1050:
1026:
1003:
2794:
1592:
1543:(or the Two Red Years) which was a period of intense social conflict between Communist revolutionaries and the Italian Kingdom. The rise in working class support for Socialism in this period was rapid and very significant as the Italian Socialist Party increased its membership to 250,000, the major Socialist trade union "The General Confederation of Labour", reached two million members, while the anarchist Italian Syndicalist Union saw up to 500,000 affiliates join.
45:
1407:
2780:
1321:(essentially the Cabinet of the Parliament). The law was debated intensely and no consensus could be established. The more pro-revolution Social Democrats were split before October 1917. Some wanted the law to pass so that the Social Democratic majority in the Finnish Parliament could establish Finland as an independent socialist state, but the problems persisted, such as the Russian military presence, of which thousands were pro-Bolshevik.
1220:
2146:
2822:
2808:
2072:. The objectives of the revolution were independence from British rule and the creation of an Arab government. The revolt achieved some initial success, but by the end of October 1920, the British had suppressed the revolt, although elements of it dragged on until 1922. Although the British won militarily, the Iraqis achieved a political victory. Greater autonomy was given to Iraq, with
1345:
against the decision for revolution in
November by only one vote – later Kuusinen regretted this, as he had already named several pro-revolution figures to the council and had support for more. Additionally, tensions were increased when a massacre occurred in Mommila, in which an independent Bolshevik detachment of Russian soldiers stormed a Finnish mansion murdering Finnish businessman
1325:
abolishment of the
Romanov monarchy. In the October elections, the bourgeoisie coalition united and won the majority in parliament. This splintered the internal divide within the SDP even more, as the October revolutions was within weeks of happening and several pro-revolution Finnish Social Democrats were in active conversations with the Bolsheviks in Petrograd, such as
1372:
1918, Reds were in a tough state, as German negotiators (with active contacts by the White
Finnish government) during the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty negotiations essentially forced the Bolsheviks to give up rights to Finland, stop supporting the Reds and completely disarm the rest of the Russian soldiers stationed in Finnish land still controlled by the Reds.
1929:
at the same time of the riots. That dramatically boosted the uprising, as many people headed to
Valletta to show their support for the Assembly. The British forces fired into the crowd, killing four local men. The cost of living increased dramatically after the war. Imports were limited, and as food
1538:
The aftermath of the First World War in Italy resulted in great levels of unemployment and an economic crisis. For example, by the end of 1920, the
Italian lira was worth only one-quarter of its 1914 value and in the first half of 1921, the cost of living for an average working-class family was 560%
1371:
signifying the revolution had begun. The White Army organized in Vaasa managed to disarm thousands of
Russian soldiers (with Bolshevik sympathies) in Seinäjoki and Vaasa on January 26 and 27. By February, the Finnish Jägers from Germany had returned to Finland and arrived in Vaasa. By February–March
1344:
Partly following anger and rising tensions after the
October elections, the Social Democrats called a general strike; one of Finland's only three in history. Otto Ville Kuusinen and Kullervo Manner, as members of the SDP's internal executive council favored revolution now and the SDP's council voted
1363:
By mid-January, the country had plunged to chaos. General-Lieutenant Carl
Mannerheim had arrived from discharge from Odessa to Petrograd to Vaasa to organize a Finnish army. In mid-January the Svinhufvud Senate declared the White guard to be the legal and official army of the Finnish state. Several
1316:
Following
Alexander Kerensky's rise to the premiership in the summer of 1917, the end of the Romanov monarchy and chaos in Petrograd, the Finnish parliament tried to establish a law known as "valtalaki", "powers act", which would formally move the role of the now abolished Russian monarch and the
1814:
state proved unable to resolve a series of challenges brought on by the war, notably a postwar economic slump and renewed anti-imperial action in the colonies. Strike movements proliferated between 1919 and 1923, leading notably to an escalating paramilitary conflict between worker and employer
1364:
members of parliament loyal to the republic and
Svinhufvud senate departed to Vaasa, where the White Army's headquarters were to be located. Additionally, the money printing machines of the Bank of Finland were evacuated to Vaasa to continue the production of currency for the Finnish state.
1324:
In August 1917, the Kornilov Coup severely shuffled the pack in terms of the Helsinki-Petrograd relations. A consensus between the social democrats and the bourgeoisie blocks was established, and they decided to hold new elections in October 1917 as a sort of "first elections" following the
1546:
This period of revolutionary activity was characterised by the creation of factory councils under the control of Communist revolutionaries and Anarcho-Syndicalists. Class conflict also emerged in the countryside, with strikes and clashes across the Northern
1804:
of 1874 was a parliamentary regime but a conservative one that underrepresented popular classes and gave the monarch a major political role. A democratising revolution was attempted in 1917 by an alliance of radical republicans, socialists and disaffected
1769:
in 1924. That period of instability carried on for the rest of the interwar period, with General Pangalos installed as dictator in the military coup of 1925, a return to democracy under Venizelos in 1928 and the restoration of the monarchy by a
1375:
In March–April, German forces landed in Hanko, Åland and East Uusimaa region and with a three-pronged attack from the West, North and East, captured Helsinki with Finnish troops. The war essentially ended by May 15, 1918, and the Whites held a
1258:, made up of a motley crew of labor union activists, anarchists and left-wing activists. The Social Democrats had won an absolute majority in the Finnish parliament with 103 of 200 representatives in the parliamentary elections in
1760:
prompted the discrediting of its conservative and monarchist establishment: the army mutinies and popular uprisings in 1922 led to initially a military coup by republican army officers, followed by the forced abdication of King
1262:. The spring of 1917 was relatively peaceful, although there was a serious food shortage and severe inflation, that angered both businesses and the working class. The anti-socialist political and social groups, especially the
1169:. However, the anti-Bolshevik forces were uncoordinated and disorganised, and all operated on the periphery. The Red Army, operating at the centre, defeated them one at a time and regained control. The complete failure of
1554:
Despite the rising support for revolution in Italy, the revolutionaries were not able to capitalise on the growth of their movement, which resulted in a desire for social change slowly waning and paved the way for
1744:. On the right, the monarchists were conservative, clerical and traditionalist; favoured Germany in foreign policy, and supported a powerful political role for the king. Between 1919 and 1922, Greece pursued
1809:
officers, but it soon failed. After the war, however, critics of the constitutional monarchy grew as the international climate proved favourable to republican or democratising institutional change, and the
1664:, and although it had left-wing positions and included socialists and communists, it was not communist. The Irish and Soviet Russian Republics, nevertheless, found common ground in their opposition to the
2133:, ending 623 years of Ottoman rule and the sovereignty of the Grand National Assembly over Turkey. On October 29, 1923, a Republic was declared in Turkey with Atatürk as its president, who introduced
1471:. Lenin saw the success of the potential German revolution as being able to end the economic isolation of the newly formed Soviet Russia. Despite ambitions for world revolution, supporters of
1297:
Contrary to the Finnish left, the political Finnish right and anti-socialist politics were split into several factions, with tenant farmers, rural folk and the agrarian base supporting the
887:
mobilized millions of troops, reshaped political powers and drove social turmoil. From the turmoil outright revolutions broke out, massive strikes occurred, and many soldiers mutinied. In
420:
1198:
3188:
754:
1889:, the last major group of counterrevolutionaries, abandoned their armed campaign in 1920, and the internecine power struggles abated for a time after revolutionary General
2374:
1290:
in Petrograd aggravated the situation in Finland, and there were tens of thousands of Russian troops in Finland as coastal defence forces, who had organized their own
813:
3594:
2356:
1438:
1397:
542:
1831:
in 1921, which discredited the constitutional monarchy. Repeated elections failed to produce working majorities in parliament for either establishment party, the
470:
3551:
1456:
and as such came to shape the political future of Europe. It also helped convince lawmakers in the U.K. to start lifting the crippling embargo on the country.
