: 66: 65: 63: 62: 58: 54: 53: 50: 47: 46: 42: 38: 37: 34: 30: 26: 22: 10386:Baranya–Baja 10355:Soviet Union 10335:East Germany 10033:Burkina Faso 10007: 9694: 9688: 9675: 9667: 9658: 9650: 9638: 9630: 9622: 9612: 9603: 9594: 9588: 9568: 9563: 9550: 9537: 9523: 9518: 9509: 9502:. Retrieved 9484: 9480:"Capitalism" 9469: 9449: 9439: 9419: 9409: 9389: 9382: 9363: 9354: 9342:. Retrieved 9332: 9324: 9320: 9311: 9303: 9299: 9290: 9277: 9264: 9255: 9249: 9236: 9222: 9208: 9203: 9190: 9171: 9165: 9146: 9140: 9121: 9115: 9096: 9090: 9068:(6): 68–74. 9065: 9061: 9051: 9032: 9026: 9018: 9004: 8998: 8979: 8973: 8954: 8948: 8939: 8925: 8919: 8909: 8900: 8887: 8873: 8868: 8839: 8833: 8824: 8810: 8804: 8797:"Chapther 5" 8790: 8785: 8773: 8768: 8752: 8747: 8739: 8734: 8726: 8721: 8685:. Retrieved 8674: 8640: 8631: 8618: 8609: 8605: 8599: 8591: 8587: 8578: 8570: 8566: 8557: 8540: 8534: 8524: 8519: 8505: 8489: 8481: 8469:. Retrieved 8458: 8449: 8439: 8423: 8418: 8404: 8388: 8383: 8375: 8366: 8358: 8350: 8342: 8334: 8325: 8318:. Retrieved 8313: 8303: 8294: 8288: 8279: 8273: 8261:. Retrieved 8241: 8233: 8225: 8216: 8196: 8189: 8169: 8162: 8142: 8135: 8126: 8117: 8097: 8090: 8070: 8063: 8043: 8036: 8016: 8009: 7982: 7976: 7956: 7949: 7929: 7922: 7902: 7895: 7875: 7868: 7848: 7841: 7821: 7814: 7794: 7787: 7775:. Retrieved 7771:the original 7760: 7752: 7747: 7739: 7730: 7713: 7704: 7697:. Retrieved 7672: 7667: 7649: 7644: 7632:. Retrieved 7628:the original 7623: 7614: 7602:. Retrieved 7598:the original 7594:Morning Star 7593: 7583: 7569: 7556: 7547: 7540:. Retrieved 7536: 7526: 7514:. Retrieved 7510: 7500: 7488:. Retrieved 7484: 7474: 7460: 7446: 7439:The Guardian 7438: 7429: 7408: 7387: 7375:. Retrieved 7365: 7345: 7340: 7332:Acta Koreana 7330: 7321: 7313: 7312:. v.3, n.1. 7304: 7281: 7275: 7256: 7250: 7238:. Retrieved 7233: 7229: 7219: 7211: 7206: 7198: 7193: 7184: 7178: 7162: 7134: 7127: 7111: 7081: 7063: 7041: 7007: 6982:. Retrieved 6977: 6973: 6933: 6893: 6871: 6857: 6821: 6792: 6743: 6720: 6699: 6686: 6673: 6660: 6647: 6634: 6621: 6608: 6591: 6573: 6549: 6535: 6517: 6503: 6485: 6471: 6369:nationalized 6345:Leon Trotsky 6334: 6321: 6305:councillists 6291:level in an 6285: 6273: 6249: 6245: 6243: 6239:law of value 6235:Soviet Union 6218: 6214: 6210: 6208: 6192: 6183:Eastern Bloc 6108: 6066: 6060: 6022: 6015:syndicalists 6000: 5980:theories as 5969:Soviet Union 5966: 5939:Leon Trotsky 5920:Soviet Union 5892: 5872:Leon Trotsky 5865: 5863: 5846:April Theses 5827: 5805: 5800: 5792: 5785: 5780: 5760: 5747: 5739: 5725:philosopher 5720: 5679: 5658: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5581: 5579: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5543:Eastern Bloc 5526: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5373:Second World 5087:Turkmenistan 5022:Soviet Union 4962:East Germany 4785:2002–present 4755:Eastern Bloc 4733:World War II 4681:Soviet