733:
237:
232:
45:
151:
132:
142:
222:
121:
72:
227:
1870:
1539:
1523:
1373:
945:
The strength of the White Armies fighting against the Red Army, according to intelligence estimates, by June 1919 was about 683,000. However, together with auxiliary and staff units, it could exceed 1,023,000 people. A significant part of the White forces was on contentment. Combat units amounted to
424:
The
Bolshevik policy of terror was more systematic, better organized, and targeted at whole social classes. Moreover, it had been thought out and put into practice before the outbreak of the civil war. The White Terror was never systematized in such a fashion. It was almost invariably the work of
2256:
857:
The name "Russian Army" is approved as the union of all White fronts, the status of commanders of the fronts formally from the
Supreme Commander-in-Chief is received by the commanders of the North and Northwest Armies Generals Yudenich and Miller. In April 1920, the
719:
619:
in the army, the following were formed: 1st
Volunteer Samara Squadron, Cavalry Squadron of Staff Captain Stafievsky, Volzhskaya Equestrian Battery of Captain Vyrypayev, horse reconnaissance, subversive command and economic unit. After the formation of the units,
2273:
2522:
453:
attacks were committed by the White military, which accounted for 17% of the anti-Jewish atrocities during the
Russian Civil War. Suny stated that the casualties of the White Terror would have exceeded the Red terror with the inclusion of
2244:
732:
378:
and political leaders, each with different goals and plans to achieve them, and most of these armies did not coordinate their actions. The chain of command in each, as well as individual members, differed, from experienced
2369:
2357:
2345:
425:
detachments that were out of control, and taking measures not officially authorized by the military command that was attempting, without much success, to act as a government. If one discounts the pogroms, which
837:
voluntarily submit to
Alexander Kolchak and recognize his Supreme High Command over all armies in Russia. The supreme commander at the same time confirms the authority of the commanders. From this moment, the
398:, while taking part in mass executions, including assisting allied foreign interventionists (for example, 257 civilians were killed in 1919 in the course of the struggle in the village of Ivanovka of the
2452:
2445:
1326:Двухнедѣльный военный и военно-морской журналъ «Часовой»: органъ связи русскаго воинства за рубежомъ подъ ред. В. В. Орѣхова и Евгенія Тарусскаго, — Paris, 1 мая 1932. — № 79.
2128:
825:
As the
Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral Kolchak is recognized by all the commanders of the White Armies both in the south and west of Russia, as well as in Siberia and the Far East; generals
752:. Initially, it was called the West Siberian Volunteer Army. From June to December 1918, the headquarters of the Siberian Army was the general headquarters for the entire White Movement of
2234:
374:
The White Armies comprised a number of different groups, who operated independently and did not share a single ideology or political goal. Their leaders were conservative or moderate
784:
In June 1919, the
Northern Army was created from Russian officers and soldiers of the Northern Corps, who left the Estonian army. A month later, the army was renamed the Northwest.
2251:
2210:
441:
However, the total estimates for the White Terror are difficult to ascertain due to the role of multiple administrations and violence perpetrated by undisciplined, independent
2618:
2121:
2088:
1622:
2263:
2364:
2352:
2340:
1308:
1254:
Military
Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editorial Board: Alexander Gorkin, Vladimir Zolotarev et al. – Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia, RIPOL Classic, 2002 – 1664 Pages
2114:
2239:
1328:
1106:
is also known as the "Red Terror", whereas the reactionary/anti-revolutionary monarchist pro-Bourbon mass killings and persecutions of revolutionaries and ex-
2440:
2268:
2285:
236:
437:
were a structured and powerful instrument of repression of a completely different order, which had support at the highest level from the
Bolshevik regime.
2517:
567:
1566:
371:. Their members wore white bandages on their sleeves; however, this did not have a direct connection with the White Army during the Russian Civil War.
