Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim

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years nothing whatsoever happened that could have induced us to consider the German troops intruders or oppressors. I believe that the attitude of the German Army in northern Finland towards the local population and authorities will enter our history as a unique example of a correct and cordial relationship ... I deem it my duty to lead my people out of the war. I cannot and I will not turn the arms which you have so liberally supplied us against Germans. I harbour the hope that you, even if you disapprove of my attitude, will wish and endeavour like myself and all other Finns to terminate our former relations without increasing the gravity of the situation.

3162: 3146: 3091: 2439: 1598: 6248: 2257: 1222: 1182: 2062:'s government as formal as possible. Mannerheim did not really appreciate Hitler, even though he initially expressed an interest in his rise to power; his attitude towards Hitler turned negative at the point when Mannerheim's visit to Germany made him realize what kind of "ideal state" Hitler was building; he compared Hitler's rise in Germany to the 1917 rise of the Bolshevists in Russia. Before the Continuation War, the Germans offered Mannerheim command over 80,000 German troops in Finland. Mannerheim declined so as to not tie himself and Finland to 3374: 2353: 2162:. This had to be done secretly, as Hitler never allowed off-guard recordings. Damen was assigned to record the official birthday speeches and Mannerheim's response and therefore placed microphones in some of the railway cars. However, Mannerheim and his guests chose to go to a car that did not have a microphone in it. Damen acted quickly, pushing a microphone through one of the car windows onto a net shelf just above where Hitler and Mannerheim were sitting. After eleven minutes of Hitler's and Mannerheim's private conversation, Hitler's 1325: 2461:. This may be partly due to his refusal to enter partisan politics (although his sympathies were more right-wing than left-wing), his claim always to serve the fatherland without selfish motives, his personal courage in visiting the front lines, his ability to work diligently into his late seventies, and his foreign political farsightedness in preparing for the Soviet invasion of Finland years before it occurred. Although Finland fought alongside Nazi Germany during the Continuation War and thus in co-operation with the 640: 1317: 650: 2793: 3200: 579: 2195: 1462: 2332:. This never happened. One of the reasons for this was Stalin's respect for and admiration of the Marshal. Stalin told a Finnish delegation in Moscow in 1947 that the Finns owed much to their old Marshal. Due to Mannerheim, Finland was not occupied. Despite Mannerheim's criticisms of some of the demands of the Control Commission, he worked hard to carry out Finland's armistice obligations. He also emphasised the necessity of further work on reconstruction in Finland after the war. 2489: 1391:. His report gave a detailed account of Chinese modernization, covering education, military reforms, colonization of ethnic borderlands, mining and industry, railway construction, the influence of Japan, and opium smoking. He also discussed the possibility of a Russian invasion of Xinjiang, and Xinjiang's possible role as a bargaining chip in a putative future war with China. His trip through Asia left him with a lifelong love of Asian art, which he thereafter collected. 2203: 1901:). By this time, Mannerheim had come to be seen by the public, including some former socialists, less as a "White General" and more as a nonpartisan figure, enhanced by his public statements urging reconciliation between the opposing sides in the Civil War and the need to focus on national unity and defence: "we need not ask where a man stood fifteen years ago". Mannerheim supported Finland's military industry and sought in vain to obtain a military defence union with 2107: 2880: 2866: 2852: 2838: 615: 3108: 3183: 3074: 3057: 3023: 2004:

Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Army. He officially became the supreme commander of the armies, at the age of 72, after the Soviet attack, the November 30, 1939. In a letter to his daughter Sophie, he stated, "I had not wanted to undertake the responsibility of commander-in-chief, as my age and my health entitled me, but I had to yield to appeals from the President of the Republic and the government, and now for the fourth time I am at war."

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coronation a high-point of his life, recalling with pride his role in what he called an "indescribably magnificent" coronation. An expert rider and trained horseman, Mannerheim bought horses for the Russian army as one of his official duties. In 1903, he was put in charge of the model squadron in the Imperial Chevalier Guard and became a member of the equestrian training board of the cavalry regiments.

1581:, during which both sides employed ruthless terror tactics, Mannerheim resigned as commander-in-chief. He left Finland in June 1918 to visit relatives in Sweden. In Stockholm, Mannerheim conferred with Allied diplomats, emphasizing his opposition to the Finnish government's policy; Finnish leaders were confident the Germans would win the war, and had declared the Kaiser's brother-in-law, 1594:, the Finnish form of his Christian name, to emphasize his Finnishness to those who were suspicious of his background in the Russian armed forces and his difficulties with the Finnish language. Mannerheim disliked his last Christian name, Emil, and wrote his signature as C. G. Mannerheim, or simply Mannerheim. Among his relatives and close friends Mannerheim was called Gustaf. 3246: 1201:, in 1882. The handsome young Baron towered over his classmates, standing 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m). He was expelled in 1886 when he left without permission. Next he attended the Helsinki Private Lyceum, where he passed the university entrance examinations in June 1887. From 1887 to 1889, Mannerheim attended the Nicholas Cavalry College in 2241:) thanks to the June agreement with the Germans, Finland's leaders saw a chance to reach a peace with the Soviet Union. At first, attempts were made to persuade Mannerheim to become prime minister, but he rejected them because of his age and lack of experience running a civil government. The next suggestion was to elect him 1554:, which was garrisoned by 42,500 Red Russians. He surrounded the Russian garrison with a mass of men; the defenders could not see that only the front rank was armed, so they surrendered, providing badly needed arms. Further weapons were purchased from Germany. Eighty-four Swedish officers and 200 Swedish NCOs served in the 2395:

Olenius and Martola; and Colonel Viljanen, a war historian. As long as Mannerheim was able to read, he proofread the typewritten drafts of his memoirs. He was almost totally silent about his private life, and focused instead on Finland's history, especially between 1917 and 1944. When Mannerheim suffered a fatal

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spotted the cords coming out of the window and realized that the Finnish engineer was recording the conversation. They gestured to him to stop recording immediately, and he complied. The SS bodyguards demanded that the tape be destroyed, but Yleisradio was allowed to keep the reel after promising to

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Our German brothers-in-arms will forever remain in our hearts. The Germans in Finland were certainly not the representatives of foreign despotism but helpers and brothers-in-arms. But even in such cases foreigners are in difficult positions requiring such tact. I can assure you that during the past

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Mannerheim's term as president was difficult for him. Although he was elected for a full six-year term, he was 77 years old in 1944 and had accepted the office reluctantly after being urged to do so. The situation was exacerbated by frequent periods of ill-health, the demands of the Allied Control

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The President of the Republic has appointed me on 30 November 1939 as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of the country. Brave soldiers of Finland! I enter on this task at a time when our hereditary enemy is once again attacking our country. Confidence in one's commander is the first condition

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of the nascent kingdom. Mannerheim's rapport with the Allies was recognized in October 1918 when the Finnish government sent him to Britain and France to attempt to gain Britain's and the United States's recognition of Finland's independence. In December, he was summoned back to Finland; Frederick

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From 1937 to 1967, at least five different Finnish postage stamps or stamp series were issued in honour of Mannerheim; and in 1960 the United States honoured Mannerheim as the "Liberator of Finland" with regular first-class domestic and international stamps (at the time four cents and eight cents

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said it was difficult for Churchill to declare war on Finland at Stalin's demand due to his previous uncomplicated co-operation with Mannerheim, which led Churchill and Mannerheim to exchange polite and apologetic correspondence about the prevailing circumstance, with deep respect for each other.

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Mannerheim was waiting at a railway siding. A speech from Hitler was followed by a birthday meal and negotiations between him and Mannerheim. Overall, Hitler spent about five hours in Finland; he reportedly asked the Finns to step up military operations against the Soviets, but apparently made no

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Mannerheim served in the Imperial Chevalier Guard until 1904. In 1896, he took part in the coronation of Emperor Nicholas II, standing for four hours in his full-dress Imperial Chevalier Guard uniform at the bottom of the steps leading up to the imperial throne. Mannerheim always considered the

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Because Mannerheim was old and sickly, he personally wrote only certain passages of his memoirs. Some other parts he dictated. The remaining parts were written from his recollections by Mannerheim's various assistants, such as Colonel Aladár Paasonen; General Erik Heinrichs; Generals Grandell,

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Mannerheim was troubled by recurring health problems during 1945, and was absent on medical leave from his duties as president from November until February 1946. He spent six weeks in Portugal to restore his health. After the announcement of the verdicts in the war crimes trials in February,

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When negotiations with the Soviet Union failed in 1939, and aware of the imminent war and deploring the lack of equipment and preparation of the army, Mannerheim resigned once again from the military council on 17 October 1939, declaring that he would agree to return to business only as

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as the high commander of the army to take this action. It is widely agreed that only Mannerheim could have guided Finland through these difficult times, when the Finnish people had to come to terms with the severe conditions of the armistice, their implementation by a Soviet-dominated

1449:, who regarded him as not supporting the revolution, and was relieved of his duties. He retired and returned to Finland. Mannerheim kept a large portrait of Emperor Nicholas II in the living room of his house in Helsinki right up to his death, and when asked after the overthrow of the 2182:

was well known. Nevertheless, Hitler continued the conversation calmly, with no comment. By this test, Mannerheim could judge if Hitler was speaking from a position of strength or weakness. He refused Hitler, knowing that Hitler was in a weak position, and could not dictate to him.

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memorializing the leader's life and times "the closest thing there is to a national shrine". On the other hand, Mannerheim's personal reputation still strongly divides opinions among people even to this day, with some critics highlighting his role as the senior commander of the

1732:"White General". Mannerheim doubted that modern party-based politics would produce principled and high-quality leaders in Finland or elsewhere. In his gloomy opinion, the fatherland's interests were too often sacrificed by the democratic politicians for partisan benefit. 2049:

in his Mikkeli headquarters but made many visits to the front. Between the wars, he remained commander-in-chief. Although Mannerheim's main task was to lead the war, he also knew how to strengthen and maintain the will of the soldiers to fight. He was famed for this

2563:'s Mannerheim statue depicting the victorious Civil War general of the Whites was eventually placed in the forest some kilometres outside the city (in part due to lingering controversy over Mannerheim's Civil War role). Other statues, for examples, were erected in 2012:

for success. You know me and I know you and know that everyone in the ranks is ready to do his duty even to death. This war is nothing other than the continuation and final act of our War of Independence. We are fighting for our homes, our faith, and our country.

