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advances from the planters for salaries, distributing tools, arranging housing and food, and assuming responsibility for discipline, control, and supervision.” (Hu-DeHart). The enganchador had flexibility in the length of the
Coolies’ recontract. The Coolie was also able to negotiate their wages and often had the upper hand as the employer had to yield to market forces. “Recontracting terms varied considerably. A batch of recontracts from the period 1863 to 1877 reveals great variation in the terms of the new contracts, diverging not only from the original ones, but from each other. First, most coolies signed up for only one year, at most two years, and some for as few as three and six months – all far short of another eight years. Second, the monthly wages not only varied, but were always greater than the 4 pesos in the original contracts, in some cases significantly greater. Many specified payment in “peso fuerte,” that is, hard currency, not vouchers, which was often used during the eight year original indenture.” (Hu-DeHart).
3082:
and 1859, laws were put into place stating that the ratio of men to women could not exceed 2:1, whereas before it was 3:1. However, there continued to be a severe shortage of women. This gave women a new sense of power when it came to choosing a partner. With a shortage of women, it became the responsibility of the male suitor to provide a hefty dowry to a woman's father, regardless of what caste she came from. Unfortunately, this also put women in a very vulnerable position, especially when alone. Rape was a common occurrence, and there were accounts of women being bound and gagged in their own homes by men. Between 1872 and 1900, it was reported that 87 women were murdered, with 65 of those being married women who were accused of being unfaithful.
2754:
2966:. Coolies were also not informed about the length of the trip or about the island that they would be going to. The workers were paid a pittance for their labour, and were expected to work in often awful and harsh conditions. Although there were no large-scale scandals involving coolie abuse in British colonies, workers often ended up being forced to work, and manipulated in such a way that they became dependent on the plantation owners so that in practice they remained there long after their contracts expired; possibly as little as 10% of the coolies actually returned to their original country of origin. Colonial legislation was also passed to severely limit their freedoms; in Mauritius, a compulsory
57:
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counterparts. Even after the 1866 reforms, the scale of abuse and conditions of near slavery did not get any better – if anything they deteriorated. In the early 1870s, an increased media exposure of the trade led to a public outcry, and the
British, as well as the Chinese government, put pressure on the Portuguese colonial authorities in Macau to bring the trade there to an end; this was ultimately achieved in 1874. By that time, a total of up to half a million Chinese workers had been exported. However, by 1890, there were still newspaper reports of coolie labour being used in Madagascar.
4037:
2440:(Regulation for the Introduction of Chinese Workers to the Island of Cuba) passed in Cuba. This regulation stipulated that the Coolie workers must recontract with their previous employer or another employer or they must leave Cuba at their own expense within 2 months after the end of their contract. Coolies were usually unable to afford to leave Cuba and were forced to recontract. This regulation blurred the distinction between indentured servitude and slavery. It allowed for the Coolies to serve as a source of semi-captive labour given the intentional difficulty of returning home.
2206:, detailing his time spent on West Indian plantations observing the work ethic and behaviours of coolies, and noted that many overseers believed that Asian coolies, much like enslaved Africans, held an affinity for intensive outdoor labour work. The views of overseers towards coolies differed based on ethnicity: Chinese and Japanese coolies were perceived to be harder working, more unified as a labour force, and maintained better hygiene habits in comparison to Indian labourers, who were viewed as being lower in status and treated as children who required constant supervision.
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2585:. German planters went to great lengths to secure access to their coolie labour supply from China. In 1908, a Chinese commissioner, Lin Shu Fen, reported on the cruel treatment of coolie workers on German plantations in the western Samoan Islands. The trade began largely after the establishment of colonial German Samoa in 1900 and lasted until the arrival of New Zealand forces in 1914. More than 2,000 Chinese coolies were present in the islands in 1914 and most were eventually repatriated by the New Zealand administration.
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2994:, with the Society of Friends. Petitions from Sturge, the Society of Friends, various other humanitarian groups, and from citizens of entire cities were routinely sent to the Colonial Offices. In response to this pressure, the labour export was temporarily stopped in 1839 by the authorities when the scale of the abuses became known, but it was soon renewed due to its growing economic importance. A more rigorous regulatory framework was put into place and
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2492:, substantiated horrific conditions of Chinese coolies in Cuba and stated that coolies were slaves in all but name. Researcher Denise Helly believes that despite their slave-like treatment, the free and legal status of the Asian labourers in Cuba separated them from slaves. According to Rodriguez Pastor and Trazegnies Granda, the coolies could challenge their superiors, run away, petition government officials, and rebel.
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2922:, the French transported Indian workers to their Pacific colony, Réunion, from as early as 1826. By 1830, over 3,000 labourers had been transported. After this trade was discovered, the French successfully negotiated with the British in 1860 for permission to transport over 6,000 workers annually, on condition that the trade would be suspended if abuses were discovered to be taking place.
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2447:('the islands of Hell') of Peru were treated brutally. 75% of the Chinese coolies in Cuba died before fulfilling their contracts. More than two-thirds of the Chinese coolies who arrived in Peru between 1849 and 1874 died within the contract period. In 1860, it was calculated that of the 4,000 coolies brought to the Chinchas since the trade began, not one had survived.
2338:, was called the 'pig trade' as the living conditions were not dissimilar to that of livestock; on some vessels as many as 40 per cent of the coolies died en route. As many as 500 were crammed into a single ship hold, leaving no room to move. The coolies were also stamped on their backs like livestock. Foreign merchants took advantage of the
2613:, was signed into law by Abraham Lincoln, which prohibited any U.S. citizens and residents from trading in Chinese subjects, known as "coolies". In one aspect, the Anti-Coolie Act was the last of the U.S. slave trade laws, as well as the beginning of the end of slavery; in September of that year, Lincoln would also issue the
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One stark difference between Indian and
Chinese coolies was the treatment of women, despite both groups having a severe shortage. Crimes against women (including murder) were far more frequent among Indian coolies. This was simply because there were so few Chinese women. However, it became common for
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Chinese women were scarce in every place where
Chinese indentured labourers were brought; the migration was dominated by Chinese men. Up to the 1940s, men made up the vast majority of the Costa Rican Chinese community. Similarly, males made up the majority of the original Chinese community in Mexico,
3085:
The scarcity of Indian women in the
Caribbean may not have been completely due to the women's inability to perform the work required of them. Many coolie women saw the chance to leave for the Caribbean as a way to escape abusive husbands, to hide pregnancy, to escape shame, or to simply find a better
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A major difference between the
Chinese and Indian coolie trades was that women and children were brought from India, along with men, while Chinese coolies were 99% male. Although there are reports of ships (so called 'coolie ships') for Asian coolies carrying women and children, the great majority of
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were recorded for those working in the mines. Generally, Indian coolies were noted to have higher mortality rates as a whole, and were less likely to be able to return home. Companies would often promise good food, durable clothing, adequate housing, safe passage, and schools. However, these promises
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By the 1820s, many
Indians were voluntarily enlisting to go abroad for work, in the hopes of a better life. European merchants and businessmen quickly took advantage of this and began recruiting them for work as a cheap source of labour. British merchants began transporting Indians to colonies around
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Because of these unbearable conditions, Chinese coolies often revolted against their Ko-Hung bosses and foreign company bosses at ports of departure, on ships, and in foreign lands. The coolies were put in the same neighbourhoods as
Africans and, since most were unable to return to their homeland or
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Coolies were sold and taken to work in plantations or mines with very bad living and working conditions. The duration of a contract was typically five to eight years, but many coolies did not live out their term of service due to hard labour and mistreatment. Survivors were often forced to remain in
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whose captors sold them to coolie merchants, while others sold themselves to pay off gambling debts. Those who did sign on voluntarily generally had contracts of two to five years. In addition to having their passage paid for, coolies were also paid under twenty cents per day on average. However, in
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Some
Chinese coolies managed to avoid racial discrimination laws in Cuba and marry white women. This could be done by being listed as 'white' on their baptism certificates, as the agency that recruited them was meant for settling white people in Cuba. A Chinese coolie in Cuba also mentioned a white
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In the early 1900s, the
Chinese communities in Manila, Singapore, Mauritius, New Zealand, Victoria in Australia, the United States, and Victoria in British Columbia in Canada were all male dominated. Though the lack of women became a problem in later years, initially women were not a high priority
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was a common practice among Indian coolies. Between 1845 and 1917, twenty-five per cent of all Indians brought to the Caribbean were women. With women as a severe minority, their morality was questioned and the actions of men as a result of having so few women was blamed on the women. Between 1858
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The voyage itself was often a highly dangerous venture, especially for coolie women. Though some ships had made attempts to prevent assault, rape, and general mistreatment in sailor contracts, these crimes were still common. Even with punishments in place, on ship and land, men who assaulted women
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issued a set of regulations for the trade. The rules provided for each labourer to be personally authorised for transportation by an officer designated by the company, limited the length of service to five years subject to voluntary renewal, made the contractor responsible for returning the worker
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By 1870, labour contractors called enganchadores were used to manage and negotiate the contracts for Chinese Coolies in organised labour squads called Cuadrillas. “The enganchador negotiated all terms of work for his squad and handled all aspects of employment for the workers, including obtaining
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which had been previously worked by enslaved Africans, and similarly brutal treatment could be meted out by plantation overseers in response to real or perceived offences. On some Caribbean plantations, the numbers of coolies present could reach up to six hundred. In 1878, historian W. L. Distant
3620:) means working for a fee, notably instant (cash) payment (and not salaried). It is used in a derogatory or jesting manner to signify biased action or support (e.g. "Kuliyata andanawa" means "Crying for a fee", since in colonial times people would be paid to cry at funerals). Taxis are known as
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indentured coolies. The number of Chinese women as coolies was "very small" while Chinese men were easily taken into the coolie trade. In Cuba, men made up the vast majority of Chinese indentured servants on sugar plantations; in Peru, non-Chinese women married the mostly male Chinese coolies.
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was the center of coolie slavery: it was described as "the only real business" in Macao from 1848 to 1873, generating enormous profits for the Portuguese until it was banned due to pressure from the British government. Between 1851 and 1874 approximately 215,000 Chinese were shipped from Macau
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The contrast in the female-to-male ratio between Indian and Chinese immigrants has been compared by historians. In Sumatra in the Dutch East Indies, just 18,731 Chinese women and 92,985 Chinese men served as coolies on plantations. Chinese women migrated less than Javanese and Indian women as
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declined these conditions, bringing the trade there to an end. Until the trade was finally abolished in 1875, over 150,000 coolies had been sold to Cuba alone, the majority having been shipped from Macau. These labourers endured conditions far worse than those experienced by their Indian
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was instrumental in supplying Chinese coolie labour to South African mines at the request of mine owners, who considered such labour cheaper than native African and white labour. The horrendous conditions suffered by Indian coolie labourers in South Africa led some politicians in the
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would ensure certain protections for Chinese immigrants in the U.S. and emphasise that any Chinese immigration to the U.S. must be free and voluntary, reaffirming that "coolies", being unfree, were unwelcome and prohibited from entering the U.S. In 1875, Congress passed the
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A number of contemporary and modern historians noted the influence of the old form of colonial slavery on the coolie system. The coolie trade, much like the slave trade, was intended to provide a labour force for colonial plantations in the Americas and the Pacific whose
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collecting industry. Australia began importing workers in 1848. These workers were deceived about their terms of employment to a much greater extent than their Indian counterparts, and consequently, there was a much higher level of Chinese emigration during this period.
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in 1833, with other European nations eventually following suit. Labour-intensive work in European colonies, such as those involving plantations and mines, were left without a cheap source of manpower. As a consequence, a large-scale trade of primarily Indian and Chinese
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In practice, however, as many opponents of the system argued, abuse and violence in the coolie trade was rampant. Some of these labourers signed employment contracts based on misleading promises, while others were kidnapped and sold into servitude; some were victims of
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A system of agents was used to infiltrate the rural villages of India and recruit labourers. They would often deceive the credulous workers about the great opportunities that awaited them for their own material betterment abroad. The Indians primarily came from the
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life. The 1883 Indian Immigration Act aimed to stop women from escaping their abusive husbands, which in turn made it much more difficult for women to emigrate, partially because an agent was usually needed to travel to the woman's village to verify her identity.
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at hotel lobbies and railway and bus stations. Nevertheless, the use of such (especially by foreigners) may still be regarded as a slur by some. The phrase 'brown coolie' is a term used for an Indian citizen who is posturing as a representative to a foreign
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and other areas to the south of the country. Indians had faced a great number of social and economic disasters, causing them to be more eager than other groups to leave India. In the last part of the nineteenth century alone, there were 24 famines.
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The trade flourished from 1847 to 1854 without incident, until reports began to surface of the mistreatment of the workers in Cuba and Peru. As the British government had political and legal responsibility for many of the ports involved – including
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2987:, and they were vetted before transportation to ensure that they were suitably healthy and fit to be able to endure the rigours of labour. Children under the age of 15 were not allowed to be transported from their parents under any circumstances.
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of Thailand used this term when referring to the labourers who built the new international airport. He thanked them for their hard work. Reuters, a news source from Bangkok, reported that Thai labour groups were angered by his use of the
2179:, also pressured other nations to abolish their involvement in the Atlantic slave trade. In most European colonies, the importation of Asian labourers began in earnest after the abolition of slavery. However, in some colonies, such as
2330:
in 1806 "in an attempt to establish a settlement of free peasant cultivators and labourers". On many of the voyages, the labourers were transported on the same vessels that had been used to transport African slaves in previous years.
2617:. In another aspect, it was the beginning of Chinese exclusion in the U.S. and the beginning of federal immigration restriction. Within a decade, significant levels of anti-Chinese sentiment had built up, stoked by populists such as
2432:. Mortality was very high; it is estimated that from 1847 to 1859, the average mortality rate for coolies aboard ships to Cuba was 15.2%, and losses among ships to Peru were as high as 40% in the 1850s, and 30.44% from 1860 to 1863.
1843:
The word has had a variety of negative implications. In modern-day English, it is usually regarded as offensive. In India, its country of origin, it is considered a derogatory slur. In many respects it is similar to the Spanish term
2214:
Unlike slavery, coolie labour was (in theory) under contract, consensual, paid, and temporary, with the coolie able to regain complete freedom after their term of service. Regulations were put in place as early as 1837 by the
3870:. The daughter is sent directly from finishing middle school to work on a cruise ship for western tourists, to earn money for her family. Her father referred to himself as a "coolie" who used to carry bags on and off boats.