Union 4558:Alfonso Cano 4513:Gustáv Husák 4503:Sanzō Nosaka 4468:Fidel Castro 4373:Earl Browder 4217:Third Period 4204: 4007:Lee Kuan Yew 3996: 3964:Nordic model 3948: 3943: 3899: 3852: 3838: 3824: 3228: 3157:Labor rights 3042:Nordic model 3015:Keynesianism 2925:social state 2924: 2919: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2888: 2872: 2848:constitution 2824:constitution 2805: 2780: 2771: 2759: 2753: 2727: 2699:Eastern Bloc 2684: 2621: 2600:Western Bloc 2589: 2550: 2522:hierarchical 2499: 2462: 2456: 2435: 2410: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2377: 2256:Middle power 2183:Vassal state 2177:Buffer state 2175: 2151:Puppet state 2146:Protectorate 2122:Client state 2112:Principality 1938:Distributism 1880:Presidential 1758:Dictatorship 1682:Gerontocracy 1604:rule by many 1577: 1561:Part of the 1427: 464:Evolutionary 384:21st-century 178:Freed market 33: 10369:Short-lived 10226:Short-lived 10195:South Yemen 10180:North Korea 10140:Afghanistan 9857:New Zealand 9852:Netherlands 8471:27 December 8355:"Socialism" 8263:19 December 7634:31 December 7604:25 December 7542:27 December 7516:27 December 7490:27 December 7415:. Cubanet. 7377:25 December 7329:, v.9, n.1 6984:27 December 6727:"Chapter 5" 6569:"Socialism" 6371:economy as 6349:degenerated 6337:Trotskyists 6319:" in 1989. 6266:wage labour 6185:countries. 6165:is neither 6007:libertarian 5982:degenerated 5895:wither away 5814:groupings. 5695:bourgeoisie 5519:World War I 5356:Red fascism 5017:South Yemen 4997:North Korea 4890:Afghanistan 4817:Vietnam War 4807:Warsaw Pact 4723:Great Purge 4708:Great Break 4578:Harpal Brar 4518:János Kádár 4488:Kim Il Sung 4463:Che Guevara 4428:Enver Hoxha 4363:Ho Chi Minh 4222:Vanguardism 4143:Partiinost' 4013:Terminology 3900:During the 3256:Trade union 3152:Land reform 3035:Revisionist 2908:nationalist 2789:nationalism 2764:Kim Jong Il 2746:Kim Il Sung 2723:Third World 2685:During the 2596:Soviet Bloc 2534:libertarian 2446:multi-party 2409:. The term 2261:Great power 2246:Small power 2188:Viceroyalty 2059:Nationalism 1923:Colonialism 1903:Libertarian 1865:Directorial 1742:rule by one 1722:Technocracy 1717:Stratocracy 1697:Meritocracy 1687:Kleptocracy 1677:Aristocracy 1495:WikiProject 1373:French Left 1165:Spiridonova 1064:Politicians 977:Castoriadis 657:Saint-Simon 609:Third World 604:Syndicalism 539:Nationalist 514:Libertarian 479:Free-market 342:Lange model 330:Soviet-type 300:Communalism 272:Vanguardism 228:Spontaneism 138:Cooperative 84:Development 10523:Categories 10481:Tarnobrzeg 10406:Bessarabia 10360:Yugoslavia 10083:Seychelles 10078:Mozambique 10073:Madagascar 9996:Vietnamese 9991:Venezuelan 9981:Nicaraguan 9976:Melanesian 9893:Venezuela 9805:Kuomintang 9798:since 1978 9768:Bangladesh 9744:By country 9738:by country 9681:"About Us" 9215:"Contents" 9106:0873323238 9058:Xue Muqiao 8761:B01B997S8W 8588:Commonweal 8320:12 