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during the
Crimean War urging revolt against the Russians. Alexander also passed a law regarding language ordinance in August 1863, requiring that the Finnish language must be introduced to all public businesses within twenty years. The law was expanded in 1865 to require that state offices must serve the public in Finnish if requested. Despite this, the language laws took time to be fully implemented due to the interference of the Swedish elite, who owned most of these offices and businesses. Despite this, the education laws pushed through and the first secondary schools instructed in Finnish began in the 1870s. The power of the Diet was also expanded in 1869, as it allowed the Diet more power and the ability to initiate various legislation; the act also called the tsar to call upon the Diet every five years. An act passed regarding religion was also passed in 1869 which prevented the power of the state over the church. Moreover, Finland also received its own monetary system, the
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1418:, had already planned educational reforms in outlying territories in Russia, including Finland. Alexander II also planned to call on the Diet of the Estates once more. Under Alexander's rule, Finland experienced a period of liberalization in education, the arts, and the economy. In 1858, Finnish was made the official language of local self-government, such as provinces, where Finnish was the majority of the language spoken. However, the Finns feared that St. Petersburg would prevent the Diet from meeting on the basis that Polish and Russian citizens did not receive the same liberties and that the Diet would be eradicated. It was misinterpreted, as it only added a few extra steps to the lawmaking process; the Diet was allowed to stay.
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1554:. Russification had taken an economic turn as well, as the basis of the reformed tariff was economic uniformity, which only furthered economic difficulties of Finland. The tariff's revision in 1885, and subsequently 1897, was formed out of spite of Finland's commercial success and working-class unity. Russification policies continued into 1890, with the addition of the Imperial Post System in Finland, replacing the Finnish post. It was not until the mid-1890s, that the Finnish people realized the true intentions of the Russian crown.
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1592:, in particular, became very popular in Finland for the former's tactics of violence and the latter's tactic of propaganda and persuasion. At the beginning of this reign, Bobrikov almost immediately introduced a mandatory five-year military service, in which Finns had the possibility of being drafted into Russian units. Furthermore, he instituted that Russians be given the opportunity to serve in public office and that Russian be made the administrative language of Finland. In 1899, the
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1073:. Further on, Alexander I requested a deputation of the four Finnish estates, as he expressed concern over continued Finnish resistance. The deputation refused to act without the Diet, to which Alexander agreed with, and promised the Diet would shortly be summoned. By 1809, all of Finland had been conquered and the Diet was summoned in March. Finland was then united through Russia via the crown, and Finland was able to keep the majority of its own laws, giving it autonomy.
1522:
1550:, the Finnish majority was far better educated and more keen in Russian politics. The reactionary policies of Russification, which aimed to combine secular nationalism and a divine right monarchy, infiltrated the Finnish economy in 1885. Finland had managed to create a thriving modern industry based around textiles and timber that managed to rival the Russian economy at the time. Russian bureaucrats, out of both shock and jealousy, called for the revision of the
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1041:. Russia invaded Finland in February 1808, claimed as an effort to impose military sanctions against Sweden, but not a war of conquest, and that Russia decided to only temporarily control Finland. Collectively, the Finns were predominately anti-Russian, and Finnish guerrillas and peasant uprisings were a large obstacles for the Russians, forcing Russia to use various tactics to quash armed Finnish rebellion. Thus, in the beginning of the war,
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1509:
social, economical, and political absorption into Russia. Compared to the early
Russification of the 1830s and 1840s, the Russification of the late 19th-early 20th century was much more vigorous in its policies. Moreover, Finland faced political turmoil within its nation between various factions such as liberals, Social Democrats, Young Finns, and communists. Finland became a target for the
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Originally, there were no regulations regarding merchant flags until 3 October 1821, when
Finnish ships were given the right to fly the Russian flag without permission. White, blue and red flags with the Russian flag in the corner were also used. Later on six and nine-striped flags with the colors of
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and disregarded native tongues and cultures of non-Russian subjects, believing them to be traditional and ritualistic at best. The
Finnish parliament once again formed to combat Stolypin, but Stolypin was bent on quashing Finnish insurrection and permanently disbanded the parliament in 1909. As with
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Bobrikov unintentionally united both Finns and Swedes against Russia, which only angered him more. With churches refusing to proclaim the law, judges refusing to carry it out, and conscripts refusing service, Bobrikov went on a frenzy with the current state of
Finland. Bobrikov found little support
1508:
easily sum up the time period from 1881 to 1917. In 1881, Alexander III took the throne after the death of his father and began a rule of staunch conservative, yet peaceful, rule of Russia. Finland, as well as many other outlying
Russian territories, faced the burden of Russification, the cultural,
1319:
s influence on
Finland was massive, and strengthened Finnish nationalism and unity, despite the epic being poetry or stories about Finnish folklore. The quest for literature expanded into the 1840s and 1850s and caught the eye of the Finnish church and the Russian crown. Finnish newspapers, such as
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party popular among peasants was also extremely hostile and advocated class warfare and took arms, in contrast to the Social
Democrats elsewhere in Europe. Finally, the Party of Active Resistance, a nationalist party that advocated an armed struggle and guerilla tactics, received fame when member
1517:
unity in eastern Europe. Finland was viewed as conquered territory, and that as subjects, Finland was to respect the tsar. Finland was also viewed as a land of settlement and that the "alien race" of the Finns were to be assimilated and protected from
Western interference, thereby "blessing" the
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In 1863, Alexander called the Diet and issued that the
Finnish language was to be on par with Swedish and Russian in the Grand Duchy, while also passing laws regarding infrastructure and currency. Alexander came to favor the Finnish working class over the Swedish elite, due to Swedish propaganda
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with full parliamentary representation for its counties. During the next two centuries, the title was used by some of Johan's successors on the throne, but not all. Usually, it was just a subsidiary title of the King, used only on very formal occasions. However, in 1802, as an indication of his
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under Nicholas II declared that Russian law was the law of the land, and Finland was to pledge allegiance to Russian law. The Diet was essentially downgraded to a state assembly and that Finland was a province of Russia, ignoring its autonomy. The Finnish Army as a whole was dissolved in 1901.
