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Literal and figurative language

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figurative interpretation that would allow comprehension. Since then, research has cast doubt on the model. In tests, figurative language was found to be comprehended at the same speed as literal language; and so the premise that the recipient was first attempting to process a literal meaning and discarding it before attempting to process a figurative meaning appears to be false.
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the title of a work by Cicero; paradoxon (noun) philosophical paradox in post-classical Latin also a figure of speech < ancient Greek παράδοξον, especially in plural παράδοξαStoical paradoxes, use as noun of neuter singular of παράδοξος (adjective) contrary to received opinion or expectation <
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uses words in a way that deviates from their conventionally accepted definitions in order to convey a more complex meaning or a heightened effect. It is often created by presenting words in such a way that they are equated, compared, or associated with normally unrelated meanings. A common intended
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Prior to the 1980s, the "standard pragmatic" model of comprehension was widely believed. In that model, it was thought the recipient would first attempt to comprehend the meaning as if literal, but when an appropriate literal inference could not be made, the recipient would shift to look for a
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is a figure of speech in which two "essentially unlike things" are shown to have a type of resemblance or create a new image. The similarities between the objects being compared may be implied rather than directly stated. The literary critic and rhetorician,
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were among the early documented language analysts who expounded on the differences between literal and figurative language. A comprehensive scholarly examination of metaphor in antiquity, and the way its early emergence was fostered by
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Example: "The sky steps out of her daywear/Slips into her shot-silk evening dress./An entourage of bats whirr and swing at her hem, ...She's tried on every item in her wardrobe."
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Origin: < Greek ὑπερβολήexcess (compare hyperbola n.), exaggeration; the latter sense is first found in Isocrates and Aristotle. Compare French hyperbole (earlier yperbole).
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Origin: < post-classical Latin oxymoron, figure of speech in which a pair of opposed or markedly contradictory terms are placed in conjunction for emphasis (5th cent.; also
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from Minerva – An Internet Journal of Philosophy. An account of how metaphor provides new perspectives, deepens understanding, and is a major tool of linguistic development.
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Within literary analysis, such terms are still used; but within the fields of cognition and linguistics, the basis for identifying such a distinction is no longer used.
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effect of figurative language is to elicit audience responses that are more emotional (like excitement, shock, laughter, etc.), aesthetic, or intellectual.
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Irresistible Shakespeare: 6 Sensational Scenes from Favorite Plays and Dozens of Fun Ideas That Introduce Students to the Wonderful Works of Shakespeare
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is a comparison of two things, indicated by some connective, usually "like", "as", "than", or a verb such as "resembles" to show how they are similar.
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Literal usage confers meaning to words, in the sense of the meaning they have by themselves. It maintains a consistent meaning regardless of the
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In this example, “little cat feet” is the vehicle that clarifies the tenor, “fog.” A comparison between the vehicle and tenor (also called the
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is the attribution of a personal nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions, especially as a rhetorical figure.
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Example: "Because I could not stop for Death,/He kindly stopped for me;/The carriage held but just ourselves/And Immortality."—
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is an expression that has a figurative meaning often related, but different from the literal meaning of the phrase.
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making of words = onomato- (combining form of ónoma name) + poi- (stem of poieîn to make; see poet) + -ia -ia
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Example: They had been walking so long that John thought he might drink the entire lake when they came upon it.
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says that figurative language can be classified in five categories: resemblance or relationship, emphasis or
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is an expression intended for a humorous or rhetorical effect by exploiting different meanings of words.
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is a figure of speech in which a pair of opposite or contradictory terms is used together for emphasis.
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is a figure of speech which uses an extravagant or exaggerated statement to express strong feelings.
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Origin: 1350–1400; Middle English < Latin: image, likeness, comparison, noun use of neuter of
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is a statement or proposition which is self-contradictory, unreasonable, or illogical.
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Example: A single step can take you through the looking glass if you're not careful.
