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White
Russian emigrant prisoners whom he had ordered deported to the Soviet Union, Paasikivi had to dismiss Leino when he refused to resign at once. After the 1948 parliamentary elections, when the communists dropped from the largest to the third largest party, Paasikivi refused to let them into the government; and the communists remained in opposition until 1966.
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Paasikivi sought to understand why Moscow had ordered the invasion of
Finland in 1939. He concluded that interwar Finnish portrayals of the Soviet Union were "heedlessly Russophobic", and that the Soviet attack was legitimate, strategic, and even "defensive" rather than ideological or expansionist.
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began, Paasikivi took up writing his memoirs. By 1943 he had concluded that
Germany was going to lose the war and that Finland was in great danger as well. However, his initial opposition to the pro-German politics of 1940â1941 was too well known, and his first initiatives for peace negotiations were
819:
retained his aversion to parliamentarism; and (after pressure from
Paasikivi's National Coalition Party) had declined to appoint a cabinet with Social Democrats as Ministers. This didn't improve Paasikivi's reputation among the Swedish Social Democrats dominating the government, who were sufficiently
957:
Paasikivi's political flexibility had its limits; this was shown at the time of the communists' alleged coup attempt or coup plans in spring 1948. He ordered some units of the army and navy to
Helsinki to defend the capital against a possible communist attack. Any attempted takeover failed before it
948:
Paasikivi had thus come a long way from his earlier classical conservatism. He now was willing to co-operate regularly with the Social
Democrats and when necessary, even with the Communists, as long as they acted democratically. As president, he only once accepted his party, the Conservatives, into
961:
Most modern
Finnish historians deny that most communists wanted a violent coup, especially not without Soviet support. Later in the spring when the Finnish parliament passed a no-confidence motion against Communist Interior Minister Leino because of controversy over Leino's treatment of some mostly
1105:
Paasikivi did not actively seek re-election from his second term ending 1 March 1956, when he was age 85. However, Paasikivi was willing to serve as president for about two more years if a great majority of politicians asked him to do so. He appeared as a dark horse presidential candidate on the
1109:
After his unsuccessful last-minute presidential candidacy, Paasikivi felt betrayed by those politicians who asked him to participate in the election. He even denied giving his consent to the presidential candidacy in a public statement. He died in
December, having not yet finished his memoirs.
1761:
See, for example, "The
Diaries of J.K. Paasikivi", edited and published in Finland around 1985â1986; Sakari Virkkunen, "The Finnish Presidents II"; "The Republic's Presidents 1940â1956" / Tasavallan presidentit 1940â1956, published in Finland in 1993â1994; Tuomo Polvinen, "J.K. Paasikivi: The
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market. After returning home, Hellsten was officially entered in
Tampere's church books. Hellsten's mother died when he was four, and his father died in debt when Hellsten was 14. Hellsten's half-sister Karolina died soon after. Upon his father's death, Hellsten's aunt, Kaisa Hagman, assumed
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On 1 June 1897 Paasikivi married Swedish-born Anna Matilda Forsman (1869â1931). Together they had four children, Annikki (1898â1950), Wellamo (1900â1966), Juhani (1901â1942), and Varma (1903â1941). Upon earning his doctorate in law in 1901, Paasikivi took on an associate professorship of
802:
In Stockholm Paasikivi strove for Swedish defence guarantees, alternatively a defensive alliance or a defensive union between Finland and Sweden. Since the Civil War, relations between the Swedes and Finns had been frosty. The revolutionary turmoil at the end of World War I had led to
1106:
second ballot of the electoral college on 15 February 1956, but was eliminated as the least popular candidate. His last-minute candidacy was based on a misunderstood message from some conservatives which made him believe that enough Agrarians and Social Democrats would support him.
888:. In Moscow he was necessarily isolated from the most secret thoughts in Helsinki; and when he found out that these thoughts ran in the direction of revanche, of retaking, with Germany's aid, territory lost in the Winter War, he resigned. Paasikivi retired for the second time.
618:, opposing radical and potentially counter-productive steps which could be perceived as aggressive by the Russians. Paasikivi served as a Finnish Party member of Parliament 1907â1909 and 1910â1913. He served as a member of the Senate 1908â1909, as head of the finance division.
