Early modern period

1022:(1368–1644), China was leading the world in mathematics as well as science. However, Europe soon caught up to China's scientific and mathematical achievements and surpassed them. Many scholars have speculated about the reason behind China's lag in advancement. A historian named Colin Ronan claims that though there is no one specific answer, there must be a connection between China's urgency for new discoveries being weaker than Europe's and China's inability to capitalize on its early advantages. Ronan believes that China's Confucian bureaucracy and traditions led to China not having a scientific revolution, which led China to have fewer scientists to break the existing orthodoxies, like Galileo Galilei. Despite inventing gunpowder in the 9th century, it was in Europe that the classic handheld firearms, matchlocks, were invented, with evidence of use around the 1480s. China was using the matchlocks by 1540, after the Portuguese brought their matchlocks to Japan in the early 1500s. China during the Ming Dynasty established a bureau to maintain its calendar. The bureau was necessary because the calendars were linked to celestial phenomena and that needs regular maintenance because twelve lunar months have 344 or 355 days, so occasional leap months have to be added in order to maintain 365 days per year. 1048:, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain goods. For the most part, however, relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country. Town markets mainly traded food, with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil. In the 16th century the Ming dynasty flourished over maritime trade with the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch Empires. The trade brought in a massive amount of silver, which China at the time needed desperately. Prior to China's global trade, its economy ran on paper money. However, in the 14th century, China's paper money system suffered a crisis, and by the mid-15th century, crashed. The silver imports helped fill the void left by the broken paper money system, which helps explain why the value of silver in China was twice as high as the value of silver in Spain during the end of the 16th century. 1585: 1473: 2557: 3181: 1835:, which led from Europe to East Asia, revived in the 16th century. Leaders also supported direct sea trade with Europe, particularly England and The Netherlands, which sought Persian carpet, silk, and textiles. Other exports were horses, goat hair, pearls, and an inedible bitter almond hadam-talka used as a spice in India. The main imports were spice, textiles (woolens from Europe, cotton from Gujarat), metals, coffee, and sugar. Despite their demise in 1722, the Safavids left their mark by establishing and spreading Shi'a Islam in major parts of the Caucasus and West Asia. 691: 3150:. Black African slave labour from Portugal's West African possessions was imported to do the grueling agricultural work. As the wealth of the Ibero-America increased, some Western European powers (Dutch, French, British, Danish) sought to duplicate the model in areas that the Iberians had not settled in numbers. They seized some Caribbean islands from the Spanish and transferred the model of sugar production on plantations with slave labour and settled in northern areas of North America in what are now the Eastern Seaboard of the United States and Canada. 3244:, in lower British North America, rebelled against British rule through 1765-1783, due to various factors such as belief in natural rights, the enforcement of new taxes levied by a Parliament which they could not vote for representatives in, and opposition to monarchy. The British colonies in Canada remained loyal to the crown, and a provisional government formed by the Thirteen Colonies proclaimed their independence on 4 July 1776, and subsequently became the original 13 United States of America. With the 1783 Treaty of Paris ending the 4257:

According to Bengsston, this trend existed amongst cities in different parts of Italy and in various parts of Europe even though cities operated under different economic and agricultural conditions. This leads Bengsston to his conclusion on what may have caused mortality rates in infants to spike during winter: "The strong protective effect of summer for neonatal deaths leads us to suppose that in many cases, these might be due to the insufficient heating systems of the houses or to the exposure of the newborn to cold during the

3871: 1457: 2440: 1209: 3417: 817: 1026: 1088: 3263: 1733: 2860: 1525:, although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by a highly centralized administration connecting the different regions. All the significant monuments of the Mughals, their most visible legacy, date to this period which was characterized by the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and architectural results. The 2165: 3087: 2100:

classic firearms. The advances made in gunpowder and firearms was directly tied to the decline in the use of plate armor because of the inability of the armor to protect one from bullets. The musket was able to penetrate all forms of armor available at the time, making armor obsolete, and as a consequence the heavy musket as well. Although there is relatively little to no difference in design between

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supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester. The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent. The

575:. There is no exact date that marks the beginning or end of the period and its extent may vary depending on the area of history being studied. In general, the early modern period is considered to have lasted from around the start of the 16th century to the start of the 19th century (about 1500–1800). In a European context, it is defined as the period following the 1435:. Because the ships were armed with cannons, Admiral Yi's navy was able to demolish the Japanese invading fleets, destroying hundreds of ships in Japan's second invasion. During the 17th century, Korea was invaded again, this time by Manchurians, who would later take over China as the Qing Dynasty. In 1637, King 3212:

or the Caribbean islands. France, The Netherlands, and Great Britain held colonies in North America and the West Indies from the 17th century, 100 years after the Spanish and Portuguese established permanent colonies. The British colonies in North America were founded between 1607 (Virginia) and 1733

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The title was derived from his savage behavior against his enemies, and particularly from a war with France in late 1471: frustrated by the refusal of the French to engage in open battle, and angered by French attacks on his unprotected borders in Hainault and Flanders, Charles marched his army back

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In October 1638 Ottoman forces returned to Mesopotamia, stormed Baghdad, and captured the city in December despite sustaining heavy casualties. These included the grand vizier, who "was killed leading the assault" (Sykes: 2:211). The Safavids were forced to sue for peace. On May 17, 1639 the Ottoman

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to his enemies, His early death was a pivotal moment in European history. Charles has often been regarded as the last representative of the feudal spirit, although in administrative affairs, he introduced remarkable modernizing innovations. Upon his death, Charles left an unmarried nineteen-year-old

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replaced older methods of studying nature, which had relied on ancient texts by writers like Aristotle. By the time of the Revolution, these methods resulted in an accumulation of knowledge that overturned ideas inherited from Ancient Greece and Islamic scholars. Major changes during the Scientific

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value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order

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During the early modern period, thorough and accurate global data on mortality rates is limited for a number of reasons including disparities in medical practices and views on the dead. However, there still remains data from European countries that still holds valuable information on the mortality

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Initially, Portuguese settlements (Brazil) in the coastal northeast were of lesser importance in the larger Portuguese overseas empire, where lucrative commerce and small settlements devoted to trade were established in coastal Africa, India and China. With sparse indigenous populations that could

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Bengsston writes that climate conditions were the most important factor in determining infant mortality rates: "For the period from birth to the fifth birthday, is clearly the most important determinant of death". Winters proved to be harsh on families and their newborns, especially if the other

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was a route followed by certain Anglo-American pirates in the early 18th century, involving voyages from Bermuda and the Americas to attack Muslim and East India Company ships in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea. The post-War of the Spanish Succession period saw many unemployed sailors and privateers

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For instance, Italy is home to a very warm climate in the summer, and the temperature drops immensely in the winter. This lends context to Bengsston writing that "the winter peak was the cruelest: during the first 10 days of life, a newborn was four times more likely to die than in the summer".

2367:(1480–1562). Maximilian (although Claude Michaud opines that he could claim "last knight" status by virtue of being the last medieval epic poet) was actually a chief modernizing force of the time (whose reform initiatives led to Europe-wide revolutions in the areas of warfare and communications, 4275:

During the early modern period, many societies' views on death changed greatly. With the implementation of new torture techniques, and increased public executions, people began to give more value to their life, and their body after death. Along with the views on death, methods of execution also

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When gunpowder was introduced to Europe, it was immediately used almost exclusively in weapons and explosives for warfare. Though it was invented in China, gunpowder arrived in Europe already formulated for military use; European countries took advantage of this and were the first to create the

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Infant mortality was a global concern during the early modern period as many newborns would not survive into childhood. Bengsston provides comparative data on infant mortality averages in a variety of European towns, cities, regions and countries starting from the mid-1600s to the 1800s. These

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was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The first and second civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and

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and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term. As a cultural movement, it encompassed a rebellion of learning based on

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The 15th to 18th century period is marked by the first European colonies, the rise of strong centralized governments, and the beginnings of recognizable European nation states that are the direct antecedents of today's states. Although the Renaissance included revolutions in many

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from the outside world but this policy was not always enforced uniformly or successfully. However, by the end of the Early Modern Period, China, Korea and Japan were mostly closed and uninterested in Europeans, even while trading relationships grew in port cities such as

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as a category. The term generally encompasses Western Europe, West Africa, and the Americas. It seeks to illustrate both local and regional developments, as well as the connections between these geographical regions through trade, migration, and cultural exchange.

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Early 17th-century philosophy is often referred to as the Age of Rationalism, succeeding Renaissance philosophy and preceding the Enlightenment. Some consider it the earliest part of the Enlightenment, stretching over two centuries. This era includes the works of

1165:"A date around 1780 as the beginning of modern China is thus closer to what we know today as historical 'reality'. It also allows us to have a better baseline to understand the precipitous decline of the Chinese polity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries." 1415:

dynasty (1392–1910) with a largely bloodless coup. Yi Seong-gye moved the capital of Korea to the location of modern-day Seoul. The dynasty was heavily influenced by Confucianism, which also played a large role to shaping Korea's strong cultural identity.

2436:, played a decisive role. The Taborite faction of Hussite warriors, primarily infantry, decisively defeated larger armies with heavily armored knights, contributing to the infantry revolution. However, the Hussite Crusades were ultimately inconclusive. 3090:

World Colonization of 1492 (Early Modern World), 1550, 1660, 1754 (Age of Enlightenment), 1822 (Industrial revolution), 1885 (European Hegemony), 1914 (World War I era), 1938 (World War II era), 1959 (Cold War era) and 1974, 2008 (Recent

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is normally used with reference to discontiguous overseas empires rather than contiguous land-based empires, European or otherwise. European colonisation during the 15th to 19th centuries resulted in the spread of Christianity to

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and stretching from the middle Volga to Ryazan and Tula, then breaking abruptly to the south and extending to the Dnieper via Pereyaslavl. This area was settled by a population of free people practicing various trades and crafts.

2348:(1443–1490), a notable nation builder, conqueror (Hungary in his time was the most powerful in Central Europe) and patron, was the first who introduced the Renaissance outside of Italy. In military area, he introduced the 1051:

China under the later Ming dynasty became isolated, prohibiting the construction of ocean going sea vessels. Despite isolationist policies the Ming economy still suffered from an inflation due to an overabundance of

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period covers approximately the late 17th century. This period was characterized by Anglo-French seamen based in Jamaica and Tortuga attacking Spanish colonies and shipping in the Caribbean and eastern Pacific. The

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in scientific discovery, technological innovation, and economic development began in the early modern period as the pace of change in Western countries increased significantly compared to the rest of the world.

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for the proper training of priests, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with

2992:, or simply put as the Restoration, began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War. The 2728:) and introduced local self-management into the rural regions. During his long reign, Ivan IV nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates (parts of disintegrated 5923:'s conquest until the early eighteenth century, which marked the beginning of British and French domination of the Mediterranean Sea routes, the region witnessed what Rhoads Murphey has described as the 2391: 625:

character. New economies and institutions emerged, becoming more sophisticated and globally articulated over the course of the period. The early modern period also included the rise of the dominance of

4204:, Tommy Bengtsson provides adequate information pertaining to the data of infant mortality rates in European countries as well as provide necessary contextual influences on these mortality rates. 1816:

after the Islamic conquest of Persia and the establishment of Islam, marking an important point in the history of Islam in the east. The Safavid dynasty was founded about 1501. From their base in

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North America outside the zone of Spanish settlement was a contested area in the 17th century. Spain had founded small settlements in Florida and Georgia, but nowhere near the size of those in

2341:(1493) which gave the majority of Burgundian inheritance to the Habsburg (Mary already died in 1482). The rise of the Habsburg dynasty was a prime factor in the spreading of the Renaissance. 2355:

Some noblemen from the generation that lived during this period have been attributed the moniker "the last knight", with the most notable being the above-mentioned Maximilian I (1459–1519),

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in 1473, building the regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants. The empire eventually made Islam the official religion, built mosques, and brought Muslim scholars to

7197:"Hispania- Austria. Die Katholischen Könige, Maximilian I. und die Anfänge der Casa de Austria in Spanien/Los Reyes Catolicos, Maximiliano I. y los inicios de la Casa de Austria en España" 3509:, demonstrating that planets move in ellipses rather than perfect circles. The idea that the stars were fixed on celestial spheres was replaced by the idea that stars are distant suns. 6100: 6260:, had already discussed heliocentric hypotheses as early as the third century BCE. However, there is little evidence that he ever developed his ideas beyond a very basic outline 852:. The European colonization of the Americas began during the early modern period, as did the establishment of European trading hubs in Asia and Africa, which contributed to the 789:

and their impact on thought and thinking, from concepts from nationalism to organizing armies. The early period ended in a time of political and economic change, as a result of

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during the mid-16th to mid-17th centuries. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort, involving ecclesiastical reforms as well as political and spiritual movements.

6010:[A Study on the Content of the Inscriptions on the Buildings of the Sharifian Saadi Dynasty of Morocco (During the Period between AH 915–1069/151069/1510–1658 CE)]. 698:

At the onset of the early modern period, trends in various regions of the world represented a shift away from medieval modes of organization, politically and economically.

2371:), who broke the back of the knight class (causing many to become robber barons) and had personal conflicts with the three other men on the matter of the knight's status. 1831:

What fueled the growth of Safavid economy was its position between the burgeoning civilizations of Europe to its west and Islamic Central Asia to its east and north. The

1420:(1418–1450), one of the only two kings in Korea's history to earn the title of great in their posthumous titles, reclaimed Korean territory to the north and created the 3398:

strengthened rural parishes, improved popular piety, helped to curb corruption within the church, and set examples that would be a strong impetus for Catholic renewal.

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is often used to mark the end of the Scientific Revolution, as it established the fundamental laws of physics that would dominate scientific thinking for centuries.

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in establishing its rule, but did not necessarily "assimilate", instead adopting a more universalist style of governance. The Manchus were formerly known as the

4174:, the sister of Francis I, herself a poet, novelist and religious mystic, gathered around her and protected a circle of vernacular poets and writers, including 4117:

as an intellectual movement spread across Europe. The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write (typically, in the form of a letter). The term

1068:. The European trade depression of the 1620s also hurt the Chinese economy, which sunk to the point where all of China's trading partners cut ties with them: 4060:, elevating contemporary knowledge over classical Greek and Roman wisdom. Enlightenment thought also significantly influenced German philosophy, fostered by 10632: 7877:

Olin, John C. The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola: Reform in the Church, 1495-1540. Fordham University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8232-1275-0.

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dawned, beginning with revolts in America and France, political changes were then pushed forward in other countries partly as a result of upheavals of the

7466: 1820:, the Safavids established control over all of Persia and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the 8877: 7653: 4989: 7208: 6235: 5601: 10507: 2924: 1514:, becoming the biggest global economy and manufacturing power, with a nominal GDP that valued a quarter of world GDP, superior than the combination of 981:

was the dominant power in Maritime Southeast Asia. The early modern period experienced an influx of European traders and missionaries into the region.

8424: 1687:, which dominated Muslim Malay settlements in Phuket, Satun, Pattani, and Sumatra. The Portuguese invaded Malacca's capital in 1511, and by 1528, the 1040:

In the early Ming dynasty, urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as

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from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period. In Korea, the early modern period is considered to have lasted from the rise of the

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during the 1940s and 1950s and gradually spread to other historians in the following decades and became widely known among scholars during the 1990s.