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Uses of figurative language, or figures of speech, can take multiple forms, such as
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Understanding Figurative Language:From Metaphor to Idioms: From Metaphor to Idioms
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Montgomery, Martin; Durant, Alan; Fabb, Nigel; Tom Furniss; Sara Mills (2007).
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exactly according to their direct, straightforward, or conventionally accepted
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Ways of Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature
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Ways of Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature
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Example: “Bark! Bark!” went the dog as he chased the car that vroomed past.
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Example: I wondered why the ball was getting bigger. Then it hit me.
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Concise Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Language and Linguistics
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Beginning with the work of Michael Reddy in his 1979 work "
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Montgomery, Mar; Durant, Alan; Fabb, Nigel; Tom Furniss;
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is a metaphor that is continued over multiple sentences.
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Examples: Organized chaos, Same difference, Bittersweet.
1240: 1200: 1426:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1936), 119–127. 1511: 969: 743:is a word designed to be an imitation of a sound. 27:Distinction in certain fields of language analysis 1731:Eysenck, Michael William; Keane, Mark T. (2005). 1166: 721:) is implicit: fog creeps in silently like a cat. 1821: 1724: 762:. Dickinson portrays death as a carriage driver. 1592: 1590: 1047:The Psychology of Language: From Data to Theory 975: 845: 804:is a reference to a famous character or event. 1517: 1172: 976:Jaszczolt, Katarzyna M..; Turner, Ken (2003). 820:Example: You should keep your eye out for him. 671:, figures of sound, verbal games, and errors. 1771:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 204–. 1384: 1382: 1314: 1003: 480: 1730: 1600:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Writing Poetry 1587: 1551:Origin: 1570–80; < Late Latin < Greek 1490:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 103–. 1321:Terban, Marvin; joi, Giulio Maestro (1993). 1244:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature 982:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 141–. 665:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature 1439:Metaphors, Similes, And Other Word Pictures 1327:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 12–. 1311:. 13th ed. Longman Pub Group, 2007. p. 594. 979:Meaning Through Language Contrast. Volume 2 1758: 1734:Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook 1703:. Oxford University Press. pp. 166–. 1518:Liddell, Gordon F.; Gifford, Anne (2001). 1477: 1429: 1379: 1009: 487: 473: 1320: 1173:Barber, Alex; Stainton, Robert J (2009). 1037: 837:Standard pragmatic model of comprehension 1690: 1596: 1574:Origin: 1745–55; personi(fy) + -fication 711:Example: "Fog comes on little cat feet"— 506:; it is studied within certain areas of 1737:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 369–. 1234: 1088:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 117–. 1050:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 293–. 14: 1822: 1764: 1483: 1442:. The Creative Company. pp. 30–. 1435: 1388: 1116:M.H. Abrams; Geoffrey Harpham (2011). 1043: 640: 626:citation for the figurative sense of 1802:The Word We Love To Hate. Literally. 1696: 1649:Origin: < Middle French, French 502:is a distinction that exists in all 377:Conservative and innovative language 24: 1324:It Figures!: Fun Figures of Speech 694:" (emph added)—Clement Clark Moore 690:.../And the beard on his chin was 25: 1846: 1795: 1653:(1495 as noun; 1372–74 in plural 1122:(10 ed.). Cengage Learning. 786:Example: This statement is a lie. 573:The Ancient Greek philosopher of 1395:. Scholastic Inc. pp. 25–. 580:and later the Roman rhetorician 457: 1700:Figurative Language and Thought 1671: 1643: 1624: 1568: 1545: 1463: 1416: 1389:Miller, Carol Rawlings (2001). 