1160:, which organised in 1818. The house was designed to register all noble families in Finland so that the highest Finnish estate would be representative of the next Finnish Diet. As for Sweden, the majority did not think too much about Finland's conquest, as Sweden itself annexed
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1340:) to prohibit (1850) the publishing of all Finnish works that were not religious or economic in nature, as such works would have been considered revolutionary and might encourage the Finnish majority to revolt against the church and crown. However, the censorship only fueled
1132:. Despite the outcry, the borders remained set until 1940. The gesture can be seen as Alexander's concern for Finland and his attempts of appeasement of the Finns, in attempts to gain their loyalty which would come from passive appeasement, compared to the vigorous
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Despite promises of a Finnish Diet, the Diet was not called to meet until 1863 and many new laws going through the legislature were laws that would have required the approval of the Diet while under Swedish rule. Alexander went a step further to demand a
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with their own team. In the opening ceremony, the Finnish team marched behind the Russian team with a Finland-sign. In the medal ceremonies, the Russian flag above a white-blue pennant reading "Finland" was raised for the Finnish athletes.
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of 1830–1831. Finland made no such move, as Russia had already won over Finnish loyalty. Thus, Russia continued its policies respecting Finnish autonomy and the quiet assimilation of the Finns into the empire. Zakrevsky died in 1831;
65:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
1913:
1686:, Nicholas II's prime minister. Stolypin proved to be even more vigorous than Bobrikov, as he believed every subject should be a stoic patriot to the crown and uphold undying loyalty to Russia. Stolypin wished to
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from 1850 to 1884, called for double censorship on works opposing the church and works appearing socialist or communist. The reactionary policies of the Lutheran Church convinced the also reactionary Nicholas I
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in 1814 and entered a personal union with the nation. Whether or not Alexander purposely ignored the existence of the Diet is debatable, with notable factors such as the fall of Napoleon and the creation of the
1240:
19 November] 1825). Zakrevsky seized the opportunity to require Finland to swear an oath of fealty which would refer to the emperor as the absolute ruler of Finland – expecting that emperor would be
1088:, a body made up of Finnish citizens. The governor-general would accordingly have a relatively diminished role. Further, the emperor would deal with matters relating to Finland directly through a dedicated
1584:, who was appointed governor-general. Under Bobrikov, the Finns had a near collective hatred of him, whose reactionary policies gave rise to socialism and communism among the Finnish working class. The
1128:. This surprising action by the tsar was met with anger from certain parts of the Russian government and aristocracy, who wished to either return to the previous border or annex the communities west of
1324:(The Farmer's Friend), began publication in both urban and rural areas of Finland. However, the Swedish academic elite, the church, and the Russian government opposed Finland's literature movement.
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1305:. Finnish was not represented as language of the scholarly elite, as most printed academic works, novels, and poetry was written in either Swedish or Russian. Copying the German reading rage,
1747:. The Senate had a primarily advisory role until it got the right to representation in 1886. On top of having its own central, regional and local administration, Finland had its own stamps,
1058:, and the Finnish estates as long as the Finns would remain loyal to the Russian imperial crown. The oath also dubbed anyone person who gave aid to the Swedish or Finnish armies a rebel.
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in the middle) was also used in the Grand Duchy, along with a customs flag (a blue flag, with the Russian flag on the upper corner and the logo of the customs agency in the middle).
1236:
and managed to obtain the right to submit Finnish affairs to the Russian emperor, bypassing the Finnish Secretary of State. Two years later, Alexander I died ( 1 December [
1092:, without the involvement of his Russian cabinet or administration. This laid the foundation for the considerable autonomy enjoyed by Finland for most of the period of Russian rule.
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in the middle. In 1883 it was replaced with a blue cross flag with the compass rose in the upper corner. A post flag (a white flag with the Russian flag in the upper corner and a
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became counsellor to the Russian emperor. Armfelt was instrumental in securing the grand duchy as state with greater autonomy within the Russian Empire, and acquiring so-called
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and other Fennoman authors combined literature and nationalism and increased the calls for language recognition and education reforms in Finland. This heightened during the
946:, who in return guaranteed that the area's laws and liberties, as well as religion, would be left unchanged. Following the Swedish defeat in the war and the signing of the
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1695:, a Jewish member of the far-left. From Stolypin's death henceforward, the Russian crown ruled Finland as a monarchist dictatorship until Russia's collapse during the
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1069:, and begrudgingly embraced Russian conquest. The Diet of Finland was now to only meet whenever requested, and was never mentioned in the manifesto published by the
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Constitutionalist insurgency in Finland: Finnish "passive resistance" against Russification as a case of nonmilitary struggle in the European resistance tradition
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824:. Due to the governmental structure of the Russian Empire and Finnish initiative, the Grand Duchy's autonomy expanded until the end of the 19th century. The
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succeeded him as Governor-General of Finland and continued Finnish appeasement. The appeasement of the Finns could be seen as a prototype of the later
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from Russia proper to Finland. After 1831 there were eight provinces in the Grand Duchy until the end and that continued in the independent Finland:
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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policies in 1898; the new circumstances saw the reduction of Finnish autonomy and cultural expression. Unrest in Russia and Finland during the
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However, Finland did experience a nationalistic revolution in the 1830s – one based around literature. This marked the beginning of the
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could rely on the rest of his vast empire. The title "Grand Duke of Finland" was added to the long list of titles of the Russian tsar.
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1788:. This evolved into a high level of autonomy by the end of the 19th century. There were a total of twenty Governors-General from the
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1290:(in office: 1841–1852), advocated for Count Zakrevsky's ideas and further pushed the ideas of subtle Russification during the 1840s.
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Mäkinen, Ilkka. (Winter 2015), "From Literacy to Love of Reading: The Fennomanian Ideology of Reading in the 19th-Century Finland",
1309:, and subsequent Swedish mania, Finland entered the reading craze by the 1830s. This fad peaked in 1835 with the publication of The
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Russification only increased from there, but from the 1880s on, the conflict between the Swedish minority halted. Compared to the
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Kan, Aleksander. "Storfurstendömet Finland 1809–1917 – dess autonomi enligt den nutida finska historieskrivningen" (in Swedish)
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851:(1855–1881) saw significant cultural, social and intellectual progress, and an industrializing economy. Tensions increased after
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Economic, social and political changes in the Grand Duchy of Finland paralleled those in the Russian Empire and the rest of
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1623:. Bobrikov brought in Russian officials to take government and state spots and, in an extreme act of anger, suspended the
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were used in unofficial contexts such as private estates and protests. In official contexts, the Russian white-blue-red
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but the governmental institutions born during the Swedish rule offered him a more efficient form of government than the
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Bobrikov before him, Stolypin was unaware that such actions only fanned the flames and was subsequently assassinated by
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Finnish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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of its own, but different types of flags were used in different occasions. An official flag was debated even in the
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Finns with their presence. Moreover, Finnish representatives to the tsar were replaced with Pan-Slavist advocates.