413:
3731:
2182:
2187:
1049:
2050:, against the British who published the new land ownership and the burial taxes at Najaf. The revolt gained momentum when it spread to the largely tribal
2110:, irregular militias that fought against the French in what became the Southern Front of the war. Following the occupation of Izmir by Greek forces, the
1917:
was a revolt characterised by a series of riots and protests by the Maltese population, initially as a reaction to the rise in the cost of living in the
1127:
747:
1708:
against neighbouring states on nationalist and irredentist grounds. The Great War, by bringing Greece into the victorious side against its old rival,
1893:
had bribed or slain his former allies and rivals alike, but the following decade witnessed the assassination of Obregon and several others, abortive
406:
3323:
1503:
3234:
1969:
2118:. The GNA continued to fight against occupying forces, especially the Greeks who marched further into Anatolia, but halted their advance at the
2714:
1301:, teachers and the liberal city middle class supporting the Young Finnish Party, more conservative and appeasement-minded Finns (regarding the
3211:
2544:
2281:
1193:(NEP) which allowed private individuals to own small and medium-sized enterprises. In that process of revolution and counter-revolution, the
788:
783:
740:
2068:
and Shia religious communities cooperated during the revolution as well as tribal communities, the urban masses, and many Iraqi officers in
3954:
2165:
1677:
1100:
3005:
Rex A. Wade, "The Revolution at One Hundred: Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917."
1732:, progressive and nationalist; favoured France and Britain in foreign policy and sought profound democratising reforms influenced by the
1634:
1182:
818:
3318:
Gerwarth, Robert. "The central European counter-revolution: Paramilitary violence in Germany, Austria and Hungary after the great war."
3629:
3544:
3020:
2636:
2483:
2423:
1147:
3273:
3716:
2062:
was a prominent Shia leader of the revolt. Using heavy artillery and aerial bombardment, the uprising was suppressed by the British.
3751:
3056:"National Communism and World Revolution: The Political Consequences of German Military Withdrawal from the Baltic Area in 1918–19"
2197:
808:
3609:
2850:
2845:
2653:
2239:
572:
497:
169:
2458:
3726:
2202:
1685:
1157:
By 1921, exhaustion, the collapse of transportation and markets and threats of starvation made even dissident elements of the
3844:
3771:
3537:
3414:
3163:
3038:
2949:
2886:
1317:
Governor General as the Supreme Executive of the Finnish State to either a three-man parliamentary executive council or the
2630:
1310:
1131:
793:
485:
1771:
1227:
931:
3944:
2876:
2176:
1338:
1259:
3338:
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2130:
2024:
were withdrawn to the Suez Canal area in 1947, but nationalist anti-British sentiment continued to grow after the war.
1965:
1603:
1430:
1411:
1393:
1251:
951:
874:
537:
527:
256:
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3736:
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2489:
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2111:
1749:
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on December 6, 1917. The speech for the declaration was already given by Svinhufvud to the parliament on December 4.
3496:
2292:
2137:. These were a series of reforms and policies that completely overhauled Turkish society, economy, and government.
1700:
The clash between radical republicanism and conservative monarchism was also at the heart of political conflict in
1523:
2580:
2012:, which required Britain to withdraw all troops from Egypt by 1949 except at the Suez Canal. During World War II,
2562:
2081:
1848:
1712:, had brought to a head existing tensions between two loose camps of Greek political elites that is known as the
1515:
873:. The revolutions had lasting effects in shaping the future European political landscape, with, for example, the
222:
3919:
3894:
2855:
2568:
2550:
2532:
2526:
2106:, resistance to both the Ottoman Sultanate and foreign occupying forces ramped up through the formation of the
1956:
and Sudanese from different walks of life in the wake of the British-ordered exile of the revolutionary leader
1511:
903:
878:
475:
240:
236:
2586:
3859:
2350:
2286:
2009:
2001:
1973:
1519:
1360:
The White Guards started mobilizing following the attack and declared their support for Svinhufvud's Senate.
502:
3949:
3899:
3854:
3634:
3455:
3419:
2435:
2298:
2047:
678:
317:
230:
1231:
1115:
forces from a broad assortment of ideological factions fought against the Bolsheviks, particularly by the
3914:
3513:
2708:
2093:
1939:
1832:
1507:
1283:
1025:
963:
803:
629:
359:
226:
142:
3178:
Carr, EH The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–23, vol 3 Penguin Books, London, 4th reprint (1983), pp. 257–258.
2316:
1873:(1910–1920) degenerated into factional fighting among the rebels by 1915, as the more radical forces of
1575:, a socialist state established in March 1919. It was dissolved in early August following defeat in the
2538:
2417:
1997:
1836:
1576:
1445:
in Italy in addition to various smaller uprisings, protests and strikes, all of which proved abortive.