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and backed by Soviet Russia, had 30,000 men; and there were 70,000 Red Russian troops in Finland. Mannerheim's army was financed by a fifteen million mark line of credit provided by the bankers. His raw recruits had few arms. Nonetheless, he marched them to

1955:. This attempt was also unsuccessful, as Mannerheim and Jalander did not come to the Helsinki Conservation Party celebration after the authorities received a tip. Salo returned his pistol and escaped afterwards. Weckman and Suokas tried to escape to the 1747:). He was also the chairman of the supervisory board of a commercial bank, the Liittopankki-Unionsbanken, and after its merger with the Bank of Helsinki, the chairman of the supervisory board of that bank until 1934, and was a member of the board of 1925:, was in charge of the Saint Petersburg International School of Red Officers. He began planning an assassination by assembling eight groups of Finnish Red Guards in Saint Petersburg for this purpose. The attempt happened in April 1920 during a 2339:

Mannerheim resigned as president on 4 March 1946, giving as his reason his declining health and his view that the tasks he had been selected to carry out had been accomplished. He was succeeded as president by the conservative Prime Minister

1529:. The Soviets accepted the secession for a variety of reasons, mostly because they could not control Finland; also, they hoped they could inspire a communist revolution there modeled after the Russian one. The Finnish parliament appointed 1025:

Given the broad recognition in Finland and elsewhere of his unparalleled role in establishing and later preserving Finland's independence from the Soviet Union, Mannerheim has long been referred to as the father of modern Finland, and the

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In 1892, he married a wealthy noble of Russian-Serbian heritage, Anastasia Arapova (1872–1936). They had two daughters, Anastasie "Stasie" (1893–1978) and Sofia "Sophy" (1895–1963). The couple separated in 1902 and divorced in 1919.

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After returning to Russia in 1909, Mannerheim presented results of the expedition to emperor Nicholas II. There are many artifacts still on display in the museum. After that, Mannerheim was appointed to command the 13th Vladimir

999:(1941–1944). In 1944, when the prospect of Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II became clear, the Finnish Parliament appointed Mannerheim as President of Finland, and he oversaw peace negotiations with the Soviet Union and the 1884:

was elected in 1931, he appointed Mannerheim as chairman of Finland's Defence Council and gave him a written promise that in the event of war he would become the Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Army. (Svinhufvud's successor

1253:, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. During a reconnaissance patrol on the plains of Manchuria, he first saw action in a skirmish and had his horse shot out from under him. He was promoted to Colonel for bravery in the 1905:. However, rearming the Finnish army did not occur as swiftly or as well as he hoped, and he was not enthusiastic about a war. He had many disagreements with various Cabinets, and signed many letters of resignation. 2336:

Mannerheim decided to resign. He believed that he had accomplished the duties he had been elected to carry out: The war was ended, the armistice obligations carried out, and war responsibility trials finished.

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as commander-in-chief, and occupied the post for the next five years. He became a unifying symbol of the war effort and part of the core leadership of the country. He personally participated in the planning of

3375: 6702: 1541:. Mannerheim was appointed to the committee, but soon resigned to protest its indecision. On 13 January, he was given command of the army. He had only 24,000 newly enlisted, mostly untrained men. The Finnish 1137:(1835–1914), was both a playwright and industrialist, with modest success in both endeavours. Mannerheim's mother, Hedvig Charlotta Helena von Julin (1842–1881), was the daughter of a wealthy industrialist, 2097:

neutralized the attacker. Captain Ahti Petramaa, section commander during the inspection, lost fingers from flying shrapnel and was escorted to an aid station where he was promoted to major by Mannerheim.

6707: 2391:, to recuperate and write his memoirs. Valmont was to be Mannerheim's main residence for the remainder of his life, although he regularly returned to Finland, and also visited Sweden, France and Italy. 2171:, head of the state censors' office, and in 1957 returned to Yleisradio. It was released to the public a few years later. It is the only known recording of Hitler speaking outside of a formal occasion. 2218:

In June 1944, Baron Gustaf Mannerheim, to ensure German support while a major Soviet offensive was threatening Finland, thought that it was necessary to agree to the pact the German Foreign Minister

6737: 6722: 1263:, a local militia, on an exploratory mission into Inner Mongolia. During the war, Mannerheim also managed to lead a group of local bandits with whom he sought the rear of the enemy to defeat them. 2593: 6652: 5112: 1944:. However, the assassination attempt failed due to Salo's hesitation,. Salo's security detail in the crowd, consisting of Aleksander Weckman and Aleksanteri Suokas, who had been equipped with 2066:

war aims; Mannerheim was ready for cooperation and fraternity with Hitler's Germany, but for practical rather than ideological reasons because of the Soviet threat. In July 1941 the Finnish

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In the interwar years, Mannerheim held no public office, mainly because he was viewed by many politicians of the centre and left as a controversial figure for his ruthless battle with the

6712: 6577: 2138:)" and their leader Mannerheim. Mannerheim did not want to meet him at his headquarters or in Helsinki, as then it would seem like an official state visit. The meeting took place near 4337:"Краткие сведения об офицерах-Александрийцах: Великая война, Гражданская война, эмиграция. Часть 2-я (фамилии К – Р). – Статьи – Каталог статей – 5-й Гусарский Александрийский полк" 939:

in May. After spending some time abroad, he was invited back to Finland to serve as the country's second regent, or head of state, from December 1918 to July 1919. Despite being a

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On April 6, Weckman, the operation leader, threatened to kill Salo if he had not assassinated either Mannerheim or the Minister of War and Uusimaa County Governor within a week.

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in April 1917 (the promotion was backdated to February 1915), and took command of the 6th Cavalry Corps in the summer of 1917. However, Mannerheim fell out of favour with the

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against withdrawing German troops in the north, and at the same time demobilize its own army, making it harder to expel the Germans; Mannerheim appointed Lieutenant General

4602:"Tutkija: Mannerheim oli kolonialisti, kun ampui tiikereitä norsun päältä – tällaisia olivat Intian-matkat, joihin marsalkka osallistui "valkoisen metsästäjän roolissaan"" 2249:

would have reflected the exceptional circumstances of Mannerheim's election. Mannerheim and Ryti both agreed, and Ryti submitted a notice of resignation on 1 August. The

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There is an unsubstantiated story that while conversing with Hitler, Mannerheim lit a cigar. Mannerheim expected that Hitler would ask Finland for more help against the

1103: 2508:. Flag Day is celebrated with a national parade, and rewards and promotions for members of the defence forces. The life and times of Mannerheim are memorialised in the 1165:, the young Mannerheim's mother and her seven children went to live with her aunt Louise; but Mannerheim's mother died the following year. Mannerheim's maternal uncle, 4946:– "Conversation secretly recorded in Finland helped a German actor prepare for Hitler role" Helsingin Sanomat / First published in print 15 September 2004 in Finnish. 6582: 5684: 5454: 6727: 2134:

in Swedish). So far he is the only person to receive the title. A surprise birthday visit by Hitler occurred on the day as he wished to visit the "brave Finns (

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himself had given Mannerheim to use during the trip. However, Mannerheim is known to have been bothered by the presence of security guards, because mainly as a

6587: 2230:. This allowed Mannerheim to revoke the agreement upon the resignation of President Ryti at the start of August 1944. Mannerheim succeeded Ryti as president. 6687: 1014:

Participants in a Finnish survey taken 53 years after his death voted Mannerheim the greatest Finn of all time. During his own lifetime he became, alongside

5897: 6622: 3659:""Adolf Ehrnrooth välitti Mannerheimin tahtoa haudan takaa" – Mannerheim on ainutlaatuinen kulttihahmo, jonka myyttiä lähipiiri rakensi määrätietoisesti" 3464: 5993: 6757: 6279: 5858: 5796: 5736: 5702: 4062: 2038:, was sent as a representative of the headquarters to the cabinet from 3 December 1939 until 27 March 1940, after which he became defence minister. 1590:

Charles had renounced the throne, and in his stead, Mannerheim had been elected Regent. As Regent, Mannerheim often signed official documents using

6767: 4368:"Mannerheimin tyttärien vaietut elämät: hauras Stasie eli nunnana ja levoton Sophy pakeni Pariisiin – lopulta kumpikin eli suhteessa naisen kanssa" 1169:(1846–1906), then became his legal guardian and financier of his later schooling. The third child of the family, Mannerheim inherited the title of 6118: 2093:

with direct fire. One shell exploded near Mannerheim who, on varying accounts, took cover either in a trench or behind tree trunks until Finnish

1865:, he firmly believed in fate, if it had to happen in the form of an untimely death, and in addition, he also strongly trusted his own authority. 1940:

The group gathered on April 3 at the Park Café in Hämeenkatu; and at this stage, group member Karl Salo was designated as a shooter and given a

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as a secret intelligence officer. The Russian General Staff wanted accurate, on-the-ground intelligence about the reforms and activities by the

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government. In January 1918, a military committee was charged with bolstering the Finnish army, then not much more than some locally organised

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A Finnish delegation appointed Mannerheim as the military chief of the Whites in January 1918; and he led them to victory, holding a triumphal

2286:. Finland retained its sovereignty, its parliamentary democracy, and its market economy. Territorial losses were considerable; a portion of 6642: 6537: 5221: 1518: 6632: 5140: 1114: 6812: 6762: 6637: 4757: 2504:. This decision was made by the Finnish government on the occasion of his 75th birthday in 1942, when he was also granted the title of 1609:

Mannerheim secured recognition of Finnish independence from Britain and the United States. In July 1919, after he had confirmed a new,

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range, surveying passes and gauging the stances of the tribes towards the Han Chinese. Mannerheim arrived in the provincial capital of

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monks. During his trip to Tibet in 1908 Mannerheim became the third European who had met with the Dalai Lama. Mannerheim arrived in

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appointed him as the Chairman of the Finnish Defence Council in 1931, tasked with making preparations for a potential war with the

5371: 6797: 6777: 6672: 6657: 6572: 5965: 2544: 2075: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6272: 3879: 925: 578: 5891: 4320: 4175: 3701: 3605: 2179: 6247: 4939: 1558:(or War of Liberty, as it was known among the "Whites"). Other officers were Finns who had been trained by the Germans as a 1085: 6557: 6011: 5719: 5326: 2470: 2325: 1403:. The following year, he was promoted to major general and was posted as the commander of the Life Guard Uhlan Regiment of 4796: 4636:"Omatkin halusivat tappaa Mannerheimin – Uutta tietoa: tällaisia murhayrityksiä aikalaiset juonivat marsalkan päänmenoksi" 3827: 1573:

Mannerheim's Day Order No. 1 which established the first headquarters of the modern military of Finland on 2 February 1918

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passed a special act conferring the presidency on Mannerheim on 4 August 1944. He took the oath of office the same day.

