Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim

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years nothing whatsoever happened that could have induced us to consider the German troops intruders or oppressors. I believe that the attitude of the German Army in northern Finland towards the local population and authorities will enter our history as a unique example of a correct and cordial relationship ... I deem it my duty to lead my people out of the war. I cannot and I will not turn the arms which you have so liberally supplied us against Germans. I harbour the hope that you, even if you disapprove of my attitude, will wish and endeavour like myself and all other Finns to terminate our former relations without increasing the gravity of the situation.

3173: 3157: 3102: 2450: 1609: 6259: 2268: 1233: 1193: 2073:'s government as formal as possible. Mannerheim did not really appreciate Hitler, even though he initially expressed an interest in his rise to power; his attitude towards Hitler turned negative at the point when Mannerheim's visit to Germany made him realize what kind of "ideal state" Hitler was building; he compared Hitler's rise in Germany to the 1917 rise of the Bolshevists in Russia. Before the Continuation War, the Germans offered Mannerheim command over 80,000 German troops in Finland. Mannerheim declined so as to not tie himself and Finland to 3385: 2364: 2173:. This had to be done secretly, as Hitler never allowed off-guard recordings. Damen was assigned to record the official birthday speeches and Mannerheim's response and therefore placed microphones in some of the railway cars. However, Mannerheim and his guests chose to go to a car that did not have a microphone in it. Damen acted quickly, pushing a microphone through one of the car windows onto a net shelf just above where Hitler and Mannerheim were sitting. After eleven minutes of Hitler's and Mannerheim's private conversation, Hitler's 1336: 2472:. This may be partly due to his refusal to enter partisan politics (although his sympathies were more right-wing than left-wing), his claim always to serve the fatherland without selfish motives, his personal courage in visiting the front lines, his ability to work diligently into his late seventies, and his foreign political farsightedness in preparing for the Soviet invasion of Finland years before it occurred. Although Finland fought alongside Nazi Germany during the Continuation War and thus in co-operation with the 651: 1328: 661: 2804: 3211: 590: 2206: 1473: 2343:. This never happened. One of the reasons for this was Stalin's respect for and admiration of the Marshal. Stalin told a Finnish delegation in Moscow in 1947 that the Finns owed much to their old Marshal. Due to Mannerheim, Finland was not occupied. Despite Mannerheim's criticisms of some of the demands of the Control Commission, he worked hard to carry out Finland's armistice obligations. He also emphasised the necessity of further work on reconstruction in Finland after the war. 2500: 1402:. His report gave a detailed account of Chinese modernization, covering education, military reforms, colonization of ethnic borderlands, mining and industry, railway construction, the influence of Japan, and opium smoking. He also discussed the possibility of a Russian invasion of Xinjiang, and Xinjiang's possible role as a bargaining chip in a putative future war with China. His trip through Asia left him with a lifelong love of Asian art, which he thereafter collected. 2214: 1912:). By this time, Mannerheim had come to be seen by the public, including some former socialists, less as a "White General" and more as a nonpartisan figure, enhanced by his public statements urging reconciliation between the opposing sides in the Civil War and the need to focus on national unity and defence: "we need not ask where a man stood fifteen years ago". Mannerheim supported Finland's military industry and sought in vain to obtain a military defence union with 2118: 2891: 2877: 2863: 2849: 626: 3119: 3194: 3085: 3068: 3034: 2015:

Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Army. He officially became the supreme commander of the armies, at the age of 72, after the Soviet attack, the November 30, 1939. In a letter to his daughter Sophie, he stated, "I had not wanted to undertake the responsibility of commander-in-chief, as my age and my health entitled me, but I had to yield to appeals from the President of the Republic and the government, and now for the fourth time I am at war."

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coronation a high-point of his life, recalling with pride his role in what he called an "indescribably magnificent" coronation. An expert rider and trained horseman, Mannerheim bought horses for the Russian army as one of his official duties. In 1903, he was put in charge of the model squadron in the Imperial Chevalier Guard and became a member of the equestrian training board of the cavalry regiments.

1592:, during which both sides employed ruthless terror tactics, Mannerheim resigned as commander-in-chief. He left Finland in June 1918 to visit relatives in Sweden. In Stockholm, Mannerheim conferred with Allied diplomats, emphasizing his opposition to the Finnish government's policy; Finnish leaders were confident the Germans would win the war, and had declared the Kaiser's brother-in-law, 1605:, the Finnish form of his Christian name, to emphasize his Finnishness to those who were suspicious of his background in the Russian armed forces and his difficulties with the Finnish language. Mannerheim disliked his last Christian name, Emil, and wrote his signature as C. G. Mannerheim, or simply Mannerheim. Among his relatives and close friends Mannerheim was called Gustaf. 3257: 1212:, in 1882. The handsome young Baron towered over his classmates, standing 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m). He was expelled in 1886 when he left without permission. Next he attended the Helsinki Private Lyceum, where he passed the university entrance examinations in June 1887. From 1887 to 1889, Mannerheim attended the Nicholas Cavalry College in 2252:) thanks to the June agreement with the Germans, Finland's leaders saw a chance to reach a peace with the Soviet Union. At first, attempts were made to persuade Mannerheim to become prime minister, but he rejected them because of his age and lack of experience running a civil government. The next suggestion was to elect him 1565:, which was garrisoned by 42,500 Red Russians. He surrounded the Russian garrison with a mass of men; the defenders could not see that only the front rank was armed, so they surrendered, providing badly needed arms. Further weapons were purchased from Germany. Eighty-four Swedish officers and 200 Swedish NCOs served in the 2406:

Olenius and Martola; and Colonel Viljanen, a war historian. As long as Mannerheim was able to read, he proofread the typewritten drafts of his memoirs. He was almost totally silent about his private life, and focused instead on Finland's history, especially between 1917 and 1944. When Mannerheim suffered a fatal

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spotted the cords coming out of the window and realized that the Finnish engineer was recording the conversation. They gestured to him to stop recording immediately, and he complied. The SS bodyguards demanded that the tape be destroyed, but Yleisradio was allowed to keep the reel after promising to

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Our German brothers-in-arms will forever remain in our hearts. The Germans in Finland were certainly not the representatives of foreign despotism but helpers and brothers-in-arms. But even in such cases foreigners are in difficult positions requiring such tact. I can assure you that during the past

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Mannerheim's term as president was difficult for him. Although he was elected for a full six-year term, he was 77 years old in 1944 and had accepted the office reluctantly after being urged to do so. The situation was exacerbated by frequent periods of ill-health, the demands of the Allied Control

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The President of the Republic has appointed me on 30 November 1939 as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of the country. Brave soldiers of Finland! I enter on this task at a time when our hereditary enemy is once again attacking our country. Confidence in one's commander is the first condition

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of the nascent kingdom. Mannerheim's rapport with the Allies was recognized in October 1918 when the Finnish government sent him to Britain and France to attempt to gain Britain's and the United States's recognition of Finland's independence. In December, he was summoned back to Finland; Frederick

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From 1937 to 1967, at least five different Finnish postage stamps or stamp series were issued in honour of Mannerheim; and in 1960 the United States honoured Mannerheim as the "Liberator of Finland" with regular first-class domestic and international stamps (at the time four cents and eight cents

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said it was difficult for Churchill to declare war on Finland at Stalin's demand due to his previous uncomplicated co-operation with Mannerheim, which led Churchill and Mannerheim to exchange polite and apologetic correspondence about the prevailing circumstance, with deep respect for each other.

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Mannerheim was waiting at a railway siding. A speech from Hitler was followed by a birthday meal and negotiations between him and Mannerheim. Overall, Hitler spent about five hours in Finland; he reportedly asked the Finns to step up military operations against the Soviets, but apparently made no

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Mannerheim served in the Imperial Chevalier Guard until 1904. In 1896, he took part in the coronation of Emperor Nicholas II, standing for four hours in his full-dress Imperial Chevalier Guard uniform at the bottom of the steps leading up to the imperial throne. Mannerheim always considered the

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Because Mannerheim was old and sickly, he personally wrote only certain passages of his memoirs. Some other parts he dictated. The remaining parts were written from his recollections by Mannerheim's various assistants, such as Colonel Aladár Paasonen; General Erik Heinrichs; Generals Grandell,

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Mannerheim was troubled by recurring health problems during 1945, and was absent on medical leave from his duties as president from November until February 1946. He spent six weeks in Portugal to restore his health. After the announcement of the verdicts in the war crimes trials in February,

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When negotiations with the Soviet Union failed in 1939, and aware of the imminent war and deploring the lack of equipment and preparation of the army, Mannerheim resigned once again from the military council on 17 October 1939, declaring that he would agree to return to business only as

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as the high commander of the army to take this action. It is widely agreed that only Mannerheim could have guided Finland through these difficult times, when the Finnish people had to come to terms with the severe conditions of the armistice, their implementation by a Soviet-dominated

1460:, who regarded him as not supporting the revolution, and was relieved of his duties. He retired and returned to Finland. Mannerheim kept a large portrait of Emperor Nicholas II in the living room of his house in Helsinki right up to his death, and when asked after the overthrow of the 2193:

was well known. Nevertheless, Hitler continued the conversation calmly, with no comment. By this test, Mannerheim could judge if Hitler was speaking from a position of strength or weakness. He refused Hitler, knowing that Hitler was in a weak position, and could not dictate to him.

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memorializing the leader's life and times "the closest thing there is to a national shrine". On the other hand, Mannerheim's personal reputation still strongly divides opinions among people even to this day, with some critics highlighting his role as the senior commander of the

1743:"White General". Mannerheim doubted that modern party-based politics would produce principled and high-quality leaders in Finland or elsewhere. In his gloomy opinion, the fatherland's interests were too often sacrificed by the democratic politicians for partisan benefit. 2060:

in his Mikkeli headquarters but made many visits to the front. Between the wars, he remained commander-in-chief. Although Mannerheim's main task was to lead the war, he also knew how to strengthen and maintain the will of the soldiers to fight. He was famed for this

2574:'s Mannerheim statue depicting the victorious Civil War general of the Whites was eventually placed in the forest some kilometres outside the city (in part due to lingering controversy over Mannerheim's Civil War role). Other statues, for examples, were erected in 2023:

for success. You know me and I know you and know that everyone in the ranks is ready to do his duty even to death. This war is nothing other than the continuation and final act of our War of Independence. We are fighting for our homes, our faith, and our country.