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the government; and even that government lasted only about six months and was considered more a caretaker or civil-servant government than a regular parliamentary government. Paasikivi even appointed a communist, People's Democrat Mauno Pekkala, as prime minister in 1946.
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Sweden's support for Finland was considerable, but short of one critical feature: Sweden neither declared war on the Soviet Union nor sent regular troops to Finland's defense. This made many Finns, including Paasikivi himself, judge his mission in Stockholm a failure.
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was in power during the existence of the prison camps following the Civil War in Finland, where 12,000 prisoners died in total. Starvation was seen as a principal cause of mortality in the camps which housed men and women who had fought on the side of the Reds.
795:, and France's and the United Kingdom's apparent lack of interest in supporting Finland, Sweden was the only notable power left that could possibly provide Finland any support at all. Since around the time of the failed Lapua coup, Paasikivi and
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Paasikivi began to doubt the Finnish Party's obedient line. In 1914, after resigning his position at the Treasury, and also standing down as a member of Parliament, Paasikivi left public life and office. He became Chief General Manager of the
936:
Paasikivi had to comply with many Soviet demands, including the war crimes trial. His main effort was to prove that Finland would present no threat to the Soviet Union, and that both countries would gain from confident peaceful relations.
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helped his relations with the Soviet leaders; he did not have to use interpreters all the time, as his successor Kekkonen did. Having studied in Russia as a young man, Paasikivi also knew classic Russian literature and Russian culture.
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I am particularly pleased to be sending you this advance greeting because, as a young man, I was myself an enthusiastic gymnast and athlete. And I have retained throughout my life a deep interest in athletics and sports of all kinds.
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Paasikivi stood for re-election in the presidential election of 1950, and he won 171 out of the 300 electoral college votes. The priorities of his second term were centred largely on domestic politics, in contrast to his first term.
1782:
See, for example, Pekka HyvĂ€rinen, "Finland's Man: Urho Kekkonen's Life" / Suomen mies: Urho Kekkosen elĂ€mĂ€, published in Finland in 2000; Tuomo Polvinen, "J.K. Paasikivi: The Statesman's Work of Life", final volume â years
709:, a German Prince, as king, intending to ensure German support for Finland against Bolshevist Russia. However, as Germany lost the World War, the monarchy had to be scrapped for a republic more in the taste of the victorious
668:, Paasikivi was appointed to the committee that began formulating new legislation for a modernized Grand Duchy. Initially he supported increased autonomy within the Russian state, in opposition to the Social Democrats in the
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It gives me great pleasure to address a message of greeting to the young people of the world as they prepare for the fifteenth Olympic Games which are, once again, to be celebrated in a spirit worthy of the ideals of
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Consequently, he ensured that negative references to the Soviet Union were expunged from school textbooks and that books containing "hostile" representations of the Soviet Union were removed from public libraries.
787:(1879â1960) in 1934 and resigned from politics. However, he was persuaded to accept the position of Envoy to Sweden, at the time regarded as Finland's most important foreign embassy post. The threats from
604:, a position he retained until 1914. For practically all of his adult life, Paasikivi moved in the inner circles of Finland's politics. He supported greater autonomy and an independent Cabinet (
1046:. On the eve of the Summer Olympics, it was only appropriate for the cultured statesman to hold a speech in a world language, English. However, English was not Paasikiviâs strong language, as
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had long been the predominant language of diplomacy. Still, Paasikivi wanted to extend his greetings to foreign guests arriving in Helsinki. The President's speech was as follows:
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travelling merchant August Hellsten and his wife, Karolina Wilhelmina, née Selin. Hellsten's parents lived in Tampere, but the son was born on their business trip to the
3005:
978:
aside, Finland had to adapt to superpower politics and sign treaties with the Soviet Union to avoid a worse fate. Thus he managed to stabilize Finland's position. This "
872:âs cabinet as a minister without portfolioâin practice in the role of a distinguished political advisor. He ended up in the cabinet's leading triumvirate together with
587:
Family of J. K. Paasikivi in 1906. From left to right: Paasikivi's first wife Anna (née Forsman), their children Juhani, Annikki, Vellamo, Varma, and Paasikivi himself.