335:
was used, while almost every individual formation had its own characteristics. The military art of the White Army was based on the experience of the
2477:
2205:
919:
White Armies drew both from volunteers and on the basis of mobilization. They drew from the population of controlled territories and from captured
608:
2613:
469:, the Red Terror was initiated in response to several, planned assassinations of Bolshevik leaders and the initial massacres of Red prisoners in
429:
himself condemned, the White Terror most often was a series of reprisals by the police acting as a sort of military counterespionage force. The
2482:
1689:
2569:
2192:
2187:
2182:
810:, who also assumed the supreme command of all the land and naval forces of Russia. He made a substantial reorganization of the forces of the
760:
700:, as he would deprive them of money from the "pocket of Russia". However, the command and the Czechs abandoned these plans, citing a lack of
391:
2280:
325:
1370:Предисловие // Красный террор в годы Гражданской войны: По материалам Особой следственной комиссии по расследованию злодеяний большевиков.
527:
and proclaimed independence "before the formation of a nation-wide, popularly recognized government". The first White Army was created by
1813:
1902:
1874:
1707:
1221:
1078:
1067:
678:. It was divided into several groups: Simbirsk, Kazan, Khvalynsk, Ufa, Nikolaev, Ural Cossack troops and the Orenburg Cossack troops.
406:
detachments of partisans). The overall number of people killed in the White Terror is significantly less than that in the
Bolshevik
1592:
1649:
1048:
1618:
1463:
2227:
1091:
2574:
2300:
867:
851:
741:
1751:
1731:
1533:
1439:
1412:
1265:
1176:
1312:
1023:
1837:
Werth, Nicolas; Bartosek, Karel; Panne, Jean-Louis; Margolin, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Courtois, Stephane (1999).
1402:
1345:"Article by Elena Kiryakova. "In the Course of the White Terror, Everyone was Chopped Off, Including Women and Children""
1325:
2415:
819:
410:, which drastically differed from its counterpart due to being deliberately organized and run by Bolshevik leaders. In
688:. He suggested that the occupation of the city would break the Bolshevik plans to sign additional agreements with the
570:
under the Volunteer Army, was also there. Military leaders and Cossacks reacted extremely negatively to his presence.
1852:
1823:
1802:
1781:
1498:
1196:
1348:
399:
1152:
2587:
1895:
1429:
1955:
1562:
1033:
874:
76:
50:
420:
contrasts the Red and White Terrors, noting the former was the official policy of the Bolshevik government:
2561:
2174:
2165:
1183:// "Banquet Campaign" of 1904 – Big Irgiz – Moscow: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2005 – Page 190 – (The
881:
839:
778:
767:
created troops of the Northern Region, sometimes referred to as the Northern Army (not to be confused with
612:
231:
80:
2512:
2472:
1983:
1839:
412:
20:
2507:
2410:
2391:
1739:
1184:
1028:
843:
689:
671:
636:
604:
590:
44:
2420:
2381:
2376:
1888:
647:'s detachments occupied Simbirsk and from there they advanced in several directions: from Syzran to
2457:
2106:
1844:
660:
135:
981:. According to supporters of the White movement, the White Guard is a military man devoted to his
2623:
2592:
2502:
2310:
1978:
1038:
807:
531:, calling it the "Alekseyev Organization". Officers were recruited there on a voluntary basis. A
368:
262:
2539:
1917:
986:
927:
847:
701:
563:
2544:
2094:
2001:
1829:
1043:
978:
935:
931:
395:
1703:
946:
only half of this figure. After that, the number of White Armies began to decline steadily.
552:
2316:
1213:
675:
359:
detachments, and then the Red Army. For the first time, the name "White Guard" was used in
150:
8:
2467:
2462:
2155:
2020:
1972:
1588:
1115:
893:
815:
793:
771:
596:
356:
332:
203:
1645:
899:
In 1921, from the remnants of the Far Eastern Army of General Semyonov in Primorye, the
2396:
2295:
2080:
1683:
1455:
1111:
896:
of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Admiral Kolchak of 1919 – as the last of its fronts.
500:
199:
191:
145:
131:
1792:
2144:
2030:
1947:
1848:
1819:
1798:
1777:
1747:
1529:
1504:
1494:
1435:
1408:
1192:
1081:
spelling, although used by the Whites even afterwards to differentiate from the Reds.