892:
377:
296:
1839:, to address the crises. In the face of widespread social unrest and institutional paralysis, General
3934:
3879:
3761:
3746:
3741:
3665:
2728:
2556:
2361:
2275:
2170:
1902:
1847:. The revolutionary and democratising movements of 1916–22 were forestalled by the installation of a
1645:
1628:
1572:
1337:. The Parliament declared confidence for the bourgeoisie Svinhufvud Senate, which would later ratify
923:
599:
557:
460:
335:
291:
244:
30:
1930:
became scarce prices rose, which made the fortune of farmers and merchants with surpluses to trade.
3939:
3924:
3889:
3869:
3864:
3849:
3766:
3604:
2835:
2746:
2310:
2225:
1918:
1789:
1766:
1472:
1434:
1377:
1302:
1178:
858:
764:
688:
552:
311:
36:
3030:
2115:
1921:
and the sacking of hundreds of workers from the dockyard. That coincided with popular demands for
3675:
3503:
3465:
3019:
Newton, Douglas (1997-07-24). "In Fear of a Second German Revolution, December 1918-March 1919".
2827:
2399:
1852:
1762:
1725:
1484:
1460:
1170:
1092:
935:
853:
that included political unrest and armed revolts around the world inspired by the success of the
594:
589:
214:
2965:
2134:
1757:
365:
3776:
3680:
3670:
2752:
2722:
2682:
2411:
2366:
2304:
2257:
2212:
2013:
1840:
1793:
1783:
1733:
1672:
later commented that "the negotiations were not taken very seriously on either side". Both the
1298:
823:
562:
547:
532:
302:
218:
3153:
3884:
3721:
3363:
2910:
2611:
2574:
2464:
2119:
2017:
1737:
1721:
1279:
1116:
919:
895:
644:
2676:
2391:
3434:
3398:
3301:
2688:
2624:
2452:
2021:
1949:
1806:
1661:
1649:
1468:
1275:
1255:
1073:
967:
619:
325:
137:
2658:
8:
3690:
3470:
3429:
3424:
3155:
Warfare and Welfare: Military Conflict and Welfare State Development in Western Countries
2501:
2218:
2099:
1890:
1882:
1811:
1801:
1653:
1326:
1267:
1263:
1190:
1173:-inspired revolutions was a sobering experience in Moscow, and the Bolsheviks moved from
1166:
1143:
1139:
1076:
927:
899:
624:
609:
264:
192:
58:
3695:
2103:
720:
3909:
3904:
3685:
3644:
3574:
3379:
3293:
3083:
2700:
2644:
2446:
2159:
1945:
1870:
1864:
1741:
1084:
1053:
1039:
988:
911:
854:
850:
705:
614:
522:
450:
197:
187:
109:
75:
1964:
in 1919. The revolution was countered, but nevertheless led to Britain initiating the
828:
3584:
3579:
3486:
3393:
3159:
3132:
3075:
3034:
2945:
2882:
2670:
2599:
2429:
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1843:
demanded power, and was appointed head of government with dictatorial powers by King
1797:
1701:
1638:
1318:
1210:
1096:
992:
943:
915:
798:
666:
507:
465:
203:
173:
147:
1894:
1271:
480:
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3823:
3649:
3589:
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3067:
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2785:
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2477:
2336:
2269:
2251:
2073:
2005:
1977:
1828:
1689:
1291:
1174:
1151:
971:
715:
567:
329:
286:
157:
132:
16:
Wave of political unrest and mass revolts in Europe in the aftermath of World War I
1459:
The Bolsheviks sought to coordinate this new wave of revolution in the Soviet-led
3818:
3802:
3508:
3342:
3238:
2758:
2507:
2405:
2123:
2107:
1993:
1989:
1922:
1874:
1713:
1568:
1464:
1426:
1346:
1330:
1186:
1162:
1016:
939:
870:
604:
341:
127:
3786:
2694:
2664:
2520:
2440:
2385:
2342:
2245:
1824:
1709:
1673:
1665:
1499:
1480:
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1406:
1135:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1069:
1008:
955:
888:
710:
693:
512:
353:
3191:. University of California Current History (1920) 11_Part-2 (3). March 1, 1920
3071:
3838:
3619:
3614:
3335:
3079:
2379:
2324:
1957:
1729:
1641:
1556:
1540:
1476:
1453:
1442:
1401:
1306:
1061:
947:
656:
584:
387:
382:
274:
2941:
And the Kaiser Abdicates: The German Revolution, November, 1918-August, 1919
2593:
1189:
and other major countries. Most dramatically, in 1921, Lenin introduced the
974:
was created. Across the world, various other protests and revolts occurred.
3711:
3639:
3624:
3529:
2734:
2330:
2077:
2043:
2033:
1914:
1898:
1878:
1844:
1681:
1527:
1491:
1467:
separated from their former socialist organisations and the older moderate
1357:
escaped the events at Mommila by mere minutes, fleeing to a nearby forest.
1194:
1123:
1108:
1031:
1012:
732:
683:
661:
634:
455:
2514:
1002:
398:
3491:
3212:"100 years ago: 'Egypt is declared to be an independent sovereign State'"
2939:
2740:
2065:
1705:
884:
866:
517:
269:
152:
104:
3297:
3102:
The Comintern: A History of International Communism from Lenin to Stalin
1591:
1305:), some with many financial ties to Petrograd and Russia supporting the
44:
2605:
2051:
1981:
1961:
1886:
1765:
in 1923 and the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the
1717:
1669:
1668:
and established a trading relationship. However, the British historian
1368:
1354:
1350:
1088:
1080:
907:
833:
639:
3348:
3087:
3055:
1976:. Britain, however, maintained great influence over the newly created
3518:
3289:
2055:
1953:
1816:
1548:
1334:
1287:
1091:
soon withdrew from the war with large territorial concessions by the
862:
1648:(1919–1921) within the same historical period as this first wave of
1274:, where hundreds of young Finnish students covertly enlisted in the
1926:
1657:
1495:
1448:
The German Revolution however proved decisive in abdication of the
1425:
victories also inspired a surge in revolutionary action to achieve
1422:
1381:
1204:
1158:
1035:
3152:
Obinger, Herbert; Petersen, Klaus; Starke, Peter (21 June 2018).