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integrated into the countries of Peru, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. They adopted cultural traditions from the natives and welcomed non-Chinese to experience and participate in their traditions. Before the
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Debates over coolie labour and slavery was key in shaping the history of Chinese immigrants in the U.S. In February 1862, "An Act to Prohibit the 'Coolie Trade' by American Citizens in American vessels", also known as the
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from India to work in the sugar cane fields. Between 1834 and 1921, around half a million indentured labourers were present on the island. They worked on sugar estates, factories, in transport, and on construction sites.
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was instituted to enable their movements to be easily tracked. Conditions were much worse in the French colonies of Réunion, Guadeloupe, and Martinique, where workers were 'systematically overworked' and abnormally high
2929:
starting in 1829. Slavery was abolished there in 1833, with Mauritian planters receiving two million pounds sterling in compensation for the loss of their slaves. The planters turned to bringing in a large number of
2223:
also made efforts to secure the well-being of their nation's workers, with representatives being sent to relevant governments around the world. Some Western abolitionists saw coolie labour as paving the way towards
2711:
by the invading Chilean army in January 1880. Some 2,000 coolies even joined the Chilean Army in Peru, taking care of the wounded and burying the dead. Others were sent by Chileans to work in the newly conquered
2346:, as well as the resulting political and economic instability, to broker deals for "contracted" workers. Anglophone capitalists referred to the opium trade and captive Chinese labour as "poison and pigs".
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media of the time incited public outrage and led to the official ending of the coolie trade in 1916 by the British government. By that time, tens of thousands of Chinese workers were being used along the
3729:
depicts coolies working as labourers assisting American sailors aboard an American gun boat in 1926 civil war era China. The story, among many parallel story lines, involves an American Navy engineer (
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1550:
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after their term of indenture elapsed, and today their descendants account for about 40% of the total population. Indian workers were also imported into the Dutch colony of Surinam after the Dutch
3970:, Li, a young private secretary to Mr. Butler, resents being treated like a "schoolboy coolie" by Canadian Dr. MacEwen. The word 'coolie' is also used by Denton when he observes coolies working.
5646:
Simms, TM; Wright, MR; Hernandez, M; Perez, OA; Ramirez, EC; Martinez, E; Herrera, RJ (August 2012). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Haiti and Jamaica: contrasting levels of sex-biased gene flow".
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In 1866, the British, French and Chinese governments agreed to mitigate the abuse by requiring all traders to pay for the return of all workers after their contract ended. The employers in the
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occurred as early as the 17th century. However, in the 19th century, a far more robust system of trade involving coolies occurred, in direct response to the gradual abolition of both the
3356:
is a term for unskilled workers relying on their physical strength for transporting goods. It was previously used to refer to Indian or Chinese labourers, with a pejorative connotation.
1889:
is instead used to refer to people of fully-blooded Indian descent whose ancestors migrated to the British former colonies in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean. This is particularly so in
3098:
during coolie recruitment. Generally, it was believed that women were unwilling to perform the hard outdoor labour. Those willing to perform it were still seen as not as good as men.
2357:. These coolies were obtained via a variety of sources, including some who were entrapped by brokers in Macau through loans for gambling, and others who were kidnapped or coerced.
3722:
In the 1941 Disney film "The Reluctant Dragon", humorist Robert Benchley sees an Asian artist drawing an elephant wearing a conical hat and remarks "Oh, a coolie elephant, huh?"
3832:) expressing distress about the idea of being a coolie in his own country. Also, the gang he directs makes frequent attacks at gangs of working-class Vietnamese Australians.
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The first campaign in England against the coolie trade likened the system of indentured labour to the slavery of the past. The campaign against coolie emigration was led by
2839:
1676:
2171:. Other European nations, especially colonial powers such as France, Spain, and Portugal, soon followed suit, especially as Britain, through several treaties such as
2135:. The British were the first to experiment with coolie labour when, in 1806, two hundred Chinese labourers were transported to the colony of Trinidad to work on the
6368:
3779:), who works at a railway station; the film is famous for the fact that during filming, Bachchan suffered a near-fatal injury during a fight sequence. Additional
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began in the 1820s to fill this need. In 1838, 396 South Asian workers arrived in British Guiana, and such a stream of migrant labour would continue until the
1540:
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2228:, to gradually and peacefully replace African slave labour without loss of profit. However, other abolitionist groups and individuals – such as the British
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there. The "Trinidad experiment" was not a success, with only twenty to thirty labourers remaining in Trinidad by the 1820s. However, such efforts inspired
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declared that "Asiatic coolieism is a form of human slavery, and is forever prohibited in this State, and all contracts for coolie labour shall be void."
3983:, the setting of the Shanghai International Settlement features descriptions of coolies working as observed by the main character, Jamie ("Jim") Graham.
1161:
802:
7383:
3425:
are those who carry heavy loads for someone. However, the word is not a slur. It refers to Arab day-labourers who migrated to Ethiopia for labour work.
2484:, and used coolies as a transition between slaves and free labour. They were neither free nor slaves. Indentured Chinese servants also laboured in the
2451:
have their wives come to the New World, many married African women. The coolies' interracial relationships and marriages with Africans, Europeans, and
2409:– such ports were immediately closed. Despite these closures, the trade simply shifted to the more accommodating port within the Portuguese enclave of
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5091:
Li, Anshan (2004). "Survival, Adaptation, and Integration: Origins and Development of the Chinese Community in Jamaica". In Wilson, Andrew R. (ed.).
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people to instead believe that Indians murder their women while Chinese women stay alive because, unlike their Indian counterparts, they are chaste.
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5116:
Robinson, St. John (2010). "The Chinese of Central America: Diverse Beginnings, Common Achievements". In Look Lai, Walton; Tan, Chee Beng (eds.).
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Helly, "Idéologie et ethnicité"; Rodríguez Pastor, "Hijos del Celeste Imperio"; Trazegnies Granda, "En el país de las colinas de arena", Tomo II
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them carried men. This led to a high rate of Chinese men marrying women of other ethnicities, such as Indian women and mixed-race Creole women.
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However, there were also attempts by the British authorities to regulate and mitigate the worst abuses. Workers were regularly checked up on by
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Despite attempts to restrict the influx of cheap labour from China, beginning in the 1870s Chinese workers helped construct a vast network of
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take care of student union club tasks (usually arranging a party or such activity), they are referred as "kuli" or performing a "kuli duty".
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2633:, which prohibited the bringing of any Chinese subjects without their consent in order to hold them for a term of service. In 1882, the
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3394:(กุลี) still retains its original meaning as manual labourers, but is considered to be offensive. In September 2005, Prime Minister
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To prohibit and prevent unfair discrimination (either on the basis of age, race, sex, disability, language, religion, culture, etc.)
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in western Canada, Chinese settlement was discouraged after completion of the construction. State legislation, such as California's
6462:
5699:
Quintana-Murci, L; Harmant, C; Quach, H; Balanovsky, O; Zaporozhchenko, V; Bormans, C; van Helden, PD; Hoal, EG; Behar, DM (2010).
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era, "cu li" or "culi", as a Vietnamese pronunciation for coolie, is still used with the offensive mearning for low-paid labourer.
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fields of Cuba well after the 1884 abolition of slavery in the country. Two scholars of Chinese labour in Cuba, Juan Pastrana and
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4231:
3931:(1954) is a non-fiction account of a group of Australian nurses held captive and used as slave labour by the Japanese in WWII.
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refers to a worker who performs very hard, exacting labour. The word generally has no particular ethnic connotations among the
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6399:. Johns Hopkins studies in Atlantic history and culture (illustrated ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 46.
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This system prevailed until the early twentieth century. Increasing focus on the brutalities and abuses of the trade by the
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6755:. McGill-Queen's studies in ethnic history. Vol. 22 (illustrated ed.). McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 348.
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In the information technology industry, offshore workers are sometimes referred to as coolies because of their lower wages.
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in 1870. In Mauritius, the Indian population is now demographically dominant, with Indian festivals being celebrated as
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Narvaez, Benjamin N. "Chinese Coolies in Cuba and Peru: Race, Labor, and Immigration, 1839–1886." (2010): 1–524. Print.
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was first used in the 16th century by European traders across Asia. By the 18th century, the term referred to migrant
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5885:, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS117756684/TTDA?u=tall85761&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=60955784. Accessed 27 April 2023.
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3957:, the word 'coolies' is used when describing different groups of people aboard a steamer ship crossing the Pacific.
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6433:. Data paper series. Vol. 2. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Institute of Southeast Asian. p. 204.
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6538:. Wiley Blackwell Concise History of the Modern World. Vol. 4 (illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
5701:"Strong maternal Khoisan contribution to the South African coloured population: a case of gender-biased admixture"
4429:. Department of Justice and Constitutional Development, Republic of South Africa. 27 November 2004. Archived from
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3853:) for not paying rent, saying that "you'll be a coolie for life." In the credits, his name is given as "Coolie".
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2424:. Their voyages, which are sometimes called the Pacific Passage, were as inhumane and dangerous as the notorious
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216:
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5563:"Influência da aculturação na autopercepção dos idosos quanto à saúde bucal em uma população de origem japonesa"
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Hu-Dehart, Evelyn (1994). "Chinese Coolie Labor in Cuba in the Nineteenth Century: Free Labor of Neoslavery".
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Hu-Dehart, Evelyn (1994). "Chinese Coolie Labor in Cuba in the Nineteenth Century: Free Labor of Neoslavery".
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6987:"Thai Unions Hot under Collar at PM "coolie" Slur." The Star Online. 30 September 2005. Web. 29 January 2011.
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certain regions, roughly a dollar would be taken from coolies every month in order to pay off their debts.
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In modern Indian popular culture, coolies have often been portrayed as working-class heroes or anti-heroes.
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In South America, Chinese indentured labourers worked in Peru's silver mines and coastal industries (i.e.,
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7062:"Amitabh Bachchan's Deewar is 40: 9 Things You Didn't Know About the Angry Young Man – NDTV Movies"
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4579:(9th, American Reprint ed.). Maxwell Sommerville (Philadelphia). 1891. p. 296. Volume VI.
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Martha W. McCartney; Lorena S. Walsh; Ywone Edwards-Ingram; Andrew J. Butts; Beresford Callum (2003).
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Erickson, Edgar (June 1934). "The Introduction of East Indian Coolies into the British West Indies".
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Erickson, Edgar (June 1934). "The Introduction of East Indian Coolies into the British West Indies".
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Indentured labor, Caribbean sugar: Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918
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were imposed for infractions in 1842. In that year, almost 35,000 people were shipped to Mauritius.
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to safeguard these principles of voluntary, contractual work and safe, sanitary transportation. The
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5603:"Identity, Rebellion, and Social Justice Among Chinese Contract Workers in Nineteenth-Century Cuba"
3888:), frequent references are made to the hardworking, underpaid Chinese coolies who helped build the
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3687:, when his officers are ordered to do manual labour on the bridge, British officer Col. Nicholson (
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5011:"A Study of the Africans and African Americans on Jamestown Island and at Green Spring, 1619–1803"
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were rarely kept, leading to the higher mortality rate and image of Indian coolies being "dirty".
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referred to indentured workers from India. It is no longer an accepted term, and both it and its
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that literally translates to "bitter strength" but is more commonly understood as "hard labour".
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2683:(Number 13, 24 July 1938) while telling a story about "two Chinese coolies" arguing in a crowd.
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Description of conditions aboard clipper ships transporting coolies from Swatow, China, to Peru
6335:"The Long, Long Trail – Researching soldiers of the British Army in the Great War of 1914-1919"
2879:
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2695:, sugar, and cotton) from the early 1850s to the mid-1870s; about 100,000 people immigrated as
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with racist slogans – "To an American, death is preferable to life on a par with the Chinese."
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5503:"From Slavery to Freedom: Chinese Coolies on the Sugar Plantations of Nineteenth Century Cuba"
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Despite this, conditions on the ships were often extremely crowded, with rampant disease and
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When America First Met China: An Exotic History of Tea, Drugs, and Money in the Age of Sail
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3866:(2007) follows the life of a family in China that is relocated due to the flooding of the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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overseas, primarily to Cuba and Peru, with some being shipped to Guiana, Suriname, and
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The coolie slave trade run by American captains and local agents, mainly consisting of
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Hiramatsu, Daniel Afonso; Franco, Laércio Joel; Tomita, Nilce Emy (20 November 2006).
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The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection
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William Lloyd Garrison and Giuseppe Mazzini: Abolition, Democracy, and Radical Reform.
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and children were rarely punished, leaving women in an even more vulnerable position.
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The coolies who worked on the sugar plantations in Cuba and in the guano beds of the
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2183:, slavery would not end until 1886, about forty years after coolies were introduced.
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Chinese Economic Activity in Netherlands India: Selected Translations from the Dutch
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1832:, the term was adopted for the transportation and employment of Asian labourers via
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3691:) insists that "I will not have an officer from my battalion working as a coolie."
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3009:, where the Asian population was soon a major component of the island demographic.
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is used as a neutral word to mean "ship worker of Asian origin" by the Greek poet
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singer Romeo "Mystic" Nermal is about the lifestyle of the traditional "coolie" (
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3719:) calls Nick, the club owner, "coolie", causing him to slap her across the face.
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Patricia Mohammd, "Gender Negotiations Among Indians in Trinidad, 917-1947," in
6603:
Patricia Mohammd, "Gender Negotiations Among Indians in Trinidad, 917-1947," in
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3944:, the word 'coolie' is used repeatedly about varying kinds of Asian labourers.
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2143:, one of the earliest proponents of coolie labour, to seek out coolies for his
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Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement
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signed a treaty with the United Kingdom on the recruitment of contract workers
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2438:
1860 Reglamento para la introducción de trabajadores chinos a la isla de Cuba
2158:
Social and political pressure led to the abolition of slavery throughout the
2043:
could have originated from the name of a Gujarati aboriginal tribe or caste.
1873:
and meant "day labourer"; starting in the 20th century, the word was used in
1656:
1585:
1032:
1015:
790:
620:
610:
394:
44:
10689:
5847:
The Coolie Trade: The Traffic in Chinese Laborers to Latin America 1847–1874
3733:) befriending a coolie (Mako) working under his command in the engine room.
3708:
that "... his spies are all around us. I can't even trust our own coolies."