799:
528:
474:
352:
317:
195:
175:
141:
2487:
2430:
2012:
1738:// Kireev – Congo – Moscow: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2009 – Page 569 – (The
1487:
The Officer Corps of the Volunteer Army: Social Composition, Worldview of 1917–1920
1006:
970:
900:
859:
834:
524:
516:
364:
339:, which, however, left a strong imprint on the specifics of the Russian Civil War.
253:
187:
1771:
1728:
1273:
1173:
1103:
348:
2305:
1735:
1332:
1180:
1095:
974:
889:
871:
768:
685:
681:
644:
621:
616:
434:
390:
The White Guards, in addition to directly fighting with the Reds, as well as the
375:
1309:"1906 Viaporin kapina ja Hakaniemen mellakka. Helsinki 200 vuotta pääkaupunkina"
607:
was organized under the command of Colonel Nikolai Galkin. It was formed by the
2386:
2217:
2137:
1993:
1676:
Steel Fist of the White Guard. Impact Units in the South of Russia in 1918–1920
1018:
990:
982:
939:
830:
811:
574:
559:
536:
532:
520:
490:
478:
466:
442:
313:
309:
126:
120:
1704:"Evgeny Volkov. The Population Dynamics of the Soviet Union Over Eighty Years"
615:
by the Bolsheviks in 1918. On 9 June, after the arrival of Lieutenant Colonel
519:
before his removal and subsequent murder by the mob and went to Don to Ataman
2607:
2333:
1293:
994:
826:
749:
713:
693:
578:
543:
joined him. Three months later, in April 1918, the Council of Defense of the
540:
512:
508:
504:
426:
417:
360:
183:
179:
171:
71:
1508:
2435:
2055:
1344:
920:
904:
736:
Anti–Bolshevik White Army poster encouraging people to enlist as volunteers
656:
544:
450:
347:
The name "White" is associated with white symbols of the supporters of the
221:
2069:
1931:
1811:
1767:
1743:
1188:
1099:
908:
863:
764:
745:
639:
again entered Syzran, occupied by the Bolsheviks, and threw them back to
455:
446:
384:
336:
1379:
1266:"Red White: Soviet Political Terms in a Historical and Cultural Context"
1236:
2290:
1148:
407:
403:
154:
2425:
1459:
1369:
777:
In January 1919, the Don and Volunteer Armies were combined into the
640:
2136:
2222:
2063:
2044:
1960:
1880:
1107:
629:
548:
494:
380:
321:
1404:
Red Flag Unfurled: History, Historians, and the Russian Revolution
674:
was reorganized. The Volga Front was created under the command of
1289:
1110:(and in southern France, Protestants) are known as the 1794–1795
949:
The White Army consisted of all kinds of troops for that period:
942:, and in Siberia, for example – the division of the Labor Corps.
753:
459:
226:
1797:. Moscow, Saint Petersburg: AST, Terra Fantastica. p. 637.
308:), was a common collective name for the armed formations of the
1869:
1002:
885:
818:
on 23 September 1918. On 4 November Kolchak became part of the
697:
625:
600:
470:
938:, but also from all comers. It was both in the South – in the
1925:
1525:
Covert operations of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission
1490:
667:
652:
648:
430:
1812:
N. D. Egorov; N. V. Pulchenko; L. M. Chizhova, eds. (1998).
535:
was created from the members of this organization. Generals
2560:
2173:
1832:
on 7 March 2012 – via Russian State Military Archive.
998:
803:
663:
and along the banks of the Volga to the mouth of the Kama.
1836:
1766:
1385:
1297:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
1242:
977:, often copied from the uniform of the guard units of the
577:, who later became a member of the Special Meeting under
718:
573:
One of the first to join the Alekseyev Organization was
854:
have been operating on the fronts of this single army.
1818:. Moscow: Russian Bibliographic Society. p. 526.
926:
On a voluntary basis, they were staffed not only from
2619:
Anti-communist resistance movements in Eastern Europe
558:
Among those who came to the Don were public figures.
303:
283:
267:
1619:"Народная армия КОМУЧа - Казачий Порядник. О.Данкир"
1840:
Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression
1776:. Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia. p. 268.
1621:[People's Army of Komuch – Cossack Order].