751:, liberal former president of Finland; and Paasikivi like many other supporters, turned away from the radical right. In 1934 he became chairman of the conservative
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Paasikivi, who had a strong background in banking, has featured on various Finnish banknotes. He is one of three Finnish presidents whose portrait has appeared on
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The young Paasikivi was an enthusiastic athlete and gymnast. His father had recognized his son's academic talent and enrolled him at a top elementary school in
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446:(1918 and 1944â1946). He also held several other positions of trust, and was an influential figure in Finnish economics and politics for over fifty years.
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929:, was included in the cabinet. Paasikivi's policies were those of a intended to be "realistic" radically different from those of the previous 25 years.
1524:
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Jaakko Paavolainen. Suomen kansallinen murhenÀytelmÀ: Punainen ja valkoinen terrori ja vankileirit v.1918. Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi, Helsinki, 1974.
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did not intend to change his policies, Paasikivi supported compliance with some of the demands. When the war broke out, Paasikivi was asked to enter
807:
in Sweden, increased Swedish democracy, and a dominant role for the Swedish Social Democrats. In Finland, however, the result had been a disastrous
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336:
567:. During his schooling, Paasikivi supported himself by working variously as a teacher, lecturer, court bailiff, and lawyer in private practice in
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This happy cooperation between young people of all countries will serve the great call of concord and peace among the nations of the world.
1038:
As a lover of sports, and a former athlete and gymnast, Paasikivi had the great pleasure, during his second term of office, of opening the
1936:
Browning, Christopher; Lehti, Marko (2011). "Geographic Centrality and Marginality: East, West, and North in Finnish Symbolic Geography".
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By the end of Paasikivi's six-year second term, Finland had rid itself of the most urgent political problems resulting from the war. The
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I am convinced that the Finnish people, loving sport as they do, will spare no effort to make the 1952 Olympic Games a complete success.
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1210:
747:, which requested radical measures against the political Left. But eventually the Lapua movement radicalized further, even assaulting
457:), founded in 1958 under the leadership of Jan-Magnus Jansson, sought to nurture Paasikivi's political legacy, especially during the
791:
regimes that had seized power in Germany and the Soviet Union made Finland increasingly isolated. With the gradual weakening of the
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intentions to make Russian the only official language everywhere in the Russian Empire. He belonged, however, to the more complying
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1762:
Statesman's Work of Life" / J.K. Paasikivi: Valtiomiehen elÀmÀntyö, published in several volumes in Finland in the 1990s and 2000s.
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in the foreground, trying to ensure a stable peace and wider freedom of action for Finland. Paasikivi concluded that, all the fine
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When Mannerheim resigned, Parliament selected Paasikivi to succeed him as President of the Republic. Paasikivi was then age 75.
759:, and successfully rehabilitated the party after its suspicious closeness to the Lapua movement and the failed coup d'Ă©tat, the
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1951:
559:, a course of studies that proved useful in later life. The following winter, Paasikivi changed his major to law, earning a
398:
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J.K. Paasikivi leaving for Moscow for a first round of negotiations on 9 October 1939. Seeing him off are Prime Minister
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and appointed Social Democrats to the cabinet. But the suspicions between Finland and Sweden were too strong: During the
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Immediately after the war, Mannerheim appointed Paasikivi prime minister. For the first time in Finland a Communist,
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suspicious due to his association with Finland's Monarchist orientation in 1918, and the failed Lapua coup in 1932.
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543:. Paasikivi exhibited an early appetite for reading, and was the best pupil in his class. He entered the
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had belonged to a close circle of conservative Finns discussing how Sweden's support could be obtained.
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571:. It was also during his university studies, around 1894, that Paasikivi first became involved in the
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2005:
J. K. Paasikivi, President of Finland, gave a speech in the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics. â YouTube
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1189:), Paasikivi appears as a character with Urho Kekkonen. In the series Paasikivi is played by
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Juho Kusti Paasikivi in 375 humanists â 1 May 2015. Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki.
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864:, Paasikivi became the Finnish representative in the negotiations in Moscow. Seeing that
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653:(KOP) bank, retaining that position until 1934. Paasikivi also served as a member of the
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had even started, and the communists were defeated in the next parliamentary elections.