1348: 1295: 1272: 1146:(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1936) 500:Literal and figurative language 1366:to transfer. See meta-, -phore 1241:Merriam-Webster, inc. (1995). 1136: 1109: 1071: 952: 13: 1: 966:. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2015. 946: 619:The History of Emily Montague 1686:. Oxford English Dictionary. 1667:. Oxford English Dictionary. 1639:. Oxford English Dictionary. 1583:. Oxford English Dictionary. 1564:. Oxford English Dictionary. 1524:. Heinemann. pp. 131–. 1375:. Oxford English Dictionary. 1354:Origin: 1525–35; < Latin 1291:. Oxford English Dictionary. 1213:. Routledge. pp. 117–. 1119:A Glossary of Literary Terms 846:Reddy and contemporary views 317:Functional discourse grammar 183:Ethnography of communication 7: 1247:. Merriam-Webster. p.  1179:. Elsevier. pp. 230–. 1016:. Oxford University Press. 857: 437:Second-language acquisition 10: 1851: 1603:. Penguin. pp. 146–. 1424:The Philosophy of Rhetoric 1044:Harley, Trevor A. (2001). 964:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 682:Example: "His cheeks were 644: 115:Syntax–semantics interface 1436:Fandel, Jennifer (2005). 1308:An Introduction To Poetry 624:Oxford English Dictionary 622:was used in the earliest 427:Philosophy of linguistics 327:Interactional linguistics 1697:Katz, Albert N. (1998). 1597:Moustaki, Nikki (2001). 1010:Glucksberg, Sam (2001). 632:to feed among the lilies 510:analysis, in particular 1835:Conceptual distinctions 1765:Ortony, Andrew (1993). 940:Signified and signifier 870:Connotation (semiotics) 603:William Bedell Stanford 920:Philosophy of language 875:Denotation (semiotics) 718:teritium comparitionis 264:Theoretical frameworks 218:Philosophy of language 198:History of linguistics 1810:from Silva Rhetoricae 1484:Oliver, Mary (1994). 692:as white as the snow. 158:Conversation analysis 1814:Metaphor and Meaning 1768:Metaphor and Thought 1362:a transfer, akin to 1301:Kennedy, X. J., and 1142:W. Bedell Stanford, 852:The Conduit Metaphor 402:Internet linguistics 312:Construction grammar 1804:from Slate Magazine 1521:New Scottish poetry 1471:"Extended Metaphor" 865:Biblical literalism 663:, and many others. 641:Figurative language 337:Systemic functional 132:Applied linguistics 74:General linguistics 18:Figurative language 1581:personification, n 442:Theory of language 412:Origin of language 367:Autonomy of syntax 322:Grammaticalization 168:Discourse analysis 163:Corpus linguistics 1808:Figures of Speech 1577:"Personification" 1473:. Dictionary.com. 915:Phatic expression 885:Figures of speech 727:extended metaphor 601:, is provided by 504:natural languages 497: 496: 285:Distributionalism 228:Psycholinguistics 16:(Redirected from 1842: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1594: 1585: 1584: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1433: 1427: 1422:I. A. Richards, 1420: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1386: 1377: 1376: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1318: 1312: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1147: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1113: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1007: 1001: 1000: 998: 996: 973: 967: 960:Figure of speech 956: 647:Figure of speech 567:figure of speech 527:Literal language 489: 482: 475: 461: 407:LGBT linguistics 397:Internationalism 372:Compositionality 233:Sociolinguistics 208:Neurolinguistics 203:Interlinguistics 188:Ethnomethodology 30: 29: 21: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1820: 1819: 1798: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1763: 1759: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1695: 1691: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1659: 1648: 1644: 1635: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1595: 1588: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1562:onomatopoeia, n 1556: 1550: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1516: 1512: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1487:Poetry Handbook 1482: 1478: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1434: 1430: 1421: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1387: 1380: 1367: 1353: 1349: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1319: 1315: 1300: 1296: 1283: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1239: 