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and backed by Soviet Russia, had 30,000 men; and there were 70,000 Red Russian troops in Finland. Mannerheim's army was financed by a fifteen million mark line of credit provided by the bankers. His raw recruits had few arms. Nonetheless, he marched them to

1966:. This attempt was also unsuccessful, as Mannerheim and Jalander did not come to the Helsinki Conservation Party celebration after the authorities received a tip. Salo returned his pistol and escaped afterwards. Weckman and Suokas tried to escape to the 1758:). He was also the chairman of the supervisory board of a commercial bank, the Liittopankki-Unionsbanken, and after its merger with the Bank of Helsinki, the chairman of the supervisory board of that bank until 1934, and was a member of the board of 1936:, was in charge of the Saint Petersburg International School of Red Officers. He began planning an assassination by assembling eight groups of Finnish Red Guards in Saint Petersburg for this purpose. The attempt happened in April 1920 during a 2350:

Mannerheim resigned as president on 4 March 1946, giving as his reason his declining health and his view that the tasks he had been selected to carry out had been accomplished. He was succeeded as president by the conservative Prime Minister

1540:. The Soviets accepted the secession for a variety of reasons, mostly because they could not control Finland; also, they hoped they could inspire a communist revolution there modeled after the Russian one. The Finnish parliament appointed 1036:

Given the broad recognition in Finland and elsewhere of his unparalleled role in establishing and later preserving Finland's independence from the Soviet Union, Mannerheim has long been referred to as the father of modern Finland, and the

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In 1892, he married a wealthy noble of Russian-Serbian heritage, Anastasia Arapova (1872–1936). They had two daughters, Anastasie "Stasie" (1893–1978) and Sofia "Sophy" (1895–1963). The couple separated in 1902 and divorced in 1919.

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After returning to Russia in 1909, Mannerheim presented results of the expedition to emperor Nicholas II. There are many artifacts still on display in the museum. After that, Mannerheim was appointed to command the 13th Vladimir

1010:(1941–1944). In 1944, when the prospect of Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II became clear, the Finnish Parliament appointed Mannerheim as President of Finland, and he oversaw peace negotiations with the Soviet Union and the 1895:

was elected in 1931, he appointed Mannerheim as chairman of Finland's Defence Council and gave him a written promise that in the event of war he would become the Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Army. (Svinhufvud's successor

1264:, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. During a reconnaissance patrol on the plains of Manchuria, he first saw action in a skirmish and had his horse shot out from under him. He was promoted to Colonel for bravery in the 1916:. However, rearming the Finnish army did not occur as swiftly or as well as he hoped, and he was not enthusiastic about a war. He had many disagreements with various Cabinets, and signed many letters of resignation. 2347:

Mannerheim decided to resign. He believed that he had accomplished the duties he had been elected to carry out: The war was ended, the armistice obligations carried out, and war responsibility trials finished.

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as commander-in-chief, and occupied the post for the next five years. He became a unifying symbol of the war effort and part of the core leadership of the country. He personally participated in the planning of

3386: 6713: 1552:. Mannerheim was appointed to the committee, but soon resigned to protest its indecision. On 13 January, he was given command of the army. He had only 24,000 newly enlisted, mostly untrained men. The Finnish 1148:(1835–1914), was both a playwright and industrialist, with modest success in both endeavours. Mannerheim's mother, Hedvig Charlotta Helena von Julin (1842–1881), was the daughter of a wealthy industrialist, 2108:

neutralized the attacker. Captain Ahti Petramaa, section commander during the inspection, lost fingers from flying shrapnel and was escorted to an aid station where he was promoted to major by Mannerheim.

6718: 2402:, to recuperate and write his memoirs. Valmont was to be Mannerheim's main residence for the remainder of his life, although he regularly returned to Finland, and also visited Sweden, France and Italy. 2182:, head of the state censors' office, and in 1957 returned to Yleisradio. It was released to the public a few years later. It is the only known recording of Hitler speaking outside of a formal occasion. 2229:

In June 1944, Baron Gustaf Mannerheim, to ensure German support while a major Soviet offensive was threatening Finland, thought that it was necessary to agree to the pact the German Foreign Minister

6748: 6733: 1274:, a local militia, on an exploratory mission into Inner Mongolia. During the war, Mannerheim also managed to lead a group of local bandits with whom he sought the rear of the enemy to defeat them. 2604: 6663: 5123: 1955:. However, the assassination attempt failed due to Salo's hesitation,. Salo's security detail in the crowd, consisting of Aleksander Weckman and Aleksanteri Suokas, who had been equipped with 2077:

war aims; Mannerheim was ready for cooperation and fraternity with Hitler's Germany, but for practical rather than ideological reasons because of the Soviet threat. In July 1941 the Finnish

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In the interwar years, Mannerheim held no public office, mainly because he was viewed by many politicians of the centre and left as a controversial figure for his ruthless battle with the

6723: 6588: 2149:)" and their leader Mannerheim. Mannerheim did not want to meet him at his headquarters or in Helsinki, as then it would seem like an official state visit. The meeting took place near 4348:"Краткие сведения об офицерах-Александрийцах: Великая война, Гражданская война, эмиграция. Часть 2-я (фамилии К – Р). – Статьи – Каталог статей – 5-й Гусарский Александрийский полк" 950:

in May. After spending some time abroad, he was invited back to Finland to serve as the country's second regent, or head of state, from December 1918 to July 1919. Despite being a

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On April 6, Weckman, the operation leader, threatened to kill Salo if he had not assassinated either Mannerheim or the Minister of War and Uusimaa County Governor within a week.

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in April 1917 (the promotion was backdated to February 1915), and took command of the 6th Cavalry Corps in the summer of 1917. However, Mannerheim fell out of favour with the

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against withdrawing German troops in the north, and at the same time demobilize its own army, making it harder to expel the Germans; Mannerheim appointed Lieutenant General

4613:"Tutkija: Mannerheim oli kolonialisti, kun ampui tiikereitä norsun päältä – tällaisia olivat Intian-matkat, joihin marsalkka osallistui "valkoisen metsästäjän roolissaan"" 2260:

would have reflected the exceptional circumstances of Mannerheim's election. Mannerheim and Ryti both agreed, and Ryti submitted a notice of resignation on 1 August. The

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There is an unsubstantiated story that while conversing with Hitler, Mannerheim lit a cigar. Mannerheim expected that Hitler would ask Finland for more help against the

1114: 2519:. Flag Day is celebrated with a national parade, and rewards and promotions for members of the defence forces. The life and times of Mannerheim are memorialised in the 1176:, the young Mannerheim's mother and her seven children went to live with her aunt Louise; but Mannerheim's mother died the following year. Mannerheim's maternal uncle, 4957:– "Conversation secretly recorded in Finland helped a German actor prepare for Hitler role" Helsingin Sanomat / First published in print 15 September 2004 in Finnish. 6593: 5695: 5465: 6738: 2145:

in Swedish). So far he is the only person to receive the title. A surprise birthday visit by Hitler occurred on the day as he wished to visit the "brave Finns (

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himself had given Mannerheim to use during the trip. However, Mannerheim is known to have been bothered by the presence of security guards, because mainly as a

6598: 2241:. This allowed Mannerheim to revoke the agreement upon the resignation of President Ryti at the start of August 1944. Mannerheim succeeded Ryti as president. 6698: 1025:

Participants in a Finnish survey taken 53 years after his death voted Mannerheim the greatest Finn of all time. During his own lifetime he became, alongside

5908: 6633: 3670:""Adolf Ehrnrooth välitti Mannerheimin tahtoa haudan takaa" – Mannerheim on ainutlaatuinen kulttihahmo, jonka myyttiä lähipiiri rakensi määrätietoisesti" 3475: 6004: 6768: 6290: 5869: 5807: 5747: 5713: 4073: 2049:, was sent as a representative of the headquarters to the cabinet from 3 December 1939 until 27 March 1940, after which he became defence minister. 1601:

Charles had renounced the throne, and in his stead, Mannerheim had been elected Regent. As Regent, Mannerheim often signed official documents using

6778: 4379:"Mannerheimin tyttärien vaietut elämät: hauras Stasie eli nunnana ja levoton Sophy pakeni Pariisiin – lopulta kumpikin eli suhteessa naisen kanssa" 1180:(1846–1906), then became his legal guardian and financier of his later schooling. The third child of the family, Mannerheim inherited the title of 6129: 2104:

with direct fire. One shell exploded near Mannerheim who, on varying accounts, took cover either in a trench or behind tree trunks until Finnish

1876:, he firmly believed in fate, if it had to happen in the form of an untimely death, and in addition, he also strongly trusted his own authority. 1951:

The group gathered on April 3 at the Park Café in Hämeenkatu; and at this stage, group member Karl Salo was designated as a shooter and given a

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as a secret intelligence officer. The Russian General Staff wanted accurate, on-the-ground intelligence about the reforms and activities by the

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government. In January 1918, a military committee was charged with bolstering the Finnish army, then not much more than some locally organised

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A Finnish delegation appointed Mannerheim as the military chief of the Whites in January 1918; and he led them to victory, holding a triumphal

2297:. Finland retained its sovereignty, its parliamentary democracy, and its market economy. Territorial losses were considerable; a portion of 6653: 6548: 5232: 1529: 6643: 5151: 1125: 6823: 6773: 6648: 4768: 2515:. This decision was made by the Finnish government on the occasion of his 75th birthday in 1942, when he was also granted the title of 1620:

Mannerheim secured recognition of Finnish independence from Britain and the United States. In July 1919, after he had confirmed a new,

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range, surveying passes and gauging the stances of the tribes towards the Han Chinese. Mannerheim arrived in the provincial capital of

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monks. During his trip to Tibet in 1908 Mannerheim became the third European who had met with the Dalai Lama. Mannerheim arrived in

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appointed him as the Chairman of the Finnish Defence Council in 1931, tasked with making preparations for a potential war with the

5382: 6808: 6788: 6683: 6668: 6583: 5976: 2555: 2086: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6283: 3890: 936: 589: 5902: 4331: 4186: 3712: 3616: 2190: 6258: 4950: 1569:(or War of Liberty, as it was known among the "Whites"). Other officers were Finns who had been trained by the Germans as a 1096: 6568: 6022: 5730: 5337: 2481: 2336: 1414:. The following year, he was promoted to major general and was posted as the commander of the Life Guard Uhlan Regiment of 4807: 4647:"Omatkin halusivat tappaa Mannerheimin – Uutta tietoa: tällaisia murhayrityksiä aikalaiset juonivat marsalkan päänmenoksi" 3838: 1584:

Mannerheim's Day Order No. 1 which established the first headquarters of the modern military of Finland on 2 February 1918

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passed a special act conferring the presidency on Mannerheim on 4 August 1944. He took the oath of office the same day.