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government. As prime minister from May until November 1918, he strove for a continued
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Things actually improved, partly due to Paasikivi's efforts, partly due to President
815:. At the same time that Paasikivi arrived in Stockholm, it became known that Finnish
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880:(chairman of the Social Democrats). Paasikivi also led the negotiations for an
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had ended, and in January 1956 the Soviet Union removed its troops from the
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Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary
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Paasikivi left this post to become Director-in-Chief of Treasury of the
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Finnish president Paasikivi sends his Olympic greetings in English
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President Paasikivi (right), his wife Alli Paasikivi (middle) and
1946:. Nationalisms Across the Globe. Vol. 8. Bern: Peter Laing.
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met with little support from either Field Marshal Mannerheim or
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after the Second World War; for example, the Paasikivi Society (
1941:
The East-West Doctrine: Symbolic Geography and its Consequences
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Administrative Law at Helsinki University from 1902 to 1903.
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1751:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Werner Söderström Publishing.
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The Power of Freedom. Central and Eastern Europe after 1945
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1999:
Paasikivi's greeting message for the 1952 Summer Olympics
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Polvinen, Tuomo; HeikkilÀ, Hannu; Immonen, Hannu (1989).
1715:. Centre for European Studies. p. 41. Archived from
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Juho Kusti Paasikivi's funeral parade on 14 December 1956
575:, assuming leadership roles in its student organization.
686:, Paasikivi championed full independenceâin the form of
434:, member of parliament (1907â1909, 1910â1914), envoy to
1960:
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Suomi kylmÀssÀ sodassa: Paasikivi-seura Kekkosen tukena
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in the Parliament. Tentatively he supported the semi-
494:
of the Kulma-SeppÀlÀ house in the Huljala village of
1837:"Vapaudenristin suurristi tasavallan presidentille"
1134:-denominated banknotes of Finland. The others were
3006:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Liberty
2921:People from HĂ€me Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
1011:J.K. Paasikivi and chairman of the Supreme Soviet
884:and peace, and continued his mission in Moscow as
468:
965:
19:"Paasikivi" redirects here. For the surname, see
2976:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1911â1913)
2971:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1910â1911)
2966:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1908â1909)
2961:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1907â1908)
2897:
1742:
827:being elected. As president, Kallio approved of
891:
449:Paasikivi is remembered as a main architect of
3011:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon
2363:
2027:Newspaper clippings about Juho Kusti Paasikivi
989:
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1963:J. K. Paasikivi : valtiomiehen elÀmÀntyö
1935:
1738:
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1233:
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1002:
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2986:People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)
1743:Seppo Zetterberg; et al., eds. (2003).
982:" was adhered to for decades, and was named
578:
414:(27 November 1870 â 14 December 1956) was a
1892:(in Finnish). 28 November 1950. p. 9.
717:resigned, and he returned to the KOP bank.
595:
426:until its dissolution in 1918 and then the
2981:Ambassadors of Finland to the Soviet Union
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1808:
1793:"Shadow Lines": The Election (2019) â IMDb
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952:
697:Paasikivi stood firmly on the side of the
36:
2202:
1811:"Ritarikuntien suurristejÀ myönnetty 366"
1804:
1802:
1800:
1113:
675:who in vain strove for more far-reaching
515:responsibility for his raising. Hellsten
1982:
1843:(in Finnish). 16 March 1951. p. 5.
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146:17 November 1944 â 9 March 1946
1969:
1391: : Grand Cross with Collar of the
1339: : Grand Cross with Collar of the
1261: : Grand Cross with Collar of the
1026:and J. K. Paasikivi in Kultaranta, 1955
909:From prime minister to president (1946)
547:in 1890, graduating in May 1892 with a
233:27 May 1918 â 27 November 1918
191:27 May 1918 â 27 November 1918
2898:
1809:Anttikoski, Riitta (6 December 1997).
1797:
1172:In the 2019 Finnish television series
1142:, Paasikivi's successor as president.
1138:, the first president of Finland, and
1035:'s death made Paasikivi's job easier.