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in 1903. His actions were met with extreme anger from Finns and Swedes, in which the moderate parties, the
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2019:) headed by governors. Few changes were made however, and as the language of the administrators was still
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Map of Finland, about 1900. The map is in Russian and uses the Swedish place names written in Cyrillic.
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Klinge 1997, Jutikkala & Pirinen 2002, Pulma 2003a, Zetterberg 2003, Jussila 2004, Ylikangas 2007.
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The administrative division of the Grand Duchy followed the Russian imperial model with provinces (
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1179:. Despite this, Alexander I ceased to give in to Finnish affairs and returned to governing Russia.
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An official maritime flag was chosen in 1812 for governmental use. It was a white flag, with the
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also transferred to Helsinki after a fire broke out in Turku, destroying most of the building.
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from 1812 to 1945) was gifted to Finland. Russia had annexed this territory from Sweden in the
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1492:) election advertising in Helsinki during the first unicameral parliamentary elections in 1907
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The Russian emperor ruled as the Grand Duke of Finland and was represented in Finland by the
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and quickly became unpopular among both Finns and Swedes alike. Zakrevsky abolished the
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was the highest governing body of the Grand Duchy and was composed of native Finns. In
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giving a speech at the Flora Day celebration on 13 May 1848. Author of the drawing is
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Instead of the newly acquired territory being subjected to direct rule by an imperial
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A variant of the Finnish merchant flag used by the Swedish-speaking population, 1905
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The Finns complied, bitter over Sweden abandoning the country for their war against
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gave the title to his new-born son, Prince Carl Gustaf, who died three years later.
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Imperial Borderland: Bobrikov and the Attempted Russification of Finland, 1898–1904
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was not initially part of the Grand Duchy, but in 1812 it was transferred by Tsar
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on 16 June 1904, in Helsinki. A drawing of the assassination by an unknown author.
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ascended to the throne in 1894 after Alexander's death, and with him came General
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did not result in any Finnish autonomy, as Finland was an integrated part of the
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indicates renamed or abolished governorates, oblasts, etc on 1 January 1914.
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From Grand Duchy to a Modern State: A Political History of Finland Since 1809
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against him in December 1825. Nicholas assured Finland's secretary of state,
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2831:[The "fire horse" arrived first time in Hämeenlinna 150 years ago].
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In 1830, Europe became a hotbed of revolution and reform as a result of the
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later in the nineteenth-century. Moreover, Alexander moved the capital from
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and allied the two countries against Napoleon's remaining threats: the
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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the old terminology from the Swedish time continued in local use. The
1195:
805:, the country became autonomous after its annexation by Russia in the
2327:
in the upper corner. It was inspired by the similar flag used by the
2305:
3136:
Alenius, Kari. "Russification in Estonia and Finland Before 1917",
2974:
Apunen 1987, Jutikkala & Pirinen 2002, Pulma 2003a, Jussila 2004
3807:
3444:
3225:
2828:
2716:
2623:
Leif Tengström: "Muschoviten...Turcken icke olijk" II, 1997, s. 104
1652:
1311:
1141:
1051:
1026:
639:
347:
246:
3427:
2944:
2863:
2851:
2704:
1476:
Managers and directors of Walkiakoski Oy, a sulphate pulp mill in
1395:
3449:
3256:
2880:
2878:
2324:
1853:
1800:
1765:
in Helsinki was built to commemorate his re-establishment of the
1640:
1465:
1306:
1165:
783:
758:
705:
326:
3205:
The text of The Imperial Manifesto of 1811 in German and Finnish
2829:"Tulihevonen saapui ensi kerran Hämeenlinnaan 150 vuotta sitten"
1619:
in Finland, mainly from the Russian minority and members of the
1565:
1187:
62:
5091:
Countries and territories where Swedish is an official language
4556:
4522:
3762:
1785:
1715:
1161:
1105:
914:
resolve to keep Finland within Sweden in the face of increased
844:
762:
2932:
2875:
2776:
2668:
1301:
was founded, which formed on the basis of appreciation of the
1183:
Alexander's death and the assimilation of Finland: 1820s–1850s
1029:
I of the French. The treaty mediated peace between Russia and
901:(1556–1561/63), extended the list of subsidiary titles of the
3712:
3454:
2680:
1928:
1901:
1891:
1874:
1844:
1834:
1825:
1814:
1803:
1514:
1275:
1222:
1137:
335:
331:
239:
3459:
2902:"Chemistry and Politics: Edvard Immanuel Hjelt (1855–1921)"
2438:
2282:
1019:
939:
3100:(rev. ed.), New York, Washington: Praeger Publishers
2836:
2752:
2740:
3086:
Jussila, Osmo; Henttilä, Seppo; Nevakivi, Jukka (1995),
3085:
2593:
2289:
in the 1860s, but one was never officially chosen. The
1678:
before any other European nation after the short-lived
3946:
2728:
965:
After his return to Finland in 1812, the Finnish-born
3045:
2986:
2977:
2563:
1703:, a war of independence that soon transformed into a
3027:
3018:
58:
2956:
2764:
2614:
Haapala 1995, Jussila 2004 ja 2007, Ylikangas 2007.
1682:. However, the parliament was quickly destroyed by
1666:, Finns remade their constitution and formed a new
1658:In 1905, Russia faced a humiliating defeat in the
3180:Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland
3036:
2462:1920: 3,148,000 (independent Finland, since 1917)
5047:
3095:
2950:
2896:
2869:
2857:
2794:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2674:
2662:
2315:A blue cross flag similar to that of the modern
2293:was Finland's official flag until independence.
1386:became subject for Allied attacks, specifically
1014:The formation of the grand duchy stems from the
2353:The Grand Duchy of Finland participated in the
2342:At the end of the 19th century, flags with the
2312:the Russian flag twice or thrice saw some use.