3321: 2337:. A conflict between the Burgundian side (Maximilian brought with himself almost no resources from the Empire) and France ensued, culminating in the 1107:, natural calamities, crop failure and sudden epidemics. The ensuing breakdown of authority and people's livelihoods allowed rebel leaders, such as 621:

Historians in recent decades have argued that, from a worldwide standpoint, the most important feature of the early modern period was its spreading

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to establish a unified Iranian state. Problematic for the Safavids was the powerful Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans, a Sunni dynasty, fought several

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demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia. From the 1850s onwards, the pace of colonization shifted to a significantly higher gear.

3874:"If there is something you know, communicate it. If there is something you don't know, search for it." An engraving from the 1772 edition of the 3024:

concluded between various European states helped end the War of the Spanish Succession. The representatives who met were Louis XIV of France and

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in response to the Protestant Reformation. Its goal was to reform internal Church practices while reaffirming the Church’s authority as the true

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was one of the founders of modern chemistry. In visual arts, notable representatives included the "three giants of the High Renaissance", namely

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Israel, Jonathan I. Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650–1750. Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0198206088.

10647: 9098: 5478: 1529:, located in the south west of present-day India, surpassed the Mughals as the dominant power in India from 1740 and expanding rapid until the 1153:, which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty. The Manchus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule of 7794: 4614: 3951: 3545: 2876:

pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for European artistic developments and the contributions of such

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During the end of the 16th century, Korea was invaded twice by Japan, first in 1592 and again in 1597. Japan failed both times due to Admiral

10672: 8573: 2466:. The siege culminated in a counterattack that forced Sultan Mehmet II to retreat, with the victory being credited with deciding the fate of 10017: 6134: 1189:

Isle in 1543, the Japanese adopted several of the technologies and cultural practices of their visitors, whether in the military area (the

9088: 7388: 7310: 7027: 6988: 6871: 6781: 6572: 6494: 6110: 5428: 4695: 3049: 8276:), published after her death, among other devotional poetry. See also "Marguerite de Navarre: Religious Reformist" in Jonathan A. Reid, 7427: 7349: 6949: 6910: 6820: 6742: 6703: 6664: 6625: 6455: 6416: 6377: 6338: 5521: 5167: 5128: 5011: 2553:

of printed literature. Its jurisdiction was limited to baptized Catholics, while non-Christians were typically tried by secular courts.

1754:. This was perhaps the golden age of the empire. The Ottomans expanded southwest into North Africa while battling with the re-emergent 6299: 3146:

not be coerced to work and no known deposits of precious metals, Portugal sought a high-value, low-bulk export product and found it in

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Goldman, E.O., & Eliason, L.C. (2003). The diffusion of military technology and ideas. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

853: 10587: 7539: 1065: 6180: 4548: 9861: 9356: 7886:

Ditchfield, Simon. "The Catholic Reformation." Renaissance Studies, vol. 15, no. 3, 2001, pp. 390-409. DOI:10.1111/1477-4658.00088.

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from the Ile-de-France to Burgundian territory, burning over two thousand towns, villages and castles on his way—Taylor, Aline S.

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and the notion of a singular Christian hegemony. The treaty also marked the birth of the modern concept of national sovereignty.

1947: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1584: 1472: 536: 449: 9949: 9309: 3667: 3189: 1683:, and eastern Indonesia, though the effectiveness of this influence remains debated. Majapahit struggled to control the rising 919:

reached their zenith, while the empire itself is believed to have had the world's largest economy, bigger than the entirety of

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Jacob, Margaret C. The Scientific Revolution: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010. ISBN 978-0312539481.

10527: 8291: 7725: 7694: 7576: 7421: 7382: 7343: 7167: 7099: 7060: 7021: 6982: 6943: 6904: 6865: 6814: 6775: 6736: 6697: 6658: 6619: 6566: 6527: 6488: 6449: 6410: 6371: 6332: 6293: 6215: 5981: 5954: 5912: 5871: 5846: 5756: 5710: 5671: 5632: 5515: 5459: 5395: 5298: 5265: 5237: 5198: 5161: 5122: 5050: 4893: 4868: 4837: 4730: 4689: 4594: 4475: 3171: 3073: 735: 7173: 7134: 7105: 7066: 6533: 5762: 5716: 5677: 5571: 2404:

in 1453 and later by various movements to reform the church (including Lutheran, Zwinglian, and Calvinist), followed by the

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and preceding the advent of modernity; but the dates of these boundaries are far from universally agreed. In the context of

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Berlin, Isaiah. Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas. Princeton University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0691090269.

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Leeson, Peter T. The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economics of Pirates. Princeton University Press, 2009. ISBN 9780691137477.

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Konstam, Angus. Pirates: The Complete History from 1300 BC to the Present Day. Osprey Publishing, 2008. ISBN 9781846032400.

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Olin, John C. The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola. Fordham University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0823212750.

5216:(First edition, 1983), section "Azuchi-Momoyama History (1568–1600)" by George Elison, in the entry for "history of Japan". 3506: 3117: 2767:. The native land of the Cossacks is defined by a line of Russian/Ruthenian town-fortresses located on the border with the 2050: 1723: 1053: 2368: 340: 252: 9447: 3474: 3411: 2203: 1719: 1604: 4772: 4216:

For instance, the average infant mortality rate in what is now Germany was 108 infant deaths for every 1,000 births; in

8852: 8820: 8410: 8369: 8344: 8299: 8268: 7601: 7304: 6076: 5565: 5422: 4965: 2356: 426: 335: 10692: 9204: 8771: 8566: 8470: 7868:

Armitage, David. The Ideological Origins of the British Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 9780521789783.

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Rediker, Marcus. Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age. Beacon Press, 2004. ISBN 9780807050255.

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methods of Italian Humanism to the study of antique coinage and to legal history, composing a detailed commentary on

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might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local lords. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this

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Various events and historical transitions have been proposed as the start of the early modern period, including the

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around the world. The rise of sustained contacts between previously isolated parts of the globe, in particular the

2470:. The noon bell, ordered by Pope Callixtus III, commemorates this victory across the Christian world to this day. 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10622: 10557: 9602: 9437: 8723: 8176: 3705:(1735), introducing the classification of organisms into hierarchical categories and replacing Aristotle’s ideas. 3659: 3213:(Georgia). The Dutch explored the east coast of North America and began founding settlements in what they called 8731: 7470: 1439:

was forced to surrender to the Qing forces, and was ordered to send princesses as concubines to the Qing Prince

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seasons of the year were warmer. This seasonal drop in temperature was a lot for an infant's body to adapt to.

4018: 3375: 2931:. French culture likewise flourished during this era, producing a number of figures of great renown, including 2556: 2432:. These wars were notable for being among the first European conflicts where hand-held gunpowder weapons, like 2129: 2034:

in 1485. Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the

490: 243: 7650: 7616:

Hansen, Joseph. Witchcraft in Europe, 400-1700: A Documentary History. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.

5794: 5593: 4981: 3918:. This period in Europe was characterized by system-builders—philosophers who established unified theories of 9966: 9411: 9373: 9249: 9237: 9039: 9003: 8153:

Gaukroger, Stephen. Descartes: An Intellectual Biography. Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0198239949.

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as a key trading post for Britain in its rivalry with the Dutch. However, the rivalry cooled in 1824 when an

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in 1669, and the systematic study of fossils and rock types began to question the biblical age of the Earth.

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congress. Until 1806, the regulations became part of the constitutional laws of the Holy Roman Empire. The

435: 10718: 10577: 10562: 10457: 9314: 9294: 8998: 8559: 8389: 5543: 4909:

Flynn, Dennis O.; Giraldez, Arturo (1995). "Arbitrage, China, and World Trade in the Early Modern Period".

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spread northward to France, Germany, Holland and England, where it became associated with the Reformation.

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sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.

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in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century.

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changed. New devices to torture and execute criminals were invented. The number of criminals executed by

3759: 3724: 3198: 1213: 939: 767: 583:, the early modern period is often used even in contexts where there is no equivalent "medieval" period. 529: 288: 4213:

statistics are measured for infant deaths within the first month of every 1,000 births in a given area.

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civic politics, accelerated travel due to improvements in mapping and ship design, and the emergence of

9854: 9577: 9421: 9416: 9220: 9138: 8608: 8206:

Barry, John M. Roger Williams and the Creation of the American Soul. Viking, 2012. ISBN 978-0670023059.

7834: 7126: 3910:'s occultist approaches. Instead, reason became the central source of knowledge, initiating the era of 3855: 3532: 3479: 3307:

The early modern period was initiated by the Reformation and the collapse of the unity of the medieval

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surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company, in 1765, when the company was granted the

1417: 1238: 1036:

brought about auspicious events; merchant-funding for such projects was needed by the late Ming period.

955: 90: 4084:. The Enlightenment flourished until around 1790–1800, after which the emphasis on reason gave way to 2851:

turning to piracy in the Caribbean, the American eastern seaboard, West Africa, and the Indian Ocean.

1865:. Between the 15th and 16th centuries, various nomadic tribes arrived from the steppes, including the 1178:

that began around 1467 and lasted around a century consisted of several continually "warring states".

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Kommunikation und Konfrontation: Diplomatie und Gesandtschaftswesen Kaiser Maximilians I. (1486–1519)

4232:, 80–110 infants died per every 1,000 babies born. In Sweden, 70–95 infants died per 1,000 births in 3811: 2915:

Men who featured prominently in the political and military life of France during this period include

2764: 2653: 2488: 2479: 1574: 950:

were stimulated by trade with the Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch, while Japan engaged in the

723: 7791: 5482: 4419: 4358: 2521:

in the modern era refers to several institutions within the Catholic Church tasked with prosecuting

10743: 10602: 10330: 10092: 10052: 10042: 9990: 8497: 7133:(in German). Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kreis Kaiserslautern, Historischer Verein der Pfalz. p. 197. 4610: 4504: 4026: 3865: 3061: 3033: 2610: 2599: 2455: 1825: 1616: 326: 4270: 2640:

was preoccupied with external threats and allowed German princes to decide whether to enforce the

2364: 2321:, as his heir. Her marriage would have enormous implications for the political balance of Europe. 1727: 421: 416: 233: 10753: 10380: 10288: 9587: 9582: 9442: 8983: 7660: 4081: 3763: 3736: 3686: 3510: 2997: 2380: 1668: 1612: 1530: 1313: 1029: 924: 298: 8486: 7568: 7562: 6131: 6007:دراسة في مضمون النقوش الكتابية علي عمائر الأشراف السعديين بالمغرب الأقصي(915-1069هــ/1510-1658م) 2140:. Despite its name, for much of its history the Empire did not include Rome within its borders. 1198: 10758: 10552: 10542: 10131: 10062: 10047: 9528: 9487: 9187: 9103: 8911: 8718: 8197:

Gardner, Sebastian. Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason. Routledge, 1999. ISBN 978-0415119099.

7855: 6168: 6005: 4414: 4353: 4077: 4069: 4014: 3907: 3805: 3755: 3655: 3562:, which revolutionized the understanding of human anatomy and corrected errors in the works of 3077: 2964: 2900: 2749: 2664: 2463: 2401: 2027: 2011: 1995: 1431:, Korea's revered naval genius, who led the Korean Navy using advanced metal clad ships called 810: 715: 659: 587: 522: 280: 214: 36: 7372: 7294: 7011: 6972: 6855: 6765: 6556: 6478: 5971: 5414:

The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China

5412: 4673: 4643: 4452: 4391: 3902:

is also called the Age of Reason because it marked a departure from the medieval tradition of

3044:

on the other. The treaty enregistered the defeat of French ambitions expressed in the wars of

1671:

and is considered one of the greatest states in Indonesian history. Its influence extended to

1245:'s entry into Kyoto in 1568, when he led his army to the imperial capital in order to install 828:

would pave the way for the global European presence characteristic of the early modern period.

10662: 10637: 10567: 10250: 9978: 9751: 9709: 9679: 9466: 9341: 8739: 8492: 8279:

King's sister—queen of dissent: Marguerite of Navarre (1492–1549) and her evangelical network

8242: 7411: 7333: 6933: 6894: 6804: 6726: 6687: 6648: 6609: 6439: 6400: 6361: 6322: 5789: 5505: 5368: 5342: 5319: 5151: 5110: 5019: 4810: 4171: 4089: 4073: 3605: 3465: 3440: 3340: 3291: 2920: 2349: 2216: 2058: 1546: 1379: 1145:, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide. The Manchus then allied with former Ming general 739: 711: 635: 580: 112: 7717: 7711: 6283: 5902: 4405:

de Vries, Jan (14 September 2009). "The limits of globalization in the early modern world".

4344:

de Vries, Jan (14 September 2009). "The limits of globalization in the early modern world".

2841:

in the early modern period, spanning from the mid-17th century to the mid-18th century. The

2744:

in South Western Siberia. Thus by the end of the 16th century Russia was transformed into a

2168:

Gutenberg reviewing a press proof (a colored engraving created probably in the 19th century)

1241:. Although a start date of 1573 is often given, in more broad terms, the period begins with 397: 10657: 10412: 10325: 10303: 10226: 10222: 10151: 10067: 10012: 10007: 9830: 9674: 9563: 9192: 9133: 9076: 9034: 8988: 8825: 8666: 8645: 7675:, "Ivan the Magnificent" or "Ivan the Awesome", is precisely a man who has become a legend" 6257: 5829:

Pigeaud, Theodore G. Th. (1963). "Alphabetical Index of Subjects Treated in Volumes II–V".

4294: 4149: 4114: 4107: 4036:

culture played a key role in spreading Enlightenment ideas, culminating in the influential

3899: 3839: 3717: 3618: 3387: 2832: 2595: 2534: 2484: 2035: 2023: 1951: 1779: 1684: 1258: 977:

lords de facto ruling the south and north of present-day Vietnam respectively, whereas the

962: 912: 869: 841: 743: 727: 387: 317: 238: 224: 100: 96: 8277: 8144:

Outram, Dorinda. The Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0521546812.

7535: 7516: 7413:

German Imperial Knights: Noble Misfits between Princely Authority and the Crown, 1479–1648

6044:

Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.

4183: 4161: 3266: 1361:

ranking below. The country was strictly closed to foreigners with few exceptions with the

1032:, built in 1576: the Chinese believed that building pagodas on certain sites according to 778:

took place as Western Europe greatly surpassed China in technology and per capita wealth.