6603: 5456: 5094: 5039: 1625: 1172:) on June 4, 1867. After Mannerheim's father left the family in 1880 for his mistress, a daughter of Baron and General 963: 70: 5940: 5124:"Raihnainen Mannerheim teki salaperäisen matkan Portugaliin, rantaloman aikana kaikkosi riski sotasyyllisyystuomiosta" 4904: 4750: 6276: 5860: 5798: 5772: 5738: 5602: 5575: 5555: 5493: 4815: 4126: 3428: 3131: 1853: 1063: 2174: 2133:

Mannerheim's 75th birthday, 4 June 1942, was a national celebration. The government granted him the unique title of

2085:. They retook the Finnish territories annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War, and went further, occupying 2018:

He addressed the first of his often controversial orders of the day to the Defence Forces on the day the war began:

1570: 6608: 5980: 5890: 1382:. From Lanzhou, the provincial capital, Mannerheim headed south into Tibetan territory and visited the lamasery of 1343:

With a small caravan, including a Cossack guide, Chinese interpreter, and Uyghur cook, Mannerheim first trekked to

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was concluded on harsh terms, but ultimately far less harsh than those imposed on the other states bordering the

2170: 1952: 1429:, Mannerheim served as commander of the Separate Guards Cavalry Brigade (the 23rd Army Corps), and fought on the 4148:

It was an 8,000-mile spying expedition. Russia was drawing up plans to invade China from the west—but failed to.

2256:. Risto Ryti would resign as president, and parliament would appoint Mannerheim as regent. The use of the title 2065:

Forts, cannons and foreign aid will not help unless every man himself knows that he is the guard of his country.

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Mannerheim received leave to visit Finland and Saint Petersburg in early 1917 and witnessed the outbreak of the

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in July 1906, but Mannerheim quarreled with Pelliot, so he made the greater part of the expedition on his own.

3757: 2339:. He was afraid throughout most of his presidency that the commission would request that he be prosecuted for 6753: 6613: 5547: 2854: 2278: 66: 5485: 1723:

is strong evidence of how Mannerheim heavily divided opinions, especially in the aftermath of the Civil War.

1014:. Already in declining health, he resigned the presidency in 1946 and spent much of his remaining life in a 6758: 5208: 3870: 3460: 2896: 2426: 1119: 383: 74: 4967: 4083: 6018: 3219: 3004: 1438: 1430: 1241: 1197: 1029:, the best-known Finnish personage at home and abroad. According to Finnish historian Tuomas Tepora, a 889: 39: 1422:. Next Mannerheim became part of the Imperial entourage and was appointed to command a cavalry brigade. 6688: 6678: 6628: 6618: 6327: 6300: 5990: 5894: 4784: 3232: 3202: 2410:

in January 1951, his memoirs were not yet in their finished form. They were published after his death.

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Shortly thereafter, Mannerheim returned the visit, traveling to Hitler's headquarters in East Prussia.

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respectively) as part of its Champions of Liberty series that included other notable figures such as

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The Horse That Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road and the Rise of Modern China

2386:, intending to spend his retirement there. In June 1946, he underwent an operation for a perforated 2309:

refugees needed to be relocated. The war reparations were very heavy. Finland also had to fight the

5620: 3736: 3507: 3444: 2688: 2547:), which now serves as both a museum and a restaurant, is located at the shores of Lake Punelia in 1777:, where he travelled and hunted extensively. On his first trip in 1927, to avoid going through the 1629: 1245: 1217: 1173: 1091:

noblemen in 1693. In the latter part of the 18th century, they moved to Finland, which was then an

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Mannerheim, who had a long career in the Imperial Russian army, also rose to become a courtier of

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Mannerheim's Journey Across Asia including interactive Google maps, slide shows, videos and more

2189:, which Mannerheim was unwilling to give. When Mannerheim lit up, all in attendance gasped, for 1750:(Chairman 1919–1951), was a member of the board of the International Red Cross, and founded the 300: 6051: 3777: 3494: 3335: 2776: 2512: 2477: 2368: 2230: 1399: 1145: 1129: 1055: 877: 850: 489: 419: 348: 5054: 4321: 4255: 2527:(Mannerheim Road) already in the Marshal's honour during his lifetime; along the road, at the 2209:

Mannerheim was elected president by an emergency law passed by parliament in early August 1944

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Before deciding to accept the Soviet demands, Mannerheim wrote a missive directly to Hitler:

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demanded. But even then Mannerheim distanced himself from the pact, and it fell to President

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Koivunen, Elina (15 June 2010). "Carl Gustaf Mannerheim – Suomen historian myyttisin mies".

1608: 1284:. When Mannerheim returned to Saint Petersburg, he was asked to undertake a journey through 6578: 6573: 6383: 6367: 6359: 6343: 6319: 6197: 6138: 6099: 6089: 3480: 2627: 2340: 2105: 1925: 1613: 1445:, 4th class. In March 1915, Mannerheim was appointed to command the 12th Cavalry Division. 1415: 1107: 1059: 995: 858: 532: 263: 162: 135: 99: 2582:. On 5 December 2004, Mannerheim was voted the greatest Finnish person of all time in the 2413:

Mannerheim died on 27 January 1951 (28 January Finnish time), in the Cantonal Hospital in

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from 1922 to his death. He was restored to a central role in national defence policy when

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In the course of his lifetime, Mannerheim received 82 military and civilian decorations.

2430: 1673: 1553: 1449: 1442: 1375: 1205: 1080: 1030: 842: 558: 401: 31: 5315: 4646: 1192: 5874: 5812: 5782: 5752: 5718: 5681:"Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen SS in 1941–1943 and Related Finnish studies" 5156: 4260: 3843: 3762: 3488: 3329: 3198: 3123: 3018: 2990: 2765: 2752: 2727: 2709: 2583: 2540: 2504: 2394:. In early 1947, it was recommended that he should travel to the Valmont Sanatorium in 2376: 2271: 2134: 2090: 1537: 1453: 1257: 1232: 908: 897: 885: 866: 833:

military commander, aristocrat, and statesman. He served as the military leader of the

769: 750: 724: 548: 54: 6495: 5386: 5203: 4831:

Mannerheim kuuli Hitlerin saapuvan syntymäpäiväjuhliin: – "Vad i helvete gör han här?"

3536: 2363: 1248:

Lieutenant marching in front to the Tsar's left (to the viewer's right) is Mannerheim.

959: 5898: 5856: 5828: 5794: 5768: 5734: 5654: 5598: 5594: 5571: 5551: 5540: 5527: 5489: 5452: 5440: 5090: 5086: 5035: 4811: 4533: 4492: 4383: 4327: 4182: 3906: 3708: 3612: 3424: 3314: 2916: 2520: 2484: 2407: 2314: 1956: 1869: 1829: 1822: 1736: 1589: 1566: 1515: 1285: 1046: 971: 924: 916: 838: 784: 779: 508: 6237: 3887: 1959:

and Colt pistols, lost sight of Salo and never had time to shoot Mannerheim either.

6439: 6221: 6027: 5764: 5275: 5237: 5128: 5031: 4845: 4612: 3810: 3560: 3379: 3370: 3304: 3262: 3241: 3059: 2868: 2302: 2290: 2057: 1991: 1685: 1681: 1661: 1649: 1541: 1461: 1335: 1265: 1213: 1177: 1161: 1007: 985:

Accordingly, after the Soviets invaded Finland in November 1939 in what became the

920: 801: 791: 540: 340: 6455: 6399: 6173: 5953: 5838:

Marsalkan muskettisoturit – Mannerheimin henkivartiointi ja turvallisuus 1918–1946

1897: 1573:. In March 1918 they were aided by German troops landing in Finland and occupying 990: 6503: 6479: 6463: 6447: 6245: 6014: 5790: 5448: 5419: 5407: 5297: 5080: 4954: 4947: 4772: 4573: 4317: 3894: 3698: 3608: 3602: 3324: 3319: 3309: 3284: 2662: 2524: 2418: 2352: 2218: 2154: 2078: 2028: 1833: 1669: 1657: 1653: 1557: 1368: 1364: 1331:

Gustaf Mannerheim's route across Asia from Saint Petersburg to Peking, 1906–1908.

774: 650: 615: 2554:

Various landmarks across Finland honour Mannerheim, including most famously the

1327: 130: 6535: 6519: 6511: 6423: 6415: 6375: 6268: 6213: 5841: 5308: 3848: 3342: 3294: 3276: 3215: 3210: 2963: 2950: 2937: 2924: 2911: 2591: 2391: 2179: 1963: 1888: 1865: 1861: 1782: 1677: 1359:, and then headed east into Gansu province. At the sacred Buddhist mountain of 1301: 1149: 1100: 1088: 1011: 873: 610: 566: 426: 352: 312: 125: 51: 5984: 4585: 4238:"Horse That Leaps Through Clouds – Retracing Mannerheim's Journey Across Asia" 4217:"Horse That Leaps Through Clouds – Retracing Mannerheim's Journey Across Asia" 4109:"Horse That Leaps Through Clouds – Retracing Mannerheim's Journey Across Asia" 3632: 3587: 3573: 2803: 2469: 1062:

prisoners during and after the Finnish Civil War and the establishment of the

6562: 6335: 6229: 6205: 5633: 5628: 5612: 5233:"Churchill kehui Mannerheimia: "Todellinen mies – vahva kuin kallionjärkäle"" 4514: 4496: 3784: 3728: 3704: 3601:

Zeiler, Thomas W.; DuBois, Daniel M., eds. (2012). "Scandinavian Campaigns".