943:
523:in 1885. His surname literally means "
481:
16:President of Finland from 1946 to 1956
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1918:
1665:Polvinen, HeikkilÀ & Immonen 1989
1653:Polvinen, HeikkilÀ & Immonen 1989
1641:Polvinen, HeikkilÀ & Immonen 1989
1629:Polvinen, HeikkilÀ & Immonen 1989
1617:Polvinen, HeikkilÀ & Immonen 1989
1605:Polvinen, HeikkilÀ & Immonen 1989
1167:
766:
610:) for Finland, and resisted Russia's
418:politician who served as the seventh
66:11 March 1946 â 1 March 1956
2941:National Coalition Party politicians
1749:A Small Giant of the Finnish History
1705:
1204:Coat of Arms of Juho Kusti Paasikivi
563:degree and eventually, in 1902, his
422:from 1946 to 1956. Representing the
1886:"Onnitteluja ja juhlintaa Linnassa"
1244:
1152:Juho Kusti Paasikivi's first senate
13:
2728:
994:Paasikivi's ability to speak some
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14:
3027:
3016:20th-century presidents in Europe
1992:
1745:Suomen historian pikkujÀttilÀinen
1077:refugees had been resettled, the
970:As President, Paasikivi kept the
221:Chairman of the Senate of Finland
2373:
2322:
2061:The oldest current head of state
1920:[ËjuhoËkustiËpÉËsiËkiÊi]
1817:(in Finnish). pp. E 16â17.
1559:. Valtioneuvosto. Archived from
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905:, who now had become President.
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1965:. Vol. 1: 1870â1918. WSOY.
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469:Early life and political career
2996:World War II political leaders
2991:Finnish people of World War II
1987:. Greenwood. pp. 347â352.
1976:University of California Press
1909:
1861:Icelandic Presidency Website (
1634:
1622:
1610:
1579:
1567:
1549:
1537:
1122:Paasikivi on a former Finnish
539:following brief attendance at
1:
3001:University of Helsinki alumni
1983:Wilsford, David, ed. (1995).
1531:
1316:Order of the Cross of Liberty
369:Imperial Alexander University
2064:18 April 1951 - 1 March 1956
2042:in The Presidents of Finland
1318:with Swords (9 October 1950)
1299:Order of the Lion of Finland
972:foreign relations of Finland
892:Prime minister and president
783:Widowed in 1931, he married
530:
371:(now University of Helsinki)
7:
2148:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
2031:20th Century Press Archives
1546:â Eduskunta.fi (in Finnish)
1510:PaasikiviâKekkonen doctrine
1503:
1359:Royal Order of the Seraphim
1314: : Grand Cross of the
1297: : Grand Cross of the
1279: : Grand Cross of the
1145:
990:Knowledge of Russian helped
10:
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2951:Prime ministers of Finland
2365:Prime ministers of Finland
1939:In Alexander Maxwell, ed.,
1322:
1196:
1093:Last minute 1956 candidacy
1003:1950 presidential election
728:Paasikivi, as a political
707:Frederick Charles of Hesse
622:Independence and Civil War
430:, he previously served as
18:
2931:Finnish Party politicians
2780:
2726:
2380:
2371:
2320:
2210:
2161:
2152:
2144:
2134:
2128:Prime Minister of Finland
2125:
2117:
2107:
2101:Prime Minister of Finland
2098:
2090:
2085:
1694:Browning & Lehti 2011
1227:
1217:
1208:
1203:
896:In summer 1941, when the
732:, was a firm opponent of
579:First marriage and family
444:Prime Minister of Finland
405:
393:
375:
362:
354:
332:
316:
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289:
258:
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134:Prime Minister of Finland
132:
120:
108:
70:
59:
51:
47:
35:
28:
2774:National Coalition Party
1970:Rintala, Marvin (1969).
1865:), Order of the Falcon,
1520:J. K. Paasikivi memorial
856:and Mrs. Alli Paasikivi.
852:, speaker of Parliament
753:National Coalition Party
655:City Council of Helsinki
636:Finnish monarchy project
596:Introduction to politics
451:Finland's foreign policy
428:National Coalition Party
326:National Coalition Party
2916:People from HĂ€meenkoski
1515:PaasikiviâKekkonen Road
1376:Order of the Polar Star
1281:Order of the White Rose
1263:Order of the White Rose
953:Dealing with communists
811:and a total defeat for
703:constitutional monarchy
688:constitutional monarchy
498:(today HĂ€meenkoski) in
465:internationally known.