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4577:
Encyclopædia Britannica, Dictionary, Arts, Sciences, and General Literature
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1933:
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632:
605:
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433:
150:
130:
108:
98:
88:
83:
73:
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2420:(detention centres) or loading vessels in the ports of departure, as were
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itself, which for centuries had served as the preferred mode of labour in
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The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba
6568:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
4864:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
4717:
The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba
4595:
The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba
4497:
3948:
3923:, the captain is transporting a group of coolies in the South China Sea.
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3742:
3716:
3575:
3564:, to protect themselves from the sun, is sometimes called a "coolie hat".
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after the contract elapsed, and required the vessels to conform to basic
2919:
2456:
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1971:
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1855:
1503:
1491:
844:
647:
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595:
409:
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6700:
Isabelle Lausent-Herrera (2010). Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).
6666:
Isabelle Lausent-Herrera (2010). Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).
6632:
Isabelle Lausent-Herrera (2010). Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).
2248:, condemned coolie labour but used it to argue against the abolition of
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10500:
10126:
9939:
9752:
9429:
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8678:
8610:
8278:
7368:"The history of eunuchs, explorers, and Chinese immigration to America"
6587:
6148:
6052:
Fiji's Indian migrants : a history of the end of indenture in 1920
5659:
4883:
3857:
3635:
translates to "industrious", which carries connotations of slavishness.
3530:
3506:
3502:
3257: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3122:
terms, such as 'coolie' (koelie). The main objectives of the Act were:
3116:
Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000
3028:
Starting in 1879, many Indians were transported to Fiji to work on the
2911:
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2883:
2668:
of 1850 and 1852, would target Chinese immigrants in the U.S. The 1879
2392:
2354:
2343:
2326:. The first shipment of Chinese labourers was to the British colony of
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7290:
Please help integrate this content into the body of the article using
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7129:(1983 Reprint ed.). London: Penguin Travel Library. p. 152.
6752:
Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838–1900
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2282:. However, many Chinese labourers worked in British colonies such as
2188:
1918:
1914:
1863:
1814:
896:
561:
423:
6579:
6369:"Journey of the 'coolie' women in the history of the British empire"
5990:
Bonilla, Heraclio. 1978. The National and Colonial Problem in Peru.
5698:
4875:
3383:
is a term for manual labourers, with somewhat negative connotations.
3232:
2342:
negotiated between the Qing government and Western powers after the
2151:
in the hopes of replacing his Afro-Caribbean labour force after the
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5897:"How Chinese Migrant Workers Resisted Coconut Colonialism in Samoa"
5283:
Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution
5254:
Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution
4914:
Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation
4899:
Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation
4656:
Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation
4325:
Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation
3846:
3678:) in a testy exchange that he is not one of his "coolie" patients.
3546:
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3006:
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2704:
2380:, and demand became particularly strong in Peru for workers in the
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6501:(illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 291.
4988:. SUNY series in global modernity. SUNY Press. pp. 101–102.
3850:
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3704:
mentions his team's temporarily hired Chinese workers, saying of
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festival for the indentured Indian workers, on the French colony
2291:
2128:
1938:
1910:
1859:
1469:
551:
231:
48:
7187:
Coolies of Capitalism: Assam Tea and the Making of Coolie Labour
6235:. The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. 2010.
5451:. The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. 2010.
5064:
The Chinese in the West Indies: a documentary history, 1806–1995
2416:
Many coolies were first deceived or kidnapped, and then kept in
2006:, meaning "day-labourer", which is probably associated with the
1885:", which refers to people of mixed African and Indian ancestry.
1862:, Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Americas, particularly in the
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Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2013.
4424:"Press Statement: Public awareness campaign on Equality Courts"
4265:"COOLIE | Meaning & Definition for UK English | Lexico.com"
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was also applied to Chinese workers recruited for contracts on
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221:
20:
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Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)
3849:) criticises the labourer/retired-in-disguise kung fu master (
2020:), meaning "slave". The Urdu word is thought to come from the
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10960:
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10527:
10476:
10446:
10336:
10304:
10112:
10030:
9827:
9745:
9731:
9724:
9554:
9303:
9112:
9001:
8906:
8892:
8802:
8739:
8670:
8659:
8546:
8518:
8411:
7346:
6940:
6427:
M. R. Fernando (1992). M. R. Fernando; David Bulbeck (eds.).
5428:"History of Indian and Chinese Coolies and their Descendants"
4480:
Burrow, T. (Thomas); Emeneau, M. B. (Murray Barnson) (1984).
4173:
4158:
3067:
2742:
2692:
2649:
2641:
2400:, where many Chinese labourers were shipped to foreign lands.
2385:
1983:
428:
414:
389:
6064:
2866:. The Dutch shipped workers to labour on the plantations on
10872:
10852:
10682:
10616:
10570:
10140:
9227:
9140:
9126:
9084:
7066:
6150:
Coolitude : an anthology of the Indian labour diaspora
5746:
5744:
5175:
Alcohol and Opium in the Old West: Use, Abuse and Influence
4163:
3828:(1992) shows a white power skinhead named Hando (played by
3538:
2406:
2279:
2275:
2073:
as dock labourers who would unload Dutch merchant ships at
2007:
1922:
1846:
295:
125:
3901:, the word "coolie" is used to refer to certain low class
3133:
To prevent hate speech (e.g. calling people names such as
2036:
family, with the exception of the North Dravidian branch.
10944:
10675:
10652:
10559:
10279:
10272:
9780:
9385:
9371:
8567:
6738:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 216–217.
5645:
4344:
3012:
2252:, claiming the latter was more "humane" than the former.
6699:
6665:
6631:
6607:, ed. Nicola Foote (New York: Routledge, 2013), 192-194.
5741:
5226:
4916:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 30.
4658:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University press. p. 14.
4340:"A History Of Indentured Labor Gives 'Coolie' Its Sting"
4327:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 16.
3020:
carry out riveting work at the Central Workshops of the
1982:
It is generally understood that the term comes from the
7438:
6621:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 26–28.
6288:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 51–56.
4368:. Centre for Civil Society (CCS), India. Archived from
3001:
In 1844, the trade was expanded to the colonies in the
7045:
Deewaar: the fiction of film and the fact of politics.
6535:
A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present
6355:
http://guyanachronicle.com/2009/05/05/the-coolie-ships
4205:
was a company director before becoming U.S. President.
2274:
Workers from China were mainly transported to work in
2080:
11016:
usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized
5924:
The Problem of Immigration in a Slaveholding Republic
5560:
2637:
barred the entry of any Chinese labourer to the U.S.
1881:
at railway stations. The term differs from the word "
6794:, ed. Nicola Foote (New York: Routledge, 2013), 193.
6467:(reprint, revised ed.). Routledge. p. 21.
6225:
6103:. Lautoka, Fiji: Fiji Institute of Applied Studies.
4721:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 6.
4018:
3414:, are considered extremely derogatory for people of
2360:
In 1847, two ships from Cuba transported workers to
1426:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
6964:"'Brown' is out of my comfort zone: Karisma Kapoor"
5285:. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis:
5256:. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis:
4597:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 6.
4459:(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
4232:"Coolie Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster"
3654:
2535:to encourage foreign settlement of the colonies of
10838:(sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups)
7343:"Hum Coolie - dedicated to the "coolies" of India"
6933:"Hum Coolie - dedicated to the "coolies" of India"
4901:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. p. 18.
4714:
4298:"Coolie Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com"
3557:descent and is considered an offensive pejorative.
3553:was used loosely to refer to anyone of Indian and
2648:. These levees made thousands of acres of fertile
2364:to work in the sugar cane fields from the port of
6101:Girmitiyas : the origins of the Fiji Indians
2376:in 1842. The trade soon spread to other ports in
2115:Abolition of slavery and rise of the coolie trade
11068:
6207:. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 25.
5758:
5756:
5034:
4827:
4825:
4747:
4745:
4226:
4224:
4222:
2652:available for agricultural production. Although
1817:, typically those of Indian or Chinese descent.
1541:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
6566:Distant, W.L. (1874). "Eastern Coolie LAbour".
6528:
6460:
6392:
6146:
5920:"The Antislavery Origins of Immigration Policy"
4662:
2318:), as well as in the Dutch colonies within the
7880:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden
7811:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)
7104:"Up the Yangtze (Trailer) by Yung Chang – NFB"
6748:
6703:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
6669:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
6635:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
6494:
6426:
5231:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 31–32.
5118:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean
4862:Distant, W.L (1874). "Eastern Coolie Labour".
4668:
4569:
4511:Stearns, Peter N, ed. (2008). "Coolie Trade".
3753:), who turns to a life of crime and becomes a
2203:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
2109:
8479:
7821:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
7424:
5812:, The Rise of Herbert Hoover (New York, 1932)
5753:
4822:
4742:
4671:"Chronology of Filipinos in America Pre-1989"
4588:
4586:
4479:
4219:
2501:
2467:
2209:
2032:, meaning "wages", is present throughout the
1747:
7208:History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago
5824:Indian South Africans:Coolie commission 1872
5803:
4831:
4515:. New York (N.Y.): Oxford University Press.
2436:servitude beyond the contracted period. The
2001:
1546:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
11157:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
11092:History of immigration to the United States
7332:Personal Life of a Chinese Coolie 1868–1899
7225:
6068:and Kate Fortune, ed. (2000). "Girmitiya".
4803:
4513:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
3601:) refers to back-breaking, repetitive work.
3586:
3184:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1995:
8486:
8472:
7431:
7417:
7229:Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary
7226:Yule, Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1995).
6807:Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora
6672:. Brill ebook titles. BRILL. p. 116.
6071:The Pacific Islands : an encyclopedia
4583:
4418:
4416:
3068:Sex ratios and intermarriage among coolies
2925:The British began to transport Indians to
2106:considers it "disparaging and offensive".
2015:
1754:
1740:
7673:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees
7037:
7018:
6706:. Brill ebook titles. BRILL. p. 68.
6638:. Brill ebook titles. BRILL. p. 69.
6030:The Chinese American Experience:1857–1892
5894:
5724:
5578:
5500:
5460:
5458:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5408:
4631:
4612:
4454:
4362:Licensing and Livelihood: Railway Coolies
4358:
3367:is now commonly used to refer to luggage
3335:Learn how and when to remove this message
3317:Learn how and when to remove this message
2499:Once they had fulfilled their contracts,
2240:– were highly critical of coolie labour.
7337:Chinese Coolie treated worse than slaves
7204:
6864:. Temple University Press. p. 158.
6298:
6248:
6147:Carter, Marina; Torabully, Khal (2002).
5441:
5339:American Involvement in the Coolie Trade
5197:
5168:
5166:
5115:
5095:. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 44.
5061:
4963:Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology
4939:
4712:
4455:Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2015). "Coolie".
4395:"Malema under fire over slur on Indians"
3694:In the racially controversial 1932 film
3560:In many English-speaking countries, the
3011:
2949:
2752:
2737:
2592:
2522:
2466:In Spanish, coolies were referred to as
2391:
2234:British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
2119:The importation of Asian labourers into
1869:The word originated in the 17th-century
1765:
1551:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1416:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1396:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
9616:Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians
7164:
7143:
6834:Chinese Cubans: A Transnational History
6733:
6616:
6565:
6283:
6202:
6049:
5984:
5843:
5765:Significance of Chinese Coolies to Cuba
5280:
5251:
5068:The Press University of the West Indies
4959:
4861:
4649:
4647:
4560:
4554:
4510:
4413:
3775:film about a coolie, Iqbal Aslam Khan (
3118:. Section 10 covers the prohibition of
2588:
2269:
2039:It is also thought that the Hindi word
16:Offensive term for a labourer from Asia
11069:
7372:University of Arkansas Daily Headlines
7353:
7147:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture
6736:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture
6619:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture
6286:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture
6205:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture
5966:
5455:
5405:
5149:. Duke University Press. p. 194.
4982:"Emergency Signals from the Shipwreck"
4756:. Duke University Press. p. 196.
4337:
3995:song titled "Coolie Bai Dance" by the
3749:about a dockyard coolie, Vijay Verma (
3090:and they often married Mexican women.
2555:Chinese Engineering and Mining Company
1840:formerly worked by enslaved Africans.
11112:Personal care and service occupations
8467:
7926:Soviet deportations of Chinese people
7412:
7183:
6830:
6599:
6597:
6366:
6244:
6242:
5917:
5901:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
5895:Droessler, Holger (15 October 2022).
5496:
5494:
5274:
5172:
5163:
5147:The Intimacies of the Four Continents
4857:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4708:
4706:
4682:University of California, Los Angeles
4608:
4606:
4604:
1438:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1115:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7320:Coolies: The Story of Indian Slavery
7251:
6221:. Caribbean Repeating Islands. 2009.
5981:The Chinese in California, 1850–1879
5877:"London, Tuesday, August 12, 1890."
5522:Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th edition
5245:
5144:
4979:
4911:
4896:
4751:
4653:
4644:
4338:Gandhi, Lakshmi (25 November 2013).
4322:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
3757:smuggler, inspired by the real-life
3255:adding citations to reliable sources
3226:
3190:
3149:
2761:singing and dancing on an estate in
2455:, formed some of the modern world's
1630:Slave marriages in the United States
1234:Human trafficking in the Middle East
9416:(to Japan-affiliated Korean people)
8030:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
6961:
6857:
6831:López, Kathleen M. (10 June 2013).
6803:
6464:Chinese Coolie Emigration to Canada
6098:
5636:. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 9 May 2012.
5191:
5037:"Indian Slaves in Colonial America"
4592:
4483:A Dravidian etymological dictionary
3005:, including Jamaica, Trinidad, and
2686:
2656:contributed to the building of the
2236:, along with American abolitionist
2081:Classification as an offensive term
2016:
969:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
9495:American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD)
8007:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians
7858:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886
7842:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka
7169:. Brown, Son & Ferguson, Ltd.
7137:
6594:
6239:
5932:10.1093/oso/9780197580080.003.0006
5491:
5090:
4986:Toward Filipino Self-Determination
4848:
4703:
4601:
2954:Newly arrived Indian labourers in
2699:workers. They participated in the
2646:Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta
2264:
2153:abolition of slavery there in 1833
1828:. In the 19th century, during the
1623:last survivors of American slavery
14:
11183:
7396:, Aapravasi ghat 2 November 2007.