January 7699:8 December 7358:0815764359 7042:Commentary 6454:References 6341:Tony Cliff 6331:Trotskyism 6301:anarchists 6289:grassroots 6119:capitalism 6096:Mensheviks 6094:, and the 6061:Commonweal 6011:mutualists 6003:democratic 5963:Trotskyism 5858:Bolsheviks 5713:displaces 5555:Yugoslavia 5277:Trotskyism 5262:Bolshevism 5129:Montenegro 5109:Yugoslavia 5097:Uzbekistan 5082:Tajikistan 5057:Kyrgyzstan 5052:Kazakhstan 5032:Azerbaijan 4992:Mozambique 4884:By country 4792:Korean War 4588:Xi Jinping 4548:Siad Barre 4478:Lúcio Lara 4328:Mao Zedong 4017:See also: 3514:Hilferding 3379:Betancourt 3369:Ben-Gurion 3261:Tripartism 3234:Capitalism 3209:Secularism 3137:Gradualism 3132:Fair trade 3105:Industrial 2943:Other uses 2867:See also: 2842:under the 2832:capitalism 2707:governance 2670:until the 2634:, and the 2546:capitalism 2540:Marxists, 2471:Bangladesh 2266:Superpower 2222:Superstate 2217:Federation 2212:Devolution 2198:Federalism 2039:City-state 1712:Plutocracy 1707:Particracy 1571:government 1466:Socialists 1461:By country 1343:Capitalism 1225:Mitterrand 1190:Gerhardsen 1135:Liebknecht 1120:Markievicz 1047:Varoufakis 997:Fotopoulos 667:Saint-Just 662:Buonarroti 647:Campanella 584:Scientific 519:Marhaenism 474:Fourierism 459:Ecological 439:Democratic 10534:Socialism 10439:1939–1940 10394:1918–1919 10163:1982–1992 10158:1979–1992 10153:1975–1979 10149:Cambodia 10124:Nicaragua 10056:1987–1991 10051:1974–1987 10047:Ethiopia 9986:Tanzanian 9867:Sri Lanka 9810:Hong Kong 9793:Communist 9756:Australia 9751:Argentina 9736:Socialism 9573:"Preface" 9477:(1985) . 9447:(1991) . 9362:(1983) . 9231:victory." 7740:Dissident 7455:society." 7240:10 August 7064:Dissident 6952:182529204 6912:182529204 6840:182529204 6317:Stalinism 6250:socialism 6246:socialism 6219:socialism 6215:socialism 6211:communism 6199:socialism 6195:communism 6179:communism 6123:socialism 6084:Bolshevik 6068:Classical 6019:bourgeois 5884:Stalinism 5812:Menshevik 5763:reformism 5681:Karl Marx 5580:The term 5515:Narodniks 5361:Red Scare 5346:New class 5164:Comintern 5124:Macedonia 5067:Lithuania 4914:Cambodia 4780:1989–2002 4775:1976–1989 4770:1949–1976 4701:1982–1991 4696:1964–1982 4691:1953–1964 4686:1927–1953 4493:Chin Peng 4348:José Díaz 4295:Stalinism 4255:Guevarism 4250:Castroism 4205:Socialist 3972:dirigisme 3807:Socialism 3795:Communism 3756:By region 3694:Zhordania 3639:Plekhanov 3609:MacDonald 3604:Luxemburg 3489:Gaitskell 3449:Daszyński 3414:Callaghan 3374:Bernstein 3314:Third Way 3239:Socialism 3197:Socialism 3187:Reformism 3117:Dirigisme 3095:Democracy 3052:Socialism 2920:socialist 2900:socialism 2896:socialism 2889:socialist 2840:reunified 2836:socialism 2808:communism 2689:in 1961, 2530:classical 2510:Stalinism 2491:Sri Lanka 2487:Nicaragua 2437:communist 2432:socialism 2421:one-party 2407:socialism 2400:sovereign 2093:Unitarism 2069:Globalism 1975:Religious 1963:Tribalism 