984:
16:Predecessor state of modern Finland (1809–1917)
1347:
83:accompanying your translation by providing an
49:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
5086:States and territories disestablished in 1917
3932:
3241:
3090:, London, United Kingdom: Hurst & Company
1635:combined to collectively fight Bobrikov. The
1382:in which Finnish ports and fortresses on the
797:Originating in the 16th century as a titular
161:
145:
130:
3119:
2938:
2884:
2782:
2686:
1245:, Alexander's next-eldest brother. However,
950:on 17 September 1809, Finland became a true
2323:in 1861, equipped with the coat of arms of
2281:The Grand Duchy of Finland had no official
973:that Russia had annexed from Sweden in the
95:{{Translated|fi|Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta}}
5081:States and territories established in 1809
3939:
3925:
3248:
3234:
2433:A Finnish-speaker version of the same flag
1988:Governorates of the Grand Duchy of Finland
1710:
933:of occupied Finland were assembled at the
207:
3062:European Historical Statistics, 1750–1970
2495:– Kingdom of Poland (1815–1831), another
937:on 29 March 1809 to pledge allegiance to
786:. It existed between 1809 and 1917 as an
3096:Jutikkala, Eino; Pirinen, Kauko (1962),
2439:Historical population of the Grand Duchy
2373:was the official flag of the Grand Duchy
1753:
1743:Finnish matters were represented by the
1722:
1714:
1599:
1564:
1556:
1531:
1520:
1483:
1471:
1455:
1361:
1205:
1194:
1186:
1099:
988:
774:, officially and also translated as the
5061:Governors of the Grand Duchy of Finland
3105:
2758:
2746:
1745:Minister–Secretary of State for Finland
1727:Provinces of the Grand Duchy of Finland
838:Supreme Administrative Court of Finland
5048:
2632:
2478:Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland
1144:, a small fortified town protected by
5036:Ostsee or Baltic general-governorship
3920:
3229:
2594:Jussila, Henttilä & Nevakivi 1995
2570:(all of which literally translate as
1776:did not want the Grand Duchy to be a
3255:
3076:
2962:
2770:
2734:
18:
2483:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
1414:died in 1855, and the new emperor,
869:Finnish Declaration of Independence
734:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
13:
3948:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire
3130:
3088:From Grand Duchy to a Modern State
2566:Velikoye knyazhestvo Finlyandskoye
1670:whose representation was based on
1637:Social Democratic Party of Finland
213:The Grand Duchy of Finland in 1914
14:
5112:
3189:
3006:from the original on 1 March 2024
2319:was first used by the yacht club
1887:1861, 1864, 1868, 1870, 1872–1873
1539:postcard from the early 1900's –
1202:in the middle of the 19th century
1048:Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden
5101:1917 disestablishments in Europe
2810:, p. 18. Interlink Books, 2014.
2426:
2414:
2394:
2378:
2363:
1819:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
1441:
1434:was opened between Helsinki and
871:and the end of the Grand Duchy.
738:
724:
710:
685:
671:
191:
23:
3212:"Finland, Grand Duchy of"
3140:2004, Vol. 28, pp. 181–94
3081:, London: Max Parrish & Co.
3070:
3054:
2968:
2890:
2821:
2800:
1335:
1280:Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov
1200:Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion
929:between Sweden and Russia, the
897:, who as a Prince had been the
863:(1914–1918) and the subsequent
3356:History of independent Finland
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2533:
1366:Ball in Helsinki in honour of
1344:and the Fennomanian movement.
1095:
865:collapse of the Russian Empire
93:You may also add the template
1:
5096:1809 establishments in Europe
2581:
2560:Великое княжество Финляндское
1905:Fyodor Logginovich van Heiden
1701:Finland declared independence
1234:Committee for Finnish Affairs
1126:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
776:Grand Principality of Finland
163:Великое княжество Финляндское
3164:2008, Issue 1, pp. 3–27
3122:The Russian Empire 1801–1917
2951:Jutikkala & Pirinen 1962
2870:Jutikkala & Pirinen 1962
2858:Jutikkala & Pirinen 1962
2808:Helsinki: A Cultural History
2795:Jutikkala & Pirinen 1962
2723:Jutikkala & Pirinen 1962
2711:Jutikkala & Pirinen 1962
2699:Jutikkala & Pirinen 1962
2675:Jutikkala & Pirinen 1962
2663:Jutikkala & Pirinen 1962
2641:(in Finnish). Archived from
1981:
1468:in a Peasant Cottage (1868).
996:was as the first who served
985:Beginning of the Grand Duchy
905:considerably. The new title
7:
5076:Former monarchies of Europe
3120:Seton-Watson, Hugh (1967),
3064:(Columbia U.P., 1978), p. 4
2564:
2466:
2333:Östra Nylands Segelförening
2060:Або-Бьернеборгская губерния
1513:movement, which called for
1348:Crimean War and 1860s–1870s
1230:Governor-General of Finland
1071:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
998:Governor-General of Finland
10:
5117:
5066:Former countries in Europe
3611:Government-owned companies
3282:Finland under Swedish rule
2900:; Niinistö, Lauri (1998).
2300:in the upper corner and a
1985:
1864:Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert
1807:Göran Magnus Sprengtporten
1688:destroy Finland's autonomy
1662:and amidst the turmoil in
1586:Party of Active Resistance
1445:
1351:
1299:Finnish Literature Society
1003:
994:Georg Magnus Sprengtporten
878:
874:
57:Machine translation, like
5024:
4968:
4933:
4829:
4772:
4729:
4604:
4555:
4521:
4407:
3954:
3871:
3753:
3683:
3674:
3622:National income agreement
3591:
3582:
3493:
3484:
3378:
3369:
3314:Golden Age of Finnish Art
3267:
3108:Journal of Social History
2559:
2544:Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta
2385:A variant of the Finnish
2269:
2239:
2209:
2180:Санкт-Михельская губерния
2179:
2149:
2119:
2089:
2059:
1997:
1569:The first session of the
1342:Finland's language strife
754:
650:
638:
608:
604:
589:
574:
561:
557:
549:
529:
525:
510:
493:
489:
479:
475:
460:
445:
441:
431:
427:
415:
403:
391:
379:
367:
363:
353:
341:
325:
301:
255:
235:
218:
206:
188:
183:
162:
132:Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta
121:
38:the corresponding article
3498:Administrative divisions
3079:Green, Gold, and Granite
2999:Ministry of the Interior
2552:Storfurstendömet Finland
2526:
2516:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2276:
2120:Николайстадская губерния
1885:Johan Mauritz Nordenstam
1452:Russification of Finland
1315:, the Finnish epic. The
1191:Central Helsinki in 1820
895:King Johan III of Sweden
867:in 1917 resulted in the
834:Supreme Court of Finland
147:Storfurstendömet Finland
3329:Finland in World War II
3319:Independence of Finland
3157:(Hurst & Co. 1999).