568:
Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom
907:, since the Amur Zemsky Government was created in
787:
333:Russian Army of the Provisional Government period
2605:
892:that inherited the name "Russian Army" from the
609:Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly
1484:
515:and others were released by Commander-in-Chief
435:Troops for the Internal Defense of the Republic
1790:
1560:
1521:
1396:
1394:
814:and carried out its integration into a single
2122:
1896:
1263:
761:Supreme Administration of the Northern Region
297:
277:
2332:
806:. On 18 November 1918 he was proclaimed the
555:the Volunteer Army from the Romanian Front.
523:. The Don region abandoned the power of the
1434:. London : J. Cape. pp. 313–314.
1391:
564:Socialist Revolutionary Combat Organization
2129:
2115:
1903:
1889:
1688:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1673:
331:When it was created, the structure of the
43:
2453:Separate Mongolian-Buryat Cavalry Brigade
1363:
1094:, the 1793–1794 revolutionary republican
484:
367:detachments created in 1906 to fight the
1646:"Siberian Army. White Guard – Publicism"
1049:Ranks and insignia of the White Movement
888:in May 1920, General Wrangel formed the
731:
717:
1643:
1616:
1427:
1421:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1102:against any suspected supporter of the
1092:historiography of the French Revolution
866:from the remnants of the troops of the
2614:Anti-communist organizations in Russia
2606:
1710:from the original on 16 September 2018
1669:
1667:
1612:
1610:
1372:/ Под ред. докторов исторических наук
2110:
1884:
16:Army/faction in the Russian Civil War
1910:
1652:from the original on 7 November 2017
1569:from the original on 7 November 2017
1466:from the original on 3 November 2017
1400:
1311:. www.helsinki200.fi. Archived from
1201:
1024:Pogroms during the Russian Civil War
798:On 14 October 1918, Minister of War
740:At the same time, in June 1918, the
1664:
1607:
1493:: Alexander Vorobyov. p. 204.
1376:и Г. И. Чернявского — London, 1992.
882:Armed Forces of the South of Russia
840:Armed Forces of the South of Russia
779:Armed Forces of the South of Russia
551:. In May 1918, the Drozdov brigade
13:
1742:: in 35 Volumes / Editor-in-Chief
1351:from the original on 3 August 2019
1257:
1187:: in 35 Volumes / Editor-in-Chief
449:noted that a higher proportion of
14:
2635:
2235:Army Group Kiev of General Bredov
1862:
1794:Civil War in Russia: White Armies
1542:from the original on 5 April 2023
1401:Suny, Ronald (14 November 2017).
1224:from the original on 5 April 2023
1155:from the original on 6 April 2017
1149:"Kolchak's Army – "Encyclopedia""
632:on June 11 and 12, respectively.
402:and the White Guards against the
355:, in contrast to the name of the
351:, dating back to the time of the
1868:
1625:from the original on 3 June 2020
1595:from the original on 3 June 2020
1563:"Creation of the Volunteer Army"
1138:Red Army Intelligence Assessment
707:
584:
235:
230:
225:
220:
149:
140:
130:
119:
70:
2588:Turkestan Military Organization
1722:
1696:
1637:
1581:
1554:
1515:
1478:
1448:
1407:. Verso Books. pp. 1–320.
1337:
1319:
1301:
1280:
1243:Great Russian Encyclopedia 2005
1084:
993:), who was ready to defend his
788:Unification in the Russian Army
742:Provisional Siberian Government
2252:Novorossiysk Region Army Group
1248:
1167:
1141:
1132:
1072:
1061:
914:
903:was formed, later renamed the
684:suggested the command to take
1:
1963:
1956:Army of the Tsardom of Russia
1934:
1272:(Journal) (4). Archived from
1125:
997:and his specific ideas about
723:
595:On 8 June 1918, the uprising
2562:Armed Forces of South Russia
2175:Armed Forces of South Russia
7:
2513:West Russian Volunteer Army
1984:Toy army of Peter the Great
1012:
880:Out of the remnants of the
413:The Black Book of Communism
304:
299:бѣлогвардейцы/белогвардейцы
288:), also referred to as the
284:
279:Бѣлая гвардія/Белая гвардия
268:
21:White Army (disambiguation)
10:
2640:
2392:4th Eastern Siberian Corps
1760:
1746:; 2004–2017, Volume 14) –
1740:Great Russian Encyclopedia
1185:Great Russian Encyclopedia
1029:Russian All-Military Union
969:All of them had their own
791:
711:
588:
488:
342:
320:. They fought against the
18:
2553:
2532:
2496:
2421:Orenburg Independent Army
2382:2nd Steppe Siberian Corps
2377:1st Middle Siberian Corps
2325:
2264:Kharkov Region Army Group
2164:
2151:
2079:
2054:
2029:
2011:
1992:
1946:
1916:
1589:"People's Army of Komuch"
1191:; 2004–2017, Volume 3) –
1034:Russian State (1918–1920)
562:, the former head of the
298:
278:
257:
214:
209:
165:
160:
114:
86:
65:
57:
42:
35:
30:
2458:Asiatic Cavalry Division
2365:3rd Army (Siberian Army)
2353:2nd Army (Siberian Army)
2341:1st Army (Siberian Army)
1845:Harvard University Press
1734:25 February 2020 at the
1485:Roman Abinyakin (2005).