1953:Socialism 1948:Feudalism 1933:Despotism 1928:Communism 1918:Anarchism 1855:Communist 1802:Stateless 1792:Anarchism 1753:Despotism 1737:Autocracy 1727:Theocracy 1692:Kritarchy 1660:Oligarchy 1645:Socialist 1599:Democracy 1338:Anarchism 1260:Gorbachev 1110:Malatesta 1105:Bernstein 882:Pankhurst 862:Pannekoek 852:Luxemburg 807:Plekhanov 782:Carpenter 777:Kropotkin 574:Ricardian 564:Religious 559:Reformism 544:Nkrumaism 534:Municipal 434:Communism 429:Christian 414:Blanquism 404:Anarchism 347:Mutualism 49:Socialism 10491:Würzburg 10466:Naissaar 10430:Finland 10390:Bavaria 10328:Slovakia 10313:Bulgaria 10243:Far East 10190:Mongolia 10102:Americas 9966:European 9897:Chavismo 9862:Pakistan 9511:changed. 9504:30 April 9417:(1998). 8906:"Part I" 8880:"Part I" 8710:Archived 8687:25 March 8645:Archived 8488:(1996). 8374:(2007). 7417:Archived 7396:Archived 7016:Archived 7012:Aufheben 6797:Archived 6753:Archived 6749:Aufheben 6383:See also 6313:Marxists 6309:leftists 6203:Leninist 6189:Leninism 6171:Leninism 6100:planning 6072:orthodox 6055:such as 5986:deformed 5943:Red Army 5824:Leninism 5771:revision 5661:states. 5607:Leninist 5513:and the 5507:populist 5289:See also 5267:Leninism 5139:Slovenia 5037:Byelarus 4987:Mongolia 4967:Ethiopia 4955:Slovakia 4910:Bulgaria 4750:Cold War 4568:Gus Hall 4275:Kádárism 4270:Husakism 4265:Hoxhaism 4244:Variants 4193:Yugoslav 4053:Concepts 4028:a series 4026:Part of 3962:and the 3938:hedonism 3664:Stauning 3589:Lévesque 3574:Lassalle 3554:Kerensky 3544:Katayama 3534:Jumblatt 3499:González 3434:Crosland 3419:Cárdenas 3404:Branting 3334:Ambedkar 3283:Variants 3100:Economic 3079:Concepts 3030:Orthodox 3005:Humanism 2952:a series 2950:Part of 2618:Overview 2538:orthodox 2526:oxymoron 2495:Tanzania 2141:Dominion 1870:Legalist 1850:Absolute 1835:Republic 1830:Monarchy 1702:Noocracy 1672:Anocracy 1625:Economic 1615:Demarchy 1456:Category 1195:Erlander 1155:Kerensky 1125:Connolly 982:Thompson 967:Bookchin 957:Montseny 907:Vanzetti 872:Einstein 842:Landauer 747:Saltykov 742:Lassalle 702:Proudhon 484:Gandhian 469:Feminist 419:Buddhist 399:Agrarian 377:Variants 41:a series 39:Part of 10461:Ireland 10451:Galicia 10350:Romania 10308:Albania 10263:Jiangxi 10210:Vietnam 10114:Grenada 10088:Somalia 9971:Israeli 9961:Chinese 9956:Burmese 9951:British 9941:African 9913:History 9904:Vietnam 9872:Tunisia 9822:Finland 9817:Estonia 9344:25 June 9082:3516910 7723:3998375 6974:Forward 6357:Central 6351:into a 6167:Marxism 6049:statism 6039:of the 5850:soviets 5685:Marxist 5575:Albania 5551:Romania 5159:Comecon 5119:Croatia 5104:Vietnam 5092:Ukraine 5072:Moldova 5047:Georgia 5042:Estonia 5027:Armenia 5012:Somalia 5007:Romania 4977:Hungary 4972:Grenada 4950:Czechia 4923:1979–92 4918:1975–79 4895:Albania 4675:History 4453:Pol Pot 4300:Titoism 3789:Related 3767:Germany 3762:Austria 3684:Whitlam 3674:Den Uyl 3654:Sanders 3649:Russell 