6592: 5445: 5083: 5028: 1614: 1161:) on June 4, 1867. After Mannerheim's father left the family in 1880 for his mistress, a daughter of Baron and General 952: 59: 5929: 5113:"Raihnainen Mannerheim teki salaperäisen matkan Portugaliin, rantaloman aikana kaikkosi riski sotasyyllisyystuomiosta" 4893: 4739: 6265: 5849: 5787: 5761: 5727: 5591: 5564: 5544: 5482: 4804: 4115: 3417: 3120: 1842: 1052: 2163: 2122:

Mannerheim's 75th birthday, 4 June 1942, was a national celebration. The government granted him the unique title of

2074:. They retook the Finnish territories annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War, and went further, occupying 2007:

He addressed the first of his often controversial orders of the day to the Defence Forces on the day the war began:

1559: 6597: 5969: 5879: 1371:. From Lanzhou, the provincial capital, Mannerheim headed south into Tibetan territory and visited the lamasery of 1332:

With a small caravan, including a Cossack guide, Chinese interpreter, and Uyghur cook, Mannerheim first trekked to

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was concluded on harsh terms, but ultimately far less harsh than those imposed on the other states bordering the

2159: 1941: 1418:, Mannerheim served as commander of the Separate Guards Cavalry Brigade (the 23rd Army Corps), and fought on the 4137:

It was an 8,000-mile spying expedition. Russia was drawing up plans to invade China from the west—but failed to.

2245:. Risto Ryti would resign as president, and parliament would appoint Mannerheim as regent. The use of the title 2054:

Forts, cannons and foreign aid will not help unless every man himself knows that he is the guard of his country.

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Mannerheim received leave to visit Finland and Saint Petersburg in early 1917 and witnessed the outbreak of the

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in July 1906, but Mannerheim quarreled with Pelliot, so he made the greater part of the expedition on his own.

3746: 2328:. He was afraid throughout most of his presidency that the commission would request that he be prosecuted for 6742: 6602: 5536: 2843: 2267: 55: 5474: 1712:

is strong evidence of how Mannerheim heavily divided opinions, especially in the aftermath of the Civil War.

1003:. Already in declining health, he resigned the presidency in 1946 and spent much of his remaining life in a 6747: 5197: 3859: 3449: 2885: 2415: 1108: 372: 63: 4956: 4072: 6007: 3208: 2993: 1427: 1419: 1230: 1186: 1018:, the best-known Finnish personage at home and abroad. According to Finnish historian Tuomas Tepora, a 878: 28: 1411:. Next Mannerheim became part of the Imperial entourage and was appointed to command a cavalry brigade. 6677: 6667: 6617: 6607: 6316: 6289: 5979: 5883: 4773: 3221: 3191: 2399:

in January 1951, his memoirs were not yet in their finished form. They were published after his death.

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Shortly thereafter, Mannerheim returned the visit, traveling to Hitler's headquarters in East Prussia.

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respectively) as part of its Champions of Liberty series that included other notable figures such as

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The Horse That Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road and the Rise of Modern China

2375:, intending to spend his retirement there. In June 1946, he underwent an operation for a perforated 2298:

refugees needed to be relocated. The war reparations were very heavy. Finland also had to fight the

5609: 3725: 3496: 3433: 2677: 2536:), which now serves as both a museum and a restaurant, is located at the shores of Lake Punelia in 1766:, where he travelled and hunted extensively. On his first trip in 1927, to avoid going through the 1618: 1234: 1206: 1162: 1080:

noblemen in 1693. In the latter part of the 18th century, they moved to Finland, which was then an

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Mannerheim, who had a long career in the Imperial Russian army, also rose to become a courtier of

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Mannerheim's Journey Across Asia including interactive Google maps, slide shows, videos and more

2178:, which Mannerheim was unwilling to give. When Mannerheim lit up, all in attendance gasped, for 1739:(Chairman 1919–1951), was a member of the board of the International Red Cross, and founded the 289: 6040: 3766: 3483: 3324: 2765: 2501: 2466: 2357: 2219: 1388: 1134: 1118: 1044: 866: 839: 478: 408: 337: 5043: 4310: 4244: 2516:(Mannerheim Road) already in the Marshal's honour during his lifetime; along the road, at the 2198:

Mannerheim was elected president by an emergency law passed by parliament in early August 1944

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Before deciding to accept the Soviet demands, Mannerheim wrote a missive directly to Hitler:

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demanded. But even then Mannerheim distanced himself from the pact, and it fell to President

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Koivunen, Elina (15 June 2010). "Carl Gustaf Mannerheim – Suomen historian myyttisin mies".

1597: 1273:. When Mannerheim returned to Saint Petersburg, he was asked to undertake a journey through 6567: 6562: 6372: 6356: 6348: 6332: 6308: 6186: 6127: 6088: 6078: 3469: 2616: 2329: 2094: 1914: 1602: 1434:, 4th class. In March 1915, Mannerheim was appointed to command the 12th Cavalry Division. 1404: 1096: 1048: 984: 847: 521: 252: 151: 124: 88: 2571:. On 5 December 2004, Mannerheim was voted the greatest Finnish person of all time in the 2402:

Mannerheim died on 27 January 1951 (28 January Finnish time), in the Cantonal Hospital in

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from 1922 to his death. He was restored to a central role in national defence policy when

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In the course of his lifetime, Mannerheim received 82 military and civilian decorations.

2419: 1662: 1542: 1438: 1431: 1364: 1194: 1069: 1019: 831: 547: 390: 20: 5304: 4635: 1181: 5863: 5801: 5771: 5741: 5707: 5670:"Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen SS in 1941–1943 and Related Finnish studies" 5145: 4249: 3832: 3751: 3477: 3318: 3187: 3112: 3007: 2979: 2754: 2741: 2716: 2698: 2572: 2529: 2493: 2383:. In early 1947, it was recommended that he should travel to the Valmont Sanatorium in 2365: 2260: 2123: 2079: 1526: 1442: 1246: 1221: 897: 886: 874: 855: 822:

military commander, aristocrat, and statesman. He served as the military leader of the

758: 739: 713: 537: 43: 6484: 5375: 5192: 4820:

Mannerheim kuuli Hitlerin saapuvan syntymäpäiväjuhliin: – "Vad i helvete gör han här?"

3525: 2352: 1237:

Lieutenant marching in front to the Tsar's left (to the viewer's right) is Mannerheim.

948: 5887: 5845: 5817: 5783: 5757: 5723: 5643: 5587: 5583: 5560: 5540: 5529: 5516: 5478: 5441: 5429: 5079: 5075: 5024: 4800: 4522: 4481: 4372: 4316: 4171: 3895: 3697: 3601: 3413: 3303: 2905: 2509: 2473: 2396: 2303: 1945: 1858: 1818: 1811: 1725: 1578: 1555: 1504: 1274: 1035: 960: 913: 905: 827: 773: 768: 497: 6226: 3876: 1948:

and Colt pistols, lost sight of Salo and never had time to shoot Mannerheim either.

6428: 6210: 6016: 5753: 5264: 5226: 5117: 5020: 4834: 4601: 3799: 3549: 3368: 3359: 3293: 3251: 3230: 3048: 2857: 2291: 2279: 2046: 1980: 1674: 1670: 1650: 1638: 1530: 1450: 1324: 1254: 1202: 1166: 1150: 996: 974:

Accordingly, after the Soviets invaded Finland in November 1939 in what became the

909: 790: 780: 529: 329: 6444: 6388: 6162: 5942: 5827:

Marsalkan muskettisoturit – Mannerheimin henkivartiointi ja turvallisuus 1918–1946

1886: 1562:. In March 1918 they were aided by German troops landing in Finland and occupying 979: 6492: 6468: 6452: 6436: 6234: 6003: 5779: 5437: 5408: 5396: 5286: 5069: 4943: 4936: 4761: 4562: 4306: 3883: 3687: 3597: 3591: 3313: 3308: 3298: 3273: 2651: 2513: 2407: 2341: 2207: 2143: 2067: 2017: 1822: 1658: 1646: 1642: 1546: 1357: 1353: 1320:

Gustaf Mannerheim's route across Asia from Saint Petersburg to Peking, 1906–1908.

763: 639: 604: 2543:

Various landmarks across Finland honour Mannerheim, including most famously the

1316: 119: 6524: 6508: 6500: 6412: 6404: 6364: 6257: 6202: 5830: 5297: 3837: 3331: 3283: 3265: 3204: 3199: 2952: 2939: 2926: 2913: 2900: 2580: 2380: 2168: 1952: 1877: 1854: 1850: 1771: 1666: 1348:, and then headed east into Gansu province. At the sacred Buddhist mountain of 1290: 1138: 1089: 1077: 1000: 862: 599: 555: 415: 341: 301: 114: 40: 5973: 4574: 4227:"Horse That Leaps Through Clouds – Retracing Mannerheim's Journey Across Asia" 4206:"Horse That Leaps Through Clouds – Retracing Mannerheim's Journey Across Asia" 4098:"Horse That Leaps Through Clouds – Retracing Mannerheim's Journey Across Asia" 3621: 3576: 3562: 2792: 2458: 1051:

prisoners during and after the Finnish Civil War and the establishment of the

6551: 6324: 6218: 6194: 5622: 5617: 5601: 5222:"Churchill kehui Mannerheimia: "Todellinen mies – vahva kuin kallionjärkäle"" 4503: 4485: 3773: 3717: 3693: 3590:

Zeiler, Thomas W.; DuBois, Daniel M., eds. (2012). "Scandinavian Campaigns".