1428:Liebman, Marcel (1975).
1179:25 February 2020 at the
1054:
870:under the leadership of
503:, the arrested generals
104:~300,000 (December 1919)
2593:Peasant Army of Fergana
2411:People's Army of Komuch
2311:Ukrainian Galician Army
1979:Army of Peter the Great
1791:Valery Klaving (2003).
1528:. Litres. p. 257.
1522:David Golinkov (2017).
1039:White Army, Black Baron
808:Supreme Ruler of Russia
603:. On the same day, the
465:According to historian
349:pre-revolutionary order
316:governments during the
258:Бѣлая армія/Белая армия
108:~8,000 (September 1922)
2488:White Latvian Riflemen
2240:Kiev Region Army Group
1918:Principality of Moscow
1815:White Army Funds Guide
1489:(Monograph ed.).
1460:Encyclopedia Krugosvet
1264:David Feldman (2006).
737:
729:
722:Appeal to volunteers,
485:Volunteer and Don Army
439:
369:revolutionary movement
106:~100,000 (Summer 1920)
100:~4,000 (December 1917)
2545:Arctic Ocean Flotilla
2313:(since November 1919)
2002:Imperial Russian Army
979:Imperial Russian Army
932:Imperial Russian Army
735:
721:
666:After the capture of
462:into the death toll.
422:
387:to fresh volunteers.
94:~1,023,000 (May 1919)
1877:at Wikimedia Commons
1561:Grigory Trubetskoy.
1431:Leninism under Lenin
962:Railway connections.
759:In August 1918, the
643:. A few days later,
566:, who organized the
458:violence and Jewish
102:~683,000 (June 1919)
49:Coat of arms of the
19:For other uses, see
2497:North-Western Front
2473:5th Polish Division
2463:Czechoslovak Legion
2441:Holy Cross Druzhina
2269:North Caucasus Army
2021:Russian Army (1917)
1973:New Order Regiments
1674:Spiridonov (2008).
1386:Werth et al. (1999)
1374:Ю. Г. Фельштинского
1315:on 7 November 2017.
1116:Second White Terror
1009:with arms in hand.
894:single Russian army
794:Russian Army (1919)
774:'s Northern Army).
655:, from Simbirsk to
204:Vladimir Kantakuzen
2508:North-Western Army
2397:5th Pri-Amur Corps
2143:and fleets of the
2097:1992–present
2081:Russian Federation
1565:. white-force.ru.
1331:2010-12-17 at the
1220:. 15 August 2019.