3106: 2721: 2694: 2650: 2595: 2536: 2492: 2438: 2253: 2101: 2046: 1929: 1621: 1521: 1297: 1026: 928: 660: 5658: 4347: 2205: 1941: 1596:, to be the King of Finland. In the meantime Svinhufvud served as the first 1472: 1304:. Disguised as an ethnographic collector, he joined the French archeologist 6527: 6487: 6471: 5582: 5271: 4617: 3748: 3746: 3532: 3177: 3172: 3161: 3156: 2658: 2640: 2532: 2499: 2387: 2294: 2245: 2186: 2070: 1967: 1887:

military dictator, although he did express some support for the right-wing

1778: 1305: 1293: 1141: 1003: 999: 979: 674: 2785:

1939: Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Defence Forces : from 1939 to 1946

2567: 2213: 6431: 6391: 5276:"Mannerheim, Gustaf (1867–1951) President of Finland, Marshal of Finland" 4999:

Zetterberg, Seppo et al., eds. (2003) "A Small Giant of Finnish History"

4883:"JATKOSODAN KESÄNÄ 1942 MANNERHEIMIN HENGENLÄHTÖ OLI VAIN METRIEN PÄÄSSÄ" 2473: 2462: 2458: 2399: 2310: 2117: 1995: 1806: 1786: 1545: 1426: 1360: 1019: 893: 806: 391: 6107: 3743: 3238:. (1969) Anthropological Publications. Oosterhout N.B. – The Netherlands 2096:

On 20 June 1942, Mannerheim was inspecting Finnish front line troops in

1900:

renewed this promise in 1937). In 1933, Mannerheim received the rank of

1739:, and the Finnish socialists' antipathy toward him. They saw him as the 6181: 6082: 5850: 5667: 4785:

Murhahankkeet kenraali Mannerheimia ja sotaministeri Jalanderia vastaan

4509: 3651: 3347: 3185: 3110: 2654: 2234: 2126: 2053: 2042: 1987: 1933: 1732: 1728: 1720: 1709: 1533: 1437:. In December 1914, after distinguishing himself in combat against the 1387: 1313: 1111: 1015: 986: 951: 932: 796: 286: 150: 5370: 1464:

why he kept the portrait up, he always answered: "He was my emperor".

30:"Mannerheim" redirects here. For the noble family he belonged to, see 4789: 4487: 4078: 3446:

Carl Gustaf Mannerheim | Biography & Facts | Britannica

2000: 1880: 1747: 1740: 1717: 1713: 1700: 1352: 1309: 1270: 1261: 5935: 6719:

Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class I

5290: 3815: 2480:

still respected Mannerheim. These included, among others, the then

2454: 2434: 2414: 2395: 2282: 2097: 2027:

The defensive field fortifications they manned became known as the

1873: 1852:, where he was invited by the Rana Prime Minister Tin Maharaja Sir 1818: 1574: 1260:

in 1904. He was transferred to the 52nd Nezhin Dragoon Regiment in

1165: 1042: 947: 880:

during Mannerheim's childhood, and Mannerheim made a career in the

405: 387: 344: 6714:

Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

2558:

located on Helsinki's Mannerheimintie in front of the later-built

2523:. The most prominent boulevard in the Finnish capital was renamed 2165:

During the visit, an engineer of the Finnish broadcasting company

1731:, his supposed desire for Finnish intervention on the side of the 1498:

Mannerheim as Regent (seated), with his adjutants (left) Lt. Col.

5970: 5422:

Nousevan Auringon Ritarikunnan I luokka Paulovniakukkasin, Japani

5079:

Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Toni; Birks, Chris (2016).

4216: 3193: 3118: 3101: 3089: 3084: 3072: 3067: 3038: 3033: 2890: 2876: 2862: 2848: 2811: 2715: 2575: 2571: 2306: 2298: 2169:, Thor Damen, succeeded in recording the first eleven minutes of 2038: 1945: 1814: 1802: 1794: 1767: 1391: 1383: 1348: 1321: 1289: 900:. He had a prominent place in the 1896 coronation ceremonies for 830: 630: 625: 409: 365: 220: 83: 6749:

Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers

6734:

Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class

5338:"50th Anniversary USA Champions of Liberty Mahatma Gandhi Stamp" 2871:, 1st and 2nd class, of the Order of the Cross of Liberty (1941) 2511:

Mannerheim's birthday, 4 June, is celebrated as Flag Day by the

907:

and later had several private meetings with the Tsar. After the

746: 733: 720: 6664:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire

4302: 3669: 3055: 3050: 3012: 2998: 2984: 2559: 2528: 2488: 2150: 1971: 1913: 1860:

hunt. In the same year, Mannerheim made a private visit to the

1841: 1837: 1790: 1597: 1499: 1419: 1379: 1356: 1344: 1033:

began to be built around Mannerheim right after the civil war.

5330: 5023: 2153:, in south-eastern Finland, and was arranged in secrecy. From 1489: 5960: 4972: 4172: 4108: 3607:. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. Vol. 11. 3144: 3139: 2821: 2579: 2563: 2548: 2383: 2379: 2274: 2158: 2157:, Hitler, accompanied by President Ryti, was driven to where 2007: 1975: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1798: 1759: 1562: 1407: 1395: 1181: 1169: 1104: 823: 361: 235:

as Supreme Commander of the forces of the Republic of Finland

58: 6829:

Finnish generals in the Imperial Russian Army of World War I

6694:

People from Turku and Pori Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)

5965: 4237: 3960: 3948: 3149:

Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon

1970:

with their two assistants but were arrested on the Helsinki-

1347:

in search of British and Japanese spies. After returning to

1200:, in Nicholas Cavalry College, Saint Petersburg, late 1880s. 6724:

Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary

4153: 3874: 2074: 1774: 1628:, with parliament as the electors. He was supported by the 6589:

Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland

5631:(July 1964). "Mannerheim, Marshal of Finland, 1867–1951". 5566:

Koskikallio, Petteri. Asko Lehmuskallio, and Harry Halén.

4751:

Mannerheimin murhayrityksen jälkinäytös käytiin Vallilassa

4545: 4543: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4300:

Putensen, Dörte (2017). "Der größte Finne aller Zeiten?".

4074:"Mannerheim halusi diktaattoriksi ja lähes sai haluamansa" 2653:. In both the play and the film, Mannerheim was played by 5082:

Finland at War: the Continuation and Lapland Wars 1941–45

5027:

Finland in World War II: History, Memory, Interpretations

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Mannerheim (he was appointed Marshal of Finland in 1942).

2166: 1840:. During his travels and hunting expeditions, he visited 1066:, in which poor conditions led to a high mortality rate. 1022:, where he wrote his memoirs, and where he died in 1951. 998:

and led the Finnish Defence Forces in an invasion of the

6009: 5787:

A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940

5152:"Mannerheim Quits Office In Finland; Resigns In Finland" 5078: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4015: 4013: 4011: 2782:

1931: Chairman of the Defence Council: from 1931 to 1939

2468:

Today, Mannerheim retains respect as Finland's greatest

2429:), Switzerland. He was buried on 4 February 1951 in the 1371:

of Tibet. He showed the Dalai Lama how to use a pistol.

966:

but lost and quit politics. Mannerheim helped found the

6729:

Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave, 1st class

4592: 4540: 4447: 4399: 4358: 4276: 4037: 3912: 2244:

When Germany was deemed sufficiently weakened, and the

1536:

after they overthrew the Provisional Government in the

1223: 5408:

Mannerheim Internetprojekti, kunniamerkit valokuvineen

5260:"Marskin Maja" lodge – Häme Lake Uplands – Visit Loppi 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4025: 2390:, and in October of that year he was diagnosed with a 6015:

Newspaper clippings about Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim

5184: 5172: 5005: 4679: 4667: 4192: 4125: 4008: 3644: 3642: 2881:

Grand Cross with Collar, Swords and Diamonds, of the

915:

on 6 December, but soon became embroiled in the 1918

6764:

Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War

6709:

Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class

4851: 4716:

Virkkunen, Sakari (1994) "Presidents of Finland II"

3996: 3252: 2831:("With an honourable sword for an honourable cause") 2248:'s summer offensive was fought to a standstill (see 1828:

In his second voyage, in 1936, he went by ship from

1664:, the last of which he learned in the forces of the 6010:

Mannerheim League for Child Welfare English website

5103: 4766:

Mikko Porvali : Murhayritys joka jäi tekemättä

4723: 4466: 4411: 3984: 3972: 3924: 1452:. After returning to the front, he was promoted to 1268:in 1905 and briefly commanded an irregular unit of 1252:Mannerheim volunteered for active service with the 1132:, an office that preceded that of the contemporary 6744:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class 6659:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Liberty 5883:The Finnish SS Volunteers and Atrocities 1941–1943 5678: 5539: 5278:. Translated by Roderick Fletcher. Biografiakeskus 4846:Uutuuskirja: Mannerheim innostui aluksi Hitleristä 3639: 1974:train the night of April 21. Salo was arrested in 1948:, in which General Mannerheim was to participate. 1476:Anastasia Arapova, the wife of Mannerheim, in 1896 1296:, as well as the military feasibility of invading 5570:. Helsinki: National Board of Antiquities, 1999. 4841: 4839: 4510:Mannerheim ei ollut koko valkoisen Suomen sankari 3907:Muotokuva; Johan Augustin Mannerheim; (1706–1778) 3785:"Field Marshal Mannerheim, THE FATHER OF FINLAND" 2129:. Hitler visited Mannerheim on his 75th birthday. 2037:Mannerheim quickly organised his headquarters in 1864:, where he was accompanied for the first time by 1624:constitution, Mannerheim stood as a candidate in 1588:After the Whites' victory in the bitterly fought 1069: 27:Finnish military leader and statesman (1867–1951) 6594:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword 6560: 6298: 5371:Valtapeliä elokuussa 1940 (TV Movie 2001) – IMDb 3700:White Death: Russia's War with Finland 1939–1940 2535:, which is named after him. Mannerheim's former 1394:in July 1908, returning to Saint Petersburg via 5024:Kinnunen, Tiina; Kivimäki, Ville, eds. (2011). 4484: 3943:IS: Pikavippi olisi kelvannut Mannerheimillekin 3803: 3696: 2562:museum of modern art. Mannerheim Parks in both 2178:keep it in a sealed container. It was given to 2100:when he and his staff were engaged by a Soviet 1773:In the 1920s and 1930s, Mannerheim returned to 1378:, and investigated a mysterious tribe known as 1302:struggle with Britain for control of inner Asia 1208:, a state school educating aristocrats for the 6739:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class 4836: 2643:'s 1966 play and its the 1970 film adaptation 2610:1941 Finnish postal stamp portraying the then- 2171:Hitler's and Mannerheim's private conversation 1825:and returned to Finland by car and aeroplane. 6599:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword 6284: 6123: 5966:C. G. E. Mannerheim in the history of Finland 5637:. Vol. 14, no. 7. pp. 461–468. 5587:Väkivallan vuodet, 20. vuosisadan tilinpäätös 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4082:(in Finnish). 27 January 2021. Archived from 3184:with Oak Leaves (1944; Knight's Cross: 1942; 1919: 6699:People of the Finnish Civil War (White side) 5975:Audio recordings of Hitler and Mannerheim's 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 3871:"Mannerheimin suku onkin lähtöisin Saksasta" 3839:"Mannerheimin suku onkin lähtöisin Saksasta" 3600: 2853:Grand Cross with Swords and Diamonds of the 2225:) and his wife Alli Paasikivi in March 1946. 2200: 2041:. His chief of staff was Lieutenant General 1544:to lead the newly independent grand duchy's 1160:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim was born in the 964:first Finnish presidential elections in 1919 5679:Pajunen, Jussi; Karjalainen, Mikko (2019). 5534: 5518: 5502: 4948:Helsingin Sanomat International Web-Edition 4644: 4549: 4491:(in Finnish). No. 12. pp. 82–85. 4460: 4295: 4293: 4291: 3966: 3954: 2826: 2797:Coat of Arms of Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 2322:, and the task of post-war reconstruction. 2217:Mannerheim with his presidential successor 1932:Mannerheim. One of the would-be assassins, 1490:The White General and the Regent of Finland 276:17 October 1939 – 12 January 1945 6634:Finnish military personnel of World War II 6291: 6277: 6130: 6116: 5688:Finno-German Yearbook of Political Economy 5641: 5568:C. G. Mannerheim in Central Asia 1906–1908 5383:"Gustaf Mannerheim The Marshal of Finland" 5230: 4984: 4978: 4869: 4793:July 24, 1920, no. 167, p. 5. (in Finnish) 4761: 4759: 4441: 4429: 4068: 4066: 4064: 3847:(in Finnish). 1 March 2007. Archived from 3411: 3409: 3407: 3235:Across Asia From West to East in 1906–1908 2802: 2639:Mannerheim appears as a main character in 2289:A month after Mannerheim took office, the 2285:on 4 March 1946 after his short presidency 2237:to sign it, so it came to be known as the 1924:After their defeat in the Civil War, some 1196:Mannerheim (right) with a fellow student, 278:Acting: 17 October 1939 – 20 November 1939 82: 6769:Russian military personnel of World War I 6137: 5121: 4691: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4527: 3371:[kɑːɭˈɡɵ̂sːtavˈěːmɪlˈmânːɛrˌhɛjm] 1467: 1316:). They started from the terminus of the 1103:in 1809, Mannerheim's great-grandfather, 472:Anastasie "Stasie" Mannerheim (1893–1978) 5591:20th Century Accounts: Years of Violence 5581: 5439: 5270: 4857: 4610: 4586:"MANNERHEIM - Civilian - Foreign Legion" 4376: 4316: 4306:(in German). No. 5. pp. 72–76. 4299: 4288: 4282: 4232: 4230: 4159: 4055: 4031: 3380:[kɑːrlˈɡʉstɑvˈeːmilˈmɑnːærˌhejm] 3378: 3128:Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary 3077:Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle 2626:Marshal Mannerheim on two United States 2498: 2448: 2362: 2266: 2212: 2204: 2116: 2112: 1999: 1699: 1607: 1579: 1493: 1471: 1334: 1326: 1231: 1191: 183:12 December 1918 – 26 July 1919 6779:Russian Provisional Government generals 5818: 5781: 4756: 4738: 4203: 4103: 4101: 4061: 4019: 3667: 3404: 2358: 233:28 January 1918 – 30 May 1918 14: 6561: 6005:On Mannerheim's role in defending Jews 6001:Mannerheim's 1944 inauguration address 5946:Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 5758: 5724: 5627: 5611: 5298:"MANNERHEIM – Special Topics – Stamps" 5190: 5178: 5011: 4685: 4673: 4598: 4555: 4417: 4043: 4002: 3752: 3727: 2733: 2681: 1809:. From there he travelled overland to 1793:to Bombay. From there he travelled to 954:, he formally ratified the republican 861:(1944–1946). He became Finland's only 829:(4 June 1867 – 27 January 1951) was a 6272: 6111: 5825:Risto Ryti: A Life for the Fatherland 5385:. mannerheim-museo.fi. Archived from 5231:Cunningham, Marjo (5 November 2017). 4640: 4638: 4636: 4611:Manninen, Tuomas (10 December 2020). 4227: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3369: 2857:(1940; Grand Cross with Swords: 1918) 2382:Mannerheim bought Kirkniemi Manor in 1981: 112:4 August 1944 – 4 March 1946 5835: 5731:University of British Columbia Press 5727:Mannerheim: The Years of Preparation 5701:from the original on 19 October 2021 5666: 5109: 5067:YLE Elävä arkisto: Lapin sodan tuhot 4645:Pietiläinen, Jari (7 October 2022). 4472: 4405: 4364: 4098: 3990: 3978: 3930: 3918: 3811:"Finland Country Profile – Timeline" 3462:Grand Duchy of Finland Passport 1865 3017:Knight Grand Cross 1st Class of the 2668:, directed by Veli-Matti Saikkonen. 1224:Service in the Imperial Russian Army 475:Sofia "Sophy" Mannerheim (1895–1963) 6654:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 5914:from the original on 23 August 2021 5821:Risto Ryti: Elämä isänmaan puolesta 5445:Mannerheim: President, Soldier, Spy 5001:(Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen) 4377:Pallaste, Tuija (4 November 2017). 3062:(1939; Officer: 1910; Knight: 1902) 1752:Mannerheim League for Child Welfare 1712:of Mannerheim from 1940 as part of 1484: 1064:concentration camps in East Karelia 968:Mannerheim League for Child Welfare 911:of October 1917 in Russia, Finland 865:in 1933 and was appointed honorary 36:Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (naturalist) 24: 6644:Finnish people of Scottish descent 4905:"Mannerheim vierailee Poventsassa" 4633: 3531: 3518: 3491:– Kekkosen kauden toisinajattelija 2758: 2089:. Finnish troops took part in the 2045:, while his close friend, General 1770:(1925–1926), but was turned down. 1695: 1643: 896:and rising by 1917 to the rank of 25: 6840: 6824:20th-century presidents in Europe 6774:Russian people of Swedish descent 6649:Finnish people of Swedish descent 5928: 5672:Suomen marsalkka C. G. Mannerheim 5647:The Memoirs of Marshal Mannerheim 5478:Das belagerte Leningrad 1941–1944 5055:Ilkka Enkenberg: Lapin sodan alku 2779:: from December 1918 to July 1919 2671: 1746:He kept busy heading the Finnish 1640:, and withdrew from public life. 1216:. In January 1891, he joined the 6639:Finnish people of German descent 6547: 6257: 5891:The National Archives of Finland 5617:Marshal Mannerheim and the Finns 5413: 5401: 5375: 5364: 5352: 3733:Marshal Mannerheim and the Finns 3668:Pesonen, Mikko (13 March 2023). 3537:"Mannerheim, Gustaf (1867–1951)" 3417:Everyman's Encyclopedia volume 8 3269: 3255: 3209: 3192: 3182:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 3171: 3155: 3138: 3117: 3100: 3083: 3066: 3049: 3032: 3011: 2997: 2983: 2962: 2949: 2936: 2923: 2910: 2889: 2875: 2861: 2847: 2828:"Candida pro causa ense candido" 2775:1918: Commander-in-Chief of the 2657:. Mannerheim was also played by 2619: 2603: 2539:and resting place known as the " 1879:In 1929, Mannerheim refused the 1854:Joodha Shumser Jung Bahadur Rana 1756:Mannerheimin Lastensuojeluliitto 989:, Mannerheim replaced President 745: 732: 719: 669: 659: 649: 624: 609: 588: 455: 420:Finnish (Grand Duchy of Finland) 6674:Knights of the Mannerheim Cross 5941:Biografiskt lexikon för Finland 5432: 5264: 5253: 5224: 5196: 5144: 5122:Hinkkanen, Tomi (4 June 2021). 5115: 5072: 5060: 5048: 5017: 4960: 4941: 4919: 4897: 4875: 4824: 4796: 4778: 4744: 4604: 4578: 4521: 4503: 4478: 4370: 4340: 4310: 4256:"Mannerheim tapasi Dalai-laman" 4248: 4209: 4165: 4119: 3936: 3900: 3881: 3863: 3831: 3721: 3690: 3661: 3625: 3594: 3580: 3290:Hitler and Mannerheim recording 3094:Order of the Estonian Red Cross 2895:Grand Cross with Swords of the 2367:Mannerheim's funeral parade in 2081:was strengthened by the German 2069:Mannerheim kept relations with 1648:Mannerheim's mother tongue was 1626:the first presidential election 1612:General Mannerheim leading the 451: 6809:World War II political leaders 6789:Finnish independence activists 6684:Members of the Diet of Finland 6669:Imperial Russian Army generals 6584:Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery 5827:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: 5542:Mannerheim: Marshal of Finland 5484:] (in German). Paderborn: 3758:"Finland's Heritage on parade" 3588:"Mannerheim - Defence Council" 3566: 3554: 3501: 3469: 3453: 3437: 3360: 3300:List of wars involving Finland 3188:1st Class with 1939 bar: 1942) 3079:, 1st Class with Swords (1930) 1704:"Mannerheim the Executioner" ( 1668:. He also spoke some English, 1070:Early life and military career 923:", who were the troops of the 857:(1939–1945), and as the sixth 209:(as President of the Republic) 13: 1: 6804:Deaths from bowel obstruction 6799:20th-century Finnish nobility 6794:19th-century Finnish nobility 5954:NBN:fi:sls-4132-1416928956738 5936:"Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim" 5761:Mannerheim: The Finnish Years 5548:University of Minnesota Press 5482:Leningrad Besieged: 1941-1944 3697:Edwards, Robert, ed. (2007). 