3095: 2710: 2683: 2639: 2584: 2525: 2481: 2427: 2242: 2090: 2035: 1918: 1610: 1510: 1286: 1015: 917: 649: 5647: 4336: 2194: 1930: 1585:, to be the King of Finland. In the meantime Svinhufvud served as the first 1461: 1293:. Disguised as an ethnographic collector, he joined the French archeologist 6516: 6476: 6460: 5571: 5260: 4606: 3737: 3735: 3521: 3166: 3161: 3150: 3145: 2647: 2629: 2521: 2488: 2376: 2283: 2234: 2175: 2059: 1956: 1876:

military dictator, although he did express some support for the right-wing

1767: 1294: 1282: 1130: 992: 988: 968: 663: 2774:

1939: Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Defence Forces : from 1939 to 1946

2556: 2202: 6420: 6380: 5265:"Mannerheim, Gustaf (1867–1951) President of Finland, Marshal of Finland" 4988:

Zetterberg, Seppo et al., eds. (2003) "A Small Giant of Finnish History"

4872:"JATKOSODAN KESÄNÄ 1942 MANNERHEIMIN HENGENLÄHTÖ OLI VAIN METRIEN PÄÄSSÄ" 2462: 2451: 2447: 2388: 2299: 2106: 1984: 1795: 1775: 1534: 1415: 1349: 1008: 882: 795: 380: 6096: 3732: 3227:. (1969) Anthropological Publications. Oosterhout N.B. – The Netherlands 2085:

On 20 June 1942, Mannerheim was inspecting Finnish front line troops in

1889:

renewed this promise in 1937). In 1933, Mannerheim received the rank of

1728:, and the Finnish socialists' antipathy toward him. They saw him as the 6170: 6071: 5839: 5656: 4774:

Murhahankkeet kenraali Mannerheimia ja sotaministeri Jalanderia vastaan

4498: 3640: 3336: 3174: 3099: 2643: 2223: 2115: 2042: 2031: 1976: 1922: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1698: 1522: 1426:. In December 1914, after distinguishing himself in combat against the 1376: 1302: 1100: 1004: 975: 940: 921: 785: 275: 139: 5359: 1453:

why he kept the portrait up, he always answered: "He was my emperor".

19:"Mannerheim" redirects here. For the noble family he belonged to, see 4778: 4476: 4067: 3435:

Carl Gustaf Mannerheim | Biography & Facts | Britannica

1989: 1869: 1736: 1729: 1706: 1702: 1689: 1341: 1298: 1259: 1250: 5924: 6708:

Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class I

5279: 3804: 2469:

still respected Mannerheim. These included, among others, the then

2443: 2423: 2403: 2384: 2271: 2086: 2016:

The defensive field fortifications they manned became known as the

1862: 1841:, where he was invited by the Rana Prime Minister Tin Maharaja Sir 1807: 1563: 1249:

in 1904. He was transferred to the 52nd Nezhin Dragoon Regiment in

1154: 1031: 936: 869:

during Mannerheim's childhood, and Mannerheim made a career in the

394: 376: 333: 6703:

Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

2547:

located on Helsinki's Mannerheimintie in front of the later-built

2512:. The most prominent boulevard in the Finnish capital was renamed 2154:

During the visit, an engineer of the Finnish broadcasting company

1720:, his supposed desire for Finnish intervention on the side of the 1487:

Mannerheim as Regent (seated), with his adjutants (left) Lt. Col.

5959: 5411:

Nousevan Auringon Ritarikunnan I luokka Paulovniakukkasin, Japani

5068:

Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Toni; Birks, Chris (2016).

4205: 3182: 3107: 3090: 3078: 3073: 3061: 3056: 3027: 3022: 2879: 2865: 2851: 2837: 2800: 2704: 2564: 2560: 2295: 2287: 2158:, Thor Damen, succeeded in recording the first eleven minutes of 2027: 1934: 1803: 1791: 1783: 1756: 1380: 1372: 1337: 1310: 1278: 889:. He had a prominent place in the 1896 coronation ceremonies for 819: 619: 614: 398: 354: 209: 72: 6738:

Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers

6723:

Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class

5327:"50th Anniversary USA Champions of Liberty Mahatma Gandhi Stamp" 2860:, 1st and 2nd class, of the Order of the Cross of Liberty (1941) 2500:

Mannerheim's birthday, 4 June, is celebrated as Flag Day by the

896:

and later had several private meetings with the Tsar. After the

735: 722: 709: 6653:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire

4291: 3658: 3044: 3039: 3001: 2987: 2973: 2548: 2517: 2477: 2139: 1960: 1902: 1849:

hunt. In the same year, Mannerheim made a private visit to the

1830: 1826: 1779: 1586: 1488: 1408: 1368: 1345: 1333: 1022:

began to be built around Mannerheim right after the civil war.

5319: 5012: 2142:, in south-eastern Finland, and was arranged in secrecy. From 1478: 5949: 4961: 4161: 4097: 3596:. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. Vol. 11. 3133: 3128: 2810: 2568: 2552: 2537: 2372: 2368: 2263: 2147: 2146:, Hitler, accompanied by President Ryti, was driven to where 1996: 1964: 1846: 1838: 1834: 1787: 1748: 1551: 1396: 1384: 1170: 1158: 1093: 812: 350: 224:

as Supreme Commander of the forces of the Republic of Finland

47: 6818:

Finnish generals in the Imperial Russian Army of World War I

6683:

People from Turku and Pori Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)

5954: 4226: 3949: 3937: 3138:

Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon

1959:

with their two assistants but were arrested on the Helsinki-

1336:

in search of British and Japanese spies. After returning to

1189:, in Nicholas Cavalry College, Saint Petersburg, late 1880s. 6713:

Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary

4142: 3863: 2063: 1763: 1617:, with parliament as the electors. He was supported by the 6578:

Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland

5620:(July 1964). "Mannerheim, Marshal of Finland, 1867–1951". 5555:

Koskikallio, Petteri. Asko Lehmuskallio, and Harry Halén.

4740:

Mannerheimin murhayrityksen jälkinäytös käytiin Vallilassa

4534: 4532: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4289:

Putensen, Dörte (2017). "Der größte Finne aller Zeiten?".

4063:"Mannerheim halusi diktaattoriksi ja lähes sai haluamansa" 2642:. In both the play and the film, Mannerheim was played by 5071:

Finland at War: the Continuation and Lapland Wars 1941–45

5016:

Finland in World War II: History, Memory, Interpretations

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Mannerheim (he was appointed Marshal of Finland in 1942).

2155: 1829:. During his travels and hunting expeditions, he visited 1055:, in which poor conditions led to a high mortality rate. 1011:, where he wrote his memoirs, and where he died in 1951. 987:

and led the Finnish Defence Forces in an invasion of the

5998: 5776:

A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940

5141:"Mannerheim Quits Office In Finland; Resigns In Finland" 5067: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4004: 4002: 4000: 2771:

1931: Chairman of the Defence Council: from 1931 to 1939

2457:

Today, Mannerheim retains respect as Finland's greatest

2418:), Switzerland. He was buried on 4 February 1951 in the 1360:

of Tibet. He showed the Dalai Lama how to use a pistol.

955:

but lost and quit politics. Mannerheim helped found the

6718:

Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave, 1st class

4581: 4529: 4436: 4388: 4347: 4265: 4026: 3901: 2233:

When Germany was deemed sufficiently weakened, and the

1525:

after they overthrew the Provisional Government in the

1212: 5397:

Mannerheim Internetprojekti, kunniamerkit valokuvineen

5249:"Marskin Maja" lodge – Häme Lake Uplands – Visit Loppi 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4014: 2379:, and in October of that year he was diagnosed with a 6004:

Newspaper clippings about Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim

5173: 5161: 4994: 4668: 4656: 4181: 4114: 3997: 3633: 3631: 2870:

Grand Cross with Collar, Swords and Diamonds, of the

904:

on 6 December, but soon became embroiled in the 1918

6753:

Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War

6698:

Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class

4840: 4705:

Virkkunen, Sakari (1994) "Presidents of Finland II"

3985: 3241: 2820:("With an honourable sword for an honourable cause") 2237:'s summer offensive was fought to a standstill (see 1817:

In his second voyage, in 1936, he went by ship from

1653:, the last of which he learned in the forces of the 5999:

Mannerheim League for Child Welfare English website

5092: 4755:

Mikko Porvali : Murhayritys joka jäi tekemättä

4712: 4455: 4400: 3973: 3961: 3913: 1441:. After returning to the front, he was promoted to 1257:in 1905 and briefly commanded an irregular unit of 1241:Mannerheim volunteered for active service with the 1121:, an office that preceded that of the contemporary 6733:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class 6648:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Cross of Liberty 5872:The Finnish SS Volunteers and Atrocities 1941–1943 5667: 5528: 5267:. Translated by Roderick Fletcher. Biografiakeskus 4835:Uutuuskirja: Mannerheim innostui aluksi Hitleristä 3628: 1963:train the night of April 21. Salo was arrested in 1937:, in which General Mannerheim was to participate. 1465:Anastasia Arapova, the wife of Mannerheim, in 1896 1285:, as well as the military feasibility of invading 5559:. Helsinki: National Board of Antiquities, 1999. 4830: 4828: 4499:Mannerheim ei ollut koko valkoisen Suomen sankari 3896:Muotokuva; Johan Augustin Mannerheim; (1706–1778) 3774:"Field Marshal Mannerheim, THE FATHER OF FINLAND" 2118:. Hitler visited Mannerheim on his 75th birthday. 2026:Mannerheim quickly organised his headquarters in 1853:, where he was accompanied for the first time by 1613:constitution, Mannerheim stood as a candidate in 1577:After the Whites' victory in the bitterly fought 1058: 16:Finnish military leader and statesman (1867–1951) 6583:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword 6549: 6287: 5360:Valtapeliä elokuussa 1940 (TV Movie 2001) – IMDb 3689:White Death: Russia's War with Finland 1939–1940 2524:, which is named after him. Mannerheim's former 1383:in July 1908, returning to Saint Petersburg via 5013:Kinnunen, Tiina; Kivimäki, Ville, eds. (2011). 4473: 3932:IS: Pikavippi olisi kelvannut Mannerheimillekin 3792: 3685: 2551:museum of modern art. Mannerheim Parks in both 2167:keep it in a sealed container. It was given to 2089:when he and his staff were engaged by a Soviet 1762:In the 1920s and 1930s, Mannerheim returned to 1367:, and investigated a mysterious tribe known as 1291:struggle with Britain for control of inner Asia 1197:, a state school educating aristocrats for the 6728:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class 4825: 2632:'s 1966 play and its the 1970 film adaptation 2599:1941 Finnish postal stamp portraying the then- 2160:Hitler's and Mannerheim's private conversation 1814:and returned to Finland by car and aeroplane. 6588:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword 6273: 6112: 5955:C. G. E. Mannerheim in the history of Finland 5626:. Vol. 14, no. 7. pp. 461–468. 5576:Väkivallan vuodet, 20. vuosisadan tilinpäätös 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4071:(in Finnish). 27 January 2021. Archived from 3173:with Oak Leaves (1944; Knight's Cross: 1942; 1908: 6688:People of the Finnish Civil War (White side) 5964:Audio recordings of Hitler and Mannerheim's 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 3860:"Mannerheimin suku onkin lähtöisin Saksasta" 3828:"Mannerheimin suku onkin lähtöisin Saksasta" 3589: 2842:Grand Cross with Swords and Diamonds of the 2214:) and his wife Alli Paasikivi in March 1946. 2189: 2030:. His chief of staff was Lieutenant General 1533:to lead the newly independent grand duchy's 1149:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim was born in the 953:first Finnish presidential elections in 1919 5668:Pajunen, Jussi; Karjalainen, Mikko (2019). 5523: 5507: 5491: 4937:Helsingin Sanomat International Web-Edition 4633: 4538: 4480:(in Finnish). No. 12. pp. 82–85. 4449: 4284: 4282: 4280: 3955: 3943: 2815: 2786:Coat of Arms of Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 2311:, and the task of post-war reconstruction. 2206:Mannerheim with his presidential successor 1921:Mannerheim. One of the would-be assassins, 1479:The White General and the Regent of Finland 265:17 October 1939 – 12 January 1945 6623:Finnish military personnel of World War II 6280: 6266: 6119: 6105: 5677:Finno-German Yearbook of Political Economy 5630: 5557:C. G. Mannerheim in Central Asia 1906–1908 5372:"Gustaf Mannerheim The Marshal of Finland" 5219: 4973: 4967: 4858: 4782:July 24, 1920, no. 167, p. 5. (in Finnish) 4750: 4748: 4430: 4418: 4057: 4055: 4053: 3836:(in Finnish). 1 March 2007. Archived from 3400: 3398: 3396: 3224:Across Asia From West to East in 1906–1908 2791: 2628:Mannerheim appears as a main character in 2278:A month after Mannerheim took office, the 2274:on 4 March 1946 after his short presidency 2226:to sign it, so it came to be known as the 1913:After their defeat in the Civil War, some 1185:Mannerheim (right) with a fellow student, 267:Acting: 17 October 1939 – 20 November 1939 71: 6758:Russian military personnel of World War I 6126: 5110: 4680: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4516: 3360:[kɑːɭˈɡɵ̂sːtavˈěːmɪlˈmânːɛrˌhɛjm] 1456: 1305:). They started from the terminus of the 1092:in 1809, Mannerheim's great-grandfather, 461:Anastasie "Stasie" Mannerheim (1893–1978) 5580:20th Century Accounts: Years of Violence 5570: 5428: 5259: 4846: 4599: 4575:"MANNERHEIM - Civilian - Foreign Legion" 4365: 4305: 4295:(in German). No. 5. pp. 72–76. 4288: 4277: 4271: 4221: 4219: 4148: 4044: 4020: 3369:[kɑːrlˈɡʉstɑvˈeːmilˈmɑnːærˌhejm] 3367: 3117:Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary 3066:Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle 2615:Marshal Mannerheim on two United States 2487: 2437: 2351: 2255: 2201: 2193: 2105: 2101: 1988: 1688: 1596: 1568: 1482: 1460: 1323: 1315: 1220: 1180: 172:12 December 1918 – 26 July 1919 6768:Russian Provisional Government generals 5807: 5770: 4745: 4727: 4192: 4092: 4090: 4050: 4008: 3656: 3393: 2347: 222:28 January 1918 – 30 May 1918 6550: 5994:On Mannerheim's role in defending Jews 5990:Mannerheim's 1944 inauguration address 5935:Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 5747: 5713: 5616: 5600: 5287:"MANNERHEIM – Special Topics – Stamps" 5179: 5167: 5000: 4674: 4662: 4587: 4544: 4406: 4032: 3991: 3741: 3716: 2722: 2670: 1798:. From there he travelled overland to 1782:to Bombay. From there he travelled to 943:, he formally ratified the republican 850:(1944–1946). He became Finland's only 818:(4 June 1867 – 27 January 1951) was a 6261: 6100: 5814:Risto Ryti: A Life for the Fatherland 5374:. mannerheim-museo.fi. Archived from 5220:Cunningham, Marjo (5 November 2017). 4629: 4627: 4625: 4600:Manninen, Tuomas (10 December 2020). 4216: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3358: 2846:(1940; Grand Cross with Swords: 1918) 2371:Mannerheim bought Kirkniemi Manor in 1970: 101:4 August 1944 – 4 March 1946 5824: 5720:University of British Columbia Press 5716:Mannerheim: The Years of Preparation 5690:from the original on 19 October 2021 5655: 5098: 5056:YLE Elävä arkisto: Lapin sodan tuhot 4634:Pietiläinen, Jari (7 October 2022). 4461: 4394: 4353: 4087: 3979: 3967: 3919: 3907: 3800:"Finland Country Profile – Timeline" 3451:Grand Duchy of Finland Passport 1865 3006:Knight Grand Cross 1st Class of the 2657:, directed by Veli-Matti Saikkonen. 1213:Service in the Imperial Russian Army 464:Sofia "Sophy" Mannerheim (1895–1963) 6643:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 5903:from the original on 23 August 2021 5810:Risto Ryti: Elämä isänmaan puolesta 5434:Mannerheim: President, Soldier, Spy 4990:(Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen) 4366:Pallaste, Tuija (4 November 2017). 3051:(1939; Officer: 1910; Knight: 1902) 1741:Mannerheim League for Child Welfare 1701:of Mannerheim from 1940 as part of 1473: 1053:concentration camps in East Karelia 957:Mannerheim League for Child Welfare 900:of October 1917 in Russia, Finland 854:in 1933 and was appointed honorary 25:Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (naturalist) 13: 6633:Finnish people of Scottish descent 4894:"Mannerheim vierailee Poventsassa" 4622: 3520: 3507: 3480:– Kekkosen kauden toisinajattelija 2747: 2078:. Finnish troops took part in the 2034:, while his close friend, General 1759:(1925–1926), but was turned down. 1684: 1632: 885:and rising by 1917 to the rank of 14: 6829: 6813:20th-century presidents in Europe 6763:Russian people of Swedish descent 6638:Finnish people of Swedish descent 5917: 5661:Suomen marsalkka C. G. Mannerheim 5636:The Memoirs of Marshal Mannerheim 5467:Das belagerte Leningrad 1941–1944 5044:Ilkka Enkenberg: Lapin sodan alku 2768:: from December 1918 to July 1919 2660: 1735:He kept busy heading the Finnish 1629:, and withdrew from public life. 1205:. In January 1891, he joined the 6628:Finnish people of German descent 6536: 6246: 5880:The National Archives of Finland 5606:Marshal Mannerheim and the Finns 5402: 5390: 5364: 5353: 5341: 3722:Marshal Mannerheim and the Finns 3657:Pesonen, Mikko (13 March 2023). 3526:"Mannerheim, Gustaf (1867–1951)" 3406:Everyman's Encyclopedia volume 8 3258: 3244: 3198: 3181: 3171:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 3160: 3144: 3127: 3106: 3089: 3072: 3055: 3038: 3021: 3000: 2986: 2972: 2951: 2938: 2925: 2912: 2899: 2878: 2864: 2850: 2836: 2817:"Candida pro causa ense candido" 2764:1918: Commander-in-Chief of the 2646:. Mannerheim was also played by 2608: 2592: 2528:and resting place known as the " 1868:In 1929, Mannerheim refused the 1843:Joodha Shumser Jung Bahadur Rana 1745:Mannerheimin Lastensuojeluliitto 978:, Mannerheim replaced President 734: 721: 708: 658: 648: 638: 613: 598: 577: 444: 409:Finnish (Grand Duchy of Finland) 6663:Knights of the Mannerheim Cross 5930:Biografiskt lexikon för Finland 5421: 5253: 5242: 5213: 5185: 5133: 5111:Hinkkanen, Tomi (4 June 2021). 5104: 5061: 5049: 5037: 5006: 4949: 4930: 4908: 4886: 4864: 4813: 4785: 4767: 4733: 4593: 4567: 4510: 4492: 4467: 4359: 4329: 4299: 4245:"Mannerheim tapasi Dalai-laman" 4237: 4198: 4154: 4108: 3925: 3889: 3870: 3852: 3820: 3710: 3679: 3650: 3614: 3583: 3569: 3279:Hitler and Mannerheim recording 3083:Order of the Estonian Red Cross 2884:Grand Cross with Swords of the 2356:Mannerheim's funeral parade in 2070:was strengthened by the German 2058:Mannerheim kept relations with 1637:Mannerheim's mother tongue was 1615:the first presidential election 1601:General Mannerheim leading the 440: 6798:World War II political leaders 6778:Finnish independence activists 6673:Members of the Diet of Finland 6658:Imperial Russian Army generals 6573:Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery 5816:] (in Finnish). Helsinki: 5531:Mannerheim: Marshal of Finland 5473:] (in German). Paderborn: 3747:"Finland's Heritage on parade" 3577:"Mannerheim - Defence Council" 3555: 3543: 3490: 3458: 3442: 3426: 3349: 3289:List of wars involving Finland 3177:1st Class with 1939 bar: 1942) 3068:, 1st Class with Swords (1930) 1693:"Mannerheim the Executioner" ( 1657:. He also spoke some English, 1059:Early life and military career 912:", who were the troops of the 846:(1939–1945), and as the sixth 198:(as President of the Republic) 1: 6793:Deaths from bowel obstruction 6788:20th-century Finnish nobility 6783:19th-century Finnish nobility 5943:NBN:fi:sls-4132-1416928956738 5925:"Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim" 5750:Mannerheim: The Finnish Years 5537:University of Minnesota Press 5471:Leningrad Besieged: 1941-1944 3686:Edwards, Robert, ed. (2007). 