1214:"The White armies"
1114:and the 1815–1816
1112:First White Terror
820:Russian Government
738:
730:
501:October Revolution
445:forces. Historian
394:, carried out the
200:Anatoly Pepelyayev
192:Mikhail Drozdovsky
2601:
2600:
2583:
2582:
2518:Chudskoe Flotilla
2406:
2405:
2286:Crimean–Azov Army
2201:
2200:
2145:Russian Civil War
2104:
2103:
2031:Russian Civil War
1948:Tsardom of Russia
1873:Media related to
1752:978-5-85270-345-3
1535:978-5-04-051463-2
1441:978-0-224-01072-6
1414:978-1-78478-566-6
1270:Literature Issues
1068:Pre-1918 spelling
985:(even though the
921:Red Army soldiers
844:Northwestern Army
800:Alexander Kolchak
676:Stanislav Chechek
624:'s troops occupy
529:Mikhail Alekseyev
475:Finnish Civil War
353:French Revolution
318:Russian Civil War
266:
243:
242:
196:Mikhail Diterikhs
176:Alexander Kolchak
2631:
2575:Caspian Flotilla
2558:
2557:
2526:
2449:
2431:Far Eastern Army
2373:
2361:
2349:
2330:
2329:
2301:Caspian Flotilla
2277:
2260:
2248:
2214:
2171:
2170:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2089:CIS Armed Forces
2013:Russian Republic
1968:
1965:
1939:
1936:
1911:Armies of Russia
1905:
1898:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1872:
1858:
1833:
1828:. Archived from
1808:
1787:
1754:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1398:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1341:
1335:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1276:on 5 March 2016.
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1210:
1199:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1119:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1065:
901:White Rebel Army
860:Far Eastern Army
835:Nikolai Yudenich
728:
725:
635:On 10 July, the
517:Nikolay Dukhonin
307:
301:
300:
287:
281:
280:
271:
261:
259:
239:
234:
229:
224:
188:Nikolai Yudenich
153:
144:
134:
124:
123:
97:In combat units:
75:
74:
47:
28:
27:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2579:
2549:
2528:
2520:
2492:
2443:
2402:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2321:
2306:Army of Wrangel
2296:Black Sea Fleet
2271:
2254:
2242:
2208:
2197:
2160:
2147:
2135:
2105:
2100:
2075:
2050:
2025:
2007:
2004:1721–1917
1988:
1966:
1942:
1937:
1928:1380–1698
1912:
1909:
1865:
1855:
1826:
1805:
1784:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1736:Wayback Machine
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1615:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1591:. rustrana.rf.
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1520:
1516:
1501:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1333:Wayback Machine
1324:
1320:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1212:
1211:
1202:
1181:Wayback Machine
1174:The White Guard
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1096:Reign of Terror
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1015:
975:formation patch
917:
875:Grigory Semenov
862:was created in
796:
790:
746:Novo-Nikolaevsk
726:
716:
710:
686:Nizhny Novgorod
617:Vladimir Kappel
593:
587:
497:
489:Main articles:
487:
473:and during the
345:
337:First World War
294:White Guardsmen
285:Belaya gvardiya
246:
216:
167:
148:
139:
129:
118:
109:
107:
105:
103:
101:
99:
95:
93:
69:
53:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2637:
2627:
2626:
2624:White movement
2621:
2616:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2570:Turkestan Army
2566:
2564:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2533:Northern Front
2530:
2529:
2527:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:Northern Corps
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2478:Siberian Fleet
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2387:3rd Ural Corps
2384:
2379:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2266:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2220:
2218:Volunteer Army
2215:
2206:Astrakhan Army
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2193:3rd Army Corps
2190:
2188:2nd Army Corps
2185:
2183:1st Army Corps
2179:
2177:
2168:
2166:Southern Front
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1994:Russian Empire
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1864:
1863:External links
1861:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1834:
1824:
1809:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1721:
1695:
1663:
1648:. ruguard.ru.
1636:
1606:
1580:
1553:
1534:
1514:
1499:
1477:
1447:
1440:
1420:
1413:
1390:
1378:
1362:
1336:
1318:
1300:
1279:
1256:
1247:
1245:, p. 268.