2733:
1916:Finnish pronunciation:
1684:p 254-256 (in English)
1409: : Knight of the
1357: : Knight of the
1238:("For the Fatherland")
1234:
1127:
1114:Paasikivi on banknotes
1102:
1071:
1027:
1016:
922:
857:
780:
650:Kansallis-Osake-Pankki
639:
602:Grand Duchy of Finland
588:
545:University of Helsinki
478:
477:J.K. Paasikivi in 1893
280:Grand Duchy of Finland
2946:Presidents of Finland
2732:
2204:Presidents of Finland
2094:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
2052:President of Portugal
1462:Order of St Stanislas
1411:Order of the Elephant
1162:Paasikivi III Cabinet
1136:Kaarlo Juho StÄhlberg
1121:
1100:
1052:
1022:
1010:
916:
876:and Foreign Minister
847:
774:
679:; but after the 1917
630:Paasikivi (left) and
629:
586:
527:" in both languages.
488:Johan Gustaf Hellsten
476:
263:Johan Gustaf Hellsten
244:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
202:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
85:Karl-August Fagerholm
2815:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
2155:President of Finland
2011:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
1867:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
1527:, his great-grandson
1223:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
1157:Paasikivi II Cabinet
1040:1952 Summer Olympics
966:"Paasikivi doctrine"
817:President Svinhufvud
695:Civil War in Finland
521:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
420:president of Finland
412:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
337:Anna Matilda Forsman
54:President of Finland
30:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
2255:C. G. E. Mannerheim
2007:(Audio and Visual )
2001:(Audio and Visual )
1576:, pp. 347â352.
1557:"Ministerikortisto"
1341:Order of the Falcon
1235:"IsÀnmaan puolesta"
1087:Porkkala naval base
944:Political evolution
919:C. G. E. Mannerheim
785:Allina (Alli) Valve
755:, as a champion of
736:in the cabinet, or
662:February Revolution
486:Paasikivi was born
482:Birth and childhood
349:Allina (Alli) Valve
311:Hietaniemi Cemetery
155:C. G. E. Mannerheim
115:C. G. E. Mannerheim
21:Paasikivi (surname)
2734:
2223:Lauri Kr. Relander
2086:Political offices
1872:2014-01-14 at the
1591:2022-02-08 at the
1395:(27 November 1950)
1168:In popular culture
1128:
1126:banknote from 1980
1103:
1057:Baron de Coubertin
1028:
1017:
1013:Kliment Voroshilov
980:Paasikivi doctrine
923:
858:
781:
767:Envoy in Stockholm
761:MÀntsÀlÀ Rebellion
684:October Revolution
640:
589:
479:
2926:Finnish Lutherans
2893:
2892:
2860:Pertti Salolainen
2739:
2738:
2580:V. J. Sukselainen
2560:V. J. Sukselainen
2331:
2330:
2171:
2170:
2162:Succeeded by
2135:Succeeded by
2108:Succeeded by
2081:
2080:
2069:Succeeded by
2065:
1953:978-3-034-30198-5
1890:Helsingin Sanomat
1841:Helsingin Sanomat
1815:Helsingin Sanomat
1706:Laar, M. (2009).
1667:, pp. 34â45.
1655:, pp. 33â41.