1235: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1205: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1171: 1167: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1141: 1137: 1130: 1114: 1110: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1076: 1072: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1042: 1038: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1008: 1004: 994: 992: 990: 974: 970: 957: 953: 949: 944: 860: 848: 839: 760:Emily Dickinson 752:Personification 649: 643: 493: 452: 451: 362: 354: 353: 265: 257: 256: 252:Writing systems 143:Anthropological 133: 125: 124: 75: 67: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1848: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1818: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1797: 1796:External links 1794: 1792: 1791: 1778:978-0521405614 1777: 1757: 1744:978-1841693590 1743: 1723: 1710:978-0195109634 1709: 1689: 1670: 1642: 1623: 1610:978-1440695636 1609: 1586: 1567: 1558:"Onomatopoeia" 1544: 1531:978-0435150983 1530: 1510: 1497:978-0156724005 1496: 1476: 1462: 1449:978-1583413401 1448: 1428: 1415: 1402:978-0439098441 1401: 1378: 1347: 1334:978-0395665916 1333: 1313: 1294: 1271: 1258:978-0877790426 1257: 1233: 1220:978-0203597118 1219: 1199: 1186:978-0080965000 1185: 1165: 1148: 1144:Greek Metaphor 1135: 1129:978-0495898023 1128: 1108: 1095:978-0415346337 1094: 1070: 1057:978-0863778674 1056: 1036: 1023:978-0195111095 1022: 1002: 989:978-1588112071 988: 968: 950: 948: 945: 943: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 890:Frances Brooke 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 861: 859: 856: 847: 844: 838: 835: 834: 833: 822: 821: 810: 809: 799: 798: 788: 787: 776: 775: 764: 763: 749: 748: 738: 737: 723: 722: 705:I. 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Richards 696: 695: 669:understatement 645:Main article: 642: 639: 614:Frances Brooke 607:Greek Metaphor 589:'s epic poems 558: 557: 542: 495: 494: 492: 491: 484: 477: 469: 466: 465: 454: 453: 450: 449: 444: 439: 434: 432:Prescriptivism 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 346: 345: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 299: 298: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 266: 263: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 249: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 134: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 76: 73: 72: 69: 68: 66: 65: 60: 55: 49: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1847: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1780: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1761: 1746: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1727: 1712: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1693: 1685: 1684:hyperbol e, n 1681: 1674: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1638: 1633: 1627: 1612: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1593: 1591: 1582: 1578: 1571: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1548: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1514: 1499: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1480: 1472: 1466: 1451: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1432: 1425: 1419: 1404: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1385: 1383: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1317: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1275: 1260: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1237: 1222: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1203: 1188: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1169: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1145: 1139: 1131: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1112: 1097: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1074: 1059: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1040: 1025: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1006: 991: 985: 981: 980: 972: 965: 961: 955: 951: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 862: 855: 853: 843: 831: 830: 829: 827: 819: 818: 817: 815: 807: 806: 805: 803: 796: 795: 794: 792: 785: 784: 783: 781: 773: 772: 771: 769: 761: 757: 756: 755: 753: 746: 745: 744: 742: 736: 732: 731: 730: 728: 720: 719: 714: 713:Carl Sandburg 710: 709: 708: 706: 701: 693: 689: 688:like a cherry 685: 681: 680: 679: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 