7247:
7124:
6911:"coolie | Indonesian translation"
5392:Chinese Indentured Labour in Peru
5227:Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999).
4754:The Four Intimacies of Continents
4316:
4283:
4267:. 3 February 2022. Archived from
4250:
3856:The documentary film directed by
3578:song, "The Rickety Rickshaw Man".
3165:This section has multiple issues.
2719:
2133:European colonies in the Americas
2100:states it is "dated, offensive".
2028:("hire" or "hireling"). The word
1948:(1983), and several films titled
584:Field slaves in the United States
451:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
11117:Stereotypes of the working class
11002:Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia
8493:
8164:Artificial Intelligence Cold War
8124:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests
8035:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma
7354:Varupi, Jain (1 February 2004).
7256:
7167:The Coolie Ships and Oil Sailers
7118:
7096:
7074:
7054:
7012:
6990:
6981:
6955:
6925:
6921:from the original on 3 May 2022.
6903:
6878:
6851:
6824:
6797:
6784:
6367:Wajid, Sara (19 November 2013).
6219:"St. Lucia's Indian Arrival Day"
5039:. India Currents. Archived from
5035:Francis C.Assisi (16 May 2007).
4779:Coolie Trade in the 19th Century
4359:Gaurav, Kumar; Singhal, Mayank.
4300:. 4 January 2023. Archived from
4234:. 4 January 2023. Archived from
4133:
4119:
4105:
4091:
4077:
4063:
4049:
4035:
4021:
3655:In art, entertainment, and media
3487:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3440:, but it is a racial slur among
3231:
3195:
3154:
2840:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2660:in the United States and of the
2531:, a legal order approved by the
461:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
456:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
285:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
55:
9990:Cheese-eating surrender monkeys
7816:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885
7374:. 25 March 2003. Archived from
7205:Williams, Eric Eustace (1962).
6886:"Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring"
6837:. UNC Press Books. p. 91.
6742:
6727:
6693:
6659:
6625:
6610:
6559:
6522:
6488:
6454:
6420:
6386:
6360:
6348:
6327:
6292:
6277:
6211:
6196:
6167:
6140:
6117:
6092:
6058:
6043:
6021:
5999:
5948:
5911:
5888:
5871:
5837:
5815:
5794:
5692:
5674:
5639:
5627:
5595:
5580:10.1590/S0102-311X2006001100018
5554:
5538:. Taste of Peru. Archived from
5528:
5524:. Adam and Charles Black. 1877.
5513:
5383:
5355:
5330:
5303:
5220:
5138:
5109:
5084:
5055:
5002:
4933:
4920:
4905:
4890:
4797:
4770:
4625:
4541:Wiktionary, the free dictionary
4529:
4504:
4490:
4473:
4196:
3954:Around the World in Eighty Days
3890:first transcontinental railroad
3562:conical hat worn by many Asians
3454:In Finland, when freshmen of a
3242:needs additional citations for
3173:or discuss these issues on the
3102:female master in a deposition.
2759:Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian
2703:, looting and burning down the
2658:first transcontinental railroad
2602:first transcontinental railroad
2562:to question the coolie system.
2244:advocates, particularly in the
2195:. Coolies frequently worked on
2191:were in high demand across the
1411:Committee of Experts on Slavery
962:East, Southeast, and South Asia
10587:Jewish-American princess (JAP)
9118:non-Spanish speaking Hispanics
8402:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees
6998:"Straattaalwoorden: Definitie"
4634:Contributions in Black Studies
4615:Contributions in Black Studies
4500:. Online Etymology Dictionary.
4448:
4387:
4352:
4331:
3725:The Oscar-nominated 1966 film
3612:term for manual labour. Also,
3105:
2529:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815
2048:
1110:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
10492:eastern and central europeans
9866:English-speaking Welsh people
8191:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest
8154:China–United States trade war
8019:Internment of Chinese-Indians
7932:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923
6301:The Journal of Modern History
6251:The Journal of Modern History
6233:"Indian indentured labourers"
6186:. New Delhi: Vani Prakashan.
6130:. The University of Chicago.
5918:Kenny, Kevin (25 July 2023).
5287:University of Minnesota Press
5258:University of Minnesota Press
4946:. NYU Press. pp. 21–22.
4808:. Hansib Publishing, London.
4678:Anderson School of Management
4212:
3873:
3442:Surinamese of Indian heritage
3145:
2547:
2372:opened to the British by the
8196:Boycotts of Chinese products
8119:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
8051:1969 race riots of Singapore
8025:1964 race riots in Singapore
7712:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)
7083:Kung Fu Hustle (2004) - IMDb
6792:The Caribbean History Reader
6605:The Caribbean History Reader
5177:. McFarland. p. 82,85.
5093:The Chinese in the Caribbean
4457:Oxford Dictionary of English
3684:The Bridge on the River Kwai
2920:British colonial authorities
2918:Without permission from the
2707:where they worked after the
2679:used the term in one of his
2516:had Latin America's largest
2217:British authorities in India
1977:
1964:). A new Tamil movie titled
1936:celebrating coolies include
1770:Indian labourers in British
1401:Temporary Slavery Commission
1062:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
10897:Fresh off the boat / F.O.B.
9153:Central and South Americans
8186:2021 Solomon Islands unrest
8176:COVID-19 pandemic incidents
8073:May 1998 riots of Indonesia
7394:Commemoration of indentured
7285:Knowledge's Manual of Style
6858:Yun, Lisa (22 April 2008).
6076:University of Hawai'i Press
5844:Meagher, Arnold J. (2008).
5312:Asia-Canada:Chinese Coolies
4561:Kämpfer, Engelbert (1727).
4014:
3937:A Nomad of the Time Streams
3110:In 2000, the parliament of
2110:History of the coolie trade
1974:is set to release in 2025.
1826:Indian indentured labourers
1421:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
466:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
11188:
8181:2021 Atlanta spa shootings
8045:13 May incident (Malaysia)
8013:Chinese Confession Program
7903:Vancouver anti-Asian riots
7847:Chinese head tax in Canada
7794:San Francisco riot of 1877
7051:, No. 38, June 1993:26–32.
6173:Praveen Kumar Jha (2019).
6128:: The Odyssey of Indenture
5717:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.014
5501:Hu-DeHart, Evelyn (2017).
5198:Driscoll, Mark W. (2020).
4940:Gonzalez, Joaquin (2009).
4071:Trinidad and Tobago portal
3934:In the 1982 fiction novel
3886:season 3, episode 1 (2013)
3402:In South Africa, the term
3032:plantations. Many of them
2940:British East India Company
2723:
2670:Constitution of California
2368:, one of the five Chinese
2210:Debates over coolie labour
1854:is generally considered a
1606:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1443:Anti-Slavery International
1208:North Africa and West Asia
18:
11147:Economic history of India
10862:
10808:
10774:
10699:
10569:
10526:
10456:
10431:
10373:
10346:
10314:
10289:
10173:
10058:
10040:
10013:
9981:
9949:
9931:
9817:
9790:
9688:
9679:
9650:
9628:
9578:
9525:
9486:
9477:
9446:
9402:
9361:
9272:
9205:
9196:
9189:
8965:
8822:
8723:
8586:
8577:
8510:
8501:
8440:
8382:
8287:
8251:
8215:
8208:
8149:2015 Aksu colliery attack
8099:2008 Kunming bus bombings
8081:
7889:
7746:
7725:
7698:
7691:
7655:
7543:
7497:
7470:The Unparalleled Invasion
7447:
7356:"A burdensome livelihood"
7211:. London: Andre Deutsch.
7190:. De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
7144:Bahadur, Gaiutra (2013).
7019:Καββαδίας, Νίκος (2010).
6810:. Routledge. p. 96.
6734:Bahadur, Gaiutra (2014).
6617:Bahadur, Gaiutra (2014).
6284:Bahadur, Gaiutra (2014).
6203:Gaiutra, Bahadur (2014).
6050:Gillion, Kenneth (1962).
5977:27 September 2007 at the
5883:The Times Digital Archive
5681:DNA study from ancestry24
5567:Cadernos de Saúde Pública
5363:"Chinese Coolies in Cuba"
5062:Look Lai, Walton (1998).
4980:Juan, E. San Jr. (2009).
4960:Jackson, Yo, ed. (2006).
3447:In Vietnamese, since the
3204:This section needs to be
2615:Emancipation Proclamation
2598:Chinese immigrant workers
2472:('Asian colonists'). The
2200:wrote an article for the
2097:Oxford English Dictionary
2053:
2002:
1996:
1702:Emancipation Proclamation
1374:Opposition and resistance
1132:Sex trafficking in Europe
1120:Blackbirding in Polynesia
683:Trans-Saharan slave trade
11087:Chinese-American history
9507:westernized South Asians
8134:April 2014 Ürümqi attack
7943:Second Sino-Japanese War
7772:Chinese massacre of 1871
7668:Asiatic Exclusion League
6962:PTI (23 February 2023).
6461:Perisa Campbell (2012).
6393:Walton Look Lai (1993).
6123:Gaiutra Bahadur (2014).
6074:(. ed.). Honolulu:
6054:. Melbourne: Oxford U.P.
6008:Coolie (Asian labourers)
5881:, 12 August 1890, p. 7.
5634:CIA – The World Factbook
5467:Slave Trade:Coolie Trade
4836:. University of Colorado
4189:
3986:
3908:
3659:
3137:, koelies, hotnot, etc.)
2675:In 1938, U.S. President
2662:Canadian Pacific Railway
2094:as "usually offensive".
2058:) is an instance of
1482:Compensated emancipation
693:Indian Ocean slave trade
11172:Asian-Australian issues
9261:westernized East Asians
9219:westernized East Asians
8604:Black American princess
8264:Ita Martadinata Haryono
8144:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot
8094:Abacus Bank prosecution
7717:Sangley Massacre (1662)
7232:. Wordsworth Editions.
7165:Lubbock, Basil (1981).
6804:Tan, Chee-Beng (2013).
6749:Brian L. Moore (1995).
6495:Eric Jay Dolin (2012).
6181:18 January 2022 at the
5960:29 October 2006 at the
5686:2 December 2012 at the
5229:Macau: A Cultural Janus
3715:, the character Tanya (
3702:Sir Denis Nayland Smith
2666:Foreign Miners' Tax Act
2177:Treaty of Paris of 1814
2060:phono-semantic matching
1406:1926 Slavery Convention
1162:Germany in World War II
779:North and South America
301:Contract of manumission
25:Coolie (disambiguation)
11132:Anti–South Asian slurs
10714:Indigenous Australians
8139:May 2014 Ürümqi attack
8104:July 2009 Ürümqi riots
7897:White Australia policy
7440:Anti-Chinese sentiment
7000:. Straattaalwoorden.nl
5955:University of Arkansas
5774:10.1353/jaas.2001.0022
5173:Agnew, Jeremy (2013).
4912:Jung, Moon Ho (2006).
4897:Jung, Moon Ho (2006).
4654:Jung, Moon Ho (2006).
4323:Jung, Moon Ho (2006).
3913:In the 1899 novelette
3783:about coolies include
3674:) reminds Dr. Sigman (
3143:
3140:To prevent harassment.
3025:
2959:
2766:
2750:
2605:
2543:
2502:
2474:Spanish colony of Cuba
2468:
2401:
2246:Southern United States
2238:William Lloyd Garrison
1775:
887:British Virgin Islands
439:Circassian slave trade
405:Safavid imperial harem
400:Ottoman Imperial Harem
23:. For other uses, see
19:For the landform, see
11152:19th century in China
11137:Anti–East Asian slurs
11082:Asian-American issues
11077:Anti-Indian sentiment
11031:non-Jewish boy or man
10646:Rootless cosmopolitan
8453:Hong Kong nationalism
8089:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots
8068:1997 Banjarmasin riot
7863:Hells Canyon Massacre
7836:Rock Springs massacre
7826:Issaquah riot of 1885
7805:Chinese Exclusion Act
7733:1740 Batavia massacre
7535:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
7510:Andrew Jackson Bryant
7184:Varma, Nitin (2016).
6099:Lal, Brij V. (2004).
5281:Simpson, Tim (2023).
5252:Simpson, Tim (2023).
5204:Duke University Press
5022:National Park Service
4966:. SAGE. p. 216.
4806:New System of Slavery
4149:Coolie-Begar movement
3697:The Mask of Fu Manchu
3517:, other parts of the
3491:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3124:
3015:
2953:
2882:shipped labourers to
2848:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2770:the world, including
2756:
2741:
2677:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2635:Chinese Exclusion Act
2596:
2526:
2490:Juan Pérez de la Riva
2395:
1913:, other parts of the
1769:
1126:Europe and North Asia
1086:Australia and Oceania
786:Pre-Columbian America
358:Slave raid of Suðuroy
290:Slavery in al-Andalus
212:Black Sea slave trade
141:21st-century jihadism
9919:Scottish Highlanders
9850:Welsh-speaking elite
8900:Hillbilly / Hilljack
8855:of European descent)
8109:2011 Kashgar attacks
7853:Seattle riot of 1886
7799:New Zealand head tax
7738:1782 Saigon massacre
7477:Japanese nationalism
7404:George Francis Train
7326:"Labour and longing"
7150:. Hurst Publishers.
6915:Cambridge Dictionary
6890:kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id
6078:. pp. 110–111.
5542:on 27 September 2013
4804:Hugh Tinker (1993).
4669:Eloisa Gomez Borah.
4563:The History of Japan
4184:List of ethnic slurs
4007:and the rest of the
3771:(1983) is an Indian
3741:(1975) is an Indian
3667:The Left Hand of God
3456:technical university
3251:improve this article
3062:Chinese Labour Corps
3018:Chinese Labour Corps
2932:indentured labourers
2872:Netherlands Antilles
2589:In the United States
2461:Asian Latin American
2430:Atlantic slave trade
2396:Illustration of the
2270:In European colonies
2230:Anti-Slavery Society
2165:indentured labourers
2125:Atlantic slave trade
2090:classifies the term
1834:employment contracts
1830:British colonial era
1581:Indentured servitude
1509:Underground Railroad
1309:United Arab Emirates
698:Zanzibar slave trade
665:By country or region
478:Atlantic slave trade
380:Ma malakat aymanukum
264:Venetian slave trade
11162:Class-related slurs
9336:westernized Chinese
8448:Chinese imperialism
8129:2014 Kunming attack
7985:Home Office 213/926
7973:Sook Ching massacre
7961:Japanese war crimes
7937:Wanpaoshan Incident
7831:Tacoma riot of 1885
7788:Trout Creek Outrage
7384:"A necessary exile"
7378:on 29 October 2006.