1445:Order of St. Anna
1393:Order of St. Olav
1242:
1241:
793:League of Nations
573:Fennoman movement
549:Bachelor's degree
500:PÀijÀnne Tavastia
442:(1940â1941), and
409:
408:
42:Paasikivi in 1945
3023:
2956:Finnish senators
2795:Antti Tulenheimo
2772:Chairmen of the
2766:
2759:
2752:
2743:
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2470:P. E. Svinhufvud
2385:P. E. Svinhufvud
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2231:P. E. Svinhufvud
2227:
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2197:
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2174:
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2145:Preceded by
2118:Preceded by
2091:Preceded by
2083:
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2063:
2049:Preceded by
2046:
2045:
1988:
1979:
1974:. Berkeley, CA:
1966:
1957:
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1525:Joakim Paasikivi
1498:Legion of Honour
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898:Continuation War
734:Social Democrats
671:coalition-Senate
632:P. E. Svinhufvud
553:Russian language
504:Southern Finland
438:(1936â1939) and
401:
345:
296:
293:14 December 1956
273:27 November 1870
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254:Personal details
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2936:Finnish bankers
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2880:Alexander Stubb
2840:Jussi Saukkonen
2825:Edwin Linkomies
2810:Paavo Virkkunen
2776:
2770:
2740:
2735:
2724:
2680:A. JÀÀtteenmÀki
2520:J. K. Paasikivi
2390:J. K. Paasikivi
2378:
2367:
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2327:
2318:
2313:
2311:Alexander Stubb
2305:
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2281:
2273:
2265:
2263:J. K. Paasikivi
2257:
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2215:K. J. StÄhlberg
2206:
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2096:
2073:
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2050:
2040:J. K. Paasikivi
1995:
1954:
1932:
1927:
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1874:Wayback Machine
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1081:had been paid,
1079:war reparations
1005:
992:
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840:Envoy in Moscow
829:parliamentarism
805:Parliamentarism
769:
660:After the 1917
644:First World War
624:
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490:in 1870 at the
484:
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455:Paasikivi-seura
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2855:Ilkka Suominen
2852:
2847:
2845:Juha Rihtniemi
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2830:K. F. Lehtonen
2827:
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2820:Pekka Pennanen
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2590:A. Karjalainen
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2575:K-A. Fagerholm
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2565:R. von Fieandt
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2555:K-A. Fagerholm
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1024:Urho Kekkonen
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863:
860:Prior to the
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854:VÀinö Hakkila
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321:Finnish Party
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307:Resting place
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179:Mauno Pekkala
177:
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127:Urho Kekkonen
125:
119:
116:
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107:
101:
100:Ralf Törngren
98:
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90:Urho Kekkonen
88:
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80:Mauno Pekkala
78:
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50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
22:
2885:Petteri Orpo
2814:
2790:E. N. SetÀlÀ
2690:M. Kiviniemi
2645:M. Miettunen
2585:M. Miettunen
2570:R. Kuuskoski
2519:
2505:E. Linkomies
2389:
2262:
2153:
2126:
2121:Urho Castrén
2111:Lauri Ingman
2099:
2071:
2060:
2051:
2019:
2015:Find a Grave
1984:
1971:
1962:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1930:Bibliography
1911:
1889:
1880:
1862:
1857:
1840:
1831:
1814:
1788:
1778:
1767:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1724:. Retrieved
1717:the original
1708:
1701:
1689:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1631:, p. 9.
1624:
1619:, p. 3.
1612:
1607:, p. 3.
1600:
1595:(in Finnish)
1581:
1569:
1561:the original
1551:
1539:
1424:Soviet Union
1186:
1175:Shadow Lines
1173:
1171:
1129:
1108:
1104:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1053:
1037:
1029:
993:
969:
960:
956:
947:
939:
935:
931:
924:
895:
878:VÀinö Tanner
859:
822:
801:
789:totalitarian
782:
775:Portrait by
730:conservative
727:
721:
720:Paasikivi's
719:
714:
692:
669:
659:
648:
641:
634:discuss the
605:
599:
590:
534:
520:
519:his name to
487:
485:
454:
448:
411:
410:
295:(1956-12-14)
228:
214:Lauri Ingman
209:Succeeded by
186:
174:Succeeded by
167:Urho Castrén
141:
122:Succeeded by
61:
2911:1956 deaths
2906:1870 births
2870:Ville ItÀlÀ
2695:J. Katainen
2685:M. Vanhanen
2675:P. Lipponen
2655:M. Koivisto
2640:K. Liinamaa
2610:M. Koivisto
2595:R. R. Lehto
2550:U. Kekkonen
2545:R. Törngren
2540:S. Tuomioja
2535:U. Kekkonen
2510:A. Hackzell
2490:A. Cajander
2480:T. KivimÀki
2430:A. Cajander
2420:A. Cajander
2306:(2012â2024)
2298:(2000â2012)
2290:(1994â2000)
2282:(1982â1994)
2274:(1956â1982)
2266:(1946â1956)
2258:(1944â1946)
2250:(1940â1944)
2242:(1937â1940)
2234:(1931â1937)
2226:(1925â1931)
2218:(1919â1925)
1178: [
693:During the
657:1915â1918.