3614:Mandela 3549:Kautsky 3529:Jenkins 3504:Goulart 3459:Douglas 3354:Awolowo 3339:Allende 3266:Welfare 3025:Marxism 2978:History 2850:of the 2826:of the 2810:in the 2646:in its 2604:Britain 2514:Titoism 2467:Algeria 2398:, is a 2283:Related 1978:Secular 1943:Fascism 1780:Anarchy 1770:Tyranny 1630:Liberal 1290:Sánchez 1275:Sankara 1235:Mandela 1220:Kreisky 1210:Allende 1205:Senghor 1200:Douglas 1185:Durruti 1150:Trotsky 1042:Graeber 1022:Hampton 992:Chomsky 937:Marcuse 922:Gramsci 912:Bordiga 902:Polanyi 857:Russell 847:Berkman 837:Goldman 827:Du Bois 797:Kautsky 792:Bellamy 757:Tolstoy 732:Wallace 717:Bakunin 707:Greeley 697:Blanqui 677:Fourier 624:Zionist 614:Utopian 554:Popular 549:Owenism 529:Marxism 509:Liberal 494:Islamic 454:Ethical 449:Digital 424:Chinese 389:African 73:Outline 68:History 10471:Saxony 10416:Bremen 10345:Poland 10301:Europe 10268:Kuwait 10248:Fujian 10063:Guinea 10023:Angola 10016:Africa 9832:Greece 9827:France 9789:China 9785:Canada 9778:Lulism 9773:Brazil 9579: 9495: 9457: 9427: 9397: 9370: 9178: 9153: 9128: 9103: 9080: 9039: 9011: 8986: 8961: 8932: 8851: 8817: 8778:p. 134 8759: 8548: 8430: 8254: 8204: 8177: 8150: 8105: 8078: 8051: 8024: 7997: 7964: 7937: 7910: 7883: 7856: 7829: 7802: 7777:10 May 7721: 7706:1990s. 7658: 7356: 7292: 7263: 7169: 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The 2709:, and 2697:. The 2630:, the 2608:France 2536:, and 2506:Maoism 2475:Guyana 2107:Empire 2019:Global 1650:Others 1640:Social 1620:Direct 1285:Marcos 1280:Chávez 1270:Corbyn 1245:Manley 1240:Dubček 1230:Nasser 1170:Makhno 1160:Attlee 1145:Martov 1130:Gandhi 1085:Babeuf 1075:Mazdak 1037:Hedges 1017:Öcalan 1002:Newton 962:Sartre 952:Guérin 947:Orwell 897:Korsch 892:Lukács 877:Keller 867:Rocker 812:Ferrer 767:Morris 762:Michel 737:Lavrov 727:Engels 712:Herzen 687:Leroux 619:Yellow 524:Market 499:Jewish 294:Models 10486:Užice 10421:Bihać 10381:Banat 10253:Gilan 10200:Syria 10170:China 10145:Burma 10119:Chile 10093:Sudan 10068:Libya 10043:Egypt 10028:Benin 9847:Italy 9837:India 9611:. In 9078:JSTOR 7719:JSTOR 7693:(PDF) 6335:Some 6325:class 6086:-led 6035:) or 6001:Many 5701:as a 4935:Congo 4930:China 4905:Benin 4765:China 4200:State 3644:Prodi 3634:Palme 3629:Nehru 3584:Lenin 3569:Lagos 3519:İnönü 3469:Ebert 3464:Drees 3429:Craxi 3424:Clark 3409:Brown 3394:Blanc 3389:Blair 3364:Bebel 2791:over 2781:Juche 2774:made 2772:Juche 2760:Juche 2755:Juche 2612:Italy 2483:Nepal 2479:India 2451:make 2403:state 2386:, or 2024:Local 1471:Songs 1445:Lists 1250:Palme 1100:Bebel 1090:Blanc 1052:Saito 1027:Žižek 1007:Wolff 942:James 927:Sacco 917:Serge 887:Volin 832:Gorky 822:Wells 817:Dewey 802:Wilde 787:Sorel 772:Jones 682:Cabet 652:Paine 599:State 589:Sewer 489:Guild 267:needs 122:Ideas 10434:1918 10399:1919 10205:Tuva 10185:Laos 10175:Iraq 10133:Asia 10109:Cuba 9946:Arab 9842:Iran 9577:ISBN 9506:2017 9493:ISBN 9455:ISBN 9425:ISBN 9395:ISBN 9368:ISBN 9346:2019 9176:ISBN 9151:ISBN 9126:ISBN 9101:ISBN 9037:ISBN 9009:ISBN 8984:ISBN 8959:ISBN 8930:ISBN 8849:ISBN 8815:ISBN 8757:ASIN 8689:2019 8546:ISBN 8473:2019 8428:ISBN 8322:2016 8265:2014 8252:ISBN 8250:–6. 