3051:Kajanti 1997 p. 176–178
2994:"Suomen lipun historia"
2983:Kajanti 1997 p. 110–140
2797:, pp. 215–16, 222.
2701:, pp. 191–92, 194.
2665:, pp. 178–79, 183.
2635:"Ajankohtainen Armfelt"
2633:Knapas, Rainer (2014).
2497:constitutional monarchy
2473:Independence of Finland
2044:Åbo och Björneborgs län
2036:Turku and Pori Province
1778:constitutional monarchy
1711:Government and politics
1448:Independence of Finland
1255:Robert Henrik Rehbinder
1158:Finnish House of Nobles
954:grand duchy within the
104:For more guidance, see
5056:Grand Duchy of Finland
5038:was abolished in 1876.
4721:Baku (Gradonachalstvo)
3218:Encyclopedia Americana
3196:Grand Duchy of Finland
3153:Jussila, Osmo, et al.
3024:Kajanti 1997 ss. 88–90
2551:
2543:
2511:Governorate of Estonia
2261:
2253:
2231:
2223:
2210:Тавастгусская губерния
2201:
2193:
2171:
2163:
2141:
2133:
2111:
2103:
2081:
2073:
2051:
2043:
2016:
2008:
1949:Vladimir von Boeckmann
1838:Gustav Mauritz Armfelt
1770:
1759:Statue of Alexander II
1728:
1720:
1615:
1574:
1562:
1543:
1529:
1493:
1490:Swedish People's Party
1481:
1469:
1371:
1218:
1203:
1192:
1109:
1001:
967:Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt
948:Treaty of Fredrikshamn
772:Grand Duchy of Finland
578:Treaty of Fredrikshamn
146:
131:
123:Grand Duchy of Finland
3173:Duke University Press
3033:Kajanti 1997 s. 79–80
2918:10.1007/s00897980247a
2906:The Chemical Educator
2596:, pp. ix, 1, 10.
2407:Nyländska Jaktklubben
2321:Nyländska Jaktklubben
2240:Улеаборгская губерния
1757:
1726:
1718:
1649:assassinated Bobrikov
1603:
1571:Parliament of Finland
1568:
1560:
1535:
1524:
1488:Svenska Folkpartiet (
1487:
1475:
1459:
1408:Battle of Suomenlinna
1365:
1209:
1198:
1190:
1103:
1023:Alexander I of Russia
992:
944:Alexander I of Russia
907:Grand Duke of Finland
830:Government of Finland
820:, represented by the
811:Grand Duke of Finland
594:Independence declared
256:Common languages
106:Knowledge:Translation
77:copyright attribution
5071:Former grand duchies
4937:Galicia and Bukovina
4606:Caucasus Viceroyalty
4145:Little Russia (1796)
4138:Little Russia (1764)
3859:World Heritage Sites
3162:Historisk Tidskrift,
3098:A History of Finland
3077:Hall, Wendy (1953),
2355:1912 Summer Olympics
2350:was primarily used.
2052:Turun ja Porin lääni
1880:1854–1855, 1861–1866
1857:Aleksander Menshikov
1674:, giving women full
1625:Finnish Constitution
1552:Russo-Finnish Tariff
1526:Salo railway station
504:Carl Erik Mannerheim
310:Evangelical Lutheran
4731:Baltic Governorates
3042:Kajanti 1997 p. 164
2898:Kauffman, George B.
2725:, pp. 199–206.
2270:Выборгская губерния
2150:Нюландская губерния
2090:Куопиоская губерния
1954:General-Lieutenant
1926:General-Lieutenant
1680:Republic of Corsica
1438:on March 17, 1862.
1404:Battle of Bomarsund
1330:Archbishop of Turku
889:was made a titular
455:Georg Sprengtporten
306:Official religions:
4983:Emirate of Bukhara
4614:Baku (Governorate)
3652:Telecommunications
3292:Great Northern War
3200:Flags of the World
3178:Thaden, Edward C.
2953:, pp. 242–55.
2941:, pp. 668–69.
2887:, pp. 498–99.
2872:, pp. 229–32.
2860:, pp. 222–24.
2839:. January 31, 2012
2785:, pp. 415–16.
2761:, pp. 295–96.
2749:, pp. 292–95.
2737:, pp. 127–28.
2713:, pp. 195–96.
2689:, pp. 114–15.
2639:Tieteessä tapahtuu
2572:Grand Principality
1969:Mikhail Stakhovich
1911:General-Lieutenant
1878:Platon Rokassovsky
1771:
1729:
1721:
1697:Russian Revolution
1672:universal suffrage
1660:Russo-Japanese War
1616:
1594:February Manifesto
1575:
1563:
1544:
1530:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1432:first railway line
1372:
1219:
1204:
1193:
1122:Great Northern War
1110:
1108:Banknote from 1814
1090:Secretary of State
1044:General roda Voysk
1002:
881:History of Finland
809:of 1808–1809. The
720:Kingdom of Finland
693:Vyborg Governorate
85:interlanguage link
5043:
5042:
4989:Khanate of Kokand
4579:Semirechye Oblast
4179:Novgorod-Seversky
3914:
3913:
3867:
3866:
3670:
3669:
3578:
3577:
3560:Political parties
3513:Foreign relations
3480:
3479:
3167:Polvinen, Tuomo.
2939:Seton-Watson 1967
2885:Seton-Watson 1967
2783:Seton-Watson 1967
2687:Seton-Watson 1967
2521:Finnish Civil War
1956:Franz Albert Seyn
1895:Nikolai Adlerberg
1782:absolute monarchy
1737:Senate of Finland
1655:on 16 June 1904.
1621:Old Finnish Party
1326:Edvard Bergenheim
1295:Fennoman movement
1270:November Uprising
1251:Decembrist revolt
1086:Senate of Finland
1082:Mikhail Speransky
911:Kingdom of Sweden
887:Southwest Finland
826:Senate of Finland
818:Emperor of Russia
790:state within the
780:predecessor state
768:
767:
750:
749:
746:
745:
698:
697:
634:
626:
618:
613:Swedish riksdaler
584:17 September 1809
545:
538:
515:
498:
495:• 1822–1826
465:
450:
417:• 1894–1917
405:• 1881–1894
393:• 1855–1881
381:• 1825–1855
369:• 1809–1825
321:
314:
251:
244:
117:
116:
50:
46:
5108:
5009:Khanate of Khiva
4642:Georgia-Imeretia
4584:Syr-Darya Oblast
4541:Siberian Kirghiz
4466:Orenburg Kirghiz
4259:Saint Petersburg
3941:
3934:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3842:Independence Day
3832:National symbols
3681:
3680:
3589:
3588:
3491:
3490:
3383:Cities and towns
3376:
3375:
3361:Military history
3339:Continuation War
3250:
3243:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3146:Huxley, Steven.