1235:
1200:
1166:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1019:Black Hundreds
1014:
1011:
967:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
940:Volunteer Army
916:
913:
884:that left for
831:Yevgeny Miller
812:White movement
792:Main article:
789:
786:
727: 1918–19
712:Main article:
709:
706:
589:Main article:
586:
583:
575:Vasily Shulgin
560:Boris Savinkov
537:Alexey Kaledin
533:Volunteer Army
521:Alexey Kaledin
491:Volunteer Army
486:
483:
479:Finnish Whites
467:Marcel Liebman
443:anti-Bolshevik
365:Finnish police
344:
341:
314:anti-Bolshevik
310:White movement
305:belogvardeytsi
244:
241:
240:
218:
215:Identification
212:
211:
207:
206:
169:
163:
162:
158:
157:
136:Outer Mongolia
127:Russian Empire
116:
112:
111:
88:
84:
83:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
48:
40:
39:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2636:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Northern Army
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2334:Siberian Army
2331:
2328:
2326:Eastern Front
2324:
2318:
2317:Southern Army
2315:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Caucasus Army
2279:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2096:
2095:Ground Forces
2093:
2091:1991–93
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2072:1946–92
2071:
2068:
2066:1922–46
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:1918–22
2046:
2043:
2041:1918–23
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:1648–98
1974:
1971:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1854:0-674-07608-7
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1825:5-02-018037-8
1821:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1804:5-17-019260-6
1800:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1783:5-85270-331-1
1779:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1651:
1647:
1644:White Guard.
1640:
1624:
1620:
1617:Oleg Dankir.
1613:
1611:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:5-900901-57-2
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:"White Guard"
1451:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1395:
1388:, p. 82.
1387:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1294:Winkler Prins
1292:Encyclopedie
1291:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1223:
1219:
1218:Alpha History
1215:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1198:
1197:5-85270-331-1
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:Ancien Régime
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:, though the
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
912:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
873:
869:
868:Eastern Front
865:
864:Transbaikalia
861:
855:
853:
852:Eastern Front
849:
848:Northern Army
845:
841:
836:
832:
828:
827:Anton Denikin
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
795:
785:
782:
780:
775:
773:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
750:Siberian Army
747:
743:
734:
720:
715:
714:Siberian Army
708:Siberian Army
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
677:
673:
672:People's Army
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:People's Army
633:
631:
627:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:People's Army
602:
598:
592:
591:People's Army
585:People's Army
582:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:Lavr Kornilov
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:Sergey Markov
510:
509:Anton Denikin
506:
505:Lavr Kornilov
502:
496:
492:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
452:
448:
444:
438:
436:
432:
428:
421:
419:
418:Nicolas Werth
415:
414:
409:
405:
404:pro-Bolshevik
401:
400:Japanese Army
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
340:
338:
334:
329:
327:
326:Soviet Russia
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
295:
291:
286:
275:
270:
269:Belaya armiya
264:
255:
251:
245:Military unit
238:
233:
228:
223:
219:
213:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:Pyotr Wrangel
181:
180:Anton Denikin
177:
173:
172:Lavr Kornilov
170:
164:
159:
156:
152:
147:
143:
137:
133:
128:
122:
117:
113:
110:~1,000 (1923)
98:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
77:Russian State
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:Russian State
46:
41:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2483:Baikal Fleet
2468:Russian Army
2436:Zemskaya Rat
2416:Western Army
2156:Russian Army
2140:
2056:Soviet Union
2038:
1838:
1830:the original
1814:
1793:
1773:White Armies
1772:
1768:Osipov, Yury
1729:Kolchak Army
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1698:
1675:
1654:. Retrieved
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1597:. Retrieved
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1524:
1517:
1486:
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1450:
1430:
1423:
1403:
1381:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1339:
1321:
1313:the original
1303:
1288:
1282:
1274:the original
1269:
1259:
1250:
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1217:
1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1143:
1134:
1086:
1074:
1063:
1044:White Terror
968:
948:
944:
925:
918:
898:
890:armed forces
879:
856:
824:
816:Russian Army
797:
783:
776:
758:
748:created the
739:
680:
665:
634:
611:, which was
597:White Czechs
594:
572:
557:
498:
464:
451:anti-semitic
440:
423:
411:
396:White Terror
389:
373:
346:
330:
293:
289:
273:
249:
247:
96:
90:
81:South Russia
25:
2554:Middle Asia
2521: [
2444: [
2368: [
2356: [
2344: [
2272: [
2255: [
2243: [
2209: [
2070:Soviet Army
1969:–1721
1967: 1550
1938: 1700
1932:Landed Army
1744:Yury Osipov
1714:25 February
1678:. Taganrog.
1656:25 February
1629:25 February
1599:25 February
1573:25 February
1470:25 February
1355:25 February
1287:"terreur".