654:

The early modern period is a subdivision of the most recent of the three major periods of

8: 10682: 10547: 10417: 10207: 10136: 9893: 9866: 9849: 9837: 9615: 9378: 9299: 9150: 9143: 9123: 9071: 9029: 9008: 8872: 8815: 8671: 8625: 8582: 4644:

Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics

4544: 4309: 4157: 4061: 3792: 3614: 3469: 3421: 3334: 3287: 3230: 3045: 2993: 2989: 2972: 2948: 2944: 2864: 2785: 2679: 2645: 2622: 2530: 2512: 2504: 2483:

allowed rulers to determine their state's religion. This framework was solidified by the

2405: 2360: 2334: 2295: 2187: 2153: 2094: 1985: 1961: 1526: 1092: 908: 904: 884: 794: 731: 690: 622: 615: 607: 266: 199: 4861:

The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History

1103:

The damage to the economy was compounded by the effects on agriculture of the incipient

666:

and the modern period. The term "early modern" was first proposed by medieval historian

10402: 10318: 10308: 10141: 10104: 10034: 9973: 9956: 9910: 9820: 9734: 9548: 9108: 8894: 8808: 8776: 8686: 8681: 8676: 7838: 7503: 7374:

The Art of Renaissance Warfare: From The Fall of Constantinople to the Thirty Years War

7243: 7159:

Badische Burgen aus romantischer Sicht: Auswahl aus den Beständen des Augustinermuseums

6193: 5738: 5091: 4926: 4802: 4681: 4440: 4432: 4379: 4371: 4123: 3915: 3843: 3696: 3577: 3407: 3101: 2618: 2591: 2564: 2429: 2291: 2172: 2121: 2054: 2031: 1919: 1813: 1770:

In the Ottoman sphere, the Turks seized Egypt in 1517 and established the regencies of

1688: 1332: 1320: 1268: 1250: 1234: 1126: 1069: 969:

experienced a golden age and ruled a large extent of Mainland Southeast Asia, with the

857: 806: 751: 440: 312: 143: 6402:

The Annotated Mona Lisa: A Crash Course in Art History from Prehistoric to Post-Modern

1545:

saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers. The

994:

In Early Modern times, the major nations of East Asia attempted to pursue a course of

10532: 10434: 10422: 10407: 10387: 10298: 10245: 10217: 10199: 10002: 9878: 9871: 9684: 9632: 9610: 9538: 9470: 9351: 9346: 9304: 9259: 8927: 8884: 8857: 8842: 8803: 8766: 8533: 8526: 8466: 8460: 8416: 8406: 8365: 8340: 8295: 8287: 8048:

Seeing the Invisible: Microscopes and Microscopists from the 17th to the 19th Century

7817: 7721: 7690: 7664: 7597: 7572: 7489: 7446: 7417: 7378: 7339: 7300: 7163: 7095: 7056: 7017: 6978: 6939: 6900: 6861: 6810: 6771: 6732: 6693: 6654: 6615: 6562: 6523: 6484: 6445: 6406: 6367: 6328: 6289: 6211: 6072: 6027: 5977: 5950: 5908: 5867: 5842: 5752: 5742: 5706: 5667: 5628: 5561: 5511: 5455: 5418: 5391: 5294: 5271: 5261: 5233: 5194: 5157: 5118: 5095: 5056: 5046: 4961: 4889: 4864: 4833: 4751: 4726: 4685: 4676:. In Lex Heerma van Voss; Els Hiemstra-Kuperus; Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk (eds.). 4652: 4590: 4584: 4471: 4448: 4444: 4428: 4387: 4383: 4367: 4327: 4261:

ceremony. This last hypothesis could explain why the effect was so strong in Italy".

4179: 4033: 4006: 3982: 3939: 3911: 3778: 3777:

emerged in the 18th century, but much of early modern anthropology is now considered

3774: 3622: 3600: 3522: 3368: 3241: 3194: 3053: 3025: 2984: 2881: 2755:

Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of

2737: 2699: 2671: 2649: 2568: 2474: 2345: 2330: 2271: 2267: 2247: 2232: 2224: 2117: 2078: 2042: 1886: 1596: 1550: 1511: 1481: 1461: 1305: 1246: 1182: 1142: 978: 966: 900: 845: 798: 782: 655: 630:

as an economic theory. Other notable trends of the period include the development of

603: 568: 303: 257: 10677: 5864:

Indonesia's History Between the Myths: Essays in Legal History and Historical Theory

4141: 4121:

comes from the latter part of the 15th century. The people were associated with the

3998: 2259: 1129:

in 1917. During its reign, the Qing dynasty adopted many of the outward features of

10293: 10283: 10109: 10057: 9961: 9825: 9714: 9664: 9642: 9637: 9568: 9336: 8950: 8906: 8635: 8615: 8398: 8123:

The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers

6019: 5834: 5083: 4957: 4953: 4918: 4424: 4363: 4304: 4134: 3958:(1637). The first major advancements in modern science included Newton's theory of 3955: 3740: 3662:

includes some who questioned the strictest form of this dogma. The idea of partial

3644: 3584: 3559: 3457: 3432: 3395: 3257: 3009: 2956: 2916: 2741: 2733: 2721: 2687: 2683: 2443: 2417: 2338: 2318: 2309: 2302: 2283: 2275: 2235: 2148: 2066: 1918:. Pashtun forces also invaded Persia, and the opposing forces were defeated in the 1632: 1367:

policy. Literacy among the Japanese people rose in the two centuries of isolation.

1057: 970: 825: 775: 771: 679: 599: 468: 129: 8960: 5889:

Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: Volume Two, Expansion and Crisis

4224:

reported 140–160 infants dying per every 1,000 babies born. In what is now Italy,

4175: 4068:

emerging as a leading figure. These developments also had profound impacts on the

2674:(1542–circa 1860), covering most of the Italian peninsula and certain other areas. 2147:

was a cultural movement that began in the 14th century, beginning in Italy in the

10667: 10607: 10492: 10340: 10335: 10313: 10233: 10187: 9944: 9898: 9796: 9773: 9756: 9729: 9514: 9366: 9286: 9254: 8935: 8630: 8337:

Life Under Pressure: Mortality and Living Standards in Europe and Asia, 1700–1900

8250: 7798: 7776: 7657: 7157: 7128: 7089: 7050: 6517: 6189: 6138: 5944: 5746: 5700: 5661: 5551: 5547: 5372: 5346: 5323: 5227: 4814: 4781: 4648: 4202:

Life Under Pressure: Mortality and Living Standards in Europe and Asia, 1700–1900

3701: 3633: 3502: 3491: 3483: 3360: 3308: 3140: 2968: 2952: 2768: 2306: 2137: 2046: 1939: 1910:(warriors for the faith) invaded and conquered much of northern India during the 1791: 1787: 1775: 1771: 1676: 1578: 1554: 1542: 1485: 1408: 1283: 1278:

from 1600 to 1868 characterized early modern Japan. The Tokugawa shogunate was a

1254: 1130: 974: 916: 786: 485: 167: 7127:

Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kreis Kaiserslautern, Historischer Verein der Pfalz (1984).

5838: 4037: 3877: 3870: 10697: 10617: 10572: 10512: 10477: 10269: 10182: 10087: 9995: 9786: 9620: 9543: 8940: 8889: 8867: 8862: 8847: 8837: 8830: 7671:; Quote from p. 78: "But Ivan IV, Ivan the Terrible, or as the Russian has it, 4669: 4638: 4280:

increased, as did the total rate of executions during the early modern period.

4220:, there were 140–190 infant deaths reported for every 1,000 births. In France, 4057: 4010: 4002: 3978: 3971: 3835: 3823: 3748: 3663: 3610: 3572: 3567: 3448: 3374:

New religious orders were a fundamental part of this trend. Orders such as the

3274: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3167: 3136: 3041: 3037: 3021: 3017: 2717: 2641: 2451: 2450:

The final crusade, the Crusade of 1456, was organized to counter the advancing

2279: 2183: 2062: 1957: 1923: 1862: 1848: 1809: 1759: 1741: 1436: 1175: 1134: 1104: 935: 920: 873: 667: 204: 7821: 6023: 5969: 10712: 10652: 10537: 10452: 10397: 10257: 10177: 10072: 9922: 9915: 9808: 9761: 9654: 9510: 9462: 9401: 8543: 7628:

The Roman Inquisition: A Papal Bureaucracy and Its Laws in the Age of Galileo

6031: 4946: 4922: 4856: 4299: 4065: 4041: 3986: 3903: 3827: 3815: 3713: 3692: 3648: 3461: 3460:

of the solar system (the other planets circle the Earth) was replaced by the

3197:

in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the

3184: 2907:

between France and Spain and is often considered part of the overall accord.

2633: 2587: 2560: 2329:, with the aid of Mary's stepmother, Margaret. In 1477, the territory of the 2191: 2007: 1943: 1911: 1897: 1660: 1519: 1496: 1492: 1477: 1465: 1293: 1115: 947: 896: 880: 833: 790: 564: 556: 478: 153: 44: 9479: 7242:(3, "The revival of infantry tactics in the Late Middle Ages (2012)"): 6–9. 5507:

Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850

5275: 5060: 4332:

The birth of the modern world, 1780–1914: global connections and comparisons

2837:

The Golden Age of Piracy is a designation given to one or more outbursts of

2594:, marking the start of the Reformation. Luther’s movement, supported by the 2352:, one of the first standing armies in Europe and a remarkably modern force. 1456: 746:. The globalization of the period can be seen in the medieval North Italian 10687: 10487: 10392: 10238: 10212: 10121: 9803: 9791: 9739: 9699: 9694: 9558: 9553: 8993: 8456: 8420: 8172: 8093:

Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics

6896:

Royal Divine Coronation Iconography in the Medieval Euro-Mediterranean Area

6096: 5087: 4531:

War made new: Technology, warfare, and the course of history, 1500 to today

4152:. Although a royal absolutist (and not a republican like the early Italian 3967: 3947: 3919: 3770: 3682: 3588: 3540: 3202: 3057: 3013: 2960: 2885: 2873: 2847: 2808: 2781: 2729: 2725: 2459: 2439: 2400:

Christianity was challenged at the beginning of the modern period with the

2251: 2243: 2176: 2019: 1999: 1915: 1890: 1854: 1803: 1750: 1624: 1588: 1242: 1230: 1208: 1194: 1154: 1118: 1060:. Ming China was further strained by victorious but costly wars to protect 1019: 995: 951: 943: 837: 730:

and ended with the establishment of the modern international system in the

643: 627: 175: 148: 8402: 7769: 6441:

Artistic Representations of Suffering: Rights, Resistance, and Remembrance

4233: 3886:(center) is surrounded by light and unveiled by the figures to the right, 2242:(1493–1541) is associated with a medical revolution while the Anglo-Irish 930:

Various Chinese dynasties controlled the East Asian sphere. In Japan, the

10627: 10375: 10370: 10362: 10347: 10172: 10077: 9888: 9724: 9689: 9669: 9649: 9627: 9592: 9128: 8603: 8452: 6324:

Transforming Matter: A History of Chemistry from Alchemy to the Buckyball

5074:

Wakeman, Frederic E. (1986). "China and the Seventeenth-Century Crisis".

4793:

Needham, Joseph (1956). "Mathematics and Science in China and the West".

4085: 4049: 3990: 3923: 3728: 3498: 3487: 3416: 3344: 3302: 3226: 3105: 2936: 2815:

to Asia for valuable spices that Mediterranean powers could not contest.

2812: 2759:. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling 2745: 2626: 2614: 2606: 2583: 2575: 2518: 2508: 2500: 2467: 2384: 2220: 2144: 1652: 1628: 1495:

is usually dated from 1526, around the end of the Middle Ages. It was an

1432: 1324: 1186: 1016: 888: 816: 747: 719: 703: 675: 663: 591: 576: 354: 349: 219: 69: 7247: 7231: 4806: 4436: 4375: 2477:(1555) ended the concept of a united Christian church. The principle of 923:

and worth 25% of global GDP. By the mid-18th century, India was a major

876:

conquered Southeastern Europe, and parts of West Asia and North Africa.

10158: 10146: 10116: 10082: 10022: 9704: 4930: 4241: 4221: 4129: 3994: 3963: 3887: 3784: 3678: 3596: 3444: 3391: 3351: 3316: 3234: 3163: 2705: 2550: 2546: 2239: 2228: 2133: 1507: 1499: 1428: 1309: 1301: 1275: 1138: 1108: 1087: 1025: 931: 370: 180: 133: 108: 54: 8551: 3262: 2932: 1099:. This work was a collaboration between Chinese and European painters. 10592: 10429: 10164: 10126: 9719: 9533: 9118: 9113: 8965: 8391:

Introduction to A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse

7296:

Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies

5557: 5542: 4277: 4237: 4145: 3819: 3732: 3671: 3636:, who is credited with pioneering dental techniques in his 1728 work 3629: 3592: 3518: 3514: 3383: 3379: 3312: 3209: 3159: 3147: 3132: 3081: 2896: 2842: 2796: 2579: 2542: 2538: 2526: 2212: 2194: 1878: 1832: 1821: 1656: 1636: 1592: 1522: 1503: 1391: 1387: 1328: 1146: 1033: 1000: 865: 861: 699: 572: 560: 473: 194: 58: 8224:

Porter, Roy. The Enlightenment. Palgrave, 2001. ISBN 978-0333964500.

5115:

A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology

2644:. The religious conflict escalated, leading to the formation of the 1969: 1506:

by the late 17th and the early 18th centuries. The empire dominated

1337: 1288: 1263: 903:

for the military technology that enabled them). Particularly in the

10582: 10278: 10099: 9927: 9842: 9781: 9744: 9093: 9081: 8173:"Kant, Immanuel: Metaphysics – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 5337:

Tae-gyu, Kim (15 April 2012). "Joseon: Korea's Confucian kingdom".

4101: 4045: 4022: 3935: 3831: 2889: 2877: 2811:

technologies, new maps, and advances in astronomy to seek a viable

2756: 2712:(the "Awesome" or "the Terrible") was officially crowned the first 2522: 2223:, an Italian political philosopher, considered a founder of modern 2179: 2101: 2065:

empires had emerged as world powers from the multipolar contest of

2003: 1965: 1866: 1570: 1395: 1358: 1354: 1190: 1091:

Painting depicting the Qing Chinese celebrating a victory over the

1073: 872:

and colonization of Native Americans began during this period. The

801:; other factors included the redrawing of the map of Europe by the 707: 611: 595: 185: 82: 7338:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 98, 99. 5784: 4678:

The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650–2000

2859: 2333:

was annexed by France. In the same year, Mary married Maximilian,

1994:

to change around the start of the 16th century, starting with the

1327:), unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class 1056:

silver entering its economy through new European colonies such as

10497: 10352: 10264: 8640: 6650:

God and Gold: Britain, America and the Making of the Modern World

5920: 5363:

Tae-gyu, Kim (29 May 2012). "Joseon: Korea's Confucian kingdom".

4258: 4217: 3959: 3709: 3319:. Max Weber has written a highly influential book on this called 3273:

A key development in early modern history is the creation of the

3248:, Britain recognised the former Thirteen Colonies' independence. 2804: 2709: 2656:—allowing rulers to determine the religion of their territories. 2433: 2425: 2421: 2255: 2164: 2015: 1935: 1882: 1870: 1817: 1783: 1732: 1672: 1346: 1342: 1222: 1202: 1150: 1045: 1041: 892: 836:

peoples had built a large and varied civilization, including the

821: 639: 631: 6806:

War, State, and Society in England and the Netherlands 1477–1559

5819:

1300, 2nd ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991. page 19

5260:. Borders Press in association with HarperCollins. p. 175. 3086: 2262:(often considered the greatest artist of Northern Renaissance), 10517: 4229: 4225: 3931: 3891: 3356: 3281: 2928: 2838: 2760: 2720:") of Russia in 1547. The Tsar promulgated a new code of laws ( 2420:(1419–1434) involved military actions against the followers of 2263: 2125: 1991: 1901: 1874: 1858: 1844: 1755: 1680: 1562: 1515: 1440: 1421: 1412: 1363: 1350: 1279: 1096: 1061: 1004: 849: 759: 509: 8286:; v. 139). Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2009. (2 v.: (xxii, 795 p.) 7130:

Jahrbuch zur Geschichte von Stadt und Landkreis Kaiserslautern

6165:

Early modern British history, 1485–1760: a select bibliography

6154:

Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge 1988

5946:

Tolerance and movements of religious dissent in Eastern Europe

5314:

Lee, Lawrence (21 March 2014). "Honoring the Joseon Dynasty".

4750:(2nd ed.). Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. pp. 109–110. 4106:

With the adoption of large-scale printing after 1500, Italian

3674:

was not fully articulated and accepted until the 19th century.