642:During the
537:HĂ€meenlinna
492:smoke sauna
340: [
328:(from 1918)
323:(1906â1918)
239:Preceded by
197:Preceded by
162:Preceded by
110:Preceded by
2900:Categories
2665:H. Holkeri
2525:M. Pekkala
2515:U. Castrén
2460:O. Mantere
2415:J. Vennola
2405:J. Vennola
2400:K. Castrén
2247:Risto Ryti
2159:1946â1956
2132:1944â1946
2075:Haakon VII
1972:Four Finns
1726:2012-04-05
1532:References
1481:Iron Cross
927:Yrjö Leino
903:Risto Ryti
874:Risto Ryti
870:Risto Ryti
862:Winter War
833:Winter War
797:Mannerheim
738:communists
557:literature
517:Finnicized
463:neutrality
376:Profession
364:Alma mater
269:1870-11-27
2705:J. SipilÀ
2630:R. Paasio
2605:R. Paasio
2485:K. Kallio
2475:J. Sunila
2465:K. Kallio
2455:J. Sunila
2450:V. Tanner
2445:K. Kallio
2435:L. Ingman
2425:K. Kallio
2395:L. Ingman
1898:0355-2047
1863:Icelandic
1849:0355-2047
1823:0355-2047
1783:1948â1956
1083:rationing
1015:in Moscow
882:armistice
813:Socialism
809:Civil War
757:democracy
749:StÄhlberg
681:Bolshevik
612:panslavic
531:Education
525:flagstone
508:Tamperean
436:Stockholm
394:Signature
384:professor
380:statesman
333:Spouse(s)
302:, Finland
229:In office
187:In office
151:President
142:In office
62:In office
2715:S. Marin
2710:A. Rinne
2700:A. Stubb
2660:K. Sorsa
2650:K. Sorsa
2635:K. Sorsa
2410:R. Erich
1870:Archived
1589:Archived
1504:See also
1496: :
1479: :
1460: :
1443: :
1426: :
1374: :
1146:Cabinets
1075:Karelian
1044:Helsinki
1042:held in
976:rhetoric
677:autonomy
638:in 1918.
496:Koski Hl
459:Cold War
388:attorney
355:Children
300:Helsinki
276:Koski Hl
2720:P. Orpo
2625:T. Aura
2615:T. Aura
2495:R. Ryti
2033:of the
2029:in the
1477:Prussia
1407:Denmark
1337:Iceland
1323:Foreign
1312:Finland
1295:Finland
1277:Finland
1259:Finland
1219:Armiger
1197:Honours
1124:10 mark
996:Russian
779:in 1931
742:fascist
711:Entente
541:Hollola
432:senator
416:Finnish
346:(desc.)
2670:E. Aho
1950:
1896:
1847:
1821:
1680:
1494:France
1491:
1474:
1458:Poland
1455:
1438:
1421:
1404:
1389:Norway
1386:
1372:Sweden
1369:
1355:Sweden
1352:
1334:
1309:
1292:
1283:(1922)
1274:
1265:(1946)
1256:
1187:Nyrkki
1132:markka
1048:French
825:Kallio
722:Senate
715:Senate
666:Russia
607:Senate
440:Moscow
2105:1918
1747:[
1720:(PDF)
1713:(PDF)
1229:Motto
1182:]
886:Envoy
705:with
699:White
569:Lahti
512:Lahti
506:, to
344:]
1948:ISBN
1894:ISSN
1845:ISSN
1819:ISSN
1678:ISBN
555:and
290:Died
259:Born
52:7th
2035:ZBW
2013:at
664:in
551:in
502:in
2902::
1888:.
1839:.
1813:.
1799:^
1735:^
1193:.
1180:fi
1059:.
763:.
690:.
386:,
382:,
342:fi
282:,
278:,
2765:e
2758:t
2751:v
2357:e
2350:t
2343:v
2196:e
2189:t
2182:v
1978:.
1956:.
1900:.
1851:.
1825:.
1729:.
1185:(
673:,
358:4
271:)
267:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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