3530:National Biography of Finland 3386: 2978:Commander Grand Cross of the 2844:Order of the Cross of Liberty 2691:1893: Lieutenant of the Guard 2465:, a number of leaders of the 2412:L'Hôpital cantonal à Lausanne 2041:Mannerheim spent most of the 1515:Finland declared independence 1430:, Mannerheim was awarded the 1135:Carl Robert, Count Mannerheim 1072:, originally from Germany as 916:, supported by troops of the 6056:as President of the Republic 6019:in The Presidents of Finland 5632:Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil 5198:Lausanne University Hospital 4797:Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö 3207:: Knight Grand Cross of the 3153:: Golden Grand Cross of the 2886:Order of the Lion of Finland 2496:, Mannerheim's hunting lodge 2430:with full military honours. 2416:Lausanne University Hospital 2180:Hitler's aversion to smoking 1802:, where he spent a month at 1673:. He did not start learning 1328:The expedition of Mannerheim 1176: 1144: 1127:Count Carl Gustaf Mannerheim 514:Count Carl Gustaf Mannerheim 479:Count Carl Robert Mannerheim 7: 6558:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 6008:20th Century Press Archives 5933:(in Swedish). Helsingfors: 4521:(in Finnish). Helsingissä: 3593:A Companion to World War II 3237: 3209:Order of the British Empire 2994:Royal Order of the Seraphim 2805:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 1770:, he travelled through the 1340:, he headed north into the 1289:: a possible move in their 1193:Mannerheim was sent to the 1063: 1030:called the Finnish capital 816:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 569:Military officer, statesman 52:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim 29:Mannerheim (disambiguation) 23:. For his grandfather, see 10: 6834: 5884:Finnish Literature Society 5475:Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh 4955:Recording available Yle's 4874:(in Finnish). 17 June 2019 4517:Virkkunen, Sakari (1992). 4315:. McFarland. p. 122. 3192:Order of Michael the Brave 2761:: from January to May 1918 2694:1902: Captain of the Guard 2621:Champion of Liberty issues 2619:, 1960 issue, part of the 2476:; at a 2017 conference in 1974: 1909:1920 assassination attempt 1751:. He offered to serve the 1583:Frederick Charles of Hesse 1545:, led by communist leader 1502: 1401:Congress Kingdom of Poland 1301:in Russian Turkestan (now 1268:Emperor of all the Russias 18: 6593:Field marshals of Finland 6534: 6296: 6244: 6134: 6085: 6076: 6068: 6063: 6047: 6038: 6030: 6025: 5748:Screen, J. E. O. (2000). 5714:Screen, J. E. O. (1970). 5610:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 3886:. tjelvar.se (in Swedish) 3877:Johan Augustin Mannerheim 3726:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 3622:"MANNERHEIM - Retirement" 3410:J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd 3231:Across Asia : Vol. 1 3155:Order of the German Eagle 3121:Holy Crown of St. Stephen 2960:, Knight 4th class (1914) 2809: 2799: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2688:1891: Cornet of the Guard 2655:Valtapeliä elokuussa 1940 2433: 2326:war responsibility trials 2309:Allied Control Commission 2228:Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement 2190:End of war and presidency 2114:Mannerheim and President 2082:, which lasted 872 days. 1375:, where he was stoned by 1104:Johan Augustin Mannerheim 902:declared its independence 806: 751: 717:(Russia & White Army) 701: 672: 631: 590: 585: 573: 565: 490: 471: 454: 424: 404: 386: 362: 316: 311: 307: 295: 283: 271: 258: 246: 236: 228: 215: 203: 188: 176: 165: 157: 145: 133: 105: 94: 86: 82: 70: 38: 6290:Finnish Chief of Defence 5986:(in Finnish and Swedish) 5808:Turtola, Martti (1994). 4519:Mannerheimin kääntöpuoli 4160:Tamm, Eric Enno (2010). 3342: 3215: 3102:1st and 2nd Class (1918) 2678:Non-commissioned officer 2665: 2559:include statues of him. 2110:Discussion with Hitler, 1821:(a British territory in 1625:. He finished second to 1619:National Coalition Party 1605:in Helsinki, 16 May 1918 1207:Chevalier Guard Regiment 1163:Johan Mauritz Nordenstam 1133:and jurist. His father, 1117:of the newly-autonomous 1099:(1759–1837), son of the 6598:Finnish anti-communists 4760:30 October 2023 at the 4707:(Suomen presidentit II) 4561:13 January 2011 at the 3898:. finna.fi (in Finnish) 3563:"MANNERHEIM - Civilian" 3502:Encyclopædia Britannica 3119:, Grand Cross with the 2919:Order of St. Stanislaus 2872:Order of the White Rose 2575:(Great Finns) contest. 2442:Mannerheim Memorial in 2364:After his resignation, 2239:Battle of Tali-Ihantala 2072:163rd Infantry Division 1521:which was ruled by the 1428:Austro-Hungarian forces 1082:integral part of Sweden 959:in 1920 and headed the 945:Constitution of Finland 6773:Swedish-speaking Finns 4942:19 August 2014 at the 4916:"Marskiniemi Poventsa" 4799:. 1986. p. 1022. 4709:, published in Finland 4168:Douglas & McIntyre 3484:University of Helsinki 3356:Swedish pronunciation: 3325:The Marshal of Finland 2945:Gold Sword for Bravery 2816: 2766:Finnish Defence Forces 2502:Finnish Defence Forces 2497: 2471:British Prime Minister 2454: 2411: 2361: 2358:Helsinki Senate Square 2321: 2275: 2266:Mannerheim leaves the 2220:Joachim von Ribbentrop 2215: 2199: 2119: 2056: 2014: 2000: 1713: 1679:Finland's independence 1623:Swedish People's Party 1606: 1574: 1500: 1466: 1457:Marriage and daughters 1389:Trans-Siberian Express 1329: 1321: 1238: 1225:After his coronation, 1190: 1187:Antanas Ričardas Druvė 1119:Grand Duchy of Finland 947:. He then ran against 867:Grand Duchy of Finland 840:Finnish Defence Forces 525:(maternal grandfather) 517:(paternal grandfather) 338:Grand Duchy of Finland 27:. For other uses, see 6693:Presidents of Finland 6128:Presidents of Finland 6051:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg 6034:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 4793:Uusi Pikkujättiläinen 4116:Caldwell, Christopher 3047:: Grand Cross of the 3032:Order of the Elephant 2932:Order of St. Vladimir 2491: 2441: 2355: 2316: 2259: 2251:Parliament of Finland 2205: 2197: 2109: 2102:Visit by Adolf Hitler 2052: 2009: 1992: 1882:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 1857:, who Prime Minister 1810:. He then went on to 1753:French Foreign Legion 1692: 1677:properly until after 1655:Russian Imperial Army 1627:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg 1600: 1572: 1486: 1464: 1356:, Mannerheim met the 1327: 1319: 1307:Trans-Caspian Railway 1243:Imperial Russian Army 1227:Nicholas II of Russia 1224: 1209:in Saint Petersburg. 1199:Imperial Russian Army 1184: 1115:head of the executive 871:Imperial Russian Army 842:during the period of 673:Years of service 644:Imperial Russian Army 506:Eva Mannerheim-Sparre 195:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg 183:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 6743:20th-century regents 6603:Finnish nationalists 6089:Juho Kusti Paasikivi 6079:President of Finland 5825:Tyni, Mikko (2022). 5582:] (in Finnish). 5513:Mannerheim 1867–1951 4341:blackhussars.ucoz.ru 3882:29 June 2020 at the 3840:on 30 September 2007 2617:commemorative stamps 2348:Final days and death 2330:crimes against peace 2324:Commission, and the 2294:were lost. Numerous 2095:counter-battery fire 1603:White Victory Parade 1491:, Capt. Kekoni, Lt. 1414:At the beginning of 1405:His Imperial Majesty 1129:(1797–1854), was an 1097:Carl Erik Mannerheim 985:Operation Barbarossa 965:President Svinhufvud 865:still dominated the 848:president of Finland 522:John Jacob von Julin 443: 1892; 290:Hugo Viktor Österman 253:Karl Fredrik Wilkama 152:Juho Kusti Paasikivi 125:Juho Kusti Paasikivi 89:President of Finland 6748:Russian monarchists 6397:C. G. E. Mannerheim 6301:C. G. E. Mannerheim 6179:C. G. E. Mannerheim 6017:C. G. E. Mannerheim 5503:] (in Finnish). 5305:"8-cent Mannerheim" 4970:, pp. 454–455. 4641:Nurmijärven Uutiset 4556:Mannerheim-Museo.fi 4397:, pp. 148–149. 4356:, pp. 145–147. 4151:, pp. 100–103. 4125:Washington Examiner 4075:on 15 November 2023 3910:, pp. 107–108. 3808:. 25 September 2012 3745:(16 October 1983). 3550:HS: Muodikas Marski 3497:C. G. E. Mannerheim 2958:Order of St. George 2934:, 4th degree (1906) 2908:, 2nd degree (1906) 2723:In the Finnish Army 2671:In the Russian Army 2420:Hietaniemi Cemetery 2360:on 4 February 1951. 2268:Presidential Palace 2136:die tapferen Finnen 2132:Marskalk av Finland 1872:' plea to become a 1870:right-wing radicals 1439:February Revolution 1432:Order of St. George 1365:Great Wall of China 1231:Dormition Cathedral 1195:Hamina Cadet School 1125:. His grandfather, 1113:, became the first 1020:cult of personality 391:Hietaniemi Cemetery 21:Mannerheim (family) 6147:Lauri Kr. Relander 6064:Political offices 5517:Otava Publications 5455:Ganzenmüller, Jörg 5430:Clements, Jonathan 5378:on 19 January 2020 5348:Päämaja – Finna.fi 5307:. 12 December 2008 5146:The New York Times 4539:Jägerskiöld (1983) 4450:Jägerskiöld (1986) 4231:horsethatleaps.com 4210:horsethatleaps.com 4120:"Start to Finnish" 4118:(11 August 2017). 4102:horsethatleaps.com 3956:Jägerskiöld (1965) 3944:Jägerskiöld (1965) 3780:. 15 November 1945 3752:The New York Times 3641:Suuret suomalaiset 3478:Georg C. Ehrnrooth 3465:Keski-Rauska, Riku 3194:, 1st class (1941) 3188:Kingdom of Romania 3113:Kingdom of Hungary 3008:Order of the Sword 2980:Order of the Sword 2921:, 2nd class (1906) 2755:Commander-in-Chief 2742:Marshal of Finland 2730:General of Cavalry 2717:Lieutenant General 2699:Lieutenant Colonel 2573:Suuret suomalaiset 2506:Marshal of Finland 2498: 2455: 2362: 2276: 2216: 2200: 2151:specific demands. 2124:Marshal of Finland 2120: 2080:Siege of Leningrad 2001: 1999:Mannerheim in 1940 1971:Commander-in-Chief 1880:. After President 1714: 1695:Pyöveli-Mannerheim 1641:. He spoke fluent 1607: 1575: 1527:October Revolution 1501: 1467: 1443:lieutenant general 1330: 1322: 1247:Russo-Japanese War 1239: 1191: 887:lieutenant general 875:Russo-Japanese War 856:Marshal of Finland 836:commander-in-chief 759:Russo-Japanese War 740:Marshal of Finland 714:Lieutenant general 538:Georg C. Ehrnrooth 242:Office established 77:Mannerheim in 1940 44:Marshal of Finland 6678:People from Masku 6668:Mannerheim family 6618:Finnish Lutherans 6608:Finnish explorers 6545: 6544: 6255: 6254: 6095: 6094: 6086:Succeeded by 6048:Succeeded by 6041:Regent of Finland 5960:Mannerheim Museum 5893:978-951-858-111-9 5525:Jägerskiöld, Stig 5509:Jägerskiöld, Stig 5493:Jägerskiöld, Stig 5291:www.mannerheim.fi 5076:Osprey Publishing 4968:Mannerheim (1953) 4859:Mannerheim (1953) 4590:, pp. 90–97. 