3541:National Biography of Finland 3397: 2989:Commander Grand Cross of the 2855:Order of the Cross of Liberty 2702:1893: Lieutenant of the Guard 2476:, a number of leaders of the 2423:L'Hôpital cantonal à Lausanne 2052:Mannerheim spent most of the 1526:Finland declared independence 1441:, Mannerheim was awarded the 1146:Carl Robert, Count Mannerheim 1083:, originally from Germany as 927:, supported by troops of the 6067:as President of the Republic 6030:in The Presidents of Finland 5643:Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil 5209:Lausanne University Hospital 4808:Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö 3218:: Knight Grand Cross of the 3164:: Golden Grand Cross of the 2897:Order of the Lion of Finland 2507:, Mannerheim's hunting lodge 2441:with full military honours. 2427:Lausanne University Hospital 2191:Hitler's aversion to smoking 1813:, where he spent a month at 1684:. He did not start learning 1339:The expedition of Mannerheim 1187: 1155: 1138:Count Carl Gustaf Mannerheim 525:Count Carl Gustaf Mannerheim 490:Count Carl Robert Mannerheim 7: 6569:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 6019:20th Century Press Archives 5944:(in Swedish). Helsingfors: 4532:(in Finnish). Helsingissä: 3604:A Companion to World War II 3248: 3220:Order of the British Empire 3005:Royal Order of the Seraphim 2816:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 1781:, he travelled through the 1351:, he headed north into the 1300:: a possible move in their 1204:Mannerheim was sent to the 1074: 1041:called the Finnish capital 827:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 580:Military officer, statesman 63:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 40:Mannerheim (disambiguation) 34:. For his grandfather, see 10: 6845: 5895:Finnish Literature Society 5486:Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh 4966:Recording available Yle's 4885:(in Finnish). 17 June 2019 4528:Virkkunen, Sakari (1992). 4326:. McFarland. p. 122. 3203:Order of Michael the Brave 2772:: from January to May 1918 2705:1902: Captain of the Guard 2632:Champion of Liberty issues 2630:, 1960 issue, part of the 2487:; at a 2017 conference in 1985: 1920:1920 assassination attempt 1762:. He offered to serve the 1594:Frederick Charles of Hesse 1556:, led by communist leader 1513: 1412:Congress Kingdom of Poland 1312:in Russian Turkestan (now 1279:Emperor of all the Russias 29: 6604:Field marshals of Finland 6545: 6307: 6255: 6145: 6096: 6087: 6079: 6074: 6058: 6049: 6041: 6036: 5759:Screen, J. E. O. (2000). 5725:Screen, J. E. O. (1970). 5621:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 3897:. tjelvar.se (in Swedish) 3888:Johan Augustin Mannerheim 3737:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 3633:"MANNERHEIM - Retirement" 3421:J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd 3242:Across Asia : Vol. 1 3166:Order of the German Eagle 3132:Holy Crown of St. Stephen 2971:, Knight 4th class (1914) 2820: 2810: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2699:1891: Cornet of the Guard 2666:Valtapeliä elokuussa 1940 2444: 2337:war responsibility trials 2320:Allied Control Commission 2239:Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement 2201:End of war and presidency 2125:Mannerheim and President 2093:, which lasted 872 days. 1386:, where he was stoned by 1115:Johan Augustin Mannerheim 913:declared its independence 817: 762: 728:(Russia & White Army) 712: 683: 642: 601: 596: 584: 576: 501: 482: 465: 435: 415: 397: 373: 327: 322: 318: 306: 294: 282: 269: 257: 247: 239: 226: 214: 199: 187: 176: 168: 156: 144: 116: 105: 97: 93: 81: 49: 6301:Finnish Chief of Defence 5997:(in Finnish and Swedish) 5819:Turtola, Martti (1994). 4530:Mannerheimin kääntöpuoli 4171:Tamm, Eric Enno (2010). 3353: 3226: 3113:1st and 2nd Class (1918) 2689:Non-commissioned officer 2676: 2570:include statues of him. 2121:Discussion with Hitler, 1832:(a British territory in 1636:. He finished second to 1630:National Coalition Party 1616:in Helsinki, 16 May 1918 1218:Chevalier Guard Regiment 1174:Johan Mauritz Nordenstam 1144:and jurist. His father, 1128:of the newly-autonomous 1110:(1759–1837), son of the 6609:Finnish anti-communists 4771:30 October 2023 at the 4718:(Suomen presidentit II) 4572:13 January 2011 at the 3909:. finna.fi (in Finnish) 3574:"MANNERHEIM - Civilian" 3513:Encyclopædia Britannica 3130:, Grand Cross with the 2930:Order of St. Stanislaus 2883:Order of the White Rose 2586:(Great Finns) contest. 2453:Mannerheim Memorial in 2375:After his resignation, 2250:Battle of Tali-Ihantala 2083:163rd Infantry Division 1532:which was ruled by the 1439:Austro-Hungarian forces 1093:integral part of Sweden 970:in 1920 and headed the 956:Constitution of Finland 6784:Swedish-speaking Finns 4953:19 August 2014 at the 4927:"Marskiniemi Poventsa" 4810:. 1986. p. 1022. 4720:, published in Finland 4179:Douglas & McIntyre 3495:University of Helsinki 3367:Swedish pronunciation: 3336:The Marshal of Finland 2956:Gold Sword for Bravery 2827: 2777:Finnish Defence Forces 2513:Finnish Defence Forces 2508: 2482:British Prime Minister 2465: 2422: 2372: 2369:Helsinki Senate Square 2332: 2286: 2277:Mannerheim leaves the 2231:Joachim von Ribbentrop 2226: 2210: 2130: 2067: 2025: 2011: 1724: 1690:Finland's independence 1634:Swedish People's Party 1617: 1585: 1511: 1477: 1468:Marriage and daughters 1400:Trans-Siberian Express 1340: 1332: 1249: 1236:After his coronation, 1201: 1198:Antanas Ričardas Druvė 1130:Grand Duchy of Finland 958:. He then ran against 878:Grand Duchy of Finland 851:Finnish Defence Forces 536:(maternal grandfather) 528:(paternal grandfather) 349:Grand Duchy of Finland 38:. For other uses, see 6704:Presidents of Finland 6139:Presidents of Finland 6062:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg 6045:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 4804:Uusi Pikkujättiläinen 4127:Caldwell, Christopher 3058:: Grand Cross of the 3043:Order of the Elephant 2943:Order of St. Vladimir 2502: 2452: 2366: 2327: 2270: 2262:Parliament of Finland 2216: 2208: 2120: 2113:Visit by Adolf Hitler 2063: 2020: 2003: 1893:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 1868:, who Prime Minister 1821:. He then went on to 1764:French Foreign Legion 1703: 1688:properly until after 1666:Russian Imperial Army 1638:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg 1611: 1583: 1497: 1475: 1367:, Mannerheim met the 1338: 1330: 1318:Trans-Caspian Railway 1254:Imperial Russian Army 1238:Nicholas II of Russia 1235: 1220:in Saint Petersburg. 1210:Imperial Russian Army 1195: 1126:head of the executive 882:Imperial Russian Army 853:during the period of 684:Years of service 655:Imperial Russian Army 517:Eva Mannerheim-Sparre 206:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg 194:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 6754:20th-century regents 6614:Finnish nationalists 6100:Juho Kusti Paasikivi 6090:President of Finland 5836:Tyni, Mikko (2022). 5593:] (in Finnish). 5524:Mannerheim 1867–1951 4352:blackhussars.ucoz.ru 3893:29 June 2020 at the 3851:on 30 September 2007 2628:commemorative stamps 2359:Final days and death 2341:crimes against peace 2335:Commission, and the 2305:were lost. Numerous 2106:counter-battery fire 1614:White Victory Parade 1502:, Capt. Kekoni, Lt. 1425:At the beginning of 1416:His Imperial Majesty 1140:(1797–1854), was an 1108:Carl Erik Mannerheim 996:Operation Barbarossa 976:President Svinhufvud 876:still dominated the 859:president of Finland 533:John Jacob von Julin 454: 1892; 301:Hugo Viktor Österman 264:Karl Fredrik Wilkama 163:Juho Kusti Paasikivi 136:Juho Kusti Paasikivi 100:President of Finland 6759:Russian monarchists 6408:C. G. E. Mannerheim 6312:C. G. E. Mannerheim 6190:C. G. E. Mannerheim 6028:C. G. E. Mannerheim 5514:] (in Finnish). 5316:"8-cent Mannerheim" 4981:, pp. 454–455. 4652:Nurmijärven Uutiset 4567:Mannerheim-Museo.fi 4408:, pp. 148–149. 4367:, pp. 145–147. 4162:, pp. 100–103. 4136:Washington Examiner 4086:on 15 November 2023 3921:, pp. 107–108. 3819:. 25 September 2012 3756:(16 October 1983). 3561:HS: Muodikas Marski 3508:C. G. E. Mannerheim 2969:Order of St. George 2945:, 4th degree (1906) 2919:, 2nd degree (1906) 2734:In the Finnish Army 2682:In the Russian Army 2431:Hietaniemi Cemetery 2371:on 4 February 1951. 2279:Presidential Palace 2147:die tapferen Finnen 2143:Marskalk av Finland 1883:' plea to become a 1881:right-wing radicals 1450:February Revolution 1443:Order of St. George 1376:Great Wall of China 1242:Dormition Cathedral 1206:Hamina Cadet School 1136:. His grandfather, 1124:, became the first 1031:cult of personality 402:Hietaniemi Cemetery 32:Mannerheim (family) 18:C. G. E. Mannerheim 6158:Lauri Kr. Relander 6075:Political offices 5528:Otava Publications 5466:Ganzenmüller, Jörg 5441:Clements, Jonathan 5389:on 19 January 2020 5359:Päämaja – Finna.fi 5318:. 12 December 2008 5157:The New York Times 4550:Jägerskiöld (1983) 4461:Jägerskiöld (1986) 4242:horsethatleaps.com 4221:horsethatleaps.com 4131:"Start to Finnish" 4129:(11 August 2017). 4113:horsethatleaps.com 3967:Jägerskiöld (1965) 3955:Jägerskiöld (1965) 3791:. 15 November 1945 3763:The New York Times 3652:Suuret suomalaiset 3489:Georg C. Ehrnrooth 3476:Keski-Rauska, Riku 3205:, 1st class (1941) 3199:Kingdom of Romania 3124:Kingdom of Hungary 3019:Order of the Sword 2991:Order of the Sword 2932:, 2nd class (1906) 2766:Commander-in-Chief 2753:Marshal of Finland 2741:General of Cavalry 2728:Lieutenant General 2710:Lieutenant Colonel 2584:Suuret suomalaiset 2517:Marshal of Finland 2509: 2466: 2373: 2287: 2227: 2211: 2162:specific demands. 2135:Marshal of Finland 2131: 2091:Siege of Leningrad 2012: 2010:Mannerheim in 1940 1982:Commander-in-Chief 1891:. After President 1725: 1706:Pyöveli-Mannerheim 1652:. He spoke fluent 1618: 1586: 1538:October Revolution 1512: 1478: 1454:lieutenant general 1341: 1333: 1258:Russo-Japanese War 1250: 1202: 898:lieutenant general 886:Russo-Japanese War 867:Marshal of Finland 847:commander-in-chief 770:Russo-Japanese War 751:Marshal of Finland 725:Lieutenant general 549:Georg C. Ehrnrooth 253:Office established 88:Mannerheim in 1940 55:Marshal of Finland 6689:People from Masku 6679:Mannerheim family 6629:Finnish Lutherans 6619:Finnish explorers 6556: 6555: 6266: 6265: 6106: 6105: 6097:Succeeded by 6059:Succeeded by 6052:Regent of Finland 5971:Mannerheim Museum 5904:978-951-858-111-9 5536:Jägerskiöld, Stig 5520:Jägerskiöld, Stig 5504:Jägerskiöld, Stig 5302:www.mannerheim.fi 5087:Osprey Publishing 4979:Mannerheim (1953) 4870:Mannerheim (1953) 4601:, pp. 90–97. 