648: 638: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620: 615: 610: 608: 604: 600: 599: 594: 593: 588: 583: 579: 576: 571: 569: 568: 563: 554: 550: 546: 543: 540: 536: 532: 528: 525: 524: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 490: 485: 483: 478: 476: 471: 470: 468: 467: 464: 460: 456: 455: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 382:Descriptivism 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 358: 357: 350: 349:Structuralism 347: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 332:Prague circle 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 303: 300: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 271: 268: 267: 261: 260: 253: 250: 248: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 178:Documentation 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 153:Computational 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 135: 129: 128: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 77: 71: 70: 64: 61: 59: 56: 54: 51: 50: 48: 47: 44: 41: 40: 36: 32: 31: 19: 1782:. 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Retrieved 978: 971: 963: 954: 849: 840: 823: 811: 800: 789: 777: 765: 750: 741:Onomatopoeia 739: 724: 716: 697: 691: 687: 683: 673: 664: 650: 636: 631: 627: 623: 617: 611: 606: 596: 590: 572: 565: 559: 552: 548: 544: 526: 499: 498: 295:Glossematics 275:Constituency 247:interpreting 85:Lexicography 1784:20 December 1750:20 December 1716:20 December 1680:"Hyperbole" 1655:paradoxesas 1616:23 December 1408:23 December 1373:metaphor, n 1364:metaphérein 1358:< Greek 1340:23 December 1192:23 December 1101:23 December 1063:20 December 1029:20 December 995:20 December 900:Linguistics 686:, his nose 598:The Odyssey 549:non-literal 447:Terminology 422:Orthography 342:Usage-based 243:Translating 138:Acquisition 43:Linguistics 1824:Categories 1665:paradox, n 1637:"Oxymoron" 1369:"Metaphor" 1303:Dana Gioia 1080:Sara Mills 947:References 880:Denotation 735:Dilys Rose 684:like roses 582:Quintilian 545:Figurative 539:denotation 512:stylistics 417:Orismology 302:Functional 290:Generative 280:Dependency 100:Pragmatics 90:Morphology 80:Diachronic 1830:Semantics 1661:"Paradox" 1360:metaphorá 1356:metaphora 1289:simile, n 1282:similar. 935:Semiotics 930:Semantics 791:Hyperbole 661:hyperbole 628:literally 616:'s novel 612:In 1769, 592:The Iliad 578:Aristotle 520:semantics 392:Iconicity 387:Etymology 307:Cognitive 270:Formalist 223:Phonetics 213:Philology 105:Semantics 95:Phonology 1651:paradoxe 1632:oxymorum 1285:"Simile" 1264:23 April 1082:(2007). 925:Rhetoric 910:Metonymy 905:Metaphor 858:See also 802:Allusion 768:oxymoron 700:metaphor 657:metaphor 575:rhetoric 553:language 537:: their 535:meanings 516:rhetoric 508:language 193:Forensic 173:Distance 120:Typology 35:a series 33:Part of 1537:3 April 1503:6 March 1455:3 April 1280:similis 1226:3 April 895:Imagery 780:paradox 562:context 148:Applied 58:History 53:Outline 1775:  1741:  1707:  1607:  1528:  1494:  1446:  1399:  1331:  1255:  1217:  1183:  1126:  1092:  1054:  1020:  986:  676:simile 653:simile 518:, and 463:Portal 361:Topics 110:Syntax 814:idiom 587:Homer 531:words 529:uses 63:Index 1786:2012 1773:ISBN 1752:2012 1739:ISBN 1718:2012 1705:ISBN 1618:2012 1605:ISBN 1539:2013 1526:ISBN 1505:2013 1492:ISBN 1457:2013 1444:ISBN 1410:2012 1397:ISBN 1342:2012 1329:ISBN 1266:2013 1253:ISBN 1228:2013 1215:ISBN 1194:2012 1181:ISBN 1124:ISBN 1103:2012 1090:ISBN 1065:2012 1052:ISBN 1031:2012 1018:ISBN 997:2012 984:ISBN 595:and 547:(or 245:and 238:Text 1249:415 962:." 826:pun 812:An 766:An 725:An 522:. 1826:: 1682:. 1663:. 1589:^ 1579:. 1560:. 1381:^ 1371:. 1305:. 1287:. 1251:. 1151:^ 824:A 778:A 698:A 674:A 659:, 655:, 609:, 605:, 551:) 514:, 37:on 1788:. 1754:. 1720:. 1620:. 1541:. 1507:. 1459:. 1412:. 1344:. 1268:. 1230:. 1196:. 1162:. 1132:. 1105:. 1067:. 1033:. 999:. 958:" 541:. 488:e 481:t 474:v 20:)

Index

Figurative language
a series
Linguistics
Outline
History
Index
Diachronic
Lexicography
Morphology
Phonology
Pragmatics
Semantics
Syntax
Syntax–semantics interface
Typology
Acquisition
Anthropological
Applied
Computational
Conversation analysis
Corpus linguistics
Discourse analysis
Distance
Documentation
Ethnography of communication
Ethnomethodology
Forensic
History of linguistics
Interlinguistics
Neurolinguistics

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