2145:
2039:
1881:
lost ground to the more conservative "Sonoran oligarchy" and its
1820:
1704:. In the years leading up to the war, Greece had participated in
1539:
higher than it had been in 1914. These factors helped cause the
1294:
across Finnish coastal cities like Helsinki, Turku and Viipuri.
1079:
toppled the monarchy. A period of instability followed, and the
2153:
1753:
1415:
1057:
959:
2821:
2807:
2020:
as a major base for its operations throughout the region. The
2471:
2069:
1985:
1367:
By January 27, 1918, the Red Guards lit the flames atop the
869:
in nature. Most socialist revolts failed to create lasting
3235:"After the First World War: the 1919 Egyptian Revolution"
2594:
Soviet counter-counter-revolutions that started 1918–1919
2046:, including protests by embittered officers from the old
1656:
movement of the time was predominantly a nationalist and
2126:
which pushed the invading Greek forces out of Anatolia.
2515:
Counter-revolutions against USSR that started 1917–1921
471:
Conscription disturbance at the Brisbane School of Arts
49:
European countries involved in revolutions of 1917–1923
2375:
Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919–1926)
3732:
Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia
3151:
2183:
Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia
2098:
Following the surrender of the Ottoman Empire in the
1925:
that resulted in a National Assembly being formed in
261:
Creation of temporary Soviet Republics across Germany
3007:
Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography
2775:
2357:
Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)
1897:
attempts and a massive traditionalist uprising, the
1398:
Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)
938:
stepped down. Mass strikes and mutinies occurred in
3345:
showing the Revolutions of 1917–23 at omniatlas.com
1410:Statue of a revolutionary soldier; memorial to the
1181:, Russia. Lenin moved to open trade relations with
1134:and other would-be new states like those in Soviet
3131:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 40.
2878:Neutral Europe Between War and Revolution, 1917–23
2042:in the summer of 1920 with mass demonstrations by
1823:to maintain control over the last remnants of its
1571:was dissolved. Its replacement in Hungary was the
1309:and Finnish Swedes and some nobles supporting the
977:
3022:British Policy and the Weimar Republic, 1918–1919
2970:International Encyclopedia of the First World War
2129:The aftermath of the war of independence saw the
3836:
2188:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1919)
2114:(GNA) was formed as a counter-government led by
1996:inherited the throne at only 16. Alarmed by the
1205:Grand Duchy of Finland and the Finnish Civil War
1792:, was also affected by turmoil between radical
2715:Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence
1479:came to power in the soviet state, instituted
3545:
3364:
3025:. Oxford University Press. pp. 318–373.
2545:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
2149:Map of Europe in 1923, after the revolutions.
1095:and fought their political rivals during the
748:
414:
3559:
2166:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2154:Communist revolutions that started 1917–1924
1678:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1582:
762:
819:Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow
428:
3630:Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee
3552:
3538:
3371:
3357:
2993:The Russian Revolution: A Beginner's Guide
2484:Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks
2472:Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks
2424:Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee
1901:, against the government's persecution of
1752:and acquire territory inhabited by ethnic
755:
741:
421:
407:
3031:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203148.003.0007
2282:Political violence in Germany (1918–1933)
1292:workers', sailors' and soldiers' councils
906:was formed, but it was overthrown by the
3752:Commune of the Working People of Estonia
3595:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
2944:. Wentworth Press. pp. Chapter XI.
2198:Commune of the Working People of Estonia
2144:
2122:. This was followed by the start of the
1972:in 1922 and the implementation of a new
1405:
1048:
543:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
3378:
3210:Desplat, Dr. Juliette (17 March 2022).
3209:
3115:Comrades!: A History of World Communism
2908:
2874:
2240:Austro-Hungarian strike of January 1918
1250:Following the February Revolution, the
3837:
3717:Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets
3271:
3232:
3126:
3018:
2990:
2937:
1502:, and communists came to power in the
1270:had funded and secretly supported the
1101:invading forces from the Allied Powers
364:Transformation of Turkish society via
3772:Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic
3533:
3415:Spanish American wars of independence
3352:
3053:
2637:Rio de Janeiro anarchist insurrection
1944:A countrywide revolution against the
1339:Finland's declaration of independence
954:led to the end of the German Empire.
736:
402:
93:Worldwide (mainly in Europe and Asia)
2933:
2931:
2140:
1970:recognition of Egyptian independence
1586:
1214:
926:and refused to engage the enemy. In
809:Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts
3955:Subsidiary conflicts of World War I
3129:The First Duce: D'Annunzio at Fiume
2851:International relations (1919–1939)
2846:International relations (1814–1919)
2654:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)
2203:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
2177:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1827:, which culminated in a disastrous
1195:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
13:
3782:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
3727:Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
3312:
3274:"1919: The Canadian Labour Revolt"
2131:abolition of the Ottoman sultanate
1980:. Britain retained control of the
1252:Social Democratic Party of Finland
1107:, the Bolsheviks and the emerging
14:
3966:
3757:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
3737:Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic
3329:
2928:
2841:Diplomatic history of World War I
2232:Persian Socialist Soviet Republic
2193:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
1750:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
1387:
3233:Slight, John (18 January 2019).
2909:Motadel, David (April 4, 2011).
2881:. University of Virginia Press.
2820:
2806:
2792:
2778:
2054:regions of the middle and lower
1968:. This in turn led to Britain's
1590:
1218:
1024:
1001:
857:and the disorder created by the
43:
3265:
3252:
3226:
3203:
3181:
3172:
3145:
3120:
3107:
2082:British Mandate for Mesopotamia
978:Communist revolutions in Europe
3600:German Revolution of 1918–1919
3189:"Egypt and the Milner Mission"
3094:
3047:
3012:
2999:
2984:
2958:
2902:
2868:
2856:Political history of the world
2569:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
2551:Democratic Republic of Georgia
2533:Belarusian Democratic Republic
1740:and by British Prime Minister
1394:German Revolution of 1918–1919
904:Russian Provisional Government
879:dissolution of Austria-Hungary
241:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
237:Democratic Republic of Georgia
183:Collapse of the Russian Empire
1:
2861:
2490:Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict
2287:German strike of January 1918
1633:In Ireland, then part of the
1128:various nationalist movements
914:, which triggered the bloody
875:collapse of the German Empire
69:
3635:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
2563:Mountain Republic of Armenia
2459:Estonian coup d'état attempt
2436:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
1815:movements in cities such as
1684:that were excluded from the
1487:, and abolished it in 1943.