7349:on 5 December 2022.
5648:Am J Phys Anthropol
5615:on 20 February 2012
5480:on 13 December 2013
5145:Lowe, Lisa (2015).
5043:on 27 November 2012
5018:Historic Jamestowne
4752:Lowe, Lisa (2015).
4113:South Africa portal
3467:Trinidad and Tobago
3127:To promote equality
3022:Royal Tank Regiment
2908:Indo-Gangetic Plain
2860:British West Indies
2828:Trinidad and Tobago
2763:Trinidad and Tobago
2567:British West Indies
2482:took place in Haiti
2480:such as those that
2308:Trinidad and Tobago
1899:Trinidad and Tobago
1871:Indian subcontinent
1772:Trinidad and Tobago
1667:Slave Route Project
798:Americas indigenous
688:Red Sea slave trade
678:Contemporary Africa
541:Topics and practice
311:Crimean slave trade
306:Bukhara slave trade
259:Genoese slave trade
136:Contemporary Africa
116:Forced prostitution
11122:History of slavery
11097:Agricultural labor
9247:Chinese and Korean
8783:Redskin/Red Indian
8062:Cambodian genocide
7999:Mergosono massacre
7979:Changkiao massacre
7955:Nanshitou Massacre
7760:Lambing Flat riots
7663:Anti-Chinese Union
7593:Racism in Malaysia
7505:Adriaan Valckenier
7465:Chinese emigration
7070:. 22 January 2015.
6943:on 5 December 2022
6153:. London: Anthem.
5993:Past & Present
5660:10.1002/ajpa.22090
5509:– via JSTOR.
5370:The New York Times
4926:Dal Lago, Enrico.
4832:Evelyn Hu-DeHart.
4593:Yun, Lisa (2008).
4271:on 3 February 2022
3895:In the 2018 drama
3670:, Father Carmody (
3396:Thaksin Shinawatra
3026:
2960:
2896:French West Indies
2894:, the rest of the
2858:, the rest of the
2767:
2751:
2701:War of the Pacific
2606:
2560:British Parliament
2544:
2453:Indigenous peoples
2402:
2221:Chinese government
2141:Sir John Gladstone
2034:Dravidian language
1813:used for low-wage
1776:
1448:Blockade of Africa
755:Somali slave trade
671:Sub-Saharan Africa
363:Turkish Abductions
321:Khivan slave trade
316:Khazar slave trade
269:Balkan slave trade
227:Prague slave trade
11064:
11063:
10522:
10521:
10217:Northern Italians
9675:
9674:
9646:
9645:
9593:Northeast Indians
9473:
9472:
9185:
9184:
8461:
8460:
8395:Chinaman's chance
8378:
8377:
8345:Mi Gao Huang Chen
8315:Franklin Feng Tao
8204:
8203:
7966:Three Alls Policy
7777:Pigtail Ordinance
7706:Sangley Rebellion
7318:BBC documentary:
7309:
7308:
7292:in-text citations
7239:978-1-85326-363-7
7218:978-1-61759-010-8
7197:978-3-11-046115-2
7157:978-1-84904-277-2
7043:Virdi, Jyotika. "
6871:978-1-59213-583-7
6844:978-1-4696-0714-6
6817:978-0-415-60056-9
6192:978-93-88684-04-0
6136:978-0-226-21138-1
6110:978-0-8248-2265-1
5705:Am. J. Hum. Genet
5573:(11): 2441–2448.
5296:978-1-5179-0031-1
5267:978-1-5179-0031-1
5213:978-1-4780-1121-7
5156:978-0-8223-7564-7
5120:. Brill. p.
5102:978-1-55876-315-9
4815:978-1-870518-18-5
4786:on 6 October 2013
4763:978-0-8223-7564-7
4713:Lisa Yun (2008).
4401:. 20 October 2011
4304:on 4 January 2023
4238:on 4 January 2023
3980:Empire of the Sun
3755:Bombay underworld
3711:In the 1934 film
3681:In the 1957 film
3664:In the 1955 film
3533:, other parts of
3345:
3344:
3337:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3301:
3225:
3224:
3188:
3042:national holidays
2985:health inspectors
2876:Dutch East Indies
2816:Southern Rhodesia
2812:Northern Rhodesia
2626:Burlingame Treaty
2579:cacao plantations
2503:colonos asiáticos
2469:colonos asiáticos
2374:Treaty of Nanking
2320:Dutch East Indies
2197:slave plantations
2173:Strangford Treaty
2145:sugar plantations
2121:European colonies
2067:Engelbert Kämpfer
2046:The Chinese word
1875:British Raj India
1838:sugar plantations
1764:
1763:
1714:Freedmen's Bureau
1536:Third Servile War
1531:International law
1098:Human trafficking
860:Human trafficking
535:Thirteen colonies
353:Sack of Baltimore
121:Human trafficking
11179:
11057:
11056:
11052:non-Jewish woman
11041:
11035:
11020:
11019:
11006:
11005:
10992:
10991:
10975:
10969:
10956:
10955:
10940:
10939:
10923:
10922:
10906:
10905:
10892:
10885:
10884:
10855:
10848:
10841:
10840:
10829:
10801:
10794:
10787:
10767:
10766:
10762:Pacific Islander
10751:
10750:
10746:Pacific Islander
10735:
10734:
10719:
10718:
10692:
10685:
10678:
10671:
10670:
10655:
10648:
10641:
10640:
10619:
10612:
10611:
10596:
10589:
10582:
10562:
10555:
10548:
10547:
10515:
10514:
10496:
10495:
10482:
10481:
10449:
10442:
10424:
10417:
10416:
10405:
10404:
10389:
10382:
10366:
10359:
10339:
10332:
10325:
10307:
10300:
10282:
10275:
10268:
10267:
10252:
10251:
10238:
10237:
10222:
10221:
10206:
10201:
10194:
10189:
10182:
10166:
10165:
10162:Anglophile Irish
10152:
10151:
10136:
10135:
10132:Anglophile Irish
10122:
10121:
10118:Irish Travellers
10108:
10107:
10103:Irish Travellers
10092:
10091:
10087:Irish Protestant
10078:
10077:
10051:
10033:
10026:
10006:
9999:
9992:
9974:
9967:
9960:
9942:
9924:
9923:
9908:
9907:
9894:
9893:
9878:
9871:
9870:
9855:
9854:
9839:
9838:
9810:
9803:
9783:
9776:
9769:
9762:
9755:
9748:
9741:
9734:
9727:
9720:
9713:
9706:
9699:
9686:
9685:
9668:
9661:
9651:Southeast Asians
9639:
9621:
9620:
9605:
9598:
9597:
9571:
9564:
9557:
9550:
9543:
9536:
9518:
9511:
9510:
9497:
9484:
9483:
9466:
9465:
9439:
9438:
9425:
9418:
9417:
9395:
9388:
9381:
9374:
9354:
9347:
9340:
9339:
9320:
9313:
9306:
9299:
9292:
9285:
9265:
9264:
9251:
9250:
9237:
9230:
9223:
9222:
9203:
9202:
9194:
9193:
9178:
9177:
9164:
9157:
9156:
9143:
9136:
9135:
9122:
9121:
9108:
9107:
9094:
9093:
9080:
9079:
9064:
9057:
9050:
9049:
9036:
9029:
9028:
9013:
9012:
8997:
8996:
8983:
8982:
8958:
8951:
8944:
8937:
8930:
8923:
8916:
8909:
8902:
8895:
8888:
8881:
8874:
8873:
8858:
8857:
8842:
8835:
8815:
8814:
8798:
8797:
8778:
8777:
8754:
8752:
8716:
8709:
8702:
8695:
8688:
8681:
8674:
8662:
8655:
8648:
8641:
8634:
8627:
8620:
8613:
8606:
8599:
8584:
8583:
8570:
8563:
8556:
8549:
8542:
8535:
8528:
8521:
8488:
8481:
8474:
8465:
8464:
8432:Sick man of Asia
8422:Locust/Wongchung
8340:Leung Chi-cheung
8213:
8212:
8171:China Initiative
7949:Nanking Massacre
7915:Torreón massacre
7869:Scott Act (1888)
7783:Page Act of 1875
7696:
7695:
7640:China Initiative
7433:
7426:
7419:
7410:
7409:
7379:
7363:
7350:
7345:. Archived from
7304:
7301:
7295:
7260:
7259:
7252:
7243:
7222:
7201:
7180:
7161:
7131:
7130:
7122:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7078:
7072:
7071:
7058:
7052:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7023:. Athens: ΑΓΡΑ.
7016:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7005:
6994:
6988:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6959:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6948:
6939:. Archived from
6929:
6923:
6922:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6801:
6795:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6746:
6740:
6739:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6614:
6608:
6601:
6592:
6591:
6563:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6364:
6358:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6246:
6237:
6236:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6200:
6194:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6144:
6138:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6003:
5997:
5988:
5982:
5970:
5964:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5892:
5886:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5819:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5760:
5751:
5748:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5696:
5690:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5614:
5608:. Archived from
5607:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5582:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5498:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5479:
5473:, archived from
5472:
5462:
5453:
5452:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5424:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5367:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5344:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5315:, archived from
5307:
5301:
5300:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5170:
5161:
5160:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5015:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4977:
4957:
4937:
4931:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4859:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4829:
4820:
4819:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4782:, archived from
4774:
4768:
4767:
4749:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4720:
4710:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4690:
4684:. Archived from
4675:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4651:
4642:
4641:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4610:
4599:
4598:
4590:
4581:
4580:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4436:on 11 March 2012
4435:
4428:
4420:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4375:on 11 April 2015
4374:
4367:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4294:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4261:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4228:
4206:
4200:
4143:
4141:Singapore portal
4138:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
3942:Michael Moorcock
3777:Amitabh Bachchan
3751:Amitabh Bachchan
3727:The Sand Pebbles
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3535:Southeast Africa
3449:French Indochina
3340:
3333:
3322:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3259:
3235:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3211:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3180:
3158:
3157:
3150:
2996:severe penalties
2945:health standards
2910:, but also from
2852:British Honduras
2687:In South America
2552:
2551: 1902–1910
2549:
2510:Cuban Revolution
2505:
2471:
2350:Portuguese Macao
2340:unequal treaties
2312:British Honduras
2250:American slavery
2057:
2050:
2019:
2018:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1726:Emancipation Day
1559:
1526:Slave Trade Acts
217:Byzantine Empire
59:
32:
31:
11187:
11186:
11182:
11181:
11180:
11178:
11177:
11176:
11107:Labor relations
11067:
11066:
11065:
11060:
11048:
11044:
11027:
11023:
11013:
11009:
10999:
10995:
10982:
10978:
10963:
10959:
10947:
10943:
10930:
10926:
10913:
10909:
10899:
10895:
10888:
10875:
10871:
10858:
10851:
10844:
10836:
10832:
10825:
10804:
10797:
10790:
10783:
10770:
10758:
10754:
10742:
10738:
10726:
10722:
10710:
10706:
10695:
10688:
10683:Zhyd / Zhydovka
10681:
10674:
10662:
10658:
10651:
10644:
10626:
10622:
10615:
10603:
10599:
10592:
10585:
10578:
10565:
10558:
10551:
10539:
10535:
10518:
10503:
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10489:
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10463:
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10147:Irish Catholics
10143:
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10125:
10115:
10111:
10099:
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10083:
10081:
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9927:
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9911:
9901:
9897:
9885:
9881:
9874:
9862:
9860:Dic Siôn Dafydd
9858:
9846:
9842:
9830:
9826:
9813:
9806:
9799:
9786:
9779:
9772:
9765:
9758:
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9723:
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9709:
9702:
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8877:
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8849:
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8809:Native American
8805:
8801:
8789:Native American
8785:
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8773:American Indian
8765:Native American
8761:
8757:
8736:
8732:
8719:
8712:
8705:
8698:
8693:Queen / Queenie
8691:
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8644:
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8524:
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8506:
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8492:
8462:
8457:
8436:
8374:
8283:
8247:
8200:
8077:
8056:Malari incident
7921:1918 Kudus riot
7885:
7766:Anti-Coolie Act
7742:
7721:
7687:
7651:
7598:Ketuanan Melayu
7571:Racism in Japan
7539:
7493:
7489:De-Sinicization
7443:
7437:
7390:(29 April 2007)
7382:Ramya Sivaraj,
7366:
7341:
7305:
7299:
7296:
7289:
7283:discouraged by
7261:
7257:
7250:
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7198:
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7158:
7140:
7138:Further reading
7135:
7134:
7125:Welch, Denton.
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6530:Teresa A. Meade
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6357:Guyan Chronicle
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5536:"Taste of Peru"
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5449:"Forced Labour"
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4543:, 27 March 2024
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4127:Malaysia portal
4125:
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4099:Suriname portal
4097:
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4017:
4003:) villagers in
3989:
3911:
3876:
3672:Humphrey Bogart
3662:
3657:
3648:Nikos Kavvadias
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3574:appears in the
3341:
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3329:
3328:
3323:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3260:
3258:
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3221:
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3209:
3200:
3196:
3159:
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3148:
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3070:
3016:Members of the
2973:mortality rates
2780:New South Wales
2749:(19th century).