1189:Yury Osipov
1159:25 February
1100:Robespierre
965:Tank Units;
915:Composition
909:Vladivostok
905:Zemsky Army
802:arrived in
765:Arkhangelsk
547:formed the
456:anti-Soviet
447:Ronald Suny
385:World War I
274:White Guard
115:Garrison/HQ
38:Белая армия
36:Бѣлая армія
2608:Categories
2291:Kuban Army
2039:White Army
1875:White Army
1546:4 November
1126:References
995:Motherland
953:Air Units;
850:, and the
499:After the
408:Red Terror
392:Makhnovtsi
250:White Army
168:commanders
161:Commanders
31:White Army
2426:Ural Army
1684:cite book
959:Infantry;
911:in 1922.
772:Rodzyanko
630:Stavropol
613:repressed
357:Red Guard
263:romanized
138:(1920–21)
61:1917–1922
2223:Don Army
2064:Red Army
2045:Red Army
1961:Streltsy
1770:(2005).
1732:Archived
1708:Archived
1650:Archived
1623:Archived
1593:Archived
1567:Archived
1540:Archived
1509:60540889
1464:Archived
1349:Archived
1329:Archived
1228:30 March
1222:Archived
1177:Archived
1153:Archived
1108:Jacobins
1079:pre-1918
1013:See also
991:ordinary
971:uniforms
956:Cavalry;
928:officers
702:reserves
641:Simbirsk
549:Don Army
545:Don Host
495:Don Army
433:and the
381:veterans
376:generals
322:Red Army
210:Insignia
91:Overall:
1761:Sources
1290:Encarta
1090:In the
1007:justice
987:officer
930:of the
872:General
769:General
754:Siberia
694:Germany
579:Denikin
525:Soviets
460:pogroms
427:Denikin
343:History
265::
254:Russian
166:Notable
125:Former
66:Country
2141:armies
1851:
1822:
1801:
1780:
1750:
1532:
1507:
1497:
1438:
1411:
1195:
1005:, and
1003:honour
983:ideals
886:Crimea
846:, the
842:, the
698:Berlin
690:Kaiser
682:Kappel
670:, the
661:Alatyr
645:Kappel
626:Syzran
622:Kappel
601:Samara
553:joined
471:Moscow
361:Russia
290:Whites
217:symbol
155:Persia
58:Active
2525:]
2448:]
2372:]
2360:]
2348:]
2276:]
2259:]
2247:]
2228:Units
2213:]
2138:White
1926:Rynda
1491:Oryol
1055:Notes
668:Kazan
653:Penza
649:Volsk
599:took
431:Cheka
272:) or
146:China
1849:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1716:2020
1690:link
1658:2020
1631:2020
1601:2020
1575:2020
1548:2020
1530:ISBN
1505:OCLC
1495:ISBN
1472:2020
1436:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1357:2020
1230:2021
1193:ISBN
1161:2020
999:duty
973:and
936:Navy
934:and
804:Omsk
659:and
657:Inza
651:and
628:and
539:and
493:and
363:for
312:and
248:The
87:Size
1098:of
763:in
744:in
696:in
692:of
477:by
383:of
324:of
292:or
2610::
2523:ru
2446:ru
2370:ru
2358:ru
2346:ru
2274:ru
2257:ru
2245:ru
2211:ru
1964:c.
1935:c.
1847:.
1843:.
1706:.
1686:}}
1682:{{
1666:^
1609:^
1538:.
1503:.
1462:.
1458:.
1393:^
1347:.
1268:.
1216:.
1203:^
1151:.
1001:,
923:.
877:.
833:,
829:,
822:.
781:.
756:.
724:c.
704:.
581:.
511:,
507:,
481:.
416:,
328:.
302:,
282:,
260:,
256::
202:,
198:,
194:,
190:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
174:,
79:,
2130:e
2123:t
2116:v
1904:e
1897:t
1890:v
1857:.
1807:.
1786:.
1718:.
1692:)
1660:.
1633:.
1603:.
1577:.
1550:.
1511:.
1474:.
1444:.
1417:.
1359:.
1232:.
1163:.
1118:.
296:(
276:(
252:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