1433:and its offspring, like the
958:faced various mass strikes.
861:. The uprisings were mainly
7:
3712:Soviet Republic of Naissaar
3260:The History of Modern Egypt
3158:. Oxford University Press.
2771:
2709:Turkish War of Independence
2527:Ukrainian People's Republic
2461:("Tallinn Uprising") (1924)
2219:Red Triennium' of 1918–1921
2094:Turkish War of Independence
1946:British occupation of Egypt
1940:Egyptian Revolution of 1919
1756:. Greece's disaster at the
1567:After the First World War,
804:Occupation of the Rhineland
630:Turkish War of Independence
360:Turkish War of Independence
301:Temporary establishment of
282:Collapse of Austria-Hungary
235:Temporary establishment of
10:
3971:
3945:Rebellions against empires
2351:Brussels Soldiers' Council
2091:
2038:The Iraqi Revolt began in
2031:
1998:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1937:
1862:
1851:that would last until the
1837:Liberal-Conservative Party
1781:
1626:
1622:
1562:
1391:
1208:
986:
902:. The short-lived liberal
328:, and the creation of the
3811:
3795:
3762:Hungarian Soviet Republic
3747:Soviet Republic of Saxony
3742:Ukrainian Soviet Republic
3704:
3658:
3567:
3479:
3443:
3407:
3386:
3072:10.1080/09668139408412233
2729:Irish War of Independence
2631:Brazilian strike movement
2557:First Republic of Armenia
2362:Hungarian Soviet Republic
2299:People's State of Bavaria
2171:Ukrainian Soviet Republic
2087:
1960:and other members of the
1858:
1790:neutrality during the war
1748:to take advantage of the
1695:
1646:Irish War of Independence
1629:Irish War of Independence
1583:Non-communist revolutions
1573:Hungarian Soviet Republic
1452:, as well the end of the
982:
962:experienced a successful
774:
600:Irish War of Independence
476:Australian general strike
440:
336:Irish War of Independence
245:First Republic of Armenia
165:
121:
98:
88:
54:
42:
31:opposition to World War I
28:
21:
3875:20th-century revolutions
3845:Revolutions of 1917–1923
3767:Bavarian Soviet Republic
3605:1919 Egyptian revolution
3561:Revolutions of 1917–1923
3456:Strike wave of 1945–1946
3451:Revolutions of 1917–1923
3272:Kealey, Gregory (1984).
3127:Ledeen, Michael (1977).
3100:Kevin and Jeremy Agnew,
3054:White, James D. (1994).
2995:. Oneworld Publications.
2991:Ascher, Abraham (2014).
2938:Bouton, Stephen (2019).
2836:Aftermath of World War I
2747:Uprising in West Hungary
2618:
2317:Würzburg Soviet Republic
2311:Bavarian Soviet Republic
2226:Jungle Movement of Gilan
1933:
1919:aftermath of World War I
1908:
1777:
1767:Second Hellenic Republic
1644:of 1916 anticipated the
1533:
1473:Socialism in one country
1435:Bavarian Soviet Republic
1179:socialism in one country
1148:Third Russian Revolution
1083:seized power during the
1038:and a key figure in the
859:aftermath of World War I
847:Revolutions of 1917–1923
779:Revolutions of 1917–1923
766:Aftermath of World War I
689:Uprising in West Hungary
503:German strike of January
373:Rise of Fascism in Italy
312:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
252:End of the German Empire
37:aftermath of World War I
23:Revolutions of 1917–1923
3676:1919 Southampton mutiny
3610:Greater Poland Uprising
3514:2018–2022 Arab protests
3504:Anti-austerity movement
3466:Central American crisis
3322:200.1 (2008): 175–209.
3214:. U.K. National Archive
2828:Organized Labour portal
2539:Kuban People's Republic
2112:Grand National Assembly
2027:
1369:Helsinki Workers' House
1093:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
573:Greater Poland uprising
498:Austro-Hungarian strike
3777:Slovak Soviet Republic
3681:Seattle General Strike
2875:Schmitt, Hans (1988).
2753:Bondelswarts Rebellion
2723:Third Anglo-Afghan War
2683:Republic of Tarnobrzeg
2412:Canadian Labour Revolt
2367:Slovak Soviet Republic
2305:Bremen Soviet Republic
2258:Red Week (Netherlands)
2150:
1841:Miguel Primo de Rivera
1784:Spanish crisis of 1917
1686:Paris Peace Conference
1577:Hungarian–Romanian War
1418:
1303:Russification policies
1272:Finnish Jäger Movement
1065:
1015:and the leader of the
824:Occupation of the Ruhr
563:1918 protest in Zagreb
533:Canadian Labour Revolt
528:British police strikes
486:Brazil strike movement
303:Slovak Soviet Republic
297:Hungarian–Romanian War
76:24 July 1923
59:8 March 1917
3920:History of liberalism
3895:Communist revolutions
3722:Odesa Soviet Republic
2911:"Waves of Revolution"
2587:Military Coup of 1923
2581:Bulgarian coup d'état
2575:Republic of Prekmurje
2465:Luxembourg rebellions
2418:Georgian coup attempt
2148:
2120:Battle of the Sakarya
2116:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2010:Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
1849:military dictatorship
1738:Third French Republic
1722:Eleftherios Venizelos
1692:was founded in 1922.