2736:
2730:Indian diaspora
2722:
2709:capture of Lima
2689:
2654:Chinese workers
2611:Anti-Coolie Act
2591:
2550:
2478:slave uprisings
2445:Chincha Islands
2288:New South Wales
2272:
2267:
2265:Chinese coolies
2212:
2169:First World War
2117:
2112:
2087:Merriam-Webster
2083:
1980:
1927:Malay Peninsula
1895:Eastern African
1811:pejorative term
1760:
1731:
1730:
1635:Slave narrative
1591:Fugitive slaves
1571:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1521:Slave rebellion
1376:
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1365:
1324:
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1313:
1136:United Kingdom
1072:Yankee princess
666:
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385:Avret Pazarları
331:Avret Pazarları
200:Medieval Europe
166:
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94:Forced marriage
69:
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10607:Ashkenazi Jews
10597:
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9834:English people
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9808:Turco-Albanian
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9526:Bengali Hindus
9523:
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8355:Teoh Beng Hock
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8330:Jiansheng Chen
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8274:Velma Demerson
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8223:Chae Chan Ping
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8114:Wolf Amendment
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7909:Beipu uprising
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7656:By institution
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7407:
7406:
7397:
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7380:
7364:
7360:India Together
7351:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7323:
7315:
7307:
7306:
7273:external links
7264:
7262:
7255:
7249:
7248:External links
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7156:
7139:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7117:
7106:. Films.nfb.ca
7095:
7073:
7053:
7036:
7029:
7011:
6989:
6980:
6954:
6937:hum-coolie.com
6924:
6902:
6877:
6870:
6850:
6843:
6823:
6816:
6796:
6783:
6761:
6741:
6726:
6713:978-9004182134
6712:
6692:
6679:978-9004182134
6678:
6658:
6645:978-9004182134
6644:
6624:
6609:
6593:
6558:
6545:978-1444358117
6544:
6521:
6508:978-0871404336
6507:
6487:
6474:978-1136261527
6473:
6453:
6439:
6419:
6405:
6385:
6359:
6347:
6326:
6313:10.1086/236112
6291:
6276:
6263:10.1086/236112
6238:
6224:
6210:
6195:
6166:
6159:
6139:
6116:
6109:
6091:
6084:
6057:
6042:
6020:
5998:
5983:
5965:
5947:
5941:978-0197580080
5940:
5910:
5887:
5870:
5856:
5836:
5814:
5810:Walter Liggett
5802:
5793:
5752:
5740:
5691:
5673:
5638:
5626:
5594:
5553:
5527:
5512:
5507:Labour History
5490:
5454:
5440:
5404:
5382:
5372:, 16 July 1876
5354:
5329:
5302:
5295:
5273:
5266:
5244:
5237:
5219:
5212:
5190:
5184:978-0786476299
5183:
5162:
5155:
5137:
5130:
5108:
5101:
5083:
5076:
5054:
5001:
4994:
4972:
4952:
4932:
4919:
4904:
4889:
4847:
4834:"Coolie Labor"
4821:
4814:
4796:
4769:
4762:
4741:
4728:978-1592135837
4727:
4702:
4691:on 25 May 2012
4661:
4643:
4624:
4600:
4582:
4568:
4553:
4528:
4521:
4503:
4489:
4486:. p. 173.
4472:
4465:
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4412:
4386:
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4330:
4315:
4282:
4249:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4203:Herbert Hoover
4194:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4130:
4116:
4102:
4088:
4085:Jamaica portal
4074:
4060:
4046:
4032:
4016:
4013:
4001:Indo-Caribbean
3988:
3985:
3977:'s 1984 novel
3964:'s 1943 novel
3951:'s 1873 novel
3910:
3907:
3881:Hell on Wheels
3875:
3872:
3863:Up the Yangtze
3842:Kung Fu Hustle
3825:Romper Stomper
3676:E. G. Marshall
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3636:
3625:
3604:In Sri Lanka,
3602:
3581:In Hungarian,
3579:
3568:
3565:
3558:
3515:Virgin Islands
3459:
3452:
3445:
3426:
3419:
3400:
3384:
3373:
3359:In India, the
3357:
3343:
3342:
3325:
3324:
3239:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3203:
3201:
3194:
3189:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3107:
3104:
3069:
3066:
3049:sensationalist
2864:British Malaya
2824:British Guiana
2734:Colonial India
2721:
2720:Indian coolies
2718:
2714:nitrate fields
2688:
2685:
2681:fireside chats
2590:
2587:
2426:Middle Passage
2422:African slaves
2304:British Malaya
2296:British Guiana
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2211:
2208:
2193:Atlantic World
2160:British Empire
2149:British Guiana
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2103:Dictionary.com
2082:
2079:
1979:
1976:
1858:for Asians in
1781:(also spelled
1774:; around 1890s
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
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1716:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1613:List of slaves
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
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1496:
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1477:
1472:
1462:
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1460:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:Dutch Republic
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
981:
976:
971:
965:
964:
958:
957:
952:
945:
944:
943:
938:
928:
923:
918:
917:
916:
906:
901:
900:
899:
894:
889:
884:
874:
869:
864:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
807:
806:
805:
795:
794:
793:
782:
781:
775:
774:
769:
764:
759:
758:
757:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
701:
700:
690:
685:
680:
674:
673:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
629:
628:
624:
623:
618:
616:Child soldiers
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
592:
591:
581:
576:
571:
566:
565:
564:
559:
554:
543:
542:
538:
537:
532:
527:
525:Spanish Empire
522:
517:
512:
507:
505:Middle Passage
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
480:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
367:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
335:
334:
333:
326:Ottoman Empire
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
287:
281:
280:
274:
273:
272:
271:
261:
256:
251:
250:
249:
244:
239:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
203:
202:
196:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
173:
167:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
146:Sexual slavery
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
112:
111:
106:
104:Child marriage
101:
91:
86:
81:
79:Child soldiers
76:
70:
65:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11184:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11167:English words
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11102:Labor history
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11074:
11072:
11054:
11053:
11047:
11043:
11039:
11033:
11032:
11026:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10994:
10989:
10988:
10981:
10977:
10973:
10967:
10962:
10958:
10953:
10952:
10946:
10942:
10937:
10936:
10929:
10925:
10920:
10919:
10912:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10894:
10891:
10887:
10882:
10881:
10874:
10870:
10869:
10867:
10865:
10861:
10854:
10850:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10828:
10824:
10823:
10821:
10819:
10815:
10811:
10807:
10800:
10796:
10793:
10789:
10786:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10777:
10773:
10764:
10763:
10757:
10753:
10748:
10747:
10741:
10737:
10732:
10731:
10725:
10721:
10716:
10715:
10709:
10705:
10704:
10702:
10698:
10691:
10687:
10684:
10680:
10677:
10673:
10668:
10667:
10661:
10657:
10654:
10650:
10647:
10643:
10638:
10637:
10632:
10631:
10625:
10621:
10618:
10614:
10609:
10608:
10602:
10598:
10595:
10591:
10588:
10584:
10581:
10580:Christ killer
10577:
10576:
10574:
10572:
10568:
10561:
10557:
10554:
10550:
10545:
10544:
10538:
10534:
10533:
10531:
10529:
10525:
10512:
10511:
10508:
10502:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10484:
10479:
10478:
10473:
10472:
10466:
10465:Bulgarophiles
10462:
10461:
10459:
10455:
10448:
10444:
10441:
10437:
10436:
10434:
10430:
10423:
10419:
10415:
10411:
10407:
10403:
10401:
10395:
10391:
10388:
10384:
10379:
10378:
10376:
10372:
10365:
10361:
10358:
10354:
10353:
10351:
10349:
10345:
10338:
10334:
10331:
10327:
10324:
10320:
10319:
10317:
10313:
10306:
10302:
10299:
10295:
10294:
10292:
10288:
10281:
10277:
10274:
10270:
10265:
10264:
10258:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10243:Sheep shagger
10240:
10235:
10234:
10228:
10224:
10219:
10218:
10212:
10208:
10203:
10200:
10196:
10191:
10188:
10184:
10179:
10178:
10176:
10172:
10163:
10158:
10154:
10149:
10148:
10142:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10110:
10105:
10104:
10098:
10094:
10089:
10088:
10080:
10075:
10074:
10068:
10064:
10063:
10061:
10057:
10050:
10046:
10045:
10043:
10039:
10032:
10028:
10025:
10021:
10020:
10018:
10016:
10012:
10005:
10001:
9998:
9994:
9991:
9987:
9986:
9984:
9980:
9973:
9969:
9966:
9962:
9959:
9955:
9954:
9952:
9948:
9941:
9937:
9936:
9934:
9930:
9921:
9920:
9914:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9896:
9891:
9890:
9884:
9883:Sheep shagger
9880:
9877:
9873:
9868:
9867:
9861:
9857:
9852:
9851:
9845:
9841:
9836:
9835:
9829:
9825:
9824:
9822:
9820:
9816:
9809:
9805:
9802:
9798:
9797:
9795:
9793:
9789:
9782:
9778:
9775:
9771:
9768:
9764:
9761:
9757:
9754:
9750:
9747:
9743:
9740:
9736:
9733:
9729:
9726:
9722:
9719:
9715:
9712:
9708:
9705:
9701:
9698:
9694:
9693:
9691:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9678:
9667:
9663:
9660:
9656:
9655:
9653:
9649:
9638:
9634:
9633:
9631:
9627:
9618:
9617:
9611:
9607:
9604:
9600:
9595:
9594:
9588:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9577:
9570:
9566:
9563:
9559:
9556:
9552:
9549:
9545:
9542:
9538:
9535:
9531:
9530:
9528:
9524:
9517:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9499:
9496:
9492:
9491:
9489:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9476:
9463:
9462:
9456:
9452:
9451:
9449:
9445:
9436:
9431:
9427:
9424:
9420:
9414:
9410:
9409:
9407:
9405:
9401:
9394:
9390:
9387:
9383:
9380:
9376:
9373:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9364:
9360:
9353:
9349:
9346:
9342:
9337:
9333:
9332:
9326:
9322:
9319:
9315:
9312:
9308:
9305:
9301:
9298:
9294:
9291:
9287:
9284:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9275:
9271:
9262:
9257:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9239:
9236:
9232:
9229:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9195:
9192:
9188:
9175:
9170:
9169:Yank / Yankee
9166:
9163:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9145:
9142:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9082:
9077:
9076:
9070:
9066:
9063:
9059:
9056:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9038:
9035:
9031:
9026:
9025:
9019:
9015:
9010:
9009:
9003:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8971:
8970:
8968:
8964:
8957:
8953:
8950:
8946:
8943:
8942:Trailer trash
8939:
8936:
8932:
8929:
8925:
8922:
8918:
8915:
8911:
8908:
8904:
8901:
8897:
8894:
8890:
8887:
8883:
8880:
8876:
8871:
8870:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8854:
8848:
8844:
8841:
8837:
8834:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8825:
8821:
8812:
8810:
8804:
8800:
8795:
8794:
8793:First Nations
8790:
8784:
8780:
8775:
8774:
8770:
8769:First Nations
8766:
8760:
8756:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8741:
8735:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8726:
8722:
8715:
8711:
8708:
8704:
8701:
8697:
8694:
8690:
8687:
8683:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8661:
8657:
8654:
8650:
8647:
8643:
8640:
8636:
8633:
8629:
8626:
8622:
8619:
8615:
8612:
8608:
8605:
8601:
8598:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8576:
8569:
8565:
8562:
8558:
8555:
8551:
8548:
8544:
8541:
8537:
8534:
8530:
8527:
8526:Black Diamond
8523:
8520:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8500:
8496:
8489:
8484:
8482:
8477:
8475:
8470:
8469:
8466:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8439:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8396:
8393:
8392:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8381:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8286:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8250:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8228:Fong Yue Ting
8226:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8218:
8214:
8211:
8207:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8158:Trump tariffs
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8080:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8063:
8060:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8020:
8017:
8014:
8011:
8008:
8005:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7993:
7989:
7986:
7983:
7980:
7977:
7974:
7971:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7956:
7953:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:(1920s–1930s)
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7916:
7913:
7910:
7907:
7904:
7901:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7888:
7881:
7878:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7767:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7755:
7754:Buckland Riot
7752:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7724:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7694:
7690:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7654:
7648:
7645:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7636:
7635:United States
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7542:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7515:Denis Kearney
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7498:By persecutor
7496:
7490:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7441:
7434:
7429:
7427:
7422:
7420:
7415:
7414:
7411:
7405:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7303:
7293:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7281:related pages
7278:
7274:
7270:
7265:This section
7263:
7254:
7253:
7241:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7224:
7220:
7214:
7210:
7209:
7203:
7199:
7193:
7189:
7188:
7182:
7178:
7176:9780851741116
7172:
7168:
7163:
7159:
7153:
7149:
7148:
7142:
7141:
7128:
7127:Maiden Voyage
7121:
7105:
7099:
7085:
7084:
7077:
7069:
7068:
7063:
7057:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7032:
7030:9789603250388
7026:
7022:
7015:
6999:
6993:
6984:
6969:
6965:
6958:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6928:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6891:
6887:
6881:
6873:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6854:
6846:
6840:
6836:
6835:
6827:
6819:
6813:
6809:
6808:
6800:
6793:
6787:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6758:
6754:
6753:
6745:
6737:
6730:
6715:
6709:
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6675:
6671:
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6647:
6641:
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6598:
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6531:
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6504:
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6133:
6129:
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6112:
6106:
6102:
6095:
6087:
6081:
6077:
6073:
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6046:
6032:
6031:
6024:
6010:
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6002:
5995:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5951:
5943:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5926:: 141–C5P47.
5925:
5921:
5914:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5859:
5857:9781436309431
5853:
5849:
5848:
5840:
5826:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5806:
5797:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5759:
5757:
5747:
5745:
5736:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5711:(4): 611–20.
5710:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5677:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5654:(4): 618–31.
5653:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5630:
5611:
5604:
5598:
5590:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5541:
5537:
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5523:
5516:
5508:
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5497:
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5459:
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5444:
5429:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5394:
5393:
5386:
5371:
5364:
5358:
5341:
5340:
5333:
5319:on 7 May 2013
5318:
5314:
5313:
5306:
5298:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5277:
5269:
5263:
5259:
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5230:
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5201:
5194:
5186:
5180:
5176:
5169:
5167:
5158:
5152:
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5141:
5133:
5131:9789004182134
5127:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5079:
5077:976-640-021-0
5073:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5042:
5038:
5023:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4997:
4995:9781438427379
4991:
4987:
4983:
4975:
4973:9781412909488
4969:
4965:
4964:
4955:
4953:9780814732977
4949:
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4807:
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4759:
4755:
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4730:
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4719:
4718:
4709:
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4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
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4657:
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4609:
4607:
4605:
4596:
4589:
4587:
4578:
4572:
4564:
4557:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4524:
4522:9780195341126
4518:
4514:
4507:
4499:
4493:
4485:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4466:9780191727665
4462:
4458:
4451:
4432:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4371:
4364:
4363:
4355:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4319:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4258:
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4254:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4225:
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4204:
4199:
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4180:
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4160:
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4150:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4131:
4128:
4117:
4114:
4103:
4100:
4089:
4086:
4075:
4072:
4061:
4058:
4057:Guyana portal
4047:
4044:
4033:
4030:
4019:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3997:Indo-Guyanese
3994:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:Maiden Voyage
3963:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3929:Betty Jeffrey
3926:
3925:White Coolies
3922:
3921:Joseph Conrad
3918:
3917:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3871:
3869:
3868:Yangtze River
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3831:
3830:Russell Crowe
3827:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3731:Steve McQueen
3728:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3707:
3706:Dr. Fu Manchu
3703:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3689:Alec Guinness
3686:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3499:French Guiana
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3421:In Ethiopia,
3420:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3336:
3321:
3318:
3310:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268: –
3267:
3263:
3262:Find sources:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3240:This section
3238:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3219:
3207:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3074:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:allied forces
3055:
3054:Western Front
3050:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:chose to stay
3031:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:Joseph Sturge
2988:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2938:In 1837, the
2936:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2892:French Guiana
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
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2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
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2801:
2797:
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2764:
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2748:
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2710:
2706:
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2698:
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2684:
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2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2624:In 1868, the
2622:
2620:
2619:Denis Kearney
2616:
2612:
2603:
2600:building the
2599:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:Spanish Crown
2530:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2463:populations.