3125:
3124:, London: Oxford
3115:
3101:
3091:
3082:
3065:
3060:B. R. Mitchell,
3058:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2825:
2819:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2575:
2569:
2561:
2537:
2430:
2418:
2398:
2382:
2367:
2271:
2246:Viipuri Province
2241:
2211:
2181:
2156:Mikkeli Province
2151:
2126:Uusimaa Province
2121:
2091:
2061:
2025:Viipuri Province
1999:
1975:Nikolai Nekrasov
1961:Privy Councilor
1939:Privy Councillor
1921:Nikolai Bobrikov
1914:Stepan Goncharov
1848:Arseny Zakrevsky
1829:Fabian Steinheil
1733:Governor-General
1610:assassinated by
1605:Governor-General
1582:Nikolay Bobrikov
1561:Helsinki in 1907
1496:The policies of
1462:Kreeta Haapasalo
1339:
1338: 1825–1855
1337:
1322:Maamiehen Ystävä
1303:Finnish language
1226:Arseny Zakrevsky
1211:Fredrik Cygnaeus
1118:Viipuri Province
1078:governor-general
1016:Treaty of Tilsit
975:Treaty of Nystad
853:Saint Petersburg
822:Governor-General
742:
741:
728:
727:
714:
713:
702:
701:
689:
688:
675:
674:
668:
667:
652:
651:
632:
624:
616:
596:
585:
543:
536:
513:
506:
496:
470:Nikolai Nekrasov
463:
448:
433:Governor-General
319:
317:Russian Orthodox
312:
249:
242:
211:
195:
174:
173:
165:
164:
157:
149:
142:
134:
119:
118:
96:
90:
63:Google Translate
48:
44:
27:
26:
19:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5020:
5015:Zeravshan Okrug
4996:Russian America
4964:
4936:
4935:Governorates of
4929:
4825:
4768:
4725:
4600:
4551:
4517:
4403:
4282:Sloboda Ukraine
4173:Nizhny Novgorod
3958:
3950:
3945:
3915:
3910:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3863:
3837:Public holidays
3749:
3666:
3574:
3538:Law enforcement
3476:
3365:
3297:The Great Wrath
3263:
3254:
3209:
3192:
3133:
3131:Further reading
3073:
3068:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3007:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2493:Congress Poland
2469:
2459:1910: 2,943,000
2456:1890: 2,380,000
2453:1870: 1,769,000
2450:1850: 1,637,000
2447:1830: 1,372,000
2441:
2434:
2431:
2422:
2419:
2410:
2399:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2329:Neva Yacht Club
2317:flag of Finland
2287:Diet of Finland
2279:
2164:S:t Michels län
2142:Uudenmaan lääni
2066:Kuopio Province
1990:
1984:
1767:Diet of Finland
1713:
1454:
1446:Main articles:
1444:
1360:
1352:Main articles:
1350:
1334:
1262:July Revolution
1185:
1150:main university
1098:
1056:Diet of Finland
1012:
1004:Main articles:
987:
977:(1721) and the
920:Gustav IV Adolf
918:pressure, King
903:Kings of Sweden
899:Duke of Finland
883:
877:
861:First World War
761:
739:
725:
711:
686:
679:Swedish Finland
672:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
600:6 December 1917
597:
592:
583:
580:
567:
539:
520:Anders Wirenius
516:
502:
499:
466:
451:
418:
406:
394:
382:
370:
315:
308:
297:
245:
214:
202:
201:
196:
179:
178:
177:
167:
160:
151:
136:
124:
113:
112:
111:
94:
88:
51:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5114:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5041:
5040:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5011:
5006:
5003:Uryankhay Krai
4999:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4939:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4903:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4839:
4837:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4786:Abo-Byorneborg
4782:
4780:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4727:
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4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4669:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4561:Turkestan Krai
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4394:Yekaterinoslav
4391:
4386:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4273:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4175:
4170:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3991:Archangelgorod
3987:
3982:
3975:
3966:
3964:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3745:Welfare system
3742:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3698:Climate change
3695:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3642:Stock exchange
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3570:Prime Minister
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3415:
3413:National parks
3410:
3408:Municipalities
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3388:Extreme points
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3351:Finlandization
3348:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3207:
3202:
3191:
3190:External links
3188:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3103:
3093:
3083:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3053:
3044:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3002:(in Finnish).
2985:
2976:
2967:
2965:, p. 129.
2955:
2943:
2931:
2889:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2835:(in Finnish).
2820:
2816:978-1566565448
2799:
2787:
2775:
2773:, p. 128.
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2677:, p. 185.
