459:
842:
figurative interpretation that would allow comprehension. Since then, research has cast doubt on the model. In tests, figurative language was found to be comprehended at the same speed as literal language; and so the premise that the recipient was first attempting to process a literal meaning and discarding it before attempting to process a figurative meaning appears to be false.
1657:
the title of a work by Cicero; paradoxon (noun) philosophical paradox in post-classical Latin also a figure of speech < ancient Greek παράδοξον, especially in plural παράδοξαStoical paradoxes, use as noun of neuter singular of παράδοξος (adjective) contrary to received opinion or expectation <
555:
uses words in a way that deviates from their conventionally accepted definitions in order to convey a more complex meaning or a heightened effect. It is often created by presenting words in such a way that they are equated, compared, or associated with normally unrelated meanings. A common intended
841:
Prior to the 1980s, the "standard pragmatic" model of comprehension was widely believed. In that model, it was thought the recipient would first attempt to comprehend the meaning as if literal, but when an appropriate literal inference could not be made, the recipient would shift to look for a
702:
is a figure of speech in which two "essentially unlike things" are shown to have a type of resemblance or create a new image. The similarities between the objects being compared may be implied rather than directly stated. The literary critic and rhetorician,
584:
were among the early documented language analysts who expounded on the differences between literal and figurative language. A comprehensive scholarly examination of metaphor in antiquity, and the way its early emergence was fostered by
733:
Example: "The sky steps out of her daywear/Slips into her shot-silk evening dress./An entourage of bats whirr and swing at her hem, ...She's tried on every item in her wardrobe."
564:, with the intended meaning of a phrase corresponding exactly to the meaning of its individual words. On the contrary, figurative use of language (a later offshoot being the term
1677:
Origin: < Greek ὑπερβολήexcess (compare hyperbola n.), exaggeration; the latter sense is first found in
Isocrates and Aristotle. Compare French hyperbole (earlier yperbole).
1630:
Origin: < post-classical Latin oxymoron, figure of speech in which a pair of opposed or markedly contradictory terms are placed in conjunction for emphasis (5th cent.; also
1816:
from
Minerva – An Internet Journal of Philosophy. An account of how metaphor provides new perspectives, deepens understanding, and is a major tool of linguistic development.
1307:
637:
Within literary analysis, such terms are still used; but within the fields of cognition and linguistics, the basis for identifying such a distinction is no longer used.
556:
effect of figurative language is to elicit audience responses that are more emotional (like excitement, shock, laughter, etc.), aesthetic, or intellectual.
1392:
Irresistible
Shakespeare: 6 Sensational Scenes from Favorite Plays and Dozens of Fun Ideas That Introduce Students to the Wonderful Works of Shakespeare
678:
is a comparison of two things, indicated by some connective, usually "like", "as", "than", or a verb such as "resembles" to show how they are similar.
560:
Literal usage confers meaning to words, in the sense of the meaning they have by themselves. It maintains a consistent meaning regardless of the
715:
In this example, “little cat feet” is the vehicle that clarifies the tenor, “fog.” A comparison between the vehicle and tenor (also called the
630:; the sentence from the novel used was, "He is a fortunate man to be introduced to such a party of fine women at his arrival; it is literally
1807:
754:
is the attribution of a personal nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions, especially as a rhetorical figure.
758:
Example: "Because I could not stop for Death,/He kindly stopped for me;/The carriage held but just ourselves/And
Immortality."—
854:", many linguists now reject that there is a valid way to distinguish between a "literal" and "figurative" mode of language.
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is an expression that has a figurative meaning often related, but different from the literal meaning of the phrase.
1834:
336:
1555:
making of words = onomato- (combining form of ónoma name) + poi- (stem of poieîn to make; see poet) + -ia -ia
797:
Example: They had been walking so long that John thought he might drink the entire lake when they came upon it.
396:
341:
114:
667:
says that figurative language can be classified in five categories: resemblance or relationship, emphasis or
618:
371:
62:
316:
182:
570:) is the use of words or phrases with a meaning that does make literal sense but that might also be true.
1658:παρα-para- prefix1+ δόξαopinion (see doxology n.), after ancient Greek παρὰ δόξαν contrary to expectation
828:
is an expression intended for a humorous or rhetorical effect by exploiting different meanings of words.
436:
142:
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is a figure of speech in which a pair of opposite or contradictory terms is used together for emphasis.
793:
is a figure of speech which uses an extravagant or exaggerated statement to express strong feelings.
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89:
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Origin: 1350–1400; Middle
English < Latin: image, likeness, comparison, noun use of neuter of
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is a statement or proposition which is self-contradictory, unreasonable, or illogical.
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1634:) < ancient Greek ὀξυ-oxy- comb. form1+ μωρόςdull, stupid, foolish (see moron n.2).
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Example: A single step can take you through the looking glass if you're not careful.
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Uses of figurative language, or figures of speech, can take multiple forms, such as
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Understanding
Figurative Language:From Metaphor to Idioms: From Metaphor to Idioms
1679:
1242:
1011:
759:
751:
1207:
Montgomery, Martin; Durant, Alan; Fabb, Nigel; Tom
Furniss; Sara Mills (2007).