2462:
2458:
2454:
2448:
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2439:
2433:
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2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
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2367:
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2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2262:
2259:
2258:clan violence
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2009:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:(released in
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
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1780:
1773:
1768:
1757:
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1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Slave catcher
1655:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:Forced labour
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
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1529:
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1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1505:
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1500:
1497:
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1490:
1489:
1488:
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1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:Abolitionists
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
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1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
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1250:
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1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
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1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:comfort women
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:Chukri System
1014:
1012:
1009:
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1000:
997:
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905:
904:Latin America
902:
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895:
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890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
861:
858:
856:
855:interregional
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
840:prison labour
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
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813:
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811:
810:United States
808:
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654:
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641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
626:
625:
622:
621:White slavery
619:
617:
614:
612:
611:Slave raiding
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
590:
587:
586:
585:
582:
580:
579:Corvée labour
577:
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411:
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398:
396:
395:Abbasid harem
393:
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388:
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383:
381:
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372:
371:
368:
364:
361:
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338:Barbary Coast
336:
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58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:Forced labour
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
26:
22:
11127:Coolie trade
11050:
11029:
11015:
11001:
10997:Reffo / Balt
10984:
10966:non-believer
10965:
10949:
10932:
10915:
10901:
10877:
10837:
10760:
10744:
10728:
10712:
10664:
10634:
10628:
10605:
10541:
10505:
10491:
10475:
10469:
10413:
10397:
10261:
10247:
10231:
10215:
10161:
10145:
10131:
10117:
10101:
10085:
10071:
9917:
9904:Welsh people
9903:
9889:Welsh people
9887:
9864:
9848:
9832:
9614:
9602:
9591:
9515:
9506:
9479:South Asians
9459:
9435:also Chinese
9434:
9423:Gaoli bangzi
9413:Ban-jjokbari
9335:
9329:
9317:
9260:
9246:
9218:
9173:
9152:
9131:
9117:
9103:
9089:
9073:
9045:
9022:
9006:
8992:
8978:
8935:Swamp Yankee
8867:
8850:
8807:
8787:
8763:
8759:Indian/Injun
8738:
8504:by ethnicity
8495:Ethnic slurs
8288:21st century
8259:Vincent Chin
8252:20th century
8238:Wong Kim Ark
8216:19th century
8082:21st century
7995:(1945–1947)
7990:
7945:(1937-1945)
7890:20th century
7747:19th century
7726:18th century
7699:17th century
7683:Uyoku dantai
7678:Tsagaan Khas
7610:Nazi Germany
7460:Yellow Peril
7454:
7442:(Sinophobia)
7387:
7376:the original
7371:
7359:
7347:the original
7328:by Vinay Lal
7319:
7313:Hill Coolies
7297:
7267:may contain
7266:
7228:
7207:
7186:
7166:
7146:
7126:
7120:
7108:. Retrieved
7098:
7087:, retrieved
7082:
7076:
7065:
7056:
7048:
7039:
7020:
7014:
7002:. Retrieved
6992:
6983:
6971:. Retrieved
6967:
6957:
6945:. Retrieved
6941:the original
6936:
6927:
6914:
6905:
6893:. Retrieved
6889:
6880:
6860:
6853:
6833:
6826:
6806:
6799:
6791:
6786:
6774:. Retrieved
6751:
6744:
6735:
6729:
6717:. Retrieved
6702:
6695:
6683:. Retrieved
6668:
6661:
6649:. Retrieved
6634:
6627:
6618:
6612:
6604:
6571:
6567:
6561:
6549:. Retrieved
6534:
6524:
6512:. Retrieved
6497:
6490:
6478:. Retrieved
6463:
6456:
6444:. Retrieved
6429:
6422:
6410:. Retrieved
6395:
6388:
6376:. Retrieved
6373:the Guardian
6372:
6362:
6350:
6338:. Retrieved
6329:
6304:
6300:
6294:
6285:
6279:
6254:
6250:
6227:
6213:
6204:
6198:
6176:Coolie Lines
6174:
6169:
6149:
6142:
6126:Coolie Woman
6124:
6119:
6100:
6094:
6070:
6060:
6051:
6045:
6034:, retrieved
6029:
6023:
6012:, retrieved
6007:
6001:
5991:
5986:
5968:
5950:
5923:
5913:
5904:
5900:
5890:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5861:. Retrieved
5850:. Arnold J.
5846:
5839:
5828:, retrieved
5823:
5817:
5805:
5796:
5785:, retrieved
5764:
5708:
5704:
5694:
5676:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5629:
5617:. Retrieved
5610:the original
5597:
5570:
5566:
5556:
5544:. Retrieved
5540:the original
5530:
5521:
5515:
5506:
5482:, retrieved
5475:the original
5466:
5443:
5431:. Retrieved
5396:, retrieved
5391:
5385:
5374:, retrieved
5369:
5357:
5346:, retrieved
5338:
5332:
5321:, retrieved
5317:the original
5311:
5305:
5282:
5276:
5253:
5247:
5228:
5222:
5199:
5193:
5174:
5146:
5140:
5117:
5111:
5092:
5086:
5063:
5057:
5045:. Retrieved
5041:the original
5025:. Retrieved
5017:
5004:
4985:
4962:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4922:
4913:
4907:
4898:
4892:
4867:
4863:
4838:. Retrieved
4805:
4799:
4788:, retrieved
4784:the original
4778:
4772:
4753:
4732:. Retrieved
4716:
4693:. Retrieved
4686:the original
4677:
4664:
4655:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4618:
4614:
4594:
4576:
4571:
4562:
4556:
4545:, retrieved
4540:
4531:
4512:
4506:
4492:
4482:
4475:
4456:
4450:
4438:. Retrieved
4431:the original
4403:. Retrieved
4389:
4377:. Retrieved
4370:the original
4361:
4354:
4343:
4333:
4324:
4318:
4306:. Retrieved
4302:the original
4273:. Retrieved
4269:the original
4240:. Retrieved
4236:the original
4198:
4154:Blackbirding
4043:China portal
4029:India portal
3990:
3978:
3975:J.G. Ballard
3972:
3965:
3962:Denton Welch
3959:
3952:
3946:
3935:
3933:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3898:Mr. Sunshine
3896:
3894:
3879:
3877:
3861:
3855:
3845:, Landlady (
3840:
3837:Stephen Chow
3835:In the 2004
3834:
3823:
3821:
3816:Coolie No. 1
3814:
3813:(2019), and
3810:Coolie No. 1
3808:
3802:
3798:Coolie No. 1
3796:
3790:
3786:Coolie No. 1
3784:
3781:Indian films
3766:
3759:Indian mafia
3736:
3735:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3712:
3710:
3695:
3693:
3682:
3680:
3665:
3663:
3643:
3632:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3605:
3582:
3571:
3550:
3527:South Africa
3433:
3422:
3411:
3403:
3391:
3380:
3364:
3353:
3331:
3313:
3307:January 2023
3304:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3261:
3249:Please help
3244:verification
3241:
3216:January 2023
3213:
3205:
3181:
3174:
3168:
3167:Please help
3164:
3114:enacted the
3112:South Africa
3109:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3075:
3071:
3046:
3027:
3000:
2989:
2982:
2978:
2964:malnutrition
2961:
2937:
2924:
2917:
2904:
2800:Bechuanaland
2768:
2690:
2674:
2639:
2623:
2607:
2583:German Samoa
2574:
2572:
2564:
2545:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2465:
2449:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2415:
2403:
2398:port of Amoy
2382:silver mines
2370:treaty ports
2359:
2348:
2336:debt slavery
2333:
2273:
2254:
2213:
2201:
2185:
2157:
2118:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2070:
2064:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2025:
2011:
1991:
1981:
1965:
1950:Coolie No. 1
1949:
1943:
1937:
1934:Indian films
1931:
1891:South Africa
1886:
1877:to refer to
1868:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1821:
1819:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1662:Slave patrol
1499:Freedom suit
1475:Sierra Leone
1465:Colonization
1381:Abolitionism
1361:Baháʼí Faith
1334:Christianity
1284:Saudi Arabia
1140:Penal Labour
1105:Blackbirding
1011:Debt bondage
999:penal system
825:Contemporary
815:Field slaves
803:U.S. Natives
762:South Africa
633:Galley slave
606:Slave market
596:House slaves
573:
569:Blackbirding
547:Conscription
471:21st century
434:Umm al-walad
278:Muslim world
247:Emancipation
151:Wage slavery
131:Penal labour
109:Wife selling
99:Bride buying
84:Conscription
74:Child Labour
67:Contemporary
29:
11142:Colonialism
10666:German Jews
10636:Crypto-Jews
10471:Macedonians
10414:(Mercheros)
10073:Republicans
9965:China Swede
9548:Danchi babu
9461:Benshengren
9297:Ching chong
9198:East Asians
8949:White trash
8632:House Negro
8427:Shina/Zhina
8407:Ching chong
8370:Michelle Go
8360:Xiaoxing Xi
8350:Sherry Chen
8335:Jiayang Fan
8269:Qian Xuesen
8064:(1975–1979)
8015:(1956–1965)
7987:(1945–1946)
7957:(1942-1945)
7951:(1937–1938)
7899:(1901–1973)
7876:(1892–1943)
7849:(1885–1923)
7807:(1882–1943)
7801:(1881–1944)
7762:(1860–1861)
7692:By incident
7615:Philippines
7520:Hideki Tojo
7300:August 2012
6947:20 December
6378:18 November
6340:20 December
6066:Brij V. Lal
5619:20 December
5433:17 December
4695:25 February
3949:Jules Verne
3905:labourers.
3763:Haji Mastan
3747:Salim–Javed
3745:written by
3743:crime drama
3717:Kay Francis
3596:coolie work
3576:Eddy Howard
3555:South Asian
3483:Saint Lucia
3120:hate speech
3106:Legislation
3003:West Indies
2968:pass system
2836:Saint Lucia
2757:Indentured
2541:Puerto Rico
2137:plantations
1972:Rajinikanth
1897:countries,
1856:racial slur
1677:court cases
1554: [
1504:Slave Power
1492:Manumission
1339:Catholicism
1214:Afghanistan
955:Puerto Rico
867:The Bahamas
845:Slave codes
648:Shanghaiing
638:Impressment
530:Slave Coast
410:Qajar harem
370:Concubinage
343:slave trade
11071:Categories
10708:Blackfella
10690:Żydokomuna
10501:Yestonians
10432:Ukrainians
10248:Sardinians
10233:Sardinians
10227:Sardegnolo
10193:Greaseball
9940:Cheesehead
9753:Mat Salleh
9666:Vietnamese
9629:Pakistanis
9430:Sangokujin
9393:Xiao Riben
9235:Sangokujin
9090:Oklahomans
9055:Half-breed
8921:Peckerwood
8725:Indigenous
8679:Pickaninny
8611:Black Buck
8365:Yao Pan Ma
8325:Haoyang Yu
8300:Danny Chen
8279:Wen Ho Lee
7544:By country
7448:Background
7277:quotations
6762:077351354X
6440:9813016213
6406:0801844657
6307:(2): 132.
6257:(2): 128.
6160:1843310031
6085:082482265X
5863:7 February
5520:"Coolie".
5238:9622094864
5202:. Durham:
4440:18 October
4405:24 January
4213:References
3903:Joseon-era
3874:Television
3858:Yung Chang
3622:kuli-ratha
3531:Seychelles
3507:Martinique
3503:Guadeloupe
3372:institute.
3350:Indonesian
3277:newspapers
3170:improve it
3146:Modern use
2912:Tamil Nadu
2888:Martinique
2884:Guadeloupe
2874:, and the
2804:Seychelles
2796:Somaliland
2792:Tanganyika
2724:See also:
2697:indentured
2650:marshlands
2457:Afro-Asian
2418:barracoons
2355:Costa Rica
2344:Opium Wars
2242:Proslavery
2189:cash crops
2077:in Japan.
2069:described
1925:, and the
1692:J.Q. Adams
1682:Washington
1652:Slave name
1601:convention
1576:Common law
949:Encomienda
745:Seychelles
730:Mauritania
653:Slave ship
520:Panyarring
515:New France
164:Historical
10902:immigrant
10890:Barbarian
10864:Outsiders
10700:Oceanians
10630:Conversos
10510:Estonians
10507:Russified
10374:Spaniards
10364:Serbomans
10211:Polentone
10157:West Brit
10049:Grecomans
9972:Finnjävel
9792:Albanians
9681:Europeans
9659:Filipinos
9447:Taiwanese
9325:Jook-sing
9174:Americans
9104:Americans
8993:Canadians
8853:Bahamians
8714:Uncle Tom
8580:Americans
8533:Boerehaat
8320:Gang Chen
8310:Eileen Gu
8295:Anming Hu
8233:Mary Tape
8209:By victim
7874:Geary Act
7620:Singapore
7561:Indonesia
7551:Hong Kong
7388:The Hindu
6771:0846-8869
6321:144403568
6271:144403568
5782:144069384
4308:4 January
4275:4 January
4242:4 January
4009:Caribbean
3991:The 2014
3822:The film
3773:Bollywood
3583:kulimunka
3570:The term
3543:Singapore
3523:Mauritius
3519:Caribbean
3410:version,
3176:talk page
3079:Polyandry
3030:sugarcane
2927:Mauritius
2820:Nyasaland
2772:Mauritius
2726:Girmityas
2705:haciendas
2604:in the US
2573:The term
2518:Chinatown
2512:in 1959,
2486:sugarcane
2378:Guangdong
2284:Singapore
2226:abolition
2065:In 1727,
1978:Etymology
1970:starring
1919:Mauritius
1915:Caribbean
1864:Caribbean
1820:The word
1815:labourers
1687:Jefferson
1344:Mormonism
1279:Palestine
1093:Australia
1023:Indonesia
914:Lei Áurea
897:Code Noir
877:Caribbean
850:Treatment
589:Treatment
562:Devshirme
424:Odalisque
242:In Russia
183:Babylonia
171:Antiquity
11038:Shkutzim
10935:Japanese
10543:Shi'ites
10400:Catalans
10387:Gachupín
10315:Russians
10174:Italians
9913:Teuchter
9844:Crachach
9767:Wasi'chu
9379:Jjokbari
9363:Japanese
9331:overseas
9290:Chinaman
9132:Chileans
9008:Mestizos
8979:Mexicans
8707:Tar-Baby
8639:Jim Crow
8554:Golliwog
8540:Choc ice
8511:Africans
8390:Chinaman
8009:(1950s-)
7630:Thailand
7588:Malaysia
7089:14 April
7049:Jump Cut
6968:ThePrint
6919:Archived
6532:(2011).