2667:
2655:
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2616:
2607:
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2585:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:Russian Empire
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2444:1810: 863,000
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2371:Flag of Russia
2369:
2362:
2337:Flag of Sweden
2291:flag of Russia
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2262:Viipurin lääni
2243:
2213:
2194:Tavastehus län
2183:
2172:Mikkelin lääni
2153:
2123:
2096:Vaasa Province
2093:
2063:
1986:Main article:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1942:Nikolai Gerard
1936:
1933:Ivan Obolenski
1924:
1917:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1881:
1871:
1860:
1851:
1841:
1832:
1822:
1810:
1741:St. Petersburg
1712:
1709:
1684:Pyotr Stolypin
1664:St. Petersburg
1646:Eugen Schauman
1612:Eugen Schauman
1541:Finnish markka
1460:Folk musician
1443:
1440:
1424:Finnish markka
1376:Johan Snellman
1349:
1346:
1184:
1181:
1130:St. Petersburg
1097:
1094:
1035:United Kingdom
1010:Diet of Porvoo
986:
983:
956:Russian Empire
935:Diet of Porvoo
893:in 1581, when
879:Main article:
876:
873:
803:King of Sweden
792:Russian Empire
766:
765:
756:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
736:
730:
729:
722:
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690:
682:
681:
676:
664:
663:
658:
648:
647:
642:
636:
635:
629:Finnish markka
610:
606:
605:
602:
601:
598:
590:
587:
586:
581:
575:
572:
571:
568:
565:Diet of Porvoo
562:
559:
558:
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546:
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527:
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395:
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389:
388:
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371:
368:
365:
364:
361:
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357:
351:
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339:
338:
329:
323:
322:
303:
299:
298:
296:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
259:
257:
253:
252:
237:
233:
232:
230:Russian Empire
220:
216:
215:
212:
204:
203:
197:
190:
189:
186:
185:
181:
180:
176:
175:
158:
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127:
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91:
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55:
52:
33:
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22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5113:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5037:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
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4940:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
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4875:
4873:
4870:
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4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
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4838:
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4828:
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4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
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4771:
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4547:Semipalatinsk
4545:
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3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:Ship-building
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3614:
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3609:
3607:
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3602:
3599:
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3411:
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3404:
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3258:
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3219:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3185:
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3177:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3152:
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2645:on 2016-06-01
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2387:merchant flag
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2229:
2225:
2224:Uleåborgs län
2221:
2217:
2216:Oulu Province
2214:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:Häme Province
2184:
2177:
2173:
2169:
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2117:
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2082:Kuopion lääni
2079:
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1693:Dmitry Bogrov
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1548:Baltic States
1542:
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1507:
1503:
1502:Alexander III
1499:
1498:Russification
1491:
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1442:Russification
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1284:Russification
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1215:Alex Federley
1212:
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1177:
1172:
1171:Holy Alliance
1167:
1163:
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1135:
1134:Russification
1131:
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979:Treaty of Åbo
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857:Russification
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640:ISO 3166 code
637:
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622:
621:Russian ruble
614:
611:
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579:
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570:29 March 1809
569:
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481:Vice Chairman
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410:Alexander III
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56:
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53:
47:
41:
39:
34:You can help
30:
21:
20:
5027:
5013:
4994:
4987:
4975:
4969:Dependencies
4917:
4910:
4898:
4881:
4864:
4842:
4831:Governorates
4811:Sankt-Mikhel
4777:
4774:Governorates
4756:
4749:
4688:
4671:
4659:
4647:
4640:
4623:
4588:
4569:Transcaspian
4539:
4527:Stepnoy Krai
4495:
4488:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4428:
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4381:
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4287:
4280:
4268:
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4060:Ingermanland
4058:
4051:
4044:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4001:
3989:
3969:
3956:Governorates
3892:Bibliography
3809:The Kalevala
3808:
3783:Coat of arms
3768:Architecture
3703:Demographics
3627:Nordic model
3601:Central bank
3523:Human rights
3503:Constitution
3308:
3216:
3179:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3137:
3121:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3078:
3071:Bibliography
3061:
3056:
3047:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3008:. Retrieved
2997:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2909:
2905:
2892:
2865:
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2832:
2823:
2807:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2759:Mäkinen 2015
2754:
2747:Mäkinen 2015
2742:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2647:. Retrieved
2643:the original
2638:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2589:
2565:
2535:
2403:yacht ensign
2352:
2344:coat of arms
2341:
2335:adopted the
2314:
2310:
2302:compass rose
2298:Russian flag
2295:
2280:
2202:Hämeen lääni
2112:Vaasan lääni
2000:
1991:
1927:
1865:
1813:
1794:independence
1772:
1730:
1657:
1617:
1576:
1545:
1495:
1430:. Finland's
1420:
1416:Alexander II
1410:. Moreover,
1373:
1368:Alexander II
1321:
1316:
1310:
1292:
1288:Lev Perovski
1274:
1259:
1220:
1174:
1154:
1148:. Finland's
1111:
1075:
1060:
1042:
1025:and Emperor
1013:
964:
938:
931:four Estates
924:
885:An extended
884:
849:Alexander II
842:
801:held by the
796:
775:
771:
769:
661:Succeeded by
660:
655:
512:• 1917
462:• 1917
447:• 1809
398:Alexander II
320:(until 1917)
313:(until 1867)
305:
199:Coat of arms
81:edit summary
72:
43:
35:
4977:Bukey Horde
4631:Elizavetpol
4479:Primorskaya
4441:Transbaikal
4190:Novorossiya
4082:Kiev (1708)
3985:Arkhangelsk
3596:Agriculture
3440:Urban areas
3344:Lapland War
3309:Grand Duchy
3304:Finnish War
2912:(5): 1–15.
2806:Neil Kent:
2574:of Finland)
2499:within the
2488:Old Finland
2409:, 1861–1900
2389:, 1809–1821
2254:Viborgs län
2232:Oulun lääni
2134:Nylands län
2029:Alexander I
2001:governorate
1963:Adam Lipski
1790:Finnish War
1774:Alexander I
1751:and army.
1629:Young Finns
1578:Nicholas II
1511:Pan-Slavist
1506:Nicholas II
1478:Valkeakoski
1436:Hämeenlinna
1398:during the
1388:Suomenlinna
1380:Crimean War
1354:Crimean War
1264:in France.
1243:Constantine
1146:Suomenlinna
1114:Old Finland
1104:Finnish 20
1096:Early years
1054:faith, the
1006:Finnish War
971:Old Finland
927:Finnish War
925:During the
891:grand duchy
807:Finnish War
799:grand duchy
656:Preceded by
633:(1860–1917)
625:(1840–1860)
617:(1809–1840)
544:(1906–1917)
537:(1809–1906)
530:Legislature
422:Nicholas II
374:Alexander I
250:(1812–1917)
243:(1809–1812)
228:within the
226:grand duchy
45:(June 2023)
5050:Categories
4960:Chernovtsy
4900:Podlyashye
4430:Bessarabia
4356:Voznesensk
4009:Bessarabia
3803:Literature
3718:Healthcare
3555:Parliament
3518:Government
3334:Winter War
3287:Cudgel War
3277:Prehistory
2649:2016-04-30
2582:References
2074:Kuopio län
1668:parliament
1537:Numismatic
1426:, and its
1412:Nicholas I
1384:Baltic Sea
1116:(known as
952:autonomous
836:, and the
788:autonomous
782:of modern
778:, was the
541:Parliament
386:Nicholas I
355:Grand Duke
343:Government
327:Demonym(s)
223:Autonomous
40:in Finnish
4950:Peremyshl
4816:Tavastgus
4619:Black Sea
4590:Turkestan
4574:Samarkand
4535:Akmolinsk
4446:Kamchatka
4399:Yeniseysk
4389:Yaroslavl
4300:Stavropol
4221:Petrograd
4167:Nikolayev
4131:Lithuania
4035:Chernigov
3997:Astrakhan
3827:Mythology
3723:Languages
3708:Education
3662:Transport
3565:President
3528:Judiciary
3508:Elections
3465:Jyväskylä
3418:Provinces
3371:Geography
3324:Civil War
3175:. 342 pp.