1662:radical-republicanism
1409:
1165:, such as during the
1117:counter-revolutionary
1052:
898:abdicated during the
794:Conflict in Carinthia
645:Luton Peace Day Riots
3860:History of socialism
3666:French Army Mutinies
3497:Concurrent incidents
3435:Great Eastern Crisis
3399:Atlantic Revolutions
2689:Republic of Zakopane
2625:Champaran Satyagraha
2453:Tatarbunary Uprising
2276:Swiss general strike
2022:British Armed Forces
1974:constitution in 1923
1915:Sette Giugno of 1919
1807:Spanish Armed Forces
1802:Restoration Monarchy
1758:Battle of Dumlupınar
1650:communist revolution
1469:Second International
1439:Hungarian Revolution
1311:Swedish Folks' Party
1232:adding missing items
932:many troops mutinied
679:Mongolian Revolution
620:March First Movement
558:Swiss general strike
461:French Army mutinies
326:Partition of Ireland
138:Socialist patriotism
3950:Revolutionary waves
3900:Anarchist uprisings
3855:Anarchism in Europe
3691:May Fourth Movement
3471:Revolutions of 1989
3430:Revolutions of 1848
3425:Revolutions of 1830
3420:Revolutions of 1820
3380:Revolutionary waves
3278:Labour / Le Travail
3060:Europe-Asia Studies
2502:Kronstadt Rebellion
2102:and the subsequent
2100:Armistice of Mudros
1952:was carried out by
1883:Constitutional Army
1833:Fused Liberal Party
1821:went to war in 1920
1819:. Meanwhile, Spain
1796:and traditionalist
1788:Spain, despite its
1716:. On the left, the
1437:, the neighbouring
1349:. Future president
1327:Otto Wille Kuusinen
1268:Young Finnish Party
1191:New Economic Policy
1167:Kronstadt rebellion
1161:revolt against the
1140:Soviet Central Asia
1077:February Revolution
964:war of independence
952:November Revolution
900:February Revolution
789:Violence in Germany
784:Violence in Finland
625:May Fourth Movement
610:La Canadenca strike
553:Egyptian Revolution
265:Spartacist Uprising
257:November Revolution
193:February Revolution
143:National liberation
3915:Left-wing politics
3686:March 1st Movement
3645:September Uprising
3575:Russian Revolution
3487:Colour revolutions
3341:2015-03-16 at the
3320:Past & Present
3104:(Macmillan, 1996).
2701:Silesian Uprisings
2677:Republic of Ostrów
2645:Rice riots of 1918
2447:September Uprising
2392:Proština rebellion
2213:Revolution of 1917
2160:Russian Revolution
2151:
1992:died in 1936, and
1871:Mexican Revolution
1865:Mexican Revolution
1742:David Lloyd George
1602:. You can help by
1419:
1230:; you can help by
1199:officially created
1085:October Revolution
1066:
1054:October Revolution
1040:October Revolution
989:Russian Revolution
912:October Revolution
855:Russian Revolution
851:revolutionary wave
706:September Uprising
615:Kinmel Park mutiny
595:Southampton mutiny
451:Russian Revolution
318:Revolution of 1921
292:Revolution of 1919
198:October Revolution
188:Russian Revolution
170:Political upheaval
110:Russian Revolution
3832:
3831:
3585:Finnish Civil War
3580:Russian Civil War
3527:
3526:
3394:Age of Revolution
3304:on April 7, 2016.
3258:P.J. Vatikiotis,
3165:978-0-19-108509-3
3040:978-0-19-820314-8
3009:9.1 (2016): 9–38.
2972:. October 8, 2014
2951:978-0-5262-0394-9
2888:978-0-8139-1153-3
2671:Republic of Gniew
2659:Komańcza Republic
2612:Polish–Soviet War
2600:Russian Civil War
2449:(Bulgaria) (1923)
2430:Patagonia Rebelde
2293:German Revolution
2264:Finnish Civil War
2141:List of conflicts
2135:Atatürk's reforms
2060:Mehdi Al-Khalissi
1620:
1619:
1498:occupied most of
1465:communist parties
1431:German Revolution
1412:German Revolution
1248:
1247:
1211:Finnish Civil War
1103:. In response to
1097:Russian Civil War
1034:, founder of the
1011:, founder of the
993:Russian Civil War
944:Habsburg monarchy
916:Russian Civil War
842:
841:
814:Violence in Italy
799:Adriatic question
730:
729:
667:Patagonia Rebelde
538:German Revolution
508:Finnish Civil War
397:
396:
378:Fiuman Revolution
366:Atatürk's reforms
310:Overthrow of the
204:Russian Civil War
174:Fascism in Europe
148:Constitutionalism
3962:
3935:Internationalism
3880:Anti-imperialism
3824:World revolution
3696:1923 Kraków riot
3650:Hamburg Uprising
3590:Aster Revolution
3554:
3547:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3461:Protests of 1968
3373:
3366:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3306:
3305:
3300:. Archived from
3290:10.2307/25140399
3269:
3263:
3262:(4th ed., 1992).
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3170:
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3149:
3143:
3142:
3124:
3118:
3113:Robert Service,
3111:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3066:(8): 1349–1369.
3051:
3045:
3044:
3016:
3010:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2988:
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2981:
2979:
2977:
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2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2872:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2816:
2814:Socialism portal
2811:
2810:
2802:
2800:Communism portal
2797:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2786:Anarchism portal
2783:
2782:
2781:
2765:Beer Hall Putsch
2510:(Georgia) (1924)
2496:Tambov Rebellion
2478:Left SR uprising
2337:Hamburg Uprising
2270:Darwin rebellion
2252:Aster Revolution
2104:Treaty of Sèvres
2074:Faisal I of Iraq
2008:, he signed the
1978:Kingdom of Egypt
1829:defeat at Annual
1690:Irish Free State
1688:. The resulting
1654:Irish republican
1615:
1612:
1594:
1587:
1492:Second World War
1243:
1240:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1175:world revolution
1152:Tambov Rebellion
1122:and the peasant
1099:, including the
1087:. The ascendant
1028:
1005:
972:Irish Free State
924:mutinied in 1917
871:socialist states
769:
767:
757:
750:
743:
734:
733:
716:Hamburg Uprising
568:Darwin rebellion
435:
423:
416:
409:
400:
399:
330:Irish Free State
287:Aster Revolution
213:Independence of
178:
158:Left nationalism
133:World revolution
115:
114:(outside Russia)
83:
81:
74:
71:
66:
64:
47:
19:
18:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3940:Peasant revolts
3925:Labour movement
3890:Anti-capitalism
3870:1920s conflicts
3865:1910s conflicts
3850:Global politics
3835:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3819:World communism
3807:
3803:First Red Scare
3791:
3700:
3654:
3563:
3558:
3528:
3523:
3509:Occupy movement
3475:
3439:
3403:
3382:
3377:
3343:Wayback Machine
3332:
3315:
3313:Further reading
3310:
3309:
3270:
3266:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3239:Open University
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2784:
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2774:
2759:Irish Civil War
2621:
2596:
2517:
2508:August Uprising
2474:
2406:Limerick Soviet
2228:(1915/17–1920)
2156:
2143:
2124:Great Offensive
2108:Kuva-yi Milliye
2096:
2090:
2084:was cancelled.