8202:ISBN 8175:ISBN 8148:ISBN 8103:ISBN 8076:ISBN 8049:ISBN 8022:ISBN 7995:ISBN 7962:ISBN 7935:ISBN 7908:ISBN 7881:ISBN 7854:ISBN 7827:ISBN 7800:ISBN 7779:2006 7701:2018 7656:ISBN 7636:2015 7606:2015 7544:2019 7518:2019 7492:2019 7450:The 7379:2015 7354:ISBN 7290:ISBN 7261:ISBN 7242:2020 7167:ISBN 7140:ISBN 7116:ISBN 7086:ISBN 6986:2015 6948:OCLC 6938:ISBN 6908:OCLC 6898:ISBN 6862:ISBN 6836:OCLC 6826:ISBN 6582:ISBN 6540:ISBN 6519:all. 6508:ISBN 6476:ISBN 6213:and 6197:and 6169:nor 6102:and 6070:and 6005:and 5810:and 5657:and 5553:and 5521:and 5495:and 4982:Laos 4940:Cuba 4116:Foco 3679:Webb 3619:Marx 3564:Kirk 3454:Debs 3192:Left 2878:and 2834:and 2799:and 2787:and 2728:The 2717:and 2563:and 2493:and 2417:West 1265:Lula 1180:Nagy 1175:Tito 1140:Blum 1115:Debs 1095:Hong 1080:Roux 1032:West 987:Ward 972:Zinn 722:Marx 672:Owen 642:More 394:Arab 320:OGAS 9070:doi 9060:". 8857:doi 7987:doi 6980:(1) 6597:or 6578:289 5984:or 2931:of 2587:. 2516:or 2461:or 2394:or 1255:Che 1012:Ali 932:Day 692:Sue 10525:: 9666:. 9649:. 9571:. 9528:. 9508:. 9491:. 9489:52 9483:. 9325:65 9323:. 9319:. 9304:10 9302:. 9298:. 9213:. 9076:. 9066:11 9064:. 9017:. 8938:. 8908:. 8878:. 8855:. 8843:. 8823:. 8795:. 8708:. 8697:^ 8656:^ 8643:. 8639:. 8590:. 8586:. 8569:. 8565:. 8510:. 8497:^ 8409:. 8396:^ 8357:. 8341:. 8324:. 8312:. 8248:85 8224:. 8125:. 7993:. 7738:. 7703:. 7680:^ 7622:. 7592:. 7546:. 7535:. 7509:. 7483:. 7437:. 7394:. 7348:. 7284:. 7234:27 7232:. 7228:. 7154:^ 7101:^ 7071:^ 7062:. 7049:^ 7040:. 7027:^ 7014:. 7008:27 7006:. 6994:^ 6976:. 6972:. 6960:^ 6946:. 6920:^ 6906:. 6880:^ 6870:. 6848:^ 6834:. 6808:^ 6795:. 6791:. 6780:^ 6764:^ 6751:. 6734:^ 6725:. 6712:^ 6590:. 6580:. 6572:. 6558:^ 6548:. 6526:^ 6516:. 6494:^ 6484:. 6462:^ 6307:, 6303:, 6260:, 5890:. 5797:: 5729:, 5650:, 5644:, 5638:, 4030:on 3994:. 3904:, 2954:on 2682:. 2610:, 2606:, 2532:, 2512:, 2508:, 2497:. 2489:, 2485:, 2481:, 2477:, 2473:, 2469:, 2382:, 2378:A 43:on 9728:e 9721:t 9714:v 9583:. 9463:. 9433:. 9403:. 9376:. 9348:. 9184:. 9159:. 9134:. 9109:. 9084:. 9072:: 9045:. 8992:. 8967:. 8863:. 8859:: 8780:. 8763:. 8716:. 8691:. 8651:. 8626:. 8592:6 8571:2 8552:. 8475:. 8434:. 8267:. 8210:. 8183:. 8156:. 8111:. 8084:. 8057:. 8030:. 8003:. 7989:: 7970:. 7943:. 7916:. 7889:. 7862:. 7835:. 7808:. 7781:. 7725:. 7662:. 7638:. 7608:. 7577:. 7564:. 7520:. 7494:. 7468:. 7381:. 7298:. 7269:. 7244:. 7173:. 7148:. 7022:. 6988:. 6978:9 6954:. 6914:. 6842:. 6759:. 5949:. 5926:. 5655:, 5474:e 5467:t 5460:v 3889:e 3882:t 3875:v 3803:" 3799:" 2906:/ 2367:e 2360:t 2353:v 1744:) 1740:( 1606:) 1602:( 1547:e 1540:t 1533:v 1497:) 1493:( 265:/ 31:.

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