4442:Mannerheim (1953) 4430:Mannerheim (1953) 4384:Helsingin Sanomat 4333:978-1-4766-2565-2 4187:978-1-55365-269-4 4058:, pp. 80–81. 4046:, pp. 43–49. 3969:, pp. 93–94. 3957:, pp. 68–70. 3714:978-0-7538-2247-0 3618:978-1-4051-9681-9 3315:Mannerheim Museum 3233:C.G. Mannerheim, 3092:: Grand Cross of 2917:Order of St. Anna 2835: 2834: 2556:Equestrian statue 2521:Mannerheim Museum 2485:Winston Churchill 2408:bowel obstruction 2315:Hjalmar Siilasvuo 1870:Winston Churchill 1760:Nokia Corporation 1737:Russian Civil War 1567:Finnish Civil War 1516:Finnish Civil War 1308:'s expedition at 1047:Mannerheim Museum 972:Finnish Red Cross 925:Senate of Finland 917:Finnish Civil War 884:, serving in the 843:Regent of Finland 839:Finnish Civil War 821: 820: 785:Finnish Civil War 780:Russian Civil War 692:(Imperial Russia) 559:Mannerheim family 553: 545: 537: 529: 509:Sophie Mannerheim 441:Anastasie Arapova 384:Cantonal Hospital 210: 171:Regent of Finland 16:(Redirected from 6836: 6819:Continuation War 6624:Finnish generals 6551: 6540: 6532: 6524: 6516: 6508: 6500: 6492: 6484: 6476: 6468: 6460: 6452: 6444: 6440:Kaarlo Heiskanen 6436: 6428: 6420: 6412: 6404: 6396: 6388: 6380: 6372: 6364: 6356: 6348: 6340: 6332: 6324: 6316: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6270: 6269: 6261: 6250: 6242: 6234: 6226: 6222:Martti Ahtisaari 6218: 6210: 6202: 6194: 6186: 6178: 6170: 6166:P. E. Svinhufvud 6162: 6154: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6109: 6108: 6080:Preceded by 6068: 6042:Preceded by 6034: 6033: 5998: 5987: 5957: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5913: 5888: 5878: 5870:Westerlund, Lars 5866: 5854: 5832: 5816: 5804: 5783:Trotter, William 5778: 5756: 5748:Screen, J. E. O. 5744: 5722: 5714:Screen, J. E. O. 5710: 5708: 5706: 5700: 5685: 5675: 5663:, primary source 5662: 5638: 5624: 5608: 5561: 5545: 5531: 5515: 5512:Young Mannerheim 5508:Nuori Mannerheim 5499: 5474: 5462: 5426: 5425:, mannerheim.fi. 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5379: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5268: 5262: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5238:Suomen Kuvalehti 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5129:Suomen Kuvalehti 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4800: 4794: 4782: 4776: 4763: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4721: 4714: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4642: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4582: 4576: 4564: 4553: 4547: 4538: 4537: 4525: 4519: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4318:Haarmann, Harald 4314: 4308: 4307: 4297: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4234: 4225: 4224: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4190: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4070: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3750: 3741: 3740: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3665: 3659: 3650: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3529: 3516: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3484: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3413: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3382: 3377: 3376:Finland Swedish: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3305:Mannerheim Cross 3279: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3263:Biography portal 3260: 3259: 3258: 3244:– digital images 3214: 3213: 3197: 3196: 3176: 3175: 3160: 3159: 3143: 3142: 3122: 3121: 3105: 3104: 3088: 3087: 3071: 3070: 3060:Legion of Honour 3054: 3053: 3041:: Knight of the 3037: 3036: 3016: 3015: 3002: 3001: 2988: 2987: 2967: 2966: 2954: 2953: 2941: 2940: 2928: 2927: 2915: 2914: 2894: 2893: 2880: 2879: 2869:Mannerheim Cross 2866: 2865: 2852: 2851: 2830: 2806: 2794: 2793: 2646:The Headquarters 2623: 2607: 2491:, war historian 2291:Continuation War 2139:Suomen Marsalkka 2058:Continuation War 1992:Continuation War 1542:P. E. Svinhufvud 1485:Political career 1462:House of Romanov 1431:Austro-Hungarian 1410:Regiment in the 1374:He followed the 1266:Battle of Mukden 1214:Saint Petersburg 1178:Albert von Julin 1162:Louhisaari Manor 1123: 1008:Continuation War 845:(1918–1919), as 802:Continuation War 792:Second World War 755: 749: 742: 736: 729: 723: 705: 699: 693: 673: 663: 653: 635: 629: 628: 620: 614: 613: 597:Military service 592: 551: 544:(maternal uncle) 543: 541:Albert von Julin 535: 527: 521: 513: 494:Hedvig von Julin 459: 457: 453: 431: 424: 380: 369: 358: 341:Louhisaari Manor 337: 335: 323:Personal details 309: 297: 274: 260: 250: 231: 217:Chief of Defence 208: 202: 190: 181: 159: 147: 119: 110: 86: 47: 46: 21: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6543: 6538: 6530: 6522: 6514: 6506: 6504:Juhani Kaskeala 6498: 6496:Gustav Hägglund 6490: 6482: 6480:Jaakko Valtanen 6474: 6466: 6464:Kaarlo Leinonen 6458: 6450: 6448:Sakari Simelius 6442: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6410: 6402: 6394: 6386: 6378: 6370: 6362: 6354: 6346: 6338: 6330: 6322: 6314: 6303: 6297: 6267: 6262: 6253: 6248: 6246:Alexander Stubb 6240: 6232: 6224: 6216: 6208: 6200: 6198:J. K. Paasikivi 6192: 6184: 6176: 6168: 6160: 6152: 6150:K. J. Ståhlberg 6141: 6136: 6102: 6093: 6085: 6070: 6066: 6064: 6055: 6047: 5996: 5985: 5934: 5931: 5926: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5886: 5880: 5872: 5863: 5848: 5810: 5801: 5791:Algonquin Books 5789:. Chapel Hill: 5775: 5750: 5741: 5716: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5683: 5605: 5558: 5546:. Minneapolis: 5496: 5476: 5468: 5459: 5449:Haus Publishing 5435: 5430: 5429: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5279: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5193:, pp. 252. 5189: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4955:Wayback Machine 4946: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4858:Jakobson (1999) 4856: 4852: 4844: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4783: 4779: 4773:Wayback Machine 4764: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4737: 4724: 4715: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4643: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4574:Wayback Machine 4565: 4556: 4548: 4541: 4526: 4522: 4508: 4504: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4315: 4311: 4298: 4289: 4283:Clements (2009) 4281: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4236: 4235: 4228: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4193: 4170: 4166: 4160:Clements (2009) 4158: 4154: 4141: 4139: 4124: 4120: 4107: 4106: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4072: 4071: 4062: 4056:Clements (2009) 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4032:Clements (2009) 4030: 4026: 4018: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3895:Wayback Machine 3886: 3882: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3751: 3744: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3666: 3662: 3648: 3647: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3609:Wiley-Blackwell 3599: 3595: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3530: 3519: 3506: 3502: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3415: 3414: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3394: 3384: 3383: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3330:Marshal's Cabin 3325:Mannerheimintie 3320:Mannerheim Park 3310:Mannerheim Line 3285:Adolf Ehrnrooth 3275: 3270: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3229: 3208: 3191: 3170: 3154: 3137: 3116: 3099: 3082: 3065: 3048: 3031: 3010: 2996: 2982: 2975: 2961: 2948: 2935: 2922: 2909: 2888: 2874: 2860: 2846: 2792: 2761: 2759:Supreme Command 2736: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2663:television film 2635: 2624: 2615: 2608: 2541:Marshal's Cabin 2529:Kamppi district 2525:Mannerheimintie 2505:Marshal's Cabin 2447: 2361: 2353:J. K. Paasikivi 2219:J. K. Paasikivi 2203: 2155:Immola Airfield 2115: 2079:Army of Karelia 2029:Mannerheim Line 1998: 1984: 1922: 1866:security guards 1834:Southern Arabia 1698: 1696:Interwar period 1646: 1644:Language skills 1571:Jäger Battalion 1558:Kullervo Manner 1518: 1492: 1487: 1470: 1435:Romanian fronts 1369:13th Dalai Lama 1365:Shanxi province 1246:Chevalier Guard 1226: 1190: 1166:Askainen parish 1158: 1117: 1095:. After Sweden 1077: 1072: 960:K. J. Ståhlberg 813: 775:First World War 758: 753: 740: 727: 708: 703: 697: 691: 679: 638: 633: 623: 618: 616:Imperial Russia 608: 572: 519: 511: 497: 478: 461: 458: 1919) 449: 445: 442: 429: 425: 422: 382: 378: 377:27 January 1951 359: 356: 355: 339: 333: 331: 307: 295: 289: 277: 275: 270: 258: 248: 234: 232: 227: 200: 188: 182: 177: 157: 145: 140: 117: 111: 106: 89: 77: 64: 61: 57: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6842: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6554: 6553: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6541: 6536:Janne Jaakkola 6533: 6525: 6520:Jarmo Lindberg 6517: 6512:Ari Puheloinen 6509: 6501: 6493: 6485: 6477: 6469: 6461: 6453: 6445: 6437: 6429: 6424:Jarl Lundqvist 6421: 6416:Erik Heinrichs 6413: 6405: 6397: 6389: 6381: 6376:Lauri Malmberg 6373: 6365: 6357: 6349: 6341: 6333: 6328:W. A. Thesleff 6325: 6317: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6296: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6273: 6264: 6263: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6249:(2024–present) 6243: 6238:Sauli Niinistö 6235: 6227: 6219: 6214:Mauno Koivisto 6211: 6203: 6195: 6187: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6155: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6135: 6134: 6127: 6120: 6112: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6095: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6071: 6060: 6057: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6037:Regnal titles 6032: 6031: 6025: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5994: 5993:), 4 June 1942 5986:w/English text 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5930: 5929:External links 5927: 5925: 5924: 5903: 5867: 5861: 5840:(in Finnish). 5833: 5808:Martti Turtola 5805: 5799: 5779: 5773: 5745: 5739: 5711: 5676: 5664: 5639: 5629:Warner, Oliver 5625: 5613:Warner, Oliver 5609: 5603: 5579: 5563: 5562: 5556: 5532: 5516: 5500: 5494: 5463: 5458:978-1907822575 5457: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5412: 5400: 5374: 5363: 5351: 5340:. 9 March 2011 5329: 5307: 5289: 5263: 5252: 5223: 5195: 5183: 5181:, p. 245. 5171: 5160:. 5 March 1946 5143: 5114: 5112:, p. 397. 5102: 5096:978-1472815262 5095: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5041:978-9004208940 5040: 5034:. p. 87. 