4431:Mannerheim (1953) 4419:Mannerheim (1953) 4373:Helsingin Sanomat 4322:978-1-4766-2565-2 4176:978-1-55365-269-4 4047:, pp. 80–81. 4035:, pp. 43–49. 3958:, pp. 93–94. 3946:, pp. 68–70. 3703:978-0-7538-2247-0 3607:978-1-4051-9681-9 3304:Mannerheim Museum 3222:C.G. Mannerheim, 3081:: Grand Cross of 2906:Order of St. Anna 2824: 2823: 2545:Equestrian statue 2510:Mannerheim Museum 2474:Winston Churchill 2397:bowel obstruction 2304:Hjalmar Siilasvuo 1859:Winston Churchill 1749:Nokia Corporation 1726:Russian Civil War 1556:Finnish Civil War 1505:Finnish Civil War 1297:'s expedition at 1036:Mannerheim Museum 961:Finnish Red Cross 914:Senate of Finland 906:Finnish Civil War 873:, serving in the 832:Regent of Finland 828:Finnish Civil War 810: 809: 774:Finnish Civil War 769:Russian Civil War 681:(Imperial Russia) 548:Mannerheim family 542: 534: 526: 518: 498:Sophie Mannerheim 430:Anastasie Arapova 373:Cantonal Hospital 199: 160:Regent of Finland 6825: 6808:Continuation War 6613:Finnish generals 6540: 6529: 6521: 6513: 6505: 6497: 6489: 6481: 6473: 6465: 6457: 6449: 6441: 6433: 6429:Kaarlo Heiskanen 6425: 6417: 6409: 6401: 6393: 6385: 6377: 6369: 6361: 6353: 6345: 6337: 6329: 6321: 6313: 6305: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6259: 6258: 6250: 6239: 6231: 6223: 6215: 6211:Martti Ahtisaari 6207: 6199: 6191: 6183: 6175: 6167: 6159: 6155:P. E. Svinhufvud 6151: 6143: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6098: 6097: 6069:Preceded by 6057: 6031:Preceded by 6023: 6022: 5987: 5976: 5946: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5902: 5877: 5867: 5859:Westerlund, Lars 5855: 5843: 5821: 5805: 5793: 5772:Trotter, William 5767: 5745: 5737:Screen, J. E. O. 5733: 5711: 5703:Screen, J. E. O. 5699: 5697: 5695: 5689: 5674: 5664: 5652:, primary source 5651: 5627: 5613: 5597: 5550: 5534: 5520: 5504: 5501:Young Mannerheim 5497:Nuori Mannerheim 5488: 5463: 5451: 5415: 5414:, mannerheim.fi. 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5368: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5257: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5227:Suomen Kuvalehti 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5118:Suomen Kuvalehti 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4789: 4783: 4771: 4765: 4752: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4710: 4703: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4631: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4571: 4565: 4553: 4542: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4514: 4508: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4307:Haarmann, Harald 4303: 4297: 4296: 4286: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4223: 4214: 4213: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4179: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4094: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4059: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3739: 3730: 3729: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3654: 3648: 3639: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3518: 3505: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3473: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3402: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3371: 3366: 3365:Finland Swedish: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3294:Mannerheim Cross 3268: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3254: 3252:Biography portal 3249: 3248: 3247: 3233:– digital images 3203: 3202: 3186: 3185: 3165: 3164: 3149: 3148: 3132: 3131: 3111: 3110: 3094: 3093: 3077: 3076: 3060: 3059: 3049:Legion of Honour 3043: 3042: 3030:: Knight of the 3026: 3025: 3005: 3004: 2991: 2990: 2977: 2976: 2956: 2955: 2943: 2942: 2930: 2929: 2917: 2916: 2904: 2903: 2883: 2882: 2869: 2868: 2858:Mannerheim Cross 2855: 2854: 2841: 2840: 2819: 2795: 2783: 2782: 2635:The Headquarters 2612: 2596: 2480:, war historian 2280:Continuation War 2128:Suomen Marsalkka 2047:Continuation War 1981:Continuation War 1531:P. E. Svinhufvud 1474:Political career 1451:House of Romanov 1420:Austro-Hungarian 1399:Regiment in the 1363:He followed the 1255:Battle of Mukden 1203:Saint Petersburg 1167:Albert von Julin 1151:Louhisaari Manor 1112: 997:Continuation War 834:(1918–1919), as 791:Continuation War 781:Second World War 744: 738: 731: 725: 718: 712: 694: 688: 682: 662: 652: 642: 624: 618: 617: 609: 603: 602: 586:Military service 581: 540: 533:(maternal uncle) 532: 530:Albert von Julin 524: 516: 510: 502: 483:Hedvig von Julin 448: 446: 442: 420: 413: 369: 358: 347: 330:Louhisaari Manor 326: 324: 312:Personal details 298: 286: 263: 249: 239: 220: 206:Chief of Defence 197: 191: 179: 170: 148: 136: 108: 99: 75: 36: 35: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6532: 6527: 6519: 6511: 6503: 6495: 6493:Juhani Kaskeala 6487: 6485:Gustav Hägglund 6479: 6471: 6469:Jaakko Valtanen 6463: 6455: 6453:Kaarlo Leinonen 6447: 6439: 6437:Sakari Simelius 6431: 6423: 6415: 6407: 6399: 6391: 6383: 6375: 6367: 6359: 6351: 6343: 6335: 6327: 6319: 6311: 6303: 6292: 6286: 6256: 6251: 6242: 6237: 6235:Alexander Stubb 6229: 6221: 6213: 6205: 6197: 6189: 6187:J. K. Paasikivi 6181: 6173: 6165: 6157: 6149: 6141: 6139:K. J. Ståhlberg 6130: 6125: 6091: 6082: 6074: 6059: 6055: 6053: 6044: 6036: 5985: 5974: 5923: 5920: 5915: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5875: 5869: 5861: 5852: 5837: 5799: 5790: 5780:Algonquin Books 5778:. Chapel Hill: 5764: 5739: 5730: 5705: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5672: 5594: 5547: 5535:. Minneapolis: 5485: 5465: 5457: 5448: 5438:Haus Publishing 5424: 5419: 5418: 5407: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5270: 5268: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5182:, pp. 252. 5178: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5152: 5150: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5109: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4944:Wayback Machine 4935: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4847:Jakobson (1999) 4845: 4841: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4772: 4768: 4762:Wayback Machine 4753: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4713: 4704: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4632: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4563:Wayback Machine 4554: 4545: 4537: 4530: 4515: 4511: 4497: 4493: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4304: 4300: 4287: 4278: 4272:Clements (2009) 4270: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4225: 4224: 4217: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4182: 4159: 4155: 4149:Clements (2009) 4147: 4143: 4130: 4128: 4113: 4109: 4096: 4095: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4061: 4060: 4051: 4045:Clements (2009) 4043: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4021:Clements (2009) 4019: 4015: 4007: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3884:Wayback Machine 3875: 3871: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3740: 3733: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3655: 3651: 3637: 3636: 3629: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3598:Wiley-Blackwell 3588: 3584: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3519: 3508: 3495: 3491: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3404: 3403: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3383: 3373: 3372: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3319:Marshal's Cabin 3314:Mannerheimintie 3309:Mannerheim Park 3299:Mannerheim Line 3274:Adolf Ehrnrooth 3264: 3259: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3218: 3197: 3180: 3159: 3143: 3126: 3105: 3088: 3071: 3054: 3037: 3020: 2999: 2985: 2971: 2964: 2950: 2937: 2924: 2911: 2898: 2877: 2863: 2849: 2835: 2781: 2750: 2748:Supreme Command 2725: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2652:television film 2624: 2613: 2604: 2597: 2530:Marshal's Cabin 2518:Kamppi district 2514:Mannerheimintie 2494:Marshal's Cabin 2436: 2350: 2342:J. K. Paasikivi 2208:J. K. Paasikivi 2192: 2144:Immola Airfield 2104: 2068:Army of Karelia 2018:Mannerheim Line 1987: 1973: 1911: 1855:security guards 1823:Southern Arabia 1687: 1685:Interwar period 1635: 1633:Language skills 1560:Jäger Battalion 1547:Kullervo Manner 1507: 1481: 1476: 1459: 1424:Romanian fronts 1358:13th Dalai Lama 1354:Shanxi province 1235:Chevalier Guard 1215: 1179: 1155:Askainen parish 1147: 1106: 1084:. After Sweden 1066: 1061: 949:K. J. Ståhlberg 802: 764:First World War 747: 742: 729: 716: 697: 692: 686: 680: 668: 627: 622: 612: 607: 605:Imperial Russia 597: 561: 508: 500: 486: 467: 450: 447: 1919) 438: 434: 431: 418: 414: 411: 371: 367: 366:27 January 1951 348: 345: 344: 328: 322: 320: 296: 284: 278: 266: 264: 259: 247: 237: 223: 221: 216: 189: 177: 171: 166: 146: 134: 129: 106: 100: 95: 78: 66: 53: 50: 46: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6831: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6543: 6542: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6525:Janne Jaakkola 6522: 6514: 6509:Jarmo Lindberg 6506: 6501:Ari Puheloinen 6498: 6490: 6482: 6474: 6466: 6458: 6450: 6442: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6413:Jarl Lundqvist 6410: 6405:Erik Heinrichs 6402: 6394: 6386: 6378: 6370: 6365:Lauri Malmberg 6362: 6354: 6346: 6338: 6330: 6322: 6317:W. A. Thesleff 6314: 6306: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6285: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6262: 6253: 6252: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6238:(2024–present) 6232: 6227:Sauli Niinistö 6224: 6216: 6208: 6203:Mauno Koivisto 6200: 6192: 6184: 6176: 6168: 6160: 6152: 6144: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6124: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6101: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6084: 6075: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6049: 6046: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6026:Regnal titles 6021: 6020: 6014: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5983: 5982:), 4 June 1942 5975:w/English text 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5919: 5918:External links 5916: 5914: 5913: 5892: 5856: 5850: 5829:(in Finnish). 5822: 5797:Martti Turtola 5794: 5788: 5768: 5762: 5734: 5728: 5700: 5665: 5653: 5628: 5618:Warner, Oliver 5614: 5602:Warner, Oliver 5598: 5592: 5568: 5552: 5551: 5545: 5521: 5505: 5489: 5483: 5452: 5447:978-1907822575 5446: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5401: 5389: 5363: 5352: 5340: 5329:. 9 March 2011 5318: 5296: 5278: 5252: 5241: 5212: 5184: 5172: 5170:, p. 245. 5160: 5149:. 5 March 1946 5132: 5103: 5101:, p. 397. 5091: 5085:978-1472815262 5084: 5060: 5048: 5036: 5030:978-9004208940 5029: 5023:. p. 87. 