2963:Hall 1953
2843:March 17,
2771:Hall 1953
2735:Hall 1953
2506:Åland War
2348:tricolour
2306:post horn
1982:Provinces
1958:1909–1917
1951:1908–1909
1944:1905–1908
1935:1904–1905
1923:1898–1904
1916:1897–1898
1907:1881–1897
1897:1866–1881
1870:1855–1861
1859:1831–1855
1850:1823–1831
1840:1812–1813
1831:1810–1823
1821:1809–1810
1809:1808–1809
1705:civil war
1400:Åland War
1392:Bomarsund
1358:Åland War
1317:Kalevala'
1228:was made
1221:In 1823,
302:Religion
184:1809–1917
99:talk page
4955:Tarnopol
4912:Sandomir
4889:Petrokov
4844:Avgustov
4821:Uleaborg
4740:Courland
4690:Imeretia
4684:Dagestan
4673:Armenian
4661:Shemakha
4497:Tarnopol
4484:Sakhalin
4459:Kwantung
4436:Don Host
4423:Belostok
4372:Voronezh
4367:Volhynia
4350:Vladimir
4295:Smolensk
4276:Simbirsk
4200:Orenburg
4185:Novgorod
4120:Kostroma
4053:Iziaslav
4029:Caucasus
4015:Bratslav
4003:Belgorod
3901:Category
3798:Folklore
3740:Religion
3688:Abortion
3647:Taxation
3637:Startups
3617:Industry
3543:Military
3486:Politics
3472:Wildlife
3445:Helsinki
3261:articles
3182:(1981).
3138:Faravid,
3004:Archived
2926:97163876
2833:Yle Häme
2467:See also
2405:used by
2104:Vasa län
1998:губерния
1947:General
1919:General
1900:General
1890:General
1883:General
1873:General
1868:von Berg
1862:General
1843:General
1824:General
1812:General
1769:in 1863.
1749:currency
1676:suffrage
1653:Helsinki
1631:and the
1608:Bobrikov
1428:own army
1406:and the
1312:Kalevala
1247:Nicholas
1142:Helsinki
1124:and the
1052:Lutheran
1027:Napoleon
1018:between
981:(1743).
855:adopted
813:was the
609:Currency
348:Monarchy
288:Karelian
247:Helsinki
75:provide
5028:Italics
4925:Suvalki
4919:Sedlets
4883:Mazovia
4877:Lyublin
4806:Nyuland
4778:Finland
4764:Estonia
4745:Livonia
4716:Zakatal
4711:Sukhumi
4655:Kutaisi
4649:Georgia
4625:Derbent
4596:Fergana
4557:Oblasts
4523:Oblasts
4490:Taurida
4452:Caspian
4409:Oblasts
4362:Vologda
4345:Vitebsk
4320:Tobolsk
4305:Taurida
4270:Siberia
4264:Saratov
4239:Poltava
4233:Polotsk
4227:Podolia
4195:Olonets
4156:Mogilev
4114:Kolyvan
4098:Kherson
4093:Kharkov
4066:Irkutsk
4046:Finland
4022:Belarus
3878:Outline
3788:Cuisine
3755:Culture
3733:Swedish
3728:Finnish
3676:Society
3657:Tourism
3584:Economy
3450:Tampere
3423:Regions
3398:Islands
3393:Geology
3269:History
3257:Finland
3221:. 1920.
3171:(1995)
3010:15 July
2556:Russian
2548:Swedish
2540:Finnish
2325:Uusimaa
2266:Russian
2258:Finnish
2250:Swedish
2236:Russian
2228:Finnish
2220:Swedish
2206:Russian
2198:Finnish
2190:Swedish
2176:Russian
2168:Finnish
2160:Swedish
2146:Russian
2138:Finnish
2130:Swedish
2116:Russian
2108:Finnish
2100:Swedish
2086:Russian
2078:Finnish
2070:Swedish
2056:Russian
2048:Finnish
2040:Swedish
2021:Swedish
2013:Finnish
2005:Swedish
1994:Russian
1854:Admiral
1801:General
1761:at the
1641:Marxist
1573:in 1907
1528:in 1900
1466:kantele
1307:Lesewut
1166:Denmark
1063:Denmark
960:emperor
916:Russian
875:History
815:Romanov
784:Finland
759:Finland
706:Finland
591:•
576:•
563:•
550:History
497:(first)
449:(first)
332:Finnish
278:Russian
268:Swedish
263:Finnish
236:Capital
170:Russian
154:Swedish
139:Finnish
97:to the
79:in the
42:.
4894:Plotsk
4872:Lomzha
4866:Krakov
4860:Keltsy
4855:Kalish
4850:Warsaw
4835:Poland
4801:Kuopio
4796:Vyborg
4667:Tiflis
4636:Erivan
4503:Turgay
4383:Vyborg
4377:Vyatka
4310:Tambov
4289:Slonim
4254:Samara
4249:Ryazan
4161:Moscow
4076:Kaluga
4040:Grodno
3906:Portal
3778:Cinema
3763:Anthem
3615:
3606:Energy
3435:Rivers
3259:
3150:(1990)
3142:Online
2924:
2814:
1792:until
1786:Russia
1735:. The
1515:Slavic
1500:under
1480:, 1899
1464:plays
1370:, 1863
1266:Poland
1162:Norway
1106:Kopeks
1067:France
1039:Sweden
1031:France
845:Europe
832:, the
763:Russia
553:
514:(last)
485:
464:(last)
437:
359:
293:Romani
273:German
219:Status
166:
150:
135:
4906:Radom
4751:Reval
4706:Terek
4701:Kuban
4679:Batum
4513:Yakut
4340:Vilna
4325:Tomsk
4244:Pskov
4210:Penza
4205:Oryol
4151:Minsk
4125:Kursk
4108:Kovno
4103:Kholm
4071:Kazan
3979:Altai
3885:Index
3854:Sport
3849:Sauna
3822:Music
3817:Media
3713:Finns
3693:Crime
3455:Turku
3428:Åland
3403:Lakes
3184:JSTOR
2922:S2CID
2527:Notes
2277:Flags
2017:lääni
1929:Knyaz
1902:Count
1892:Count
1875:Baron
1845:Count
1835:Count
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