5016: 5014:, p. 205. 5004: 4983: 4971: 4959: 4940: 4918: 4896: 4874: 4872:, p. 456. 4862: 4850: 4835: 4823: 4816: 4806:(in Finnish). 4795: 4777: 4755: 4743: 4739:Turtola (1994) 4722: 4690: 4688:, p. 112. 4678: 4676:, p. 104. 4666: 4632: 4603: 4591: 4577: 4554: 4539: 4520: 4502: 4477: 4475:, p. 104. 4465: 4446: 4444:, p. 184. 4434: 4432:, p. 138. 4422: 4410: 4398: 4369: 4357: 4339: 4332: 4323:Modern Finland 4309: 4287: 4285:, p. 155. 4275: 4247: 4226: 4208: 4204:Trotter (2013) 4191: 4164: 4152: 4118: 4097: 4060: 4048: 4036: 4024: 4020:Trotter (2013) 4007: 3995: 3993:, p. 129. 3983: 3981:, p. 123. 3971: 3959: 3947: 3935: 3933:, p. 108. 3923: 3911: 3899: 3880: 3873:(in Finnish). 3862: 3830: 3802: 3776: 3742: 3739:. p. 154. 3729:Warner, Oliver 3720: 3713: 3707:. p. 21. 3689: 3660: 3638: 3624: 3617: 3593: 3579: 3565: 3553: 3517: 3500: 3493:(in Finnish). 3468: 3452: 3436: 3429: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3343:Marskin ryyppy 3340: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3295:Johan Laidoner 3292: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3277:Finland portal 3266: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3239: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3223: 3216:United Kingdom 3206: 3189: 3168: 3152: 3135: 3114: 3097: 3080: 3063: 3046: 3023: 3022: 3008: 3003:Knight of the 2994: 2973: 2972: 2959: 2946: 2933: 2920: 2904:Russian Empire 2901: 2900: 2886: 2872: 2867:Knight of the 2858: 2833: 2832: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2799: 2798: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2773: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2672:Military ranks 2670: 2649:, directed by 2637: 2636: 2625: 2618: 2616: 2609: 2602: 2592:Mahatma Gandhi 2446: 2443: 2392:duodenal ulcer 2360: 2357: 2202: 2199: 2180:Kustaa Vilkuna 2114: 2111: 1983: 1980: 1964:Bruno Jalander 1921: 1918: 1889:Lapua Movement 1862:United Kingdom 1783:British Empire 1697: 1694: 1645: 1642: 1504:Gallen-Kallela 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1469: 1466: 1458:new government 1225: 1222: 1189: 1186: 1157: 1154: 1150:John von Julin 1134:Prime Minister 1101:Russian Empire 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1039:New York Times 1012:United Kingdom 944:victory parade 931:, and the pro- 909:Bolshevik coup 874:Russian Empire 819: 818: 815: 814: 812: 811: 810: 809: 804: 799: 789: 788: 787: 782: 772: 766: 764: 760: 759: 757: 756: 743: 730: 716: 714: 710: 709: 707: 706: 700: 694: 687: 685: 681: 680: 678: 677: 667: 657: 646: 644: 643:Branch/service 640: 639: 637: 636: 621: 605: 603: 599: 598: 594: 593: 586: 582: 581: 578: 574: 573: 571: 570: 562: 554: 546: 538: 530: 522: 514: 505: 503: 499: 498: 496: 495: 492: 486: 484: 480: 479: 477: 476: 473: 469: 467: 463: 462: 447: 443: 440: 439: 437: 433: 432: 417: 413: 412: 399: 395: 394: 381:(aged 83) 375: 371: 370: 353:Russian Empire 329: 325: 324: 320: 319: 316: 315: 313:Erik Heinrichs 310: 304: 303: 298: 292: 291: 284: 280: 279: 267: 266: 261: 255: 254: 251: 245: 244: 241: 237: 236: 224: 223: 212: 211: 203: 197: 196: 191: 185: 184: 174: 173: 166: 165: 160: 154: 153: 148: 142: 141: 139: 138: 133: 128: 126:Antti Hackzell 122: 120: 118:Prime Minister 114: 113: 103: 102: 95: 94: 91: 90: 87: 79: 78: 65: 62: 52:The Honourable 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6841: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6550: 6537: 6534: 6529: 6526: 6521: 6518: 6513: 6510: 6505: 6502: 6497: 6494: 6489: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6473: 6470: 6465: 6462: 6457: 6456:Yrjö Keinonen 6454: 6449: 6446: 6441: 6438: 6433: 6430: 6425: 6422: 6417: 6414: 6409: 6406: 6401: 6400:Hugo Österman 6398: 6393: 6390: 6385: 6384:K. F. Wilkama 6382: 6377: 6374: 6369: 6368:V. P. Nenonen 6366: 6361: 6360:K. F. Wilkama 6358: 6353: 6352:K. E. Kivekäs 6350: 6345: 6344:K. F. Wilkama 6342: 6337: 6336:Rudolf Walden 6334: 6329: 6326: 6321: 6320:K. F. Wilkama 6318: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6294: 6289: 6287: 6282: 6280: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6260: 6247: 6244: 6239: 6236: 6231: 6230:Tarja Halonen 6228: 6223: 6220: 6215: 6212: 6207: 6206:Urho Kekkonen 6204: 6199: 6196: 6191: 6188: 6183: 6180: 6175: 6174:Kyösti Kallio 6172: 6167: 6164: 6159: 6156: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6128: 6126: 6121: 6119: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6101: 6092: 6091: 6084: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6054: 6053: 6046: 6040: 6035: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5884: 5876: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5862:9789523823891 5858: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5814: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5800:9781565126923 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5774:1-85065-573-1 5770: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5740:0-900966-22-X 5736: 5732: 5729:. Vancouver: 5728: 5720: 5715: 5712: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5677: 5674:(in Finnish). 5673: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5634:History Today 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5604:9789511133698 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5583:Jakobson, Max 5580: 5577: 5576:951-616-048-4 5573: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5557:0-8166-1527-6 5553: 5549: 5544: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5495:3-506-72889-X 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5424: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5339: 5333: 5317: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5256: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5227: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5192: 5191:Screen (2000) 5187: 5180: 5179:Screen (2000) 5175: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5043: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5020: 5013: 5012:Screen (2000) 5008: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4944: 4928: 4922: 4906: 4900: 4884: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4832: 4827: 4819: 4817:951-0-12416-8 4813: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4752: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4687: 4686:Screen (2000) 4682: 4675: 4674:Screen (2000) 4670: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4599:Screen (2000) 4595: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4516: 4515:Turun Sanomat 4511: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4418:Screen (2000) 4414: 4407: 4402: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4354:(in Russian). 4353: 4349: 4343: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4305: 4304: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4284: 4279: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4206:, p. 29. 4205: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4177:. 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March 2007. 3876: 3872: 3866: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3834: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3806: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3754:Binder, David 3749: 3747: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3705:Phoenix Press 3702: 3701: 3693: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3643: 3634: 3628: 3620: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3597: 3589: 3583: 3575: 3569: 3563:(in Finnish). 3562: 3557: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3533:Klinge, Matti 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3464: 3463: 3456: 3449:, 31 May 2024 3448: 3447: 3440: 3432: 3430:0-460-04020-0 3426: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3403: 3387: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3267: 3264: 3253: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3230: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3107:German Empire 3103: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3000: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2898: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2850: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2748: 2747:Field Marshal 2744: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2723: 2722:Major General 2719: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651:Matti Kassila 2648: 2647: 2642: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2612:Field Marshal 2606: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2596:Simon Bolivar 2593: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537:hunting lodge 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2493:Terry Charman 2490: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2442: 2440: 2439:state funeral 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2370: 2365: 2356: 2354: 2348: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2254:head of state 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2207: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2176: 2175:SS bodyguards 2172: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2102:anti-tank gun 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2047:Rudolf Walden 2044: 2040: 2036: 2035:Field Marshal 2032: 2030: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2009: 2006: 2005:Field Marshal 2002: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1978:on April 23. 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1940:'s parade on 1939: 1935: 1931: 1928:attempted to 1927: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1906:sotamarsalkka 1903: 1902:Field Marshal 1899: 1898:Kyösti Kallio 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:British India 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:Soviet Russia 1527: 1523: 1522:December 1917 1517: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1482: 1474: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298:Western China 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1199: 1194: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1153: 1152:(1787–1853). 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1027:Jean Sibelius 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1006:known as the 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 991:Kyösti Kallio 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 929:German Empire 926: 922: 919:between the " 918: 914: 910: 906: 903: 899: 895: 891: 890:Eastern Front 887: 883: 879: 875: 870: 868: 864: 863:field marshal 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 825: 816: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 793: 790: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 776: 773: 771: 768: 767: 765: 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