5005: 5003:, p. 205. 4993: 4972: 4960: 4948: 4929: 4907: 4885: 4863: 4861:, p. 456. 4851: 4839: 4824: 4812: 4805: 4795:(in Finnish). 4784: 4766: 4744: 4732: 4728:Turtola (1994) 4711: 4679: 4677:, p. 112. 4667: 4665:, p. 104. 4655: 4621: 4592: 4580: 4566: 4543: 4528: 4509: 4491: 4466: 4464:, p. 104. 4454: 4435: 4433:, p. 184. 4423: 4421:, p. 138. 4411: 4399: 4387: 4358: 4346: 4328: 4321: 4312:Modern Finland 4298: 4276: 4274:, p. 155. 4264: 4236: 4215: 4197: 4193:Trotter (2013) 4180: 4153: 4141: 4107: 4086: 4049: 4037: 4025: 4013: 4009:Trotter (2013) 3996: 3984: 3982:, p. 129. 3972: 3970:, p. 123. 3960: 3948: 3936: 3924: 3922:, p. 108. 3912: 3900: 3888: 3869: 3862:(in Finnish). 3851: 3819: 3791: 3765: 3731: 3728:. p. 154. 3718:Warner, Oliver 3709: 3702: 3696:. p. 21. 3678: 3649: 3627: 3613: 3606: 3582: 3568: 3554: 3542: 3506: 3489: 3482:(in Finnish). 3457: 3441: 3425: 3418: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3332:Marskin ryyppy 3329: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3284:Johan Laidoner 3281: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3266:Finland portal 3255: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3228: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3205:United Kingdom 3195: 3178: 3157: 3141: 3124: 3103: 3086: 3069: 3052: 3035: 3012: 3011: 2997: 2992:Knight of the 2983: 2962: 2961: 2948: 2935: 2922: 2909: 2893:Russian Empire 2890: 2889: 2875: 2861: 2856:Knight of the 2847: 2822: 2821: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2788: 2787: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2762: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2661:Military ranks 2659: 2638:, directed by 2626: 2625: 2614: 2607: 2605: 2598: 2591: 2581:Mahatma Gandhi 2435: 2432: 2381:duodenal ulcer 2349: 2346: 2191: 2188: 2169:Kustaa Vilkuna 2103: 2100: 1972: 1969: 1953:Bruno Jalander 1910: 1907: 1878:Lapua Movement 1851:United Kingdom 1772:British Empire 1686: 1683: 1634: 1631: 1493:Gallen-Kallela 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1458: 1455: 1447:new government 1214: 1211: 1178: 1175: 1146: 1143: 1139:John von Julin 1123:Prime Minister 1090:Russian Empire 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1028:New York Times 1001:United Kingdom 933:victory parade 920:, and the pro- 898:Bolshevik coup 863:Russian Empire 808: 807: 804: 803: 801: 800: 799: 798: 793: 788: 778: 777: 776: 771: 761: 755: 753: 749: 748: 746: 745: 732: 719: 705: 703: 699: 698: 696: 695: 689: 683: 676: 674: 670: 669: 667: 666: 656: 646: 635: 633: 632:Branch/service 629: 628: 626: 625: 610: 594: 592: 588: 587: 583: 582: 575: 571: 570: 567: 563: 562: 560: 559: 551: 543: 535: 527: 519: 511: 503: 494: 492: 488: 487: 485: 484: 481: 475: 473: 469: 468: 466: 465: 462: 458: 456: 452: 451: 436: 432: 429: 428: 426: 422: 421: 406: 402: 401: 388: 384: 383: 370:(aged 83) 364: 360: 359: 342:Russian Empire 318: 314: 313: 309: 308: 305: 304: 302:Erik Heinrichs 299: 293: 292: 287: 281: 280: 273: 269: 268: 256: 255: 250: 244: 243: 240: 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 213: 212: 201: 200: 192: 186: 185: 180: 174: 173: 163: 162: 155: 154: 149: 143: 142: 137: 131: 130: 128: 127: 122: 117: 115:Antti Hackzell 111: 109: 107:Prime Minister 103: 102: 92: 91: 84: 83: 80: 79: 76: 68: 67: 54: 51: 41:The Honourable 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6830: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6539: 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F. Wilkama 6371: 6366: 6363: 6358: 6357:V. P. Nenonen 6355: 6350: 6349:K. F. Wilkama 6347: 6342: 6341:K. E. Kivekäs 6339: 6334: 6333:K. F. Wilkama 6331: 6326: 6325:Rudolf Walden 6323: 6318: 6315: 6310: 6309:K. F. Wilkama 6307: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6283: 6278: 6276: 6271: 6269: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6249: 6236: 6233: 6228: 6225: 6220: 6219:Tarja Halonen 6217: 6212: 6209: 6204: 6201: 6196: 6195:Urho Kekkonen 6193: 6188: 6185: 6180: 6177: 6172: 6169: 6164: 6163:Kyösti Kallio 6161: 6156: 6153: 6148: 6145: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6117: 6115: 6110: 6108: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6080: 6073: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6043: 6042: 6035: 6029: 6024: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5873: 5865: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5851:9789523823891 5847: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5789:9781565126923 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5763:1-85065-573-1 5759: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5729:0-900966-22-X 5725: 5721: 5718:. Vancouver: 5717: 5709: 5704: 5701: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5666: 5663:(in Finnish). 5662: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5623:History Today 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5593:9789511133698 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5572:Jakobson, Max 5569: 5566: 5565:951-616-048-4 5562: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5546:0-8166-1527-6 5542: 5538: 5533: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5484:3-506-72889-X 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5413: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5393: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5356: 5349: 5344: 5328: 5322: 5306: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5245: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5216: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5188: 5181: 5180:Screen (2000) 5176: 5169: 5168:Screen (2000) 5164: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5095: 5087: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5064: 5057: 5052: 5045: 5040: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5009: 5002: 5001:Screen (2000) 4997: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4933: 4917: 4911: 4895: 4889: 4873: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4831: 4829: 4821: 4816: 4808: 4806:951-0-12416-8 4802: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4676: 4675:Screen (2000) 4671: 4664: 4663:Screen (2000) 4659: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4588:Screen (2000) 4584: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4540: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4505: 4504:Turun Sanomat 4500: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4432: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4408: 4407:Screen (2000) 4403: 4396: 4391: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4343:(in Russian). 4342: 4338: 4332: 4324: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4294: 4293: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4273: 4268: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4220: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4195:, p. 29. 4194: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4166:. 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March 2007. 3865: 3861: 3855: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3823: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3743:Binder, David 3738: 3736: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3694:Phoenix Press 3691: 3690: 3682: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3653: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3632: 3623: 3617: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3586: 3578: 3572: 3564: 3558: 3552:(in Finnish). 3551: 3546: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3522:Klinge, Matti 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3479: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3453: 3452: 3445: 3438:, 31 May 2024 3437: 3436: 3429: 3421: 3419:0-460-04020-0 3415: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3392: 3376: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3256: 3253: 3242: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3096:German Empire 3092: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3009: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2887: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2818: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2736:Field Marshal 2733: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2711:Major General 2708: 2706: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2640:Matti Kassila 2637: 2636: 2631: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2601:Field Marshal 2595: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585:Simon Bolivar 2582: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2526:hunting lodge 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2482:Terry Charman 2479: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2428:state funeral 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2359: 2354: 2345: 2343: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243:head of state 2240: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2196: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2165: 2164:SS bodyguards 2161: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2091:anti-tank gun 2088: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2036:Rudolf Walden 2033: 2029: 2025: 2024:Field Marshal 2021: 2019: 2013: 2008: 2005: 1998: 1995: 1994:Field Marshal 1991: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1968: 1967:on April 23. 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1929:'s parade on 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917:attempted to 1916: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895:sotamarsalkka 1892: 1891:Field Marshal 1888: 1887:Kyösti Kallio 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796:British India 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1519:Soviet Russia 1516: 1512: 1511:December 1917 1506: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1471: 1463: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1326: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287:Western China 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1188: 1183: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1142: 1141:(1787–1853). 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1016:Jean Sibelius 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 995:known as the 994: 990: 986: 981: 980:Kyösti Kallio 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 919: 918:German Empire 915: 911: 908:between the " 907: 903: 899: 895: 892: 888: 884: 880: 879:Eastern Front 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 852:field marshal 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 814: 805: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 783: 782: 779: 775: 772: 770: 767: 766: 765: 762: 760: 757: 756: 754: 750: 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