3658:

remained dominant throughout the early modern period, but the

3651:

in the 1790s, though it was unclear at the time how it worked.

2396:

Johann Sebastian Bach – Mass in B minor – Agnus Dei, From 1724

1257:

after his victory over supporters of the Toyotomi clan at the

954:

after the arrival of the first European Portuguese during the

10482: 10472: 10467: 9939: 9934: 8515: 7651:

Storytelling and Mythmaking: Images from Film and Literature.

7094:(in French). Presses universitaires de Grenoble. p. 75. 7052:

The Last Knight: The Art, Armor, and Ambition of Maximilian I

5191:

Culinary Cultures of Europe: Identity, Diversity and Dialogue

4982:"The Ming Voyages | Asia for Educators | Columbia University" 3954:(1687), and the development of Descartes' famous proposition 3927: 3883: 3563: 3315:

in particular has been argued as instrumental to the rise of

2800: 2724:), established the first Russian feudal representative body ( 2274:

of the Flemish Baroque traditions. Famous composers included

2227:. Machiavelli is most famous for a short political treatise, 2198: 1906: 1904:

dynasty. Following Muslim Arab and Turkic conquests, Pashtun

1664: 1566: 1383: 1077: 763: 755: 8504: 6857:

Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places

5189:

Goldstein, Darra; Merkle, Kathrin; Mennell, Stephen (2006).

4830:

The Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern Science

4156:), Budé was active in civic life, serving as a diplomat for 3989:

classified his predecessors into two philosophical schools:

3743:

in 1784, which described the force between electric charges.

2182:, around 1439, and as the global inventor of the mechanical 1627:

assumed the task of directly administering India in the new

1370:

In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions,

10612: 8335:

Bengsston, Tommy (2004). "12: Infant and Child Mortality".

8215:

Proust, Jacques. Diderot et l'Encyclopédie. A. Colin, 1962.

5970:

Muzaffar Husain Syed; Syed Saud Akhtar; B D Usmani (2011).

3599:

before the fields were clearly separated. Boyle argued for

3478:. Copernicus' work, influenced by earlier scholars such as 3111: 2713: 2070: 8362:

The Work of the Dead: A Cultural History of Mortal Remains

5390:. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 13. 3367:. It also involved political activities that included the 1197:), decorative art, language (integration to Japanese of a 8284:

Studies in medieval and Reformation traditions, 1573–4188

8018:

Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination

2904: 2659:

Two main Inquisitions remained active in the modern era:

2605:

Luther’s 95 Theses criticized practices like the sale of

1973: 1691:

was established by a Malaccan prince to succeed Malacca.

1615:. Rule by the Company lasted until 1858, when, after the 1297: 1081: 5449: 4911:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

3513:

began to separate into different disciplines, with only

2799:, the most desired trading goods were gold, silver, and 2104:

and musket except in size and strength, it was the term

1569:, or in 1772, when the company established a capital in 10597: 6854:

Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2013).

4674:"The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India" 4545:"The Congress of Vienna, 1 November 1814 – 8 June 1815" 3464:(the planets circle the Sun). This shift, known as the 2895:

The Peace of Westphalia resulted from the first modern

2648:

to defend Protestant interests. This culminated in the

2533:(1478–1834). The Inquisition prosecuted crimes such as 1861:, and the far eastern portions were ruled by the local 1304:

from 1603 until 1868, when it was abolished during the

1193:, European-style cuirasses, European ships), religion ( 8462:

Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy

7530: 7528: 7526: 6477:

Carl, Klaus H.; Manca, Joseph; McShane, Megan (2016).

5188: 3552:

Advances in anatomy were marked by the publication of

1300:, now called Tokyo. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from 899:

empires grew in strength (three of which are known as

868:, greatly altered the human environment. Notably, the 7973:

Knowledge and Practice in English Medicine, 1550–1680

6853: 6835: 5939:

Király, Béla K., ed. (1975). "The Ottoman aspects of

5255: 5040: 4719:

Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context,

4492:

The World Economy, Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective

3762:

identifying the common origin of what are now called

2120:

was a union of territories in Central Europe under a

2018:

the modern period is often dated to the start of the

1518:'s GDP. The "classic period" ended with the death of 8003:

Pierre Fauchard and the Founding of Modern Dentistry

7913:

The Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction

5293:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 364. 3420:

Model for the Three Superior Planets and Venus from

1390:

were set at fixed amounts which did not account for

7523: 6803:Gunn, Steven; Grummitt, David; Cools, Hans (2007). 5815:M.C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia Since 4634: 4632: 4189: 3810:Inventions of the early modern period included the 710:and of religious unity in Western Europe under the 6728:Charles the Bold: The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy 5473: 5471: 5117:. University of California Press. pp. 26–36. 4945: 4573:. American historical series, H. Holt and Company. 4207: 3328: 2609:and sparked debates, leading to the rise of rival 2111: 1296:. The period gets its name from the capital city, 1125:. The Qing ruled from 1644 to 1912, with a brief, 8020:. Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center). 7536:"Medieval Sourcebook: Inquisition – Introduction" 6977:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 245. 6802: 6724: 6519:The Creative Impulse: An Introduction to the Arts 6398: 4127:, a novel curriculum that was competing with the 3322:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 3003: 2085:, all entered a period of stagnation or decline. 2041:The early modern period is taken to end with the 1536: 1249:as the 15th, and ultimately final, shōgun of the 1225:, an example of art flourishing in the Edo Period 942:. By the 16th century, Asian economies under the 824:. Advances in shipbuilding technology during the 10710: 6476: 6102:Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes 5149: 4725:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 150–154. 4629: 4228:averaged 134 infant deaths per 1,000 births. In 3997:. The former was represented by figures such as 3906:, which was rooted in Christian dogma, and from 3727:included research into the relationship between 2667:(1536–1821), similar to the Spanish Inquisition. 2494: 2411: 1659:, an archipelagic empire based on the island of 1341:(feudal lords) were at the top, followed by the 1229:Central government was largely reestablished by 8255:The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy 7975:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–280. 7483: 7440: 6763: 6598:. Lanham, Md: Madison Books, c2001, pp. 212–213 5938: 5663:Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy 5497: 5468: 4723:800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland 3685:, with early observations of microorganisms by 3048:and preserved the European system based on the 2854: 2621:. In England, the movement became known as the 1374:and samurai were more or less identical, since 9099:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe 7985: 7709: 7554: 7467:"Pope Calixtus III on the victory at Belgrade" 7278:Kersken, Uwe (2014). "Die letzten ihrer Art". 5737: 5510:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–45. 5193:. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. p. 350. 4773:A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tự Đức 4509:War and peace in an age of upheaval, 1793–1830 4200:rates of infants during this era. In his book 3028:on the one hand, and representatives of Queen 2636:(1521) declared Luther a heretic, but Emperor 2529:. The first significant manifestation was the 1964:at the beginning of the modern era. It seized 1581:, and became directly involved in governance. 1502:imperial power that ruled most of the area as 1480:ambassador Khan'Alam in 1618 negotiating with 1382:system unleashed disruptive forces over time. 770:in 1647 and consolidated its control over the 9509: 9495: 8567: 6725:Vaughan, Richard; Paravicini, Werner (2002). 6437: 6285:Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 6125: 6069:The Ottoman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia 5503: 4908: 4465: 4247: 3647:was invented in the 1770s and popularized by 2582:in the early 16th century brought changes to 2374: 2057:. At the end of the early modern period, the 1838: 1694: 820:A Japanese depiction of a Portuguese trading 678:. It was first picked up within the field of 530: 8493:Discussion of the medieval/modern transition 7845:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983. 7684: 7201:Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine 6095: 5153:The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History 4952:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4776:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995. p. 119. 4165: 3875: 3791:, has been interpreted as the foundation of 3625:and the identification of chemical elements. 3521:technology improved tremendously as did the 3482:, sparked a significant paradigm shift. The 3282:Religion, science, philosophy, and education 2978: 2790: 2136:and dissolved the Empire in 1806 during the 1253:, and it lasts until the coming to power of 1159:The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History 1080:, and the Dutch severed connections between 718:, which caused a backlash that expanded the 9089:History of European Jews in the Middle Ages 7155: 6685: 5809: 5450:L. Canfield, Robert; Jonathan Haas (2002). 4710: 3952:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica 3849: 3497:Using precise astronomical observations by 2652:(1555), which established the principle of 2209:On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres 2201:from the center of the universe. His book, 9502: 9488: 8574: 8560: 8120: 7900:. Cambridge University Press. p. 393. 7273: 7271: 7269: 7016:. Columbia University Press. p. 159. 6767:A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273–1700 6558:The Hutchinson Concise Dictionary of Music 6269: 6261: 6210:. Cambridge University Press. p. 61. 5751:. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. 5454:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. 4240:, and 41 infants died per 1,000 births in 3591:have been described as founders of modern 3583:Both the 8th century Islamic experimenter 3452:Revolution and the 18th century included: 2325:secured the match for his son, the future 2301:Among the notable royalty of the time was 1201:) and culinary: the Portuguese introduced 537: 523: 8451: 8334: 7687:History of Russia from the Earliest Times 7087: 7048: 6607: 6399:Strickland, Carol; Boswell, John (2007). 6055:Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire 6003: 5647: 5385: 5251: 5249: 5156:. Columbia University Press. p. 15. 4948:ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age 4716: 4418: 4357: 4113:Developing during the Enlightenment era, 4044:with contributions from thinkers such as 3962:, which, along with the contributions of 3838:. Early attempts at building a practical 3296: 3153: 3126: 3012:established after a series of individual 2175:is credited as the first European to use 2108:which remained in use up into the 1800s. 2088: 1114:The Ming dynasty fell around 1644 to the 8495:from the introduction to the pioneering 8090: 8060: 7988:The Chemical Choir: A History of Alchemy 7910: 7895: 7370: 6974:The Dorothy Dunnett Companion: Volume II 6970: 6483:. Parkstone International. p. 412. 6444:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 61. 6148: 5976:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 150. 5833:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 29–46. 5625:South Asia in the World: An Introduction 5536: 5225: 5108: 4511:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4404: 4343: 3974:, and others, fueled the Enlightenment. 3869: 3415: 3401: 3350:Such reforms included the foundation of 3339:The Counter-Reformation was a period of 3261: 3179: 3112:Exploration and conquest of the Americas 3085: 2858: 2775: 2555: 2438: 2388: 2163: 1731: 1583: 1471: 1455: 1261:in 1600. Tokugawa received the title of 1207: 1086: 1024: 815: 714:. The old order was destabilized by the 694:Map of the world, by Paolo Petrini, 1700 689: 567:, with divisions based primarily on the 8581: 8359: 8330: 8328: 8063:Carl Linnaeus: Father of Classification 7925: 7409: 7292: 7277: 7266: 7229: 7194: 7091:Bayard: histoires croisées du chevalier 7088:Gal, Stéphane; Bayard, Amis de (2007). 7009: 6931: 6892: 6841: 6764:Berenger, Jean; Simpson, C. A. (2014). 6359: 5828: 5666:. Oxford University Press. p. 46. 5410: 5362: 5336: 5232:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 91. 5111:"Conquest and the Blessing of the Past" 5073: 4855: 4792: 4054:Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns 3862:Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment 3555:De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem 3468:, is marked by the 1543 publication of 3122:Portuguese colonization of the Americas 1709:Timeline of 18th-century Muslim history 1705:Timeline of 17th-century Muslim history 1701:Timeline of 16th-century Muslim history 1603:The Maratha Confederacy, following the 726:, which included the especially bloody 14: 10711: 8383: 8381: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8249:, pp. 113–114, in Charles B. Schmitt, 8105: 8075: 8045: 8030: 8015: 8005:. Journal of the History of Dentistry. 7955: 7915:. Oxford University Press. p. 65. 7811: 7689:. Vol. 6. 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Robert (2001). 5288: 5246: 5229:Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945 4582: 4236:, 48 infants died per 1,000 births in 3668:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 2826: 2159: 1561:, or the right to collect revenue, in 1169: 1076:, the Japanese cut off all trade with 559:that is part of, or (depending on the 9483: 8555: 7940: 7625: 7560: 7352:from the original on 28 February 2022 7211:from the original on 16 February 2022 7176:from the original on 15 February 2022 7137:from the original on 15 February 2022 7069:from the original on 15 February 2022 7030:from the original on 15 February 2022 6991:from the original on 15 February 2022 6952:from the original on 15 February 2022 6913:from the original on 15 February 2022 6874:from the original on 15 February 2022 6823:from the original on 15 February 2022 6745:from the original on 15 February 2022 6706:from the original on 15 February 2022 6667:from the original on 15 February 2022 6628:from the original on 15 February 2022 6575:from the original on 16 February 2022 6554: 6536:from the original on 16 February 2022 6497:from the original on 15 February 2022 6458:from the original on 15 February 2022 6419:from the original on 15 February 2022 6380:from the original on 15 February 2022 6366:. The Oliver Press, Inc. p. 28. 6341:from the original on 15 February 2022 6302:from the original on 15 February 2022 6205: 6084:Empire and Iran signed a treaty (...) 5797:from the original on 19 December 2019 5765:from the original on 25 February 2021 5698: 5659: 5604:from the original on 10 November 2010 5600:. London: BBC. Section 5: Aurangzeb. 5524:from the original on 21 November 2019 5358: 5356: 4943: 4883: 4851: 4849: 4698:from the original on 10 December 2019 4264: 3758:began in the late 18th century, with 3537:Newton's law of universal gravitation 3172:Colonial history of the United States 3074:European colonization of the Americas 1929: 1853:In the 16th to early 18th centuries, 1399:until the arrival of foreign powers. 1072:restricted shipments of exports from 736:European colonization of the Americas 27:Historical period, about 1500 to 1800 9238:Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) 8430:from the original on 28 October 2020 8387: 8000: 7970: 7391:from the original on 27 January 2022 7377:. Casemate Publishers. p. 175. 7108:from the original on 1 February 2020 6646: 5886: 5702:India under colonial rule: 1700–1885 5258:HarperCollins atlas of world history 5043:HarperCollins Atlas of World History 4827: 4662: 4542: 4271:Capital punishment § Modern era 3118:Spanish colonization of the Americas 2693: 2073:empires of the early modern period, 2051:Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 1724:Transformation of the Ottoman Empire 1651:At the start of the modern era, the 1010: 9448:History of the Mediterranean region 8651:International relations (1648–1814) 8378: 8353: 8305: 7630:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 7542:from the original on 14 August 2014 7282:. Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen(zdf). 6614:. Infobase Publishing. p. 31. 6066: 5777: 5719:from the original on 15 August 2020 5680:from the original on 15 August 2020 5586: 5313: 5131:from the original on 12 August 2020 5045:. HarperCollins. pp. 168–169. 4668: 4551:from the original on 4 October 2018 4017:in New England on the principle of 3617:followed with the discovery of the 3475:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 3412:Science in the Age of Enlightenment 2204:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 1948:History of South Africa (1652–1815) 1720:Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire 813:, which ended the Napoleonic Wars. 24: 8487:Internet Modern History Sourcebook 7898:The Cambridge Companion to Galileo 7564:Great Ages of Man: The Reformation 7162:(in German). Rombach. p. 96. 6208:Firearms: A Global History to 1700 6004:Abu Rehab, Mohammad (9 May 2014). 5627:. London=: Routledge. p. 34. 5431:from the original on 29 April 2016 5417:. University of California Press. 5353: 5170:from the original on 1 August 2020 4846: 4617:from the original on 26 April 2008 4613:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4194: 3787:'s work, such as his seminal book 3104:, the Americas, Australia and the 2983:Before the Age of Revolution, the 984: 961:Meanwhile, in Southeast Asia, the 25: 10770: 10693:Western European and Others Group 9205:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 8772:Journalism of Early Modern Europe 8480: 8179:from the original on 27 June 2013 8095:. University of California Press. 8035:. University of California Press. 8033:Evolution: The History of an Idea 7443:The Hussite Revolution, 1419–1436 6784:from the original on 1 March 2022 6238:from the original on 29 June 2017 5748:A concise history of modern India 5705:. Pearson Education. p. 30. 5574:from the original on 12 June 2020 5553:Developing cultures: case studies 5504:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011). 4992:from the original on 6 March 2010 4290:Cuisine in the early modern world 3981:in Europe, notably following the 3977:The 18th century saw the rise of 3712:was established with the work of 3507:Kepler's laws of planetary motion 3251: 3221:.). France colonized what is now 2323:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor 2219:. Another notable individual was 1740:During the early modern era, the 1713: 1646: 1451: 1402: 809:and the peace established by the 738:, this period also contained the 602:. Its end is often marked by the 8260: 8236: 8227: 8218: 8209: 8200: 8191: 8165: 8156: 8147: 8138: 8129: 8114: 8099: 8084: 8069: 8054: 8039: 8024: 8009: 7994: 7979: 7964: 7949: 7934: 7919: 7904: 7889: 7880: 7871: 7862: 7848: 7828: 7805: 7783: 7761: 7752: 7743: 7734: 7703: 7678: 7643: 7634: 7619: 7610: 7585: 7477: 7459: 7434: 7403: 7364: 5862:Resink, Gertrudes Johan (1968). 4505:The new Cambridge modern history 4466:Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (2021). 4429:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00497.x 4368:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00497.x 4190:Death in the early modern period 4140:In France, pre-eminent Humanist 3621:, which led to the rejection of 3443:of the 16th and 17th centuries, 2625:, resulting in the formation of 2327:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 2288:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 2116:In the early modern period, the 1922:. The Pashtuns later formed the 1655:between India and China crossed 1547:commercial colonization of India 1533:halted their expansion in 1761. 674:as a broader alternative to the 9438:History of Western civilization 8724:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 8505:Society for Renaissance Studies 8078:The Seashell on the Mountaintop 7943:Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer 7812:Palmer, Robert Roswell (1962). 7445:. University of Chicago Press. 7325: 7286: 7223: 7188: 7149: 7120: 7081: 7049:Terjanian, Pierre, ed. (2019). 7042: 7003: 6964: 6925: 6886: 6847: 6796: 6757: 6718: 6679: 6640: 6601: 6587: 6548: 6509: 6470: 6431: 6392: 6353: 6314: 6275: 6250: 6224: 6199: 6182:Early Modern Period (1485–1800) 6174: 6157: 6089: 6060: 6047: 6038: 5997: 5963: 5932: 5895: 5880: 5855: 5822: 5731: 5692: 5660:Brown, Judith Margaret (1994). 5653: 5641: 5616: 5443: 5404: 5379: 5330: 5307: 5291:Japan: A Short Cultural History 5282: 5219: 5207: 5182: 5143: 5102: 5067: 5034: 5004: 4974: 4937: 4902: 4877: 4821: 4786: 4764: 4748:Thailand : A Short History 4739: 4603: 4576: 4563: 4208:European infant mortality rates 3846:was the only source available. 3660:history of evolutionary thought 3587:and the 17th century scientist 3329:Counter-Reformation and Jesuits 2910: 2817: 2602:, where he became a professor. 2590:challenged the Church with his 2112:European kingdoms and movements 1900:Pashtuns stretches back to the 1797: 1765: 1663:. It was the last of the major 1282:regime of Japan established by 1141:'s peasant rebels in 1644, the 1137:. When Beijing was captured by 1111:, to challenge Ming authority. 672:A Short History of Civilization 9067:Christianity in the modern era 8853:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8445: 8108:A Short History of Linguistics 8061:Anderson, Margaret J. (2009). 7911:Principe, Lawrence M. (2011). 7416:. Routledge. pp. 65, 91. 7055:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 6653:. Atlantic Books. p. 90. 6522:. Prentice-Hall. p. 283. 5594:"Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)" 5289:Sansom, George Bailey (1998). 5256:Barraclough, Geoffrey (2003). 5214:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan 5109:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2000). 5041:Barraclough, Geoffrey (2003). 4863:. Princeton University Press. 4569:Hazen, Charles Downer (1910). 4543:Bloy, Marjie (30 April 2002). 4536: 4523: 4514: 4497: 4484: 4459: 4398: 4337: 4321: 4019:separation of church and state 3486:resisted this theory, and the 3229:in 1608. France's loss in the 3004:International balance of power 1826:campaigns against the Safavids 1537:British and Dutch colonization 887:, powers such as the Ottoman, 588:fall of Constantinople in 1453 13: 1: 9412:History of the European Union 9250:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 9040:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 9004:War of the Spanish Succession 7986:Maxwell-Stuart, P.G. (2012). 