2036:
2030:
1942:
1936:
1923:self-government
1911:
1903:Roman Catholics
1875:Emiliano Zapata
1867:
1861:
1853:Second Republic
1825:colonial empire
1786:
1780:
1746:war with Turkey
1714:National Schism
1698:
1631:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1600:needs expansion
1585:
1569:Austria-Hungary
1565:
1536:
1427:world communism
1404:
1392:Main articles:
1390:
1347:Alfred Kordelin
1331:Kullervo Manner
1244:
1238:
1235:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1163:communist state
1070:Imperial Russia
1047:
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1029:
1021:
1020:
1017:Bolshevik party
1006:
995:
987:Main articles:
985:
980:
940:Austria-Hungary
843:
838:
829:Klaipėda Revolt
770:
765:
763:
761:
731:
726:
725:
605:First Red Scare
436:
432:
429:
427:
342:Irish Civil War
176:
128:World communism
113:
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3787:Labin Republic
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3336:Maps of Europe
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3330:External links
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2092:Main article:
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2026:
1966:Milner Mission
1938:Main article:
1935:
1932:
1910:
1907:
1891:Álvaro Obregón
1863:Main article:
1860:
1857:
1782:Main article:
1779:
1776:
1710:Ottoman Empire
1697:
1694:
1674:Irish Republic
1666:British Empire
1635:United Kingdom
1627:Main article:
1624:
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1618:
1617:
1597:
1595:
1584:
1581:
1564:
1561:
1535:
1532:
1516:Czechoslovakia
1500:Eastern Europe
1481:bolshevization
1389:
1388:Western Europe
1386:
1378:victory parade
1319:Finnish Senate
1299:Agrarian Union
1254:organized the
1246:
1245:
1225:
1223:
1209:Main article:
1206:
1203:
1120:White movement
1113:anti-communist
1105:Vladimir Lenin
1030:
1023:
1022:
1009:Vladimir Lenin
1007:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
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984:
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966:. Ireland was
946:collapsed. In
936:Bulgarian Tsar
840:
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711:German October
708:
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697:
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694:Rand Rebellion
691:
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513:Cattaro mutiny
510:
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481:Étaples mutiny
478:
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468:
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431:Revolutions of
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403:
395:
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354:Ottoman Empire
349:
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3620:Ruhr uprising
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3615:Biennio Rosso
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3138:0-8018-1860-5
3134:
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3024:
3023:
3015:
3008:
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2994:
2987:
2971:
2967:
2966:"Revolutions"
2961:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2932:
2916:
2915:History Today
2912:
2905:
2890:
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2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2380:Biennio Rosso
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
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2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2325:Ruhr uprising
2323:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
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2125:
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2117:
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2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2076:installed as
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:Fascist Italy
2000:during which
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:Saad Zaghloul
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:military coup
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:republicanism
1791:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1772:military coup
1768:
1764:
1763:Constantine I
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:pariah states
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:Easter Rising
1640:
1636:
1630:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1598:This section
1596:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1557:March on Rome
1552:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1541:Biennio Rosso
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:Baltic states
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:Joseph Stalin
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1454:German Empire
1451:
1450:German Kaiser
1446:
1444:
1443:Biennio Rosso
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:: the larger
1428:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1402:Biennio Rosso
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:and his wife
1352:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1307:Finnish Party
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:Eastern Front
1281:
1278:to fight the
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1242:
1239:February 2022
1233:
1229:
1226:This list is
1224:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
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1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:Transcaucasia
1133:
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1125:
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1110:
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1098:
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738:
735:
722:
719:
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714:
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698:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
672:
671:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
657:Ruhr uprising
655:
654:
650:
649:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
585:Biennio Rosso
583:
582:
578:
577:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
491:
490:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
444:
443:
439:
434:
424:
419:
417:
412:
410:
405:
404:
401:
389:
388:March on Rome
386:
384:
383:Biennio Rosso
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
371:
367:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
355:
350:
343:
339:
338:
337:
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333:
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331:
327:
323:
319:
316:
315:
314:
313:
308:
304:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
283:
280:
276:
275:Ruhr Uprising
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
205:
201:
200:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
180:
175:
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168:
164:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
125:
124:
120:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
101:
97:
91:
87:
84:
67:
57:
53:
46:
41:
38:
32:
27:
24:
20:
3885:Anti-fascism
3640:March Action
3625:Iraqi Revolt
3560:
3480:21st century
3450:
3444:20th century
3408:19th century
3387:18th century
3319:
3302:the original
3281:
3277:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3242:. Retrieved
3228:
3216:. Retrieved
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3183:
3174:
3154:
3147:
3128:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3096:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3021:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2992:
2986:
2974:. Retrieved
2969:
2960:
2940:
2918:. Retrieved
2914:
2904:
2892:. Retrieved
2877:
2870:
2735:Iraqi Revolt
2711:(1919–1923)
2633:(1917–1919)
2331:March Action
2295:(1918–1919)
2128:
2097:
2080:. Also, the
2078:King of Iraq
2064:
2048:Ottoman Army
2037:
2034:Iraqi Revolt
1943:
1912:
1899:Cristero War
1879:Pancho Villa
1868:
1845:Alfonso XIII
1787:
1699:
1632:
1608:
1604:adding to it
1599:
1566:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1528:East Germany
1489:
1458:
1447:
1420:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1343:
1323:
1315:
1296:
1280:Russian Army
1264:nationalists
1249:
1236:
1156:
1124:Green armies
1109:Soviet Union
1068:In war-torn
1067:
1032:Leon Trotsky
1013:Soviet Union
883:
846:
844:
778:
684:March Action
662:Iraqi Revolt
635:Sette Giugno
466:Potato riots
456:Pistolerismo
430:
372:
351:
324:
309:
281:
251:
182:
22:
3705:Territories
3492:Arab Spring
2761:(1922–1923)
2741:Kapp Putsch
2731:(1919–1921)
2717:(1919–1923)
2703:(1919–1921)
2685:(1918-1919)
2673:(1919-1920)
2667:(1918-1920)
2661:(1918-1919)
2650:In Poland:
2614:(1919–1921)
2602:(1917–1923)
2571:(1918–1920)
2559:(1918–1920)
2553:(1918–1921)
2547:(1917–1920)
2541:(1918–1920)
2535:(1918–1919)
2529:(1917–1921)
2523:(1917–1923)
2498:(1920–1921)
2492:(1920–1921)
2486:(1918–1922)
2467:(1918–1919)
2432:(1920–1922)
2400:Tragic Week
2301:(1918–1919)
2234:(1920–1921)
1812:Restoration
1718:Venizelists
1706:Balkan Wars
1639:nationalist
1384:on May 16.