6179:Archived
5975:Archived
5958:Archived
5735:20346436
5684:Archived
5668:22576450
5589:17091181
4498:"coolie"
4015:See also
3847:Qiu Yuen
3819:(2020).
3807:(2004),
3801:(1995),
3795:(1995),
3789:(1991),
3713:Mandalay
3629:Filipino
3618:kuliyata
3606:kuliwada
3547:Malaysia
3511:Barbados
3471:Suriname
3418:descent.
3412:amakhula
3377:Malaysia
3266:"Coolie"
3007:Demerara
2956:Trinidad
2856:Barbados
2631:Page Act
2384:and the
2328:Trinidad
2324:Suriname
2232:and the
2175:and the
2075:Nagasaki
1942:(1975),
1907:Suriname
1719:Iron bit
1709:40 acres
1672:breeding
1487:Freedman
1322:Religion
1182:Portugal
1067:Thailand
1057:Maldives
1052:Malaysia
1045:Kwalliso
989:Booi Aha
941:Restavek
921:Colombia
892:Trinidad
882:Barbados
772:Zanzibar
720:Ethiopia
601:Saqaliba
495:Database
446:Saqaliba
207:Ancillae
37:a series
35:Part of
11025:Shegetz
10987:Chinese
10951:non-Jew
10834:Gypsies
10827:Didicoy
10756:Coconut
10624:Marrano
10553:Raghead
10440:Khokhol
10422:Xarnego
10410:Quinqui
10257:Terrone
10187:Goombah
10127:Shoneen
10097:Knacker
10015:Germans
10004:Gabacho
9958:Chukhna
9819:British
9711:Cracker
9689:General
9579:Indians
9502:Coconut
9487:General
9404:Koreans
9283:Ah Beng
9274:Chinese
9256:Twinkie
9206:General
9162:Wetback
9034:Greaser
9018:Coonass
8928:Redneck
8879:Cracker
8863:Coonass
8748:Unangan
8625:Colored
8441:Related
8243:Yick Wo
7992:Bersiap
7647:Vietnam
7605:Myanmar
7530:Pol Pot
7525:Suharto
7482:Minzoku
7110:16 June
6973:1 March
6588:2841301
6574:: 140.
5787:14 June
5726:2850426
5546:16 June
5398:14 June
5376:14 June
5348:14 June
5323:14 June
4884:2841301
4870:: 145.
4840:14 June
4547:12 July
4399:News 24
4379:6 April
3993:chutney
3916:Typhoon
3884:(e.g.,
3860:called
3851:Xing Yu
3738:Deewaar
3610:Sinhala
3608:is the
3590:
3495:Grenada
3475:Jamaica
3369:porters
3291:scholar
3206:updated
3056:by the
2900:Réunion
2868:Surinam
2844:Grenada
2832:Jamaica
2747:Réunion
2644:in the
2476:feared
2428:of the
2292:Jamaica
2129:slavery
2071:coolies
1939:Deewaar
1911:Jamaica
1879:porters
1860:Oceania
1809:) is a
1697:Lincoln
1570:Related
1470:Liberia
1356:Judaism
1294:Tunisia
1269:Morocco
1259:Lebanon
1224:Bahrain
1219:Algeria
1187:Romania
1152:Denmark
1145:Slavery
1079:Vietnam
750:Somalia
740:Nigeria
715:Comoros
643:Pirates
552:Ghilman
485:Bristol
375:history
348:pirates
237:History
126:Peonage
49:slavery
11046:Shiksa
11011:Savage
10980:Laowai
10972:Kuffar
10928:Gaijin
10918:Romani
10816:, and
10810:Romani
10799:Kanake
10792:Mongol
10740:Kanaka
10601:Khazar
10537:Rafida
10457:Others
10394:Polaco
10357:Shkije
10323:Moskal
10298:Polack
10205:Guinea
10067:Fenian
10041:Greeks
9982:French
9801:Šiptar
9774:Wigger
9760:Redleg
9739:Gweilo
9718:Farang
9697:Ang mo
9610:Keling
9603:Coolie
9587:Chinki
9569:Mayang
9562:Malaun
9541:Bongal
9516:Coolie
9455:Tai Ke
9345:Locust
9318:Coolie
9311:Chinky
9242:Toku-A
9214:Banana
9190:Asians
9148:Sudaca
9099:Pindos
9069:Newfie
9046:Cubans
9041:Gusano
9024:Cajuns
8988:Canuck
8974:Beaner
8966:Others
8956:Whitey
8886:Gringo
8869:Cajuns
8840:Buckra
8824:Whites
8734:Eskimo
8686:Rastus
8667:Nigger
8646:Macaca
8618:Cocolo
8561:Kaffir
8417:Chinky
8305:Ee Lee
8058:(1974)
8047:(1969)
8021:(1962)
8001:(1947)
7981:(1943)
7975:(1942)
7939:(1931)
7917:(1911)
7911:(1907)
7905:(1907)
7882:(1899)
7865:(1887)
7838:(1885)
7790:(1876)
7779:(1873)
7768:(1862)
7756:(1857)
7708:(1603)
7625:Taiwan
7455:Coolie
7236:
7215:
7194:
7173:
7154:
7027:
7004:8 July
6895:20 May
6868:
6841:
6814:
6776:1 June
6769:
6759:
6719:17 May
6710:
6685:17 May
6676:
6651:17 May
6642:
6586:
6551:17 May
6542:
6514:17 May
6505:
6480:17 May
6471:
6446:17 May
6437:
6412:17 May
6403:
6319:
6269:
6190:
6157:
6134:
6107:
6082:
6036:29 May
6014:29 May
5938:
5854:
5830:29 May
5780:
5733:
5723:
5666:
5587:
5484:29 May
5293:
5264:
5235:
5210:
5181:
5153:
5128:
5099:
5074:
5047:11 May
5027:11 May
4992:
4970:
4950:
4882:
4812:
4790:29 May
4760:
4734:17 May
4725:
4519:
4463:
4169:Dougla
4005:Guyana
3804:Coolie
3792:Coolie
3768:Coolie
3644:κούλης
3633:makuli
3616:(e.g.
3572:coolie
3551:coolie
3545:, and
3479:Belize
3463:Guyana
3434:koelie
3416:Indian
3404:coolie
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3135:kaffir
2898:, and
2880:French
2878:. The
2870:, the
2862:, and
2808:Uganda
2732:, and
2642:levees
2575:coolie
2553:, the
2514:Havana
2366:Xiamen
2362:Havana
2316:Belize
2300:Guyana
2092:coolie
2003:(కూలి)
1988:Telugu
1967:Coolie
1960:, and
1945:Coolie
1903:Guyana
1887:Coolie
1883:Dougla
1852:coolie
1822:coolie
1795:khulie
1783:koelie
1779:Coolie
1618:owners
1254:Kuwait
1249:Jordan
1202:Sweden
1192:Russia
1177:Poland
1172:Norway
994:Laogai
979:Brunei
974:Bhutan
936:revolt
909:Brazil
872:Canada
835:partus
820:female
705:Angola
574:Coolie
557:Mamluk
510:Nantes
490:Brazil
419:Cariye
254:Thrall
222:Kholop
188:Greece
21:Coulee
11036:(pl.
10970:(pl.
10961:Kafir
10911:Gadjo
10880:Arabs
10846:Nawar
10785:Kebab
10776:Turks
10730:Māori
10660:Yekke
10594:Kafir
10528:Arabs
10487:Hunky
10477:Serbs
10447:Ukrop
10348:Serbs
10337:Tibla
10305:Pshek
10290:Poles
10199:Guido
10113:Pikey
10059:Irish
10031:Kraut
9950:Finns
9932:Dutch
9899:Taffy
9828:Limey
9746:Honky
9732:Guizi
9725:Guiri
9555:Dkhar
9352:Shina
9304:Chink
9113:Pocho
9002:Cholo
8914:Karen
8907:Honky
8893:Haole
8847:Conch
8833:Becky
8811:women
8803:Squaw
8744:Yupik
8740:Inuit
8700:Sambo
8671:Nigga
8660:Negro
8653:Mammy
8588:Black
8547:Cushi
8519:Abeed
8412:Chink
8383:Slurs
7578:Korea
7566:Japan
7556:India
7402:, by
7269:lists
7021:Πούσι
6584:JSTOR
6317:S2CID
6267:S2CID
5907:(17).
5879:Times
5778:S2CID
5613:(PDF)
5606:(PDF)
5478:(PDF)
5471:(PDF)
5366:(PDF)
5343:(PDF)
5014:(PDF)
4880:JSTOR
4689:(PDF)
4674:(PDF)
4640:: 38.
4621:: 39.
4434:(PDF)
4427:(PDF)
4373:(PDF)
4366:(PDF)
4190:Notes
4174:Navvy
4159:Chink
3987:Music
3909:Books
3839:film
3660:Films
3640:Greek
3438:Dutch
3432:word
3430:Dutch
3423:cooli
3399:term.
3363:word
3361:Hindi
3298:JSTOR
3284:books
3060:(see
2788:Kenya
2784:Natal
2743:Hindu
2693:guano
2546:From
2411:Macau
2386:guano
2314:(now
2298:(now
2024:word
2022:Tamil
2010:word
1990:word
1984:Hindi
1805:, or
1803:cooly
1799:cooli
1791:khuli
1645:songs
1640:films
1558:]
1514:songs
1351:Islam
1329:Bible
1304:Yemen
1299:Qatar
1289:Syria
1264:Libya
1229:Egypt
1197:Spain
1167:Malta
1040:Korea
1028:Japan
1006:India
984:China
931:Haiti
791:Aztec
767:Sudan
735:Niger
627:Naval
500:Dutch
429:Qiyan
415:Jarya
390:Harem
232:Serfs
178:Egypt
10985:non-
10933:non-
10916:non-
10878:non-
10873:Ajam
10853:Zott
10724:Hori
10617:Kike
10571:Jews
10474:and
10381:Dago
10181:Dago
10141:Taig
9997:Frog
9704:Bule
9637:Paki
9534:Bong
9228:Gook
9141:Spic
9127:Roto
9085:Okie
9062:Naco
7583:Laos
7234:ISBN
7213:ISBN
7192:ISBN
7171:ISBN
7152:ISBN
7112:2013
7091:2021
7067:NDTV
7025:ISBN
7006:2020
6975:2023
6949:2019
6897:2023
6866:ISBN
6839:ISBN
6812:ISBN
6778:2015
6767:ISSN
6757:ISBN
6721:2014
6708:ISBN
6687:2014
6674:ISBN
6653:2014
6640:ISBN
6553:2014
6540:ISBN
6516:2014
6503:ISBN
6482:2014
6469:ISBN
6448:2014
6435:ISBN
6414:2014
6401:ISBN
6380:2022
6342:2019
6188:ISBN
6155:ISBN
6132:ISBN
6105:ISBN
6080:ISBN
6038:2013
6016:2013
5936:ISBN
5865:2013
5852:ISBN
5832:2013
5789:2013
5731:PMID
5664:PMID
5621:2019
5585:PMID
5548:2013
5486:2013
5435:2013
5400:2013
5378:2013
5350:2013
5325:2013
5291:ISBN
5262:ISBN
5233:ISBN
5208:ISBN
5179:ISBN
5151:ISBN
5126:ISBN
5097:ISBN
5072:ISBN
5049:2013
5029:2013
4990:ISBN
4968:ISBN
4948:ISBN
4842:2013
4810:ISBN
4792:2013
4758:ISBN
4736:2014
4723:ISBN
4697:2012
4549:2024
4537:"苦力"
4517:ISBN
4461:ISBN
4442:2017
4407:2017
4381:2015
4310:2023
4277:2023
4244:2023
4179:Veth
4164:Dasa
3761:don
3614:kuli
3587:lit.
3539:Fiji
3428:The
3408:Zulu
3392:kuli
3388:Thai
3381:kuli
3365:qūlī
3354:kuli
3270:news
2776:Fiji
2539:and
2537:Cuba
2527:The
2459:and
2407:Amoy
2322:and
2280:Cuba
2278:and
2276:Peru
2181:Cuba
2127:and
2049:kǔlì
2041:qulī
2030:kūli
2026:kulī
2012:quli
2008:Urdu
1997:कुली
1992:kulī
1986:and
1962:2020
1958:1995
1954:1991
1923:Fiji
1847:peón
1807:quli
1787:kuli
1596:laws
1458:U.S.
1453:U.K.
1391:U.S.
1386:U.K.
1274:Oman
1244:Iraq
1239:Iran
926:Cuba
830:maps
725:Mali
710:Chad
296:Baqt
193:Rome
89:Debt
47:and
10945:Goy
10818:Lom
10814:Dom
10676:Yid
10653:Wog
10560:Wog
10330:Orc
10280:Wog
10273:Wop
10082:Hun
10024:Hun
9876:Pom
9781:Wog
9386:Nip
9372:Jap
8568:Wog
7279:or
7271:of
6576:doi
6309:doi
6259:doi
5928:doi
5770:doi
5721:PMC
5713:doi
5656:doi
5652:148
5575:doi
5122:108
4872:doi
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