7814:A History of the Modern World 7230:Brunner, Jean-Claude (2012). 6647:Mead, Walter Russell (2014). 6405:. Andrews McMeel Publishing. 6288:. Academic Press. p. 2. 6232:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 6192:, Sites Organized by Period, 6163:Helen Miller, Aubrey Newman. 6109:. p. 107. Archived from 5816: 5411:Wakeman, Frederic E. (1985). 4720: 4717:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). 4494:, OECD Publishing, pp. 51–52. 4468:What is Early Modern History? 4315: 4088:and the growing influence of 3799: 3365:French school of spirituality 3176:History of Canada (1763–1867) 2803:. Western Europeans used the 2495:Inquisitions and Reformations 2412:End of the Crusades and Unity 1549:commenced in 1757, after the 1446: 1218: 649: 9315:Early Netherlandish painting 8512:(archived 25 September 2011) 8110:. Longman. pp. 160–163. 7716:. Academic Intl Pr. p. 7567:. Time-Life Books. pp. 7410:Ninness, Richard J. (2020). 7156:Durian-Ress, Saskia (1993). 7010:Bulliet, Richard W. (2016). 6145:(retrieved 10 October 2006). 6057:, IB Tauris (30 March 2006). 5316:The Wall Street Journal Asia 4944:Frank, Andre Gunder (1998). 4888:. Harvard University Press. 3233:resulted in the transfer of 2903:, signed in 1659, ended the 2855:European states and politics 2473:Nearly a century later, the 2197:(1543), which displaced the 1621:Government of India Act 1858 1205:and valuable refined sugar. 1015:Around the beginning of the 989: 563:) immediately preceded, the 7: 10749:History of Europe by period 8956:Absolute monarchy in France 8900:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 8465:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 8274:The Mirror of a Sinful Soul 8121:Heilbroner, Robert (1999). 8080:. Dutton. pp. 134–136. 7930:. Bantam Books. p. 66. 7596:. Oxford University Press. 6107:University of Chicago Press 5949:. East European Quarterly. 5839:10.1007/978-94-011-8778-7_3 4884:Elman, Benjamin A. (2005). 4589:. New York: Penguin Books. 4407:The Economic History Review 4346:The Economic History Review 4283: 4162:Collège des Lecteurs Royaux 4095: 3725:history of electromagnetism 3695:published the first modern 3343:revival in response to the 3199:Second Continental Congress 3190:Declaration of Independence 3067: 2996:of 1688 establishes modern 2740:along the Volga River, and 2190:formulated a comprehensive 1885:. These groups were led by 1746:expansion and consolidation 1214:The Great Wave off Kanagawa 1181:Following contact with the 722:and sparked the disastrous 685: 571:and the broader concept of 10: 10775: 9422:Military history of Europe 9417:Maritime history of Europe 9310:Dutch and Flemish painting 9221:Science in the Renaissance 8269:Miroir de l'âme pécheresse 8106:Robins, Robert H. (1997). 8091:Heilbron, John L. (1979). 8050:. Oxford University Press. 8046:Bladon, Christine (2020). 7928:The Universe in a Nutshell 7802:(Retrieved on 12 May 2007) 7780:(Retrieved on 12 May 2007) 7767:BBC Science & Nature, 7371:Turnbull, Stephen (2018). 6971:Morrison, Elspeth (2007). 6860:. Routledge. p. 126. 6809:. OUP Oxford. p. 12. 6770:. Routledge. p. 124. 6686:Cartellieri, Otto (2013). 6608:Wingfield, George (2009). 6561:. Routledge. p. 478. 6516:Sporre, Dennis J. (1990). 6363:The Art of the Renaissance 6321:Levere, Trevor H. (2001). 5907:. Brill. 2012. p. 4. 5699:Peers, Douglas M. (2006). 5226:Henshall, Kenneth (2014). 4268: 4248:Causes of infant mortality 4099: 4056:stirred debate within the 4021:after being exiled by the 4013:established the colony of 3859: 3856:17th century in philosophy 3853: 3803: 3723:Early developments in the 3681:led to the development of 3576:advanced knowledge of the 3539:. The 1687 publication of 3529:Aristotle's laws of motion 3517:using scientific methods. 3426:Theoricae novae planetarum 3405: 3332: 3300: 3285: 3255: 3246:American Revolutionary War 3157: 3130: 3115: 3071: 2830: 2779: 2697: 2498: 2378: 2375:Christians and Christendom 2314:Charles the Bold (or Rash) 2092: 1983: 1933: 1842: 1839:Uzbeks and Afghan Pashtuns 1801: 1717: 1698: 1695:West Asia and North Africa 1609:British East India Company 1331:originally established by 1267:in 1603, establishing the 1121:, which would be the last 10463:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 10443: 10361: 10198: 10033: 9904:Standard Average European 9772: 9601: 9521: 9460: 9430: 9407:Genetic history of Europe 9394: 9387: 9329: 9279: 9272: 9229: 9213: 9177: 9168: 9156:European wars of religion 9059: 9052: 9017: 8999:Second Hundred Years' War 8976: 8920: 8796: 8789: 8759: 8752: 8711: 8704: 8659: 8596: 8589: 8540: 8531: 8523: 8031:Bowler, Peter J. (2009). 7960:. Routledge. p. 204. 7926:Hawking, Stephen (2001). 7299:. CQ Press. p. 124. 7232:"Historical Introduction" 6692:. Routledge. p. 80. 6327:. JHU Press. p. 14. 6071:. ABC-CLIO. p. 131. 6024:10.1163/22138609-90000027 5866:. Van Hoeve. p. 21. 5623:Wadley, Susan S. (2015). 5150:R. Keith Schoppa (2000). 5016:mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu 5012:"Chapter 8 The New World" 4533:. New York: Gotham Books. 4166: 4160:and helping to found the 3735:, the development of the 3666:was famously promoted by 2979:Early English revolutions 2888:, who inspired the term " 2791:Trade and the new economy 2765:pioneers of the New World 2654:cuius regio, eius religio 2489:European Wars of Religion 2480:cuius regio, eius religio 2002:and the discovery of the 1990:Many major events caused 1979: 1786:remaining an independent 1782:(between 1519 and 1551), 1607:, eventually lost to the 1599:, 1757, by Francis Hayman 1319:Society in the Japanese " 1157:. Schoppa, the editor of 774:in the 19th century. The 768:reached the Pacific coast 724:European wars of religion 606:, and sometimes also the 598:and the beginning of the 10603:Lancaster House Treaties 10093:Christian existentialism 10053:Ancient Roman philosophy 10043:Ancient Greek philosophy 8498:Cambridge Modern History 8364:. Princeton University. 8360:Laqueur, Thomas (2015). 8001:Ring, Malvin E. (1992). 7896:Machamer, Peter (1998). 7856:"Treaty of Paris (1783)" 7797:25 December 2019 at the 7484:Peter H. Wilson (2011). 7441:Howard Kaminsky (2004). 7195:Michaud, Claude (1996). 6480:30 Millennia of Painting 6143:U.S. Department of State 6137:13 November 2017 at the 6006: 5973:Concise History of Islam 5904:The Holy Land, 1517-1713 5891:. Yale University Press. 5831:Java in the 14th Century 4923:10.1163/1568520952600308 4746:Wyatt, David K. (2003). 4490:Maddison, Angus (2001), 4144:(1467–1540) applied the 4027:Massachusetts Bay Colony 3866:Philosophical skepticism 3850:Enlightenment and reason 2748:, multiconfessional and 2611:Protestant denominations 2600:University of Wittenberg 2586:. The Augustinian friar 2525:and others who violated 2487:(1648), which ended the 2456:Siege of Belgrade (1456) 2344:In Central Europe, King 2069:, while the three great 1736:Ottoman Empire 1481–1683 1617:Indian rebellion of 1857 883:, after the fall of the 848:and its cities, and the 702:declined in Europe, and 10381:Equality before the law 9588:Romano-Germanic culture 9443:History of Christianity 9025:French–Habsburg rivalry 8984:French Wars of Religion 8125:. Simon & Schuster. 8016:Riedel, Stefan (2005). 7956:Nutton, Vivian (2004). 7941:White, Michael (1998). 7775:5 December 2019 at the 7710:Skrynnikov, R. (1981). 7661:Oxford University Press 7592:Davies, Norman (1996). 7332:Metzig, Gregor (2016). 6893:Vagnoni, Mirko (2020). 6360:Corrain, Lucia (2008). 6282:Wexler, Philip (2017). 6256:A Greek mathematician, 6206:Chase, Kenneth (2003). 4958:2027/heb.31038.0001.001 4082:Enlightenment in Poland 3764:Indo-European languages 3739:, and the discovery of 3737:electrostatic generator 3687:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 3533:Newton's laws of motion 3511:Astrology and astronomy 3480:Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi 3269:with joint sheets, 1507 3056:marked the change from 2998:parliamentary democracy 2682:began in 1545 with the 2381:History of Christianity 2124:the first of which was 1748:of power, leading to a 1669:Maritime Southeast Asia 1613:Third Anglo-Maratha War 1531:Third Battle of Panipat 1314:Late Tokugawa shogunate 938:to the enthronement of 10739:18th century in Europe 10734:17th century in Europe 10729:16th century in Europe 10724:15th century in Europe 10543:Eastern European Group 10132:Continental philosophy 10063:Judeo-Christian ethics 10048:Hellenistic philosophy 9529:Cradle of civilization 9188:Renaissance philosophy 9104:Protestant Reformation 8912:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 8719:Fall of Constantinople 8516:Early Modern Resources 8388:Ward, Richard (2015). 8266:She was the author of 7816:. Knopf. p. 234. 7626:Mayer, Thomas (2013). 7293:Axelrod, Alan (2013). 6932:Johnson, Paul (2013). 6555:Jones, Barrie (2014). 6169:Historical Association 5887:Reid, Anthony (1993). 5088:10.1353/late.1986.0006 4986:afe.easia.columbia.edu 4780:11 August 2016 at the 4503:Crawley, C.W. (1965). 4328:Christopher Alan Bayly 4078:Enlightenment in Spain 4070:Scottish Enlightenment 4015:Providence Plantations 3908:Renaissance philosophy 3895: 3876: 3842:were hindered because 3806:Renaissance technology 3756:Historical linguistics 3656:spontaneous generation 3654:The ancient theory of 3638:Le Chirurgien Dentiste 3428: 3297:Protestant Reformation 3270: 3205: 3154:Colonial North America 3127:Colonial Latin America 3092: 3078:History of colonialism 2965:Jules Hardouin Mansart 2901:Treaty of the Pyrenees 2868: 2750:transcontinental state 2708:ideas, the Grand Duke 2704:In development of the 2665:Portuguese Inquisition 2571: 2464:Giovanni da Capistrano 2447: 2428:, concluding with the 2402:fall of Constantinople 2397: 2305:(1433–1477), the last 2169: 2089:Gunpowder and firearms 2012:Protestant Reformation 1996:Fall of Constantinople 1857:was under the rule of 1737: 1600: 1573:, appointed its first 1488: 1469: 1239:Azuchi–Momoyama period 1226: 1167: 1149:and seized control of 1100: 1037: 956:Azuchi–Momoyama period 854:spread of Christianity 829: 811:Second Treaty of Paris 716:Protestant Reformation 695: 636:technological progress 10663:Three Seas Initiative 10638:Pacific Islands Forum 10503:British–Irish Council 10251:Greek Orthodox Church 9710:Industrial Revolution 9680:Scientific Revolution 9467:History of philosophy 9342:Industrial Revolution 8740:Scientific Revolution 8403:10.1057/9781137577931 8243:Paul Oskar Kristeller 8076:Cutler, Alan (2003). 7971:Wear, Andrew (2000). 7685:Solovyov, S. (2001). 7561:Simon, Edith (1966). 6938:. Orion. p. 78. 6689:The Court of Burgundy 6067:Kia, Mehrdad (2017). 5790:World Digital Library 5739:Metcalf, Barbara Daly 5648:Bose & Jalal 2003 4795:Science & Society 4583:Taylor, Alan (2001). 4547:. The Victorian Web. 4470:. Cambridge: Polity. 4172:Marguerite de Navarre 4090:Counter-Enlightenment 4074:Russian Enlightenment 4040:(1751–72), edited by 3950:(1643–1727), such as 3934:, and sometimes even 3873: 3860:Further information: 3789:The Wealth of Nations 3677:The invention of the 3606:The Sceptical Chymist 3546:Principia Mathematica 3466:Copernican Revolution 3441:Scientific Revolution 3419: 3402:Scientific Revolution 3394:, and especially the 3292:History of philosophy 3286:Further information: 3265: 3183: 3089: 2921:Jean-Baptiste Colbert 2862: 2776:Mercantile capitalism 2559: 2442: 2395: 2365:Götz von Berlichingen 2217:Scientific Revolution 2167: 2093:Further information: 1998:in 1453, the fall of 1934:Further information: 1735: 1728:Ottoman ancien régime 1587: 1475: 1459: 1418:King Sejong the Great 1380:social stratification 1211: 1163: 1090: 1028: 925:proto-industrializing 819: 740:Commercial Revolution 712:Roman Catholic Church 693: 634:, increasingly rapid 125:Age of the human race 10658:Special Relationship 10068:Christian philosophy 10013:Western Christianity 9675:Age of Enlightenment 9549:Hellenistic Kingdoms 9193:Renaissance humanism 9077:Bohemian Reformation 9035:Treaties of Nijmegen 8646:Age of Enlightenment 8510:Early Modern Culture 8065:. Enslow Publishers. 7649:Frank D. McConnell. 6899:. MDPI. p. 19. 6270:Linton, 2004, p. 39) 6258:Aristarchus of Samos 6188:6 March 2012 at the 6132:Afghanistan: History 5544:Lawrence E. Harrison 4295:Early modern warfare 4115:Renaissance humanism 4108:Renaissance Humanism 3900:Age of Enlightenment 3840:electrical telegraph 3718:law of superposition 3619:conservation of mass 3490:famously imprisoned 3388:Discalced Carmelites 2833:Golden Age of Piracy 2596:Electorate of Saxony 2485:Treaty of Westphalia 2036:Age of Enlightenment 2022:with the victory of 1960:took control of the 1952:Atlantic slave trade 1685:Sultanate of Malacca 1482:Shah Abbas the Great 1394:or other changes in 1259:Battle of Sekigahara 1127:abortive restoration 1034:geomantic principles 1030:Cishou Temple Pagoda 870:Atlantic slave trade 744:Golden Age of Piracy 632:experimental science 10719:Early modern period 10683:West Nordic Council 10548:Eastern Partnership 10137:Analytic philosophy 9838:Classical tradition 9660:Early modern period 9616:Classical antiquity 9611:European Bronze Age 9379:Revolutions of 1848 9300:Florentine painting 9151:Counter-Reformation 9072:Proto-Protestantism 9030:Peace of Westphalia 8873:Seventeen Provinces 8732:Printing Revolution 8626:Early modern Europe 8621:Early modern period 8583:Early modern Europe 8538:about 1500–1800 CE 7843:Early Latin America 7656:21 May 2020 at the 7280:Die Welt der Ritter 5388:The Korean Language 5076:Late Imperial China 4310:Proto-globalization 4062:Frederick the Great 3793:classical economics 3716:, who proposed the 3615:chemical revolution 3470:Nicolaus Copernicus 3422:Georg von Peuerbach 3335:Counter-Reformation 3288:History of religion 2994:Glorious Revolution 2990:English Restoration 2865:Peace of Westphalia 2827:Piracy's Golden Age 2786:Merchant capitalism 2680:Counter-Reformation 2646:Schmalkaldic League 2623:English Reformation 2598:, developed at the 2531:Spanish Inquisition 2513:Spanish Inquisition 2505:Counter-Reformation 2446:, 12 September 1683 2406:Counter Reformation 2361:Franz von Sickingen 2357:Chevalier de Bayard 2335:Archduke of Austria 2296:Jean-Baptiste Lully 2188:Nicolaus Copernicus 2160:Notable individuals 2095:Military Revolution 1986:Early Modern Europe 1962:trans-Saharan trade 1896:The lineage of the 1541:The development of 1527:Maratha Confederacy 1170:Japanese shogunates 1093:Kingdom of Tungning 909:Mughal architecture 905:Indian subcontinent 885:Timurid Renaissance 795:American Revolution 732:Peace of Westphalia 706:saw the end of the 608:American Revolution 590:, the start of the 553:early modern period 200:Classical antiquity 10142:Post-structuralism 10105:Christian humanism 9735:Universal suffrage 9109:Ninety-five Theses 8895:Kingdom of Bohemia 8809:Free imperial city 8777:The General Crisis 7839:Stuart B. Schwartz 6596:Isabel of Burgundy 6194:Rutgers University 6113:on 12 October 2017 6053:Andrew J. Newman, 5743:Metcalf, Thomas R. 4886:On Their Own Terms 4682:Ashgate Publishing 4265:Capital punishment 4124:studia humanitatis 3916:Western philosophy 3896: 3844:static electricity 3628:Modern scientific 3578:circulatory system 3429: 3408:History of science 3311:. The theology of 3271: 3237:to Great Britain. 3206: 3102:Sub-Saharan Africa 3093: 2869: 2619:Reformed tradition 2592:Ninety-five Theses 2572: 2448: 2430:Battle of Grotniki 2398: 2292:Claudio Monteverdi 2173:Johannes Gutenberg 2170: 2122:Holy Roman Emperor 2055:Congress of Vienna 2032:Battle of Bosworth 1930:Sub-Saharan Africa 1920:Battle of Gulnabad 1738: 1689:Sultanate of Johor 1641:Anglo-Dutch treaty 1625:British government 1619:and following the 1605:Anglo-Maratha wars 1601: 1489: 1470: 1333:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1312:(often called the 1269:Tokugawa shogunate 1251:Ashikaga shogunate 1235:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1227: 1199:Western vocabulary 1101: 1038: 858:Columbian Exchange 830: 807:Congress of Vienna 752:maritime republics 696: 10706: 10705: 10533:Council of Europe 10435:International law 10388:Constitutionalism 10246:Eastern Orthodoxy 9752:Post–Cold War era 9685:Age of Revolution 9539:Greco-Roman world 9477: 9476: 9471:History of Europe 9456: 9455: 9352:French Revolution 9347:Age of Revolution 9325: 9324: 9305:Venetian painting 9268: 9267: 9260:Leonardo da Vinci 9164: 9163: 9048: 9047: 8989:Thirty Years' War 8928:Habsburg monarchy 8885:Habsburg monarchy 8858:Cossack Hetmanate 8843:Portuguese Empire 8804:Holy Roman Empire 8785: 8784: 8767:Absolute monarchy 8748: 8747: 8700: 8699: 8550: 8549: 8541:Succeeded by 8534:History by period 8527:Postclassical Era 8339:. The MIT Press. 8292:978-90-04-17760-4 7770:Leonardo da Vinci 7727:978-0-87569-039-1 7713:Ivan the Terrible 7696:978-5-17-002142-0 7594:Europe: A History 7578:978-0-662-27820-7 7515:value: checksum ( 7488:. Belknap Press. 7473:on 13 April 2009. 7423:978-1-000-28504-8 7384:978-1-5267-1377-3 7345:978-3-11-045673-8 7169:978-3-7930-0678-7 7101:978-2-7061-1420-5 7062:978-1-58839-674-7 7023:978-0-231-54061-2 6984:978-0-307-42844-8 6945:978-1-78022-716-0 6906:978-3-03943-751-1 6867:978-1-136-63944-9 6816:978-0-19-152588-9 6777:978-1-317-89570-1 6738:978-0-85115-918-8 6731:. Boydell Press. 6699:978-1-136-20406-7 6660:978-1-78239-600-0 6621:978-1-4381-0486-7 6568:978-1-135-95018-7 6529:978-0-13-189754-0 6490:978-1-68325-359-4 6451:978-1-5381-5292-8 6412:978-0-7407-6872-9 6373:978-1-934545-04-1 6334:978-0-8018-6610-4 6295:978-0-12-809559-1 6217:978-0-521-82274-9 5983:978-93-82573-47-0 5956:978-0-914710-06-6 5914:978-90-04-23624-0 5873:978-90-200-7468-0 5848:978-94-011-8778-7 5785:"Official, India" 5758:978-0-521-86362-9 5712:978-0-582-31738-3 5673:978-0-19-873112-2 5634:978-1-31745-959-0 5517:978-1-139-49889-0 5461:978-0-521-52291-5 5397:978-0-79149-130-0 5300:978-0-80470-954-5 5267:978-0-681-50288-8 5239:978-0-81087-872-3 5200:978-9-28715-744-7 5163:978-0-231-50037-1 5124:978-0-520-92884-8 5052:978-0-681-50288-8 4895:978-0-674-01685-9 4870:978-1-4008-7444-6 4839:978-0-230-60121-5 4828:Bala, A. (2006). 4732:978-0-521-80496-7 4691:978-0-7546-6428-4 4596:978-0-14-200210-0 4586:American Colonies 4571:Europe since 1815 4529:Boot, M. (2006). 4477:978-1-509-54057-0 4184:François Rabelais 4180:Pierre de Ronsard 4167:Collège de France 4007:Gottfried Leibniz 3983:French Revolution 3940:physical sciences 3912:modern philosophy 3779:scientific racism 3775:paleoanthropology 3623:phlogiston theory 3603:in the 1661 book 3601:corpuscularianism 3595:. Both worked as 3531:were replaced by 3494:for promoting it. 3369:Roman Inquisition 3267:Waldseemüller map 3242:Thirteen Colonies 3195:Committee of Five 3064:naval supremacy. 