1276:German Army
1197:(USSR) was
968:partitioned
896:Nicholas II
885:World War I
721:Kraków riot
590:Tragic Week
518:Arab Revolt
352:End of the
270:Kapp Putsch
177:(theorized)
166:Resulted in
153:Irredentism
105:World War I
3839:Categories
2976:August 25,
2862:References
2606:Red Terror
2209:In Spain:
2018:used Egypt
1982:Canal Zone
1962:Wafd Party
1887:Felicistas
1798:monarchism
1730:republican
1670:E. H. Carr
1611:March 2022
1490:After the
1463:, and new
1351:Risto Ryti
1256:Red Guards
1228:incomplete
1146:-inspired
1089:Bolsheviks
1081:Bolsheviks
942:, and the
934:, and the
908:Bolsheviks
834:Bonus Army
640:Epsom riot
523:Rice riots
80:1923-07-24
63:1917-03-08
3910:Socialism
3905:Communism
3796:Reactions
3519:Coup Belt
3284:: 11–44.
3080:0966-8136
2443:(1921–22)
2382:(1919–20)
2058:. Sheikh
2056:Euphrates
1954:Egyptians
1855:of 1931.
1817:Barcelona
1774:in 1935.
1720:, led by
1549:Po Valley
1485:Comintern
1461:Comintern
1335:Karl Wiik
1288:July Days
1260:July 1916
1201:in 1922.
1171:Comintern
1144:anarchist
922:soldiers
863:socialist
433:1917–1923
223:Lithuania
99:Caused by
3671:Red Week
3659:Protests
3339:Archived
3298:25140399
2772:See also
2006:Ethiopia
2004:invaded
1927:Valletta
1734:Radicals
1676:and the
1660:form of
1658:populist
1524:Bulgaria
1496:Red Army
1441:and the
1423:Leninist
1382:Helsinki
1159:Red Army
1150:and the
1036:Red Army
970:and the
928:Bulgaria
877:and the
867:colonial
865:or anti-
548:Red Week
89:Location
29:Part of
3930:Marxism
3812:Related
3568:Revolts
3195:June 2,
3117:(2010).
2589:(Spain)
2162:(1917)
2040:Baghdad
2016:troops
1988:. King
1835:or the
1736:of the
1726:liberal
1623:Ireland
1563:Hungary
1520:Romania
1512:Hungary
1483:of the
1475:led by
1282:on the
1266:in the
1187:Germany
1183:Britain
1132:Ukraine
1074:liberal
1064:(1917).
948:Germany
918:. Many
910:in the
849:were a
231:Estonia
215:Finland
78: (
73:
61: (
3324:online
3296:
3244:2 June
3218:2 June
3162:
3135:
3088:152767
3086:
3078:
3037:
2948:
2920:May 5,
2894:May 5,
2885:
2767:(1923)
2755:(1922)
2749:(1921)
2743:(1920)
2737:(1920)
2725:(1919)
2697:(1919)
2691:(1918)
2679:(1918)
2647:(1918)
2639:(1918)
2627:(1917)
2608:(1918)
2583:(1923)
2577:(1919)
2565:(1921)
2504:(1921)
2480:(1918)
2455:(1924)
2426:(1920)
2420:(1920)
2414:(1919)
2408:(1919)
2402:(1919)
2394:(1921)
2388:(1921)
2369:(1919)
2353:(1918)
2345:(1923)
2339:(1923)
2333:(1921)
2327:(1920)
2319:(1919)
2313:(1919)
2307:(1919)
2289:(1918)
2278:(1918)
2272:(1918)
2266:(1918)
2260:(1918)
2254:(1918)
2248:(1918)
2242:(1918)
2179:(1919)
2173:(1918)
2088:Turkey
2044:Iraqis
2014:Allied
1994:Farouk
1885:. The
1859:Mexico
1800:. The
1754:Greeks
1724:, was
1702:Greece
1696:Greece
1652:. The
1637:, the
1508:Poland
1494:, the
1416:Berlin
1400:, and
1286:. The
1142:, the
1126:, the
1072:, the
1062:Russia
1058:Moscow
983:Russia
960:Turkey
950:, the
920:French
891:, the
889:Russia
243:, and
227:Latvia
219:Poland
3294:JSTOR
3084:JSTOR
2619:Other
2070:Syria
2066:Sunni
1986:Sudan
1950:Sudan
1934:Egypt
1909:Malta
1778:Spain
1680:were
1534:Italy
1355:Gerda
956:Italy
122:Goals
3246:2024
3220:2024
3197:2024
3160:ISBN
3133:ISBN
3076:ISSN
3035:ISBN
2978:2019
2946:ISBN
2922:2015
2896:2016
2883:ISBN
2052:Shia
2028:Iraq
1990:Fuad
1984:and
1948:and
1913:The
1877:and
1869:The
1526:and
1421:The
1333:and
1138:and
991:and
893:Tsar
845:The
700:1923
673:1921
651:1920
579:1919
492:1918
445:1917
55:Date
35:the
3286:doi
3068:doi
3027:doi
1606:.
1414:in
1380:in
1234:.
1177:to
1130:in
1056:in
33:and
3841::
3292:.
3282:13
3280:.
3276:.
3237:.
3082:.
3074:.
3064:46
3062:.
3058:.
3033:.
2968:.
2930:^
2913:.
1905:.
1728:,
1579:.
1559:.
1551:.
1530:.
1522:,
1518:,
1514:,
1510:,
1506:,
1396:,
1329:,
1313:.
1185:,
1154:.
1111:,
1060:,
930:,
881:.
239:,
229:,
225:,
221:,
217:,
179:)
70:c.
68:–
3553:e
3546:t
3539:v
3372:e
3365:t
3358:v
3288::
3248:.
3222:.
3199:.
3168:.
3141:.
3090:.
3070::
3043:.
3029::
2980:.
2954:.
2924:.
2898:.
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1613:)
1609:(
1241:)
1237:(
1042:.
1019:.
756:e
749:t
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422:e
415:t
408:v
344:)
340:(
206:)
202:(
172:(
82:)
65:)
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