1159:
889:
704:
668:
613:
533:
exactly according to their direct, straightforward, or conventionally accepted
251:
1823:
712:
1210:
Ways of
Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature
1085:
Ways of
Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature
747:
Example: “Bark! Bark!” went the dog as he chased the car that vroomed past.
740:
294:
84:
1160:"Language Log » Frances Brooke, destroyer of English (Not literally)"
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Example: I wondered why the ball was getting bigger. Then it hit me.
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707:, divides a metaphor into two parts: the vehicle and the tenor.
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109:
1176:
Concise
Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Language and Linguistics
813:
586:
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1154:
1152:
1115:
850:
Beginning with the work of Michael Reddy in his 1979 work "
634:." This citation was also used in the OED's 2011 revision.
530:
1078:
Montgomery, Mar; Durant, Alan; Fabb, Nigel; Tom Furniss;
825:
729:
is a metaphor that is continued over multiple sentences.
1149:
774:
Examples: Organized chaos, Same difference, Bittersweet.
1240:
1200:
1426:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1936), 119–127.
1511:
969:
743:is a word designed to be an imitation of a sound.
27:Distinction in certain fields of language analysis
1731:Eysenck, Michael William; Keane, Mark T. (2005).
1166:
721:) is implicit: fog creeps in silently like a cat.
1821:
1724:
762:. Dickinson portrays death as a carriage driver.
1592:
1590:
1047:The Psychology of Language: From Data to Theory
975:
845:
804:is a reference to a famous character or event.
1517:
1172:
976:Jaszczolt, Katarzyna M..; Turner, Ken (2003).
820:Example: You should keep your eye out for him.
671:, figures of sound, verbal games, and errors.
1771:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 204–.
1384:
1382:
1314:
1003:
480:
1730:
1600:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Writing Poetry
1587:
1551:Origin: 1570–80; < Late Latin < Greek
1490:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 103–.
1321:Terban, Marvin; joi, Giulio Maestro (1993).
1244:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature
982:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 141–.
665:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature
1439:Metaphors, Similes, And Other Word Pictures
1327:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 12–.
1311:. 13th ed. Longman Pub Group, 2007. p. 594.
979:Meaning Through Language Contrast. Volume 2
1758:
1734:Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook
1703:. Oxford University Press. pp. 166–.
1518:Liddell, Gordon F.; Gifford, Anne (2001).
1477:
1429:
1379:
1009:
487:
473:
1320:
1173:Barber, Alex; Stainton, Robert J (2009).
1037:
837:Standard pragmatic model of comprehension
1690:
1596:
1574:Origin: 1745–55; personi(fy) + -fication
711:Example: "Fog comes on little cat feet"—
506:; it is studied within certain areas of
1737:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 369–.
1234:
1088:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 117–.
1050:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 293–.
14:
1822:
1764:
1483:
1442:. The Creative Company. pp. 30–.
1435:
1388:
1116:M.H. Abrams; Geoffrey Harpham (2011).
1043:
640:
626:citation for the figurative sense of
1802:The Word We Love To Hate. Literally.
1696:
1649:Origin: < Middle French, French
502:is a distinction that exists in all
377:Conservative and innovative language
24:
1324:It Figures!: Fun Figures of Speech
694:" (emph added)—Clement Clark Moore
690:.../And the beard on his chin was
25:
1846:
1795:
1653:(1495 as noun; 1372–74 in plural
1122:(10 ed.). Cengage Learning.
786:Example: This statement is a lie.
573:The Ancient Greek philosopher of
1395:. Scholastic Inc. pp. 25–.
580:and later the Roman rhetorician
457:
1700:Figurative Language and Thought
1671:
1643:
1624:
1568:
1545:
1463:
1416:
1389:Miller, Carol Rawlings (2001).
1348:
1295:
1272:
1146:(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1936)
500:Literal and figurative language
1366:to transfer. See meta-, -phore
1241:Merriam-Webster, inc. (1995).
1136:
1109:
1071:
952:
13:
1:
966:. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2015.
946:
619:The History of Emily Montague
1686:. Oxford English Dictionary.
1667:. Oxford English Dictionary.
1639:. Oxford English Dictionary.
1583:. Oxford English Dictionary.
1564:. Oxford English Dictionary.
1524:. Heinemann. pp. 131–.
1375:. Oxford English Dictionary.
1354:Origin: 1525–35; < Latin
1291:. Oxford English Dictionary.
1213:. Routledge. pp. 117–.
1119:A Glossary of Literary Terms
846:Reddy and contemporary views
317:Functional discourse grammar
183:Ethnography of communication
7:
1247:. Merriam-Webster. p.
1179:. Elsevier. pp. 230–.
1016:. Oxford University Press.
857:
437:Second-language acquisition
10:
1851:
1603:. Penguin. pp. 146–.
1424:The Philosophy of Rhetoric
1044:Harley, Trevor A. (2001).
964:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
682:Example: "His cheeks were
644:
115:Syntax–semantics interface
1436:Fandel, Jennifer (2005).
1308:An Introduction To Poetry
624:Oxford English Dictionary
622:was used in the earliest
427:Philosophy of linguistics
327:Interactional linguistics
1697:Katz, Albert N. (1998).
1597:Moustaki, Nikki (2001).
1010:Glucksberg, Sam (2001).
632:to feed among the lilies
510:analysis, in particular
1835:Conceptual distinctions
1765:Ortony, Andrew (1993).
940:Signified and signifier
870:Connotation (semiotics)
603:William Bedell Stanford
920:Philosophy of language
875:Denotation (semiotics)
718:teritium comparitionis
264:Theoretical frameworks
218:Philosophy of language
198:History of linguistics
1810:from Silva Rhetoricae
1484:Oliver, Mary (1994).
692:as white as the snow.
158:Conversation analysis
1814:Metaphor and Meaning
1768:Metaphor and Thought
1362:a transfer, akin to
1301:Kennedy, X. J., and
1142:W. Bedell Stanford,
852:The Conduit Metaphor
402:Internet linguistics
312:Construction grammar
1804:from Slate Magazine
1521:New Scottish poetry
1471:"Extended Metaphor"
865:Biblical literalism
663:, and many others.
641:Figurative language
337:Systemic functional
132:Applied linguistics
74:General linguistics
18:Figurative language
1581:personification, n
442:Theory of language
412:Origin of language
367:Autonomy of syntax
322:Grammaticalization
168:Discourse analysis
163:Corpus linguistics
1808:Figures of Speech
1577:"Personification"
1473:. Dictionary.com.
915:Phatic expression
885:Figures of speech
727:extended metaphor
601:, is provided by
504:natural languages
497:
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285:Distributionalism
228:Psycholinguistics
16:(Redirected from
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1562:onomatopoeia, n
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1487:Poetry Handbook
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1558:"Onomatopoeia"
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1144:Greek Metaphor
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645:Main article:
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607:Greek Metaphor
589:'s epic poems
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1553:onomatopoiía
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295:Glossematics
275:Constituency
247:interpreting
85:Lexicography
1784:20 December
1750:20 December
1716:20 December
1680:"Hyperbole"
1655:paradoxesas
1616:23 December
1408:23 December
1373:metaphor, n
1364:metaphérein
1358:< Greek
1340:23 December
1192:23 December
1101:23 December
1063:20 December
1029:20 December
995:20 December
900:Linguistics
686:, his nose
598:The Odyssey
549:non-literal
447:Terminology
422:Orthography
342:Usage-based
243:Translating
138:Acquisition
43:Linguistics
1824:Categories
1665:paradox, n
1637:"Oxymoron"
1369:"Metaphor"
1303:Dana Gioia
1080:Sara Mills
947:References
880:Denotation
735:Dilys Rose
684:like roses
582:Quintilian
545:Figurative
539:denotation
512:stylistics
417:Orismology
302:Functional
290:Generative
280:Dependency
100:Pragmatics
90:Morphology
80:Diachronic
1830:Semantics
1661:"Paradox"
1360:metaphorá
1356:metaphora
1289:simile, n
1282:similar.
935:Semiotics
930:Semantics
791:Hyperbole
661:hyperbole
628:literally
616:'s novel
612:In 1769,
592:The Iliad
578:Aristotle
520:semantics
392:Iconicity
387:Etymology
307:Cognitive
270:Formalist
223:Phonetics
213:Philology
105:Semantics
95:Phonology
1651:paradoxe
1632:oxymorum
1285:"Simile"
1264:23 April
1082:(2007).
925:Rhetoric
910:Metonymy
905:Metaphor
858:See also
802:Allusion
768:oxymoron
700:metaphor
657:metaphor
575:rhetoric
553:language
537:: their
535:meanings
516:rhetoric
508:language
193:Forensic
173:Distance
120:Typology
35:a series
33:Part of
1537:3 April
1503:6 March
1455:3 April
1280:similis
1226:3 April
895:Imagery
780:paradox
562:context
148:Applied
58:History
53:Outline
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986:
676:simile
653:simile
518:, and
463:Portal
361:Topics
110:Syntax
814:idiom
587:Homer
531:words
529:uses
63:Index
1786:2012
1773:ISBN
1752:2012
1739:ISBN
1718:2012
1705:ISBN
1618:2012
1605:ISBN
1539:2013
1526:ISBN
1505:2013
1492:ISBN
1457:2013
1444:ISBN
1410:2012
1397:ISBN
1342:2012
1329:ISBN
1266:2013
1253:ISBN
1228:2013
1215:ISBN
1194:2012
1181:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1103:2012
1090:ISBN
1065:2012
1052:ISBN
1031:2012
1018:ISBN
997:2012
984:ISBN
595:and
547:(or
245:and
238:Text
1249:415
962:."
826:pun
812:An
766:An
725:An
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1381:^
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