3054:Treaty of Utrecht 3026:Philip V of Spain 2985:English Civil War 2882:Leonardo da Vinci 2863:Europe after the 2824: 2823: 2700:Tsardom of Russia 2694:Tsardom of Russia 2672:Roman Inquisition 2650:Peace of Augsburg 2569:Ferdinand Pauwels 2475:Peace of Augsburg 2393: 2346:Matthias Corvinus 2331:Duchy of Burgundy 2272:Peter Paul Rubens 2248:Leonardo da Vinci 2225:political science 2118:Holy Roman Empire 2043:French Revolution 1887:Muhammad Shaybani 1814:Persianate empire 1812:was a great Shia 1611:in 1818 with the 1597:Battle of Plassey 1551:Battle of Plassey 1512:Southwestern Asia 1462:Gunpowder Empires 1407:In 1392, General 1306:Meiji Restoration 1286:and ruled by the 1247:Ashikaga Yoshiaki 1143:Chongzhen Emperor 1116:ethnically Manchu 1066:Japanese Invasion 1054:Spanish New World 1011:Chinese dynasties 979:Mataram Sultanate 901:gunpowder empires 846:Maya civilization 842:Inca civilization 832:In the Americas, 799:French Revolution 783:Age of Revolution 734:. Along with the 728:Thirty Years' War 670:in his 1926 work 604:French Revolution 594:, the end of the 569:history of Europe 557:historical period 547: 546: 499: 498: 491:Political history 116: 104: 74: 70:Pleistocene epoch 16:(Redirected from 10766: 10578:EU Customs Union 10110:Secular humanism 10058:Christian ethics 10008:East–West Schism 9991:Physical culture 9715:Great Divergence 9665:Age of Discovery 9504: 9497: 9490: 9481: 9480: 9392: 9391: 9337:Great Divergence 9295:Italian painting 9277: 9276: 9175: 9174: 9057: 9056: 9009:Seven Years' War 8951:House of Bourbon 8907:Protestant Union 8878:Economic history 8794: 8793: 8757: 8756: 8709: 8708: 8636:Age of Discovery 8616:High Renaissance 8594: 8593: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8553: 8552: 8524:Preceded by 8521: 8520: 8476: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8429: 8396: 8385: 8376: 8375: 8357: 8351: 8350: 8332: 8303: 8264: 8258: 8240: 8234: 8231: 8225: 8222: 8216: 8213: 8207: 8204: 8198: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8169: 8163: 8160: 8154: 8151: 8145: 8142: 8136: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8103: 8097: 8096: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8028: 8022: 8021: 8013: 8007: 8006: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7958:Ancient Medicine 7953: 7947: 7946: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7923: 7917: 7916: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7893: 7887: 7884: 7878: 7875: 7869: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7858:. 16 April 2021. 7852: 7846: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7809: 7803: 7787: 7781: 7765: 7759: 7756: 7750: 7747: 7741: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7682: 7676: 7647: 7641: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7623: 7617: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7532: 7521: 7520: 7514: 7509: 7507: 7499: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7469:. 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Archived from 5475: 5466: 5465: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5253: 5244: 5243: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5022:on 13 April 2019 5018:. Archived from 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4951: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4853: 4844: 4843: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4790: 4784: 4770:Chapuis, Oscar. 4768: 4762: 4761: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4722: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4666: 4660: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4611:"Ottoman Empire" 4607: 4601: 4600: 4580: 4574: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4540: 4534: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4501: 4495: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4422: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4361: 4341: 4335: 4325: 4305:Price revolution 4169: 4168: 4150:Justinian's Code 4135:scholastic logic 3956:Cogito, ergo sum 3914:, especially in 3881: 3645:smallpox vaccine 3585:Jabir ibn Hayyan 3560:Andreas Vesalius 3458:geocentric model 3433:Great Divergence 3359:, including the 3258:Atlantic history 3231:Seven Years' War 3050:balance of power 3042:United Provinces 3010:Peace of Utrecht 2818: 2742:Sibirean Khanate 2722:Sudebnik of 1550 2688:Church of Christ 2684:Council of Trent 2567:to the door, by 2444:Battle of Vienna 2418:Hussite Crusades 2394: 2363:(1481–1523) and 2339:Treaty of Senlis 2319:Mary of Burgundy 2310:Duke of Burgundy 2303:Charles the Bold 2284:Josquin des Prez 2276:Guillaume Du Fay 2236:political theory 2215:and sparked the 2149:Late Middle Ages 2067:colonial empires 1792:Sharifan dynasty 1790:state under the 1633:Stamford Raffles 1575:Governor-General 1491:The rise of the 1411:established the 1220: 1123:dynasty of China 860:that linked the 826:Late Middle Ages 797:, and the first 793:in society, the 776:Great Divergence 772:Russian Far East 680:economic history 656:European history 600:Age of Discovery 539: 532: 525: 514: 508: 469:Age of Discovery 376: 375: 144:Earliest records 130:Recorded history 106: 94: 66: 64: 53: 32: 31: 21: 10774: 10773: 10769: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10764: 10763: 10744:Historical eras 10709: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10668:UKUSA Agreement 10608:Lublin Triangle 10493:Baltic Assembly 10445: 10439: 10357: 10194: 10029: 9899:Eurolinguistics 9768: 9757:Information age 9730:Interwar period 9597: 9517: 9508: 9478: 9473: 9452: 9426: 9383: 9321: 9287:Renaissance art 9264: 9255:Matteo Palmieri 9225: 9209: 9198:Northern Europe 9170: 9160: 9044: 9013: 8972: 8936:House of Stuart 8916: 8781: 8744: 8696: 8667:Northern Europe 8655: 8631:Elizabethan era 8585: 8580: 8546: 8537: 8529: 8483: 8473: 8448: 8443: 8433: 8431: 8427: 8413: 8394: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8333: 8306: 8265: 8261: 8251:Quentin Skinner 8241: 8237: 8232: 8228: 8223: 8219: 8214: 8210: 8205: 8201: 8196: 8192: 8182: 8180: 8171: 8170: 8166: 8161: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8143: 8139: 8134: 8130: 8119: 8115: 8104: 8100: 8089: 8085: 8074: 8070: 8059: 8055: 8044: 8040: 8029: 8025: 8014: 8010: 7999: 7995: 7984: 7980: 7969: 7965: 7954: 7950: 7939: 7935: 7924: 7920: 7909: 7905: 7894: 7890: 7885: 7881: 7876: 7872: 7867: 7863: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7833: 7829: 7810: 7806: 7799:Wayback Machine 7788: 7784: 7777:Wayback Machine 7766: 7762: 7757: 7753: 7748: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7728: 7708: 7704: 7697: 7683: 7679: 7658:Wayback Machine 7648: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7624: 7620: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7590: 7586: 7579: 7559: 7555: 7545: 7543: 7534: 7533: 7524: 7512: 7510: 7501: 7500: 7496: 7482: 7478: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7453: 7439: 7435: 7424: 7408: 7404: 7394: 7392: 7385: 7369: 7365: 7355: 7353: 7346: 7330: 7326: 7316: 7314: 7307: 7291: 7287: 7276: 7267: 7257: 7255: 7228: 7224: 7214: 7212: 7193: 7189: 7179: 7177: 7170: 7154: 7150: 7140: 7138: 7125: 7121: 7111: 7109: 7102: 7086: 7082: 7072: 7070: 7063: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7024: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6985: 6969: 6965: 6955: 6953: 6946: 6935:The Renaissance 6930: 6926: 6916: 6914: 6907: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6868: 6852: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6817: 6801: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6778: 6762: 6758: 6748: 6746: 6739: 6723: 6719: 6709: 6707: 6700: 6684: 6680: 6670: 6668: 6661: 6645: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6622: 6606: 6602: 6592: 6588: 6578: 6576: 6569: 6553: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6530: 6514: 6510: 6500: 6498: 6491: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6452: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6413: 6397: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6374: 6358: 6354: 6344: 6342: 6335: 6319: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6296: 6280: 6276: 6255: 6251: 6241: 6239: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6218: 6204: 6200: 6190:Wayback Machine 6179: 6175: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6139:Wayback Machine 6130: 6126: 6116: 6114: 6094: 6090: 6079: 6065: 6061: 6052: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6008: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5968: 5964: 5957: 5937: 5933: 5915: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5827: 5823: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5768: 5766: 5759: 5736: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5713: 5697: 5693: 5683: 5681: 5674: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5568: 5560:. p. 158. 5548:Peter L. Berger 5541: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5518: 5502: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5485:on 21 June 2018 5477: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5425: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5384: 5380: 5365:The Korea Times 5361: 5354: 5339:The Korea Times 5335: 5331: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5287: 5283: 5268: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5164: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5125: 5107: 5103: 5072: 5068: 5053: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5010: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4942: 4938: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4826: 4822: 4791: 4787: 4782:Wayback Machine 4769: 4765: 4758: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4692: 4684:. p. 255. 4670:Roy, Tirthankar 4667: 4663: 4649:OECD Publishing 4639:Maddison, Angus 4637: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4581: 4577: 4568: 4564: 4554: 4552: 4541: 4537: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4502: 4498: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4464: 4460: 4420:10.1.1.186.2862 4403: 4399: 4359:10.1.1.186.2862 4342: 4338: 4334:(2004). P. 123. 4326: 4322: 4318: 4286: 4273: 4267: 4250: 4210: 4197: 4195:Mortality rates 4192: 4104: 4098: 3868: 3858: 3852: 3808: 3802: 3749:social sciences 3702:Systema Naturae 3634:Pierre Fauchard 3632:was founded by 3609:and discovered 3523:study of optics 3503:Johannes Kepler 3492:Galileo Galilei 3484:Catholic Church 3414: 3404: 3361:Spanish mystics 3337: 3331: 3305: 3299: 3294: 3284: 3260: 3254: 3178: 3156: 3143: 3141:Colonial Brazil 3129: 3124: 3116:Main articles: 3114: 3084: 3072:Main articles: 3070: 3006: 2981: 2969:Claude Perrault 2913: 2890:Renaissance man 2857: 2835: 2829: 2793: 2788: 2780:Main articles: 2778: 2702: 2696: 2515: 2499:Main articles: 2497: 2414: 2389: 2387: 2379:Main articles: 2377: 2268:Venetian school 2211:) began modern 2162: 2138:Napoleonic Wars 2128:. 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Basic Books. 7933: 7918: 7903: 7888: 7879: 7870: 7861: 7847: 7835:James Lockhart 7827: 7804: 7782: 7760: 7751: 7742: 7733: 7726: 7702: 7695: 7677: 7642: 7633: 7618: 7609: 7603:978-0198201717 7602: 7584: 7577: 7553: 7522: 7494: 7476: 7458: 7451: 7433: 7422: 7402: 7383: 7363: 7344: 7324: 7306:978-1483364674 7305: 7285: 7265: 7222: 7207:(2): 371–373. 7187: 7168: 7148: 7119: 7100: 7080: 7061: 7041: 7022: 7002: 6983: 6963: 6944: 6924: 6905: 6885: 6866: 6846: 6834: 6815: 6795: 6776: 6756: 6737: 6717: 6698: 6678: 6659: 6639: 6620: 6600: 6586: 6567: 6547: 6528: 6508: 6489: 6469: 6450: 6430: 6411: 6391: 6372: 6352: 6333: 6313: 6294: 6274: 6249: 6223: 6216: 6198: 6173: 6156: 6147: 6124: 6088: 6078:978-1610693899 6077: 6059: 6046: 6037: 6018:(1): 150–194. 5996: 5982: 5962: 5955: 5941:Pax Ottomanica 5931: 5925:pax Ottomanica 5913: 5894: 5879: 5872: 5854: 5847: 5821: 5808: 5776: 5757: 5730: 5711: 5691: 5672: 5652: 5640: 5633: 5615: 5585: 5567:978-0415952798 5566: 5535: 5516: 5496: 5467: 5460: 5442: 5424:978-0520048041 5423: 5403: 5396: 5378: 5352: 5329: 5306: 5299: 5281: 5266: 5245: 5238: 5218: 5206: 5199: 5181: 5162: 5142: 5123: 5101: 5066: 5051: 5033: 5003: 4973: 4967:978-0520214743 4966: 4936: 4917:(4): 429–448. 4901: 4894: 4876: 4869: 4857:Andrade, Tonio 4845: 4838: 4820: 4801:(4): 320–343. 4785: 4763: 4756: 4738: 4731: 4709: 4690: 4661: 4628: 4602: 4595: 4575: 4562: 4535: 4522: 4513: 4496: 4483: 4476: 4458: 4413:(3): 710–733. 4397: 4352:(3): 710–733. 4336: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4285: 4282: 4269:Main article: 4266: 4263: 4249: 4246: 4209: 4206: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4170:). Meanwhile, 4142:Guillaume Budé 4100:Main article: 4097: 4094: 4058:French Academy 4011:Roger Williams 4003:Baruch Spinoza 3999:René Descartes 3979:secularization 3972:Baruch Spinoza 3854:Main article: 3851: 3848: 3836:Franklin stove 3824:grenade musket 3804:Main article: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3782: 3769:The fields of 3767: 3745: 3744: 3721: 3706: 3690: 3675: 3664:common descent 3652: 3641: 3626: 3613:of gases. The 3581: 3573:De Motu Cordis 3568:William Harvey 3550: 3526: 3495: 3449:modern science 3403: 3400: 3333:Main article: 3330: 3327: 3309:Western Church 3301:Main article: 3298: 3295: 3283: 3280: 3275:Atlantic World 3253: 3252:Atlantic World 3250: 3223:Eastern Canada 3219:New York State 3215:New Netherland 3193:, showing the 3168:New Netherland 3155: 3152: 3137:Spanish empire 3128: 3125: 3113: 3110: 3069: 3066: 3016:signed in the 3014:peace treaties 3005: 3002: 2980: 2977: 2912: 2909: 2856: 2853: 2831:Main article: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2792: 2789: 2777: 2774: 2698:Main article: 2695: 2692: 2676: 2675: 2668: 2642:Edict of Worms 2496: 2493: 2452:Ottoman Empire 2413: 2410: 2376: 2373: 2280:Heinrich Isaac 2260:Albrecht Dürer 2184:printing press 2161: 2158: 2113: 2110: 2090: 2087: 2075:Ottoman Turkey 1984:Main article: 1981: 1978: 1958:Songhai Empire 1931: 1928: 1924:Durrani Empire 1889:, who was the 1849:Pashtun people 1840: 1837: 1810:Safavid Empire 1802:Main article: 1799: 1796: 1767: 1764: 1760:Safavid Empire 1742:Ottoman Empire 1715: 1714:Ottoman Empire 1712: 1696: 1693: 1648: 1647:Southeast Asia 1645: 1538: 1535: 1520:Mughal Emperor 1453: 1452:Indian empires 1450: 1448: 1445: 1404: 1403:Korean dynasty 1401: 1176:Sengoku period 1171: 1168: 1105:Little Ice Age 1017:ethnically Han 1012: 1009: 991: 988: 986: 983: 963:Toungoo Empire 936:Joseon Dynasty 921:Western Europe 874:Ottoman Empire 687: 684: 668:Lynn Thorndike 651: 648: 581:global history 545: 544: 542: 541: 534: 527: 519: 516: 515: 503: 502: 497: 496: 494: 493: 488: 483: 482: 481: 471: 465: 462: 461: 457: 456: 453: 452: 446: 444: 443: 438: 436:Southeast Asia 432: 430: 429: 424: 419: 413: 411: 410: 405: 400: 394: 391: 390: 385: 379: 374: 369: 368: 365: 364: 360: 359: 358: 357: 346: 344: 343: 338: 336:Southeast Asia 332: 330: 329: 323: 321: 320: 315: 309: 307: 306: 301: 295: 292: 291: 285: 284: 279: 278: 275: 274: 270: 269: 263: 261: 260: 255: 253:Southeast Asia 249: 247: 246: 241: 236: 230: 228: 227: 222: 217: 211: 208: 207: 205:Late antiquity 202: 197: 191: 189: 188: 183: 178: 172: 171: 166: 165: 162: 161: 157: 156: 151: 146: 140: 138: 137: 127: 121: 118: 117: 87: 86: 81: 80: 77: 76: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10771: 10760: 10759:World history 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10643:PROSUR/PROSUL 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10538:Craiova Group 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10453:ABCANZ Armies 10451: 10450: 10448: 10442: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10360: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10277: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10266: 10263: 10259: 10258:Protestantism 10256: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10244: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10235: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10214: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10197: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10178:Sovereigntism 10176: 10174: 10171: 10167: 10166: 10162: 10161: 10160: 10157: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10102: 10101: 10098: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10073:Scholasticism 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10032: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10004: 10001: 9997: 9994: 9993: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9975: 9972: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9937: 9936: 9933: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9921: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9912: 9909: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9848: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9811: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9771: 9763: 9762:War on terror 9760: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9753: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9657: 9656: 9655:Modern period 9653: 9651: 9648: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9600: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9511:Western world 9505: 9500: 9498: 9493: 9491: 9486: 9485: 9482: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9463:Human history 9459: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9402:Art of Europe 9400: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9386: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9362:Revolutionary 9360: 9359: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9330:End of period 9328: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9278: 9275: 9271: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9239: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9203: 9199: 9196: 9195: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9176: 9173: 9167: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9051: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9016: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8961:Ancien Régime 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8870: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8788: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8751: 8741: 8738: 8736:Intellectual: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8703: 8693: 8692:Low Countries 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8658: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8577: 8572: 8570: 8565: 8563: 8558: 8557: 8554: 8545: 8544:modern period 8536: 8535: 8528: 8522: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8494: 8491: 8489:, fordham.edu 8488: 8485: 8484: 8474: 8472:0-415-30787-2 8468: 8464: 8463: 8458: 8457:Jalal, Ayesha 8454: 8450: 8449: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8393: 8392: 8384: 8382: 8373: 8367: 8363: 8356: 8348: 8342: 8338: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8280: 8275: 8271: 8270: 8263: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8239: 8230: 8221: 8212: 8203: 8194: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8159: 8150: 8141: 8132: 8124: 8117: 8109: 8102: 8094: 8087: 8079: 8072: 8064: 8057: 8049: 8042: 8034: 8027: 8019: 8012: 8004: 7997: 7989: 7982: 7974: 7967: 7959: 7952: 7944: 7937: 7929: 7922: 7914: 7907: 7899: 7892: 7883: 7874: 7865: 7857: 7851: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7831: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7808: 7801: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7789:BBC History, 7786: 7779: 7778: 7774: 7771: 7764: 7755: 7746: 7737: 7729: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7706: 7698: 7692: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7670: 7669:0-19-502572-5 7666: 7662: 7659: 7655: 7652: 7646: 7637: 7629: 7622: 7613: 7605: 7599: 7595: 7588: 7580: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7565: 7557: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7518: 7505: 7497: 7495:9780674062315 7491: 7487: 7480: 7472: 7468: 7462: 7454: 7452:9780226424903 7448: 7444: 7437: 7429: 7425: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7406: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7376: 7375: 7367: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7328: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7289: 7281: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7226: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7191: 7175: 7171: 7165: 7161: 7160: 7152: 7136: 7132: 7131: 7123: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7084: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7045: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7006: 6990: 6986: 6980: 6976: 6975: 6967: 6951: 6947: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6928: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6889: 6873: 6869: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6850: 6844:, p. 78. 6843: 6838: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6799: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6760: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6721: 6705: 6701: 6695: 6691: 6690: 6682: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6643: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6551: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6512: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6473: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6434: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6395: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6356: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6317: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6278: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6262:(Dreyer, 1953 6259: 6253: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6219: 6213: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6177: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6151: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6128: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6050: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6000: 5985: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5966: 5958: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5812: 5796: 5793:. 1890–1923. 5792: 5791: 5786: 5780: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5695: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5636: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5500: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5472: 5463: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5407: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5357: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5318:. p. 8. 5317: 5310: 5302: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5250: 5241: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5202: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5146: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5007: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4969: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4949: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4713: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4659:, pp. 259–261 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4579: 4572: 4566: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4526: 4517: 4510: 4507:. Volume 9., 4506: 4500: 4493: 4487: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4300:Periodization 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4254: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4205: 4203: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4176:Clément Marot 4173: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4109: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4066:Immanuel Kant 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4042:Denis Diderot 4039: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3987:Immanuel Kant 3984: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3904:scholasticism 3901: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3828:lightning rod 3825: 3821: 3817: 3816:lifting tower 3813: 3812:floating dock 3807: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3760:William Jones 3757: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3742: 3741:Coulomb's law 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3714:Nicolas Steno 3711: 3708:Early modern 3707: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3693:Carl Linnaeus 3691: 3689:in the 1670s. 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3649:Edward Jenner 3646: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3462:heliocentrism 3459: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3434: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3185:John Trumbull 3182: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038:Duke of Savoy 3035: 3034:Great Britain 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2866: 2861: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2634:Diet of Worms 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2588:Martin Luther 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561:Martin Luther 2558: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2454:and lift the 2453: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2359:(1476–1524), 2358: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2157: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008:Martin Luther 2006:in 1492, and 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944:Asante Empire 1941: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1912:Lodhi dynasty 1909: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1763: 1762:to the east. 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1493:Mughal Empire 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1467: 1466:Mughal Empire 1463: 1458: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294:Tokugawa clan 1291: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1224: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1008: 1006: 1002: 997: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 948:Mughal Bengal 945: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 881:Islamic world 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 834:pre-Columbian 827: 823: 818: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 791:mechanization 788: 784: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 692: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 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The Swiss 2231:, a work of 2208: 2202: 2192:heliocentric 2177:movable type 2171: 2142: 2115: 2105: 2098: 2079:Mughal India 2040: 2020:Tudor period 2014:in 1517. In 2000:Muslim Spain 1989: 1968:in 1468 and 1955: 1916:Suri dynasty 1905: 1895: 1855:Central Asia 1852: 1830: 1807: 1804:Safavid Iran 1798:Safavid Iran 1780:Tripolitania 1769: 1766:North Africa 1751:Pax Ottomana 1749: 1739: 1650: 1635:established 1602: 1589:Robert Clive 1558: 1540: 1490: 1433:turtle ships 1426: 1409:Yi Seong-gye 1406: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1362: 1336: 1318: 1308:in the late 1287: 1273: 1262: 1243:Oda Nobunaga 1231:Oda Nobunaga 1228: 1212: 1195:Christianity 1180: 1173: 1164: 1158: 1155:China proper 1119:Qing dynasty 1113: 1102: 1050: 1039: 1020:Ming dynasty 1014: 996:isolationism 993: 960: 952:Nanban trade 944:Ming dynasty 929: 878: 838:Aztec Empire 831: 780: 697: 671: 653: 628:mercantilism 620: 585: 552: 550: 548: 513: 388:Contemporary 383:Early modern 382: 149:Protohistory 101:Contemporary 95: 68: 67: 63: 29: 18:Early Modern 10628:Open Balkan 10446:integration 10376:Rule of law 10371:Natural law 10348:Agnosticism 10326:Hellenistic 10304:Anglo-Saxon 10234:Catholicism 10173:Atlanticism 10078:Rationalism 9884:Immigration 9867:Esotericism 9725:World War I 9690:Romanticism 9670:Reformation 9650:Renaissance 9628:Middle Ages 9593:Christendom 9522:Foundations 9374:Nationalism 9184:Philosophy: 9139:Switzerland 9129:Lutheranism 8604:Renaissance 8501:(1902–1912) 8446:Works cited 8434:3 September 8253:(editors), 7513:|isbn= 7356:15 February 7258:15 February 7215:16 February 7180:15 February 7141:15 February 7112:15 February 7073:15 February 7034:15 February 6995:15 February 6956:15 February 6917:15 February 6878:15 February 6827:15 February 6788:15 February 6749:15 February 6710:15 February 6671:15 February 6632:15 February 6579:16 February 6540:16 February 6501:15 February 6462:15 February 6423:15 February 6384:15 February 6345:15 February 6306:15 February 6266:pp. 135–148 5082:(1): 1–26. 4621:11 February 4164:(later the 4092:movements. 4086:Romanticism 4050:Montesquieu 3991:Rationalism 3924:metaphysics 3729:electricity 3611:Boyle's law 3566:. In 1628, 3499:Tycho Brahe 3488:Inquisition 3439:During the 3345:Reformation 3303:Reformation 3227:Quebec City 3225:, founding 3106:Philippines 3097:colonialism 2945:La Fontaine 2813:trade route 2746:multiethnic 2627:Anglicanism 2615:Lutheranism 2607:indulgences 2584:Christendom 2576:Reformation 2519:Inquisition 2509:Inquisition 2501:Reformation 2468:Christendom 2385:Christendom 2312:, known as 2221:Machiavelli 2145:Renaissance 2028:Richard III 1744:enjoyed an 1667:empires of 1653:Spice Route 1631:. In 1819, 1629:British Raj 1553:, when the 1464:, with the 1460:Map of the 1349:, with the 1325:Edo society 1237:during the 1187:Tanegashima 1084:and Macau. 965:along with 940:King Gojong 748:city-states 720:Inquisition 704:Christendom 676:Renaissance 664:Middle Ages 640:secularized 623:globalizing 592:Renaissance 577:Middle Ages 355:Renaissance 10713:Categories 10648:Rio Treaty 10159:Relativism 10117:Liberalism 10083:Empiricism 10035:Philosophy 10023:Secularism 9974:Philosophy 9911:Literature 9705:Capitalism 9367:Napoleonic 9291:Painting: 9178:Philosophy 8660:By country 7822:1000384424 7395:27 January 5769:28 January 5723:28 January 5684:28 January 5608:18 October 5528:15 October 5373:1990192832 5347:1990220190 5324:1508838378 5174:15 October 4815:1296937594 4757:974957544X 4657:9264104143 4316:References 4242:Vastanfors 4222:Beauvaisis 4130:quadrivium 3995:Empiricism 3964:John Locke 3888:Philosophy 3800:Technology 3785:Adam Smith 3679:microscope 3597:alchemists 3558:(1543) by 3505:developed 3445:empiricism 3406:See also: 3392:Barnabites 3352:seminaries 3317:capitalism 3256:See also: 3235:New France 3164:New France 3158:See also: 3131:See also: 3040:, and the 2897:diplomatic 2706:Third Rome 2613:, such as 2551:censorship 2547:witchcraft 2350:Black Army 2317:daughter, 2240:Paracelsus 2229:The Prince 2130:Francis II 2083:Qing China 2049:, and the 1595:after the 1500:Persianate 1447:South Asia 1429:Yi Sun-sin 1345:-caste of 1310:Edo period 1302:Edo Castle 1276:Edo period 1183:Portuguese 1139:Li Zicheng 1109:Li Zicheng 932:Edo period 650:Definition 486:Futurology 427:South Asia 327:South Asia 244:South Asia 181:Bronze Age 176:Copper Age 134:Common Era 109:10,000 BCE 55:Prehistory 10593:Five Eyes 10588:EU–UK TCA 10430:Democracy 10319:Old Norse 10208:Abrahamic 10165:Peritrope 10147:Tolerance 10127:Socialism 9957:Mythology 9945:Classical 9894:Languages 9872:Astrology 9720:Modernism 9534:Old World 9169:Academic 9119:Huguenots 9114:Calvinism 9060:Overviews 9018:Diplomacy 8966:Louis XIV 8797:Countries 8712:Political 8590:Overviews 7663:, 1979. 7504:cite book 6196:Libraries 6117:3 January 6032:2213-8609 6012:Abgadiyat 5598:bbc.co.uk 5558:Routledge 5096:143899868 4555:9 January 4445:219969360 4415:CiteSeerX 4384:219969360 4354:CiteSeerX 4278:gibbeting 4238:Sundsvall 4234:Linköping 4158:Francis I 3820:newspaper 3733:magnetism 3672:Evolution 3630:dentistry 3593:chemistry 3519:Telescope 3515:astronomy 3384:Theatines 3380:Ursulines 3376:Capuchins 3313:Calvinism 3210:New Spain 3160:New Spain 3148:sugarcane 3133:New Spain 3095:The term 3082:New World 3046:Louis XIV 2878:polymaths 2797:Old World 2738:Astrakhan 2638:Charles V 2580:modernity 2565:95 theses 2543:Judaizing 2539:blasphemy 2527:canon law 2458:, led by 2266:from the 2213:astronomy 2195:cosmology 2154:classical 2134:abdicated 2024:Henry VII 1879:Khongirad 1833:Silk Road 1822:Sassanids 1657:Majapahit 1637:Singapore 1593:Mir Jafar 1523:Aurangzeb 1504:Hindustan 1468:in orange 1392:inflation 1388:peasantry 1329:hierarchy 1280:feudalist 1147:Wu Sangui 1070:Philip IV 1001:Guangzhou 990:East Asia 967:Ayutthaya 866:New World 862:Old World 803:Final Act 766:. Russia 700:Feudalism 660:antiquity 573:modernity 561:historian 474:Modernity 441:West Asia 422:East Asia 341:West Asia 318:East Asia 258:West Asia 239:East Asia 195:Axial Age 97:Neolithic 91:Timelines 59:Stone Age 10653:Schengen 10583:Eurozone 10423:Property 10418:Religion 10309:Frankish 10299:Germanic 10279:Paganism 10200:Religion 10188:European 10100:Humanism 10003:Religion 9962:Painting 9928:Internet 9879:Folklore 9850:Clothing 9821:Calendar 9797:Cyrillic 9782:Alphabet 9745:Cold War 9388:See also 9134:Scottish 9094:Haskalah 9082:Hussites 9053:Religion 8932:England 8821:Germany 8790:Politics 8760:Concepts 8459:(2003). 8425:Archived 8421:27559562 8294:(v. 1), 8247:Humanism 8177:Archived 7795:Archived 7773:Archived 7654:Archived 7540:Archived 7428:Archived 7389:Archived 7350:Archived 7311:Archived 7252:Archived 7248:48578016 7209:Archived 7174:Archived 7135:Archived 7106:Archived 7067:Archived 7028:Archived 6989:Archived 6950:Archived 6911:Archived 6872:Archived 6821:Archived 6782:Archived 6743:Archived 6704:Archived 6665:Archived 6626:Archived 6573:Archived 6534:Archived 6495:Archived 6456:Archived 6417:Archived 6378:Archived 6339:Archived 6300:Archived 6236:Archived 6186:Archived 6135:Archived 6099:(1995). 5795:Archived 5763:Archived 5745:(2006). 5717:Archived 5678:Archived 5602:Archived 5572:Archived 5550:(2006). 5522:Archived 5429:Archived 5369:ProQuest 5343:ProQuest 5320:ProQuest 5276:56350180 5168:Archived 5129:Archived 5061:56350180 4990:Archived 4859:(2016). 4811:ProQuest 4807:40400462 4778:Archived 4696:Archived 4672:(2010). 4641:(2003): 4615:Archived 4549:Archived 4437:40929823 4376:40929823 4284:See also 4154:umanisti 4119:umanista 4102:Humanism 4096:Humanism 4046:Voltaire 4023:Puritans 3938:and the 3936:politics 3832:bifocals 3697:taxonomy 3363:and the 3341:Catholic 3091:history) 3068:Americas 3020:city of 2973:Le Nôtre 2757:Cossacks 2617:and the 2523:heretics 2180:printing 2102:arquebus 2004:Americas 1966:Timbuktu 1883:Manghuds 1867:Kipchaks 1863:Pashtuns 1571:Calcutta 1396:monetary 1355:artisans 1221:1830 by 1191:arquebus 1161:argues, 1135:Jurchens 1074:Acapulco 927:region. 864:and the 742:and the 708:Crusades 686:Overview 612:Napoleon 596:Crusades 460:See also 304:Americas 289:Timeline 186:Iron Age 83:Holocene 37:a series 35:Part of 10498:Benelux 10403:Thought 10353:Atheism 10294:Finnish 10270:Culture 10265:Judaism 10227:Eastern 10223:Western 10218:Culture 10152:Paradox 10018:Decline 9979:Science 9855:History 9843:Studies 9826:Cuisine 9814:Periods 9774:Culture 9603:History 9569:Eastern 9564:Western 9515:culture 9280:General 9244:Authors 9214:Science 9144:Radical 9124:English 8947:France 8921:Leaders 8826:Britain 8687:Germany 8672:England 8641:Baroque 8609:Outline 8257:(1990). 7569:120–121 6611:Belgium 5435:27 July 5135:28 July 4931:3632434 4702:20 June 4453:1635517 4392:1635517 4259:baptism 4218:Bavaria 4064:, with 4032:French 4025:of the 3960:gravity 3747:In the 3710:geology 3396:Jesuits 3062:British 3022:Utrecht 2953:Le Brun 2941:Boileau 2933:Molière 2925:Turenne 2917:Mazarin 2867:in 1648 2805:compass 2795:In the 2761:pirates 2710:Ivan IV 2535:sorcery 2434:muskets 2426:Bohemia 2422:Jan Hus 2256:Raphael 2233:realist 2063:Russian 2059:British 2053:at the 2030:at the 2016:England 1936:Dahomey 1871:Naimans 1818:Ardabil 1784:Morocco 1776:Tunisia 1772:Algeria 1756:Persian 1673:Sumatra 1497:Islamic 1386:on the 1376:daimyōs 1372:daimyōs 1359:traders 1351:farmers 1347:samurai 1343:warrior 1338:daimyōs 1292:of the 1289:shōguns 1223:Hokusai 1203:tempura 1151:Beijing 1046:Beijing 1042:Nanjing 913:culture 893:Safavid 879:In the 822:carrack 805:of the 781:As the 417:Oceania 313:Oceania 234:Oceania 168:Ancient 113:Present 10518:CANZUK 10408:Speech 10336:Slavic 10314:Gothic 10289:Celtic 10284:Baltic 10183:Values 9984:Values 9544:Greece 9395:Europe 9171:fields 8816:France 8705:Events 8682:France 8677:Papacy 8469: 8419: 8409: 8368: 8343: 8302:(v. 2) 8298: 8290: 8183:4 July 7820: 7724: 7693: 7667: 7600: 7575: 7546:8 July 7511:Check 7492: 7449: 7420: 7381: 7342: 7303: 7246: 7166: 7098: 7059: 7020: 6981: 6942: 6903: 6864: 6813: 6774: 6735: 6696: 6657: 6618: 6565: 6526: 6487: 6448: 6409: 6370: 6331: 6292: 6242:8 July 6214: 6171:, 1970 6075: 6030: 5980: 5953: 5911: 5870: 5845: 5801:30 May 5755: 5709: 5670: 5631: 5578:26 May 5564: 5514: 5489:8 July 5458: 5421: 5394: 5371: 5345: 5322: 5297: 5274: 5264: 5236: 5197: 5160: 5121: 5094: 5059: 5049: 4964: 4929: 4892: 4867: 4836: 4813: 4805: 4754: 4729: 4688: 4655: 4593: 4474: 4451: 4443: 4435: 4417: 4390: 4382: 4374: 4356: 4230:Geneva 4226:Venice 4080:, and 4052:. 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