Coolie - Knowledge

2507:

advances from the planters for salaries, distributing tools, arranging housing and food, and assuming responsibility for discipline, control, and supervision.” (Hu-DeHart). The enganchador had flexibility in the length of the Coolies’ recontract. The Coolie was also able to negotiate their wages and often had the upper hand as the employer had to yield to market forces. “Recontracting terms varied considerably. A batch of recontracts from the period 1863 to 1877 reveals great variation in the terms of the new contracts, diverging not only from the original ones, but from each other. First, most coolies signed up for only one year, at most two years, and some for as few as three and six months – all far short of another eight years. Second, the monthly wages not only varied, but were always greater than the 4 pesos in the original contracts, in some cases significantly greater. Many specified payment in “peso fuerte,” that is, hard currency, not vouchers, which was often used during the eight year original indenture.” (Hu-DeHart).

3093:

and 1859, laws were put into place stating that the ratio of men to women could not exceed 2:1, whereas before it was 3:1. However, there continued to be a severe shortage of women. This gave women a new sense of power when it came to choosing a partner. With a shortage of women, it became the responsibility of the male suitor to provide a hefty dowry to a woman's father, regardless of what caste she came from. Unfortunately, this also put women in a very vulnerable position, especially when alone. Rape was a common occurrence, and there were accounts of women being bound and gagged in their own homes by men. Between 1872 and 1900, it was reported that 87 women were murdered, with 65 of those being married women who were accused of being unfaithful.

2765: 2977:. Coolies were also not informed about the length of the trip or about the island that they would be going to. The workers were paid a pittance for their labour, and were expected to work in often awful and harsh conditions. Although there were no large-scale scandals involving coolie abuse in British colonies, workers often ended up being forced to work, and manipulated in such a way that they became dependent on the plantation owners so that in practice they remained there long after their contracts expired; possibly as little as 10% of the coolies actually returned to their original country of origin. Colonial legislation was also passed to severely limit their freedoms; in Mauritius, a compulsory 68: 1778: 2581:

counterparts. Even after the 1866 reforms, the scale of abuse and conditions of near slavery did not get any better – if anything they deteriorated. In the early 1870s, an increased media exposure of the trade led to a public outcry, and the British, as well as the Chinese government, put pressure on the Portuguese colonial authorities in Macau to bring the trade there to an end; this was ultimately achieved in 1874. By that time, a total of up to half a million Chinese workers had been exported. However, by 1890, there were still newspaper reports of coolie labour being used in Madagascar.

4048: 2451:(Regulation for the Introduction of Chinese Workers to the Island of Cuba) passed in Cuba. This regulation stipulated that the Coolie workers must recontract with their previous employer or another employer or they must leave Cuba at their own expense within 2 months after the end of their contract. Coolies were usually unable to afford to leave Cuba and were forced to recontract. This regulation blurred the distinction between indentured servitude and slavery. It allowed for the Coolies to serve as a source of semi-captive labour given the intentional difficulty of returning home. 2217:, detailing his time spent on West Indian plantations observing the work ethic and behaviours of coolies, and noted that many overseers believed that Asian coolies, much like enslaved Africans, held an affinity for intensive outdoor labour work. The views of overseers towards coolies differed based on ethnicity: Chinese and Japanese coolies were perceived to be harder working, more unified as a labour force, and maintained better hygiene habits in comparison to Indian labourers, who were viewed as being lower in status and treated as children who required constant supervision. 4844: 2962: 2596:. German planters went to great lengths to secure access to their coolie labour supply from China. In 1908, a Chinese commissioner, Lin Shu Fen, reported on the cruel treatment of coolie workers on German plantations in the western Samoan Islands. The trade began largely after the establishment of colonial German Samoa in 1900 and lasted until the arrival of New Zealand forces in 1914. More than 2,000 Chinese coolies were present in the islands in 1914 and most were eventually repatriated by the New Zealand administration. 4076: 2750: 3208: 2535: 2605: 4118: 2404: 3005:, with the Society of Friends. Petitions from Sturge, the Society of Friends, various other humanitarian groups, and from citizens of entire cities were routinely sent to the Colonial Offices. In response to this pressure, the labour export was temporarily stopped in 1839 by the authorities when the scale of the abuses became known, but it was soon renewed due to its growing economic importance. A more rigorous regulatory framework was put into place and 4146: 4132: 4104: 4090: 4062: 3244: 2503:, substantiated horrific conditions of Chinese coolies in Cuba and stated that coolies were slaves in all but name. Researcher Denise Helly believes that despite their slave-like treatment, the free and legal status of the Asian labourers in Cuba separated them from slaves. According to Rodriguez Pastor and Trazegnies Granda, the coolies could challenge their superiors, run away, petition government officials, and rebel. 3167: 4034: 7269: 2933:, the French transported Indian workers to their Pacific colony, Réunion, from as early as 1826. By 1830, over 3,000 labourers had been transported. After this trade was discovered, the French successfully negotiated with the British in 1860 for permission to transport over 6,000 workers annually, on condition that the trade would be suspended if abuses were discovered to be taking place. 3024: 2458:('the islands of Hell') of Peru were treated brutally. 75% of the Chinese coolies in Cuba died before fulfilling their contracts. More than two-thirds of the Chinese coolies who arrived in Peru between 1849 and 1874 died within the contract period. In 1860, it was calculated that of the 4,000 coolies brought to the Chinchas since the trade began, not one had survived. 2349:, was called the 'pig trade' as the living conditions were not dissimilar to that of livestock; on some vessels as many as 40 per cent of the coolies died en route. As many as 500 were crammed into a single ship hold, leaving no room to move. The coolies were also stamped on their backs like livestock. Foreign merchants took advantage of the 2624:, was signed into law by Abraham Lincoln, which prohibited any U.S. citizens and residents from trading in Chinese subjects, known as "coolies". In one aspect, the Anti-Coolie Act was the last of the U.S. slave trade laws, as well as the beginning of the end of slavery; in September of that year, Lincoln would also issue the 3104:

One stark difference between Indian and Chinese coolies was the treatment of women, despite both groups having a severe shortage. Crimes against women (including murder) were far more frequent among Indian coolies. This was simply because there were so few Chinese women. However, it became common for

3100:

Chinese women were scarce in every place where Chinese indentured labourers were brought; the migration was dominated by Chinese men. Up to the 1940s, men made up the vast majority of the Costa Rican Chinese community. Similarly, males made up the majority of the original Chinese community in Mexico,

3096:

The scarcity of Indian women in the Caribbean may not have been completely due to the women's inability to perform the work required of them. Many coolie women saw the chance to leave for the Caribbean as a way to escape abusive husbands, to hide pregnancy, to escape shame, or to simply find a better

3083:

A major difference between the Chinese and Indian coolie trades was that women and children were brought from India, along with men, while Chinese coolies were 99% male. Although there are reports of ships (so called 'coolie ships') for Asian coolies carrying women and children, the great majority of

2986:

were recorded for those working in the mines. Generally, Indian coolies were noted to have higher mortality rates as a whole, and were less likely to be able to return home. Companies would often promise good food, durable clothing, adequate housing, safe passage, and schools. However, these promises

2780:

By the 1820s, many Indians were voluntarily enlisting to go abroad for work, in the hopes of a better life. European merchants and businessmen quickly took advantage of this and began recruiting them for work as a cheap source of labour. British merchants began transporting Indians to colonies around

2461:

Because of these unbearable conditions, Chinese coolies often revolted against their Ko-Hung bosses and foreign company bosses at ports of departure, on ships, and in foreign lands. The coolies were put in the same neighbourhoods as Africans and, since most were unable to return to their homeland or

2446:

Coolies were sold and taken to work in plantations or mines with very bad living and working conditions. The duration of a contract was typically five to eight years, but many coolies did not live out their term of service due to hard labour and mistreatment. Survivors were often forced to remain in

2271:

whose captors sold them to coolie merchants, while others sold themselves to pay off gambling debts. Those who did sign on voluntarily generally had contracts of two to five years. In addition to having their passage paid for, coolies were also paid under twenty cents per day on average. However, in

3112:

Some Chinese coolies managed to avoid racial discrimination laws in Cuba and marry white women. This could be done by being listed as 'white' on their baptism certificates, as the agency that recruited them was meant for settling white people in Cuba. A Chinese coolie in Cuba also mentioned a white

3108:

In the early 1900s, the Chinese communities in Manila, Singapore, Mauritius, New Zealand, Victoria in Australia, the United States, and Victoria in British Columbia in Canada were all male dominated. Though the lack of women became a problem in later years, initially women were not a high priority

3092:

was a common practice among Indian coolies. Between 1845 and 1917, twenty-five per cent of all Indians brought to the Caribbean were women. With women as a severe minority, their morality was questioned and the actions of men as a result of having so few women was blamed on the women. Between 1858

2990:

The voyage itself was often a highly dangerous venture, especially for coolie women. Though some ships had made attempts to prevent assault, rape, and general mistreatment in sailor contracts, these crimes were still common. Even with punishments in place, on ship and land, men who assaulted women

2953:

issued a set of regulations for the trade. The rules provided for each labourer to be personally authorised for transportation by an officer designated by the company, limited the length of service to five years subject to voluntary renewal, made the contractor responsible for returning the worker

2506:

By 1870, labour contractors called enganchadores were used to manage and negotiate the contracts for Chinese Coolies in organised labour squads called Cuadrillas. “The enganchador negotiated all terms of work for his squad and handled all aspects of employment for the workers, including obtaining

2210:

which had been previously worked by enslaved Africans, and similarly brutal treatment could be meted out by plantation overseers in response to real or perceived offences. On some Caribbean plantations, the numbers of coolies present could reach up to six hundred. In 1878, historian W. L. Distant

3631:) means working for a fee, notably instant (cash) payment (and not salaried). It is used in a derogatory or jesting manner to signify biased action or support (e.g. "Kuliyata andanawa" means "Crying for a fee", since in colonial times people would be paid to cry at funerals). Taxis are known as 3088:

indentured coolies. The number of Chinese women as coolies was "very small" while Chinese men were easily taken into the coolie trade. In Cuba, men made up the vast majority of Chinese indentured servants on sugar plantations; in Peru, non-Chinese women married the mostly male Chinese coolies.

2363:

was the center of coolie slavery: it was described as "the only real business" in Macao from 1848 to 1873, generating enormous profits for the Portuguese until it was banned due to pressure from the British government. Between 1851 and 1874 approximately 215,000 Chinese were shipped from Macau

3087:

The contrast in the female-to-male ratio between Indian and Chinese immigrants has been compared by historians. In Sumatra in the Dutch East Indies, just 18,731 Chinese women and 92,985 Chinese men served as coolies on plantations. Chinese women migrated less than Javanese and Indian women as

2580:

declined these conditions, bringing the trade there to an end. Until the trade was finally abolished in 1875, over 150,000 coolies had been sold to Cuba alone, the majority having been shipped from Macau. These labourers endured conditions far worse than those experienced by their Indian

2568:

was instrumental in supplying Chinese coolie labour to South African mines at the request of mine owners, who considered such labour cheaper than native African and white labour. The horrendous conditions suffered by Indian coolie labourers in South Africa led some politicians in the

2639:

would ensure certain protections for Chinese immigrants in the U.S. and emphasise that any Chinese immigration to the U.S. must be free and voluntary, reaffirming that "coolies", being unfree, were unwelcome and prohibited from entering the U.S. In 1875, Congress passed the

2197:

A number of contemporary and modern historians noted the influence of the old form of colonial slavery on the coolie system. The coolie trade, much like the slave trade, was intended to provide a labour force for colonial plantations in the Americas and the Pacific whose

2399:

collecting industry. Australia began importing workers in 1848. These workers were deceived about their terms of employment to a much greater extent than their Indian counterparts, and consequently, there was a much higher level of Chinese emigration during this period.

2173:

in 1833, with other European nations eventually following suit. Labour-intensive work in European colonies, such as those involving plantations and mines, were left without a cheap source of manpower. As a consequence, a large-scale trade of primarily Indian and Chinese

2266:

In practice, however, as many opponents of the system argued, abuse and violence in the coolie trade was rampant. Some of these labourers signed employment contracts based on misleading promises, while others were kidnapped and sold into servitude; some were victims of

2916:

A system of agents was used to infiltrate the rural villages of India and recruit labourers. They would often deceive the credulous workers about the great opportunities that awaited them for their own material betterment abroad. The Indians primarily came from the

3097:

life. The 1883 Indian Immigration Act aimed to stop women from escaping their abusive husbands, which in turn made it much more difficult for women to emigrate, partially because an agent was usually needed to travel to the woman's village to verify her identity.

3382:

at hotel lobbies and railway and bus stations. Nevertheless, the use of such (especially by foreigners) may still be regarded as a slur by some. The phrase 'brown coolie' is a term used for an Indian citizen who is posturing as a representative to a foreign

2925:

and other areas to the south of the country. Indians had faced a great number of social and economic disasters, causing them to be more eager than other groups to leave India. In the last part of the nineteenth century alone, there were 24 famines.

2415:

The trade flourished from 1847 to 1854 without incident, until reports began to surface of the mistreatment of the workers in Cuba and Peru. As the British government had political and legal responsibility for many of the ports involved – including

1566: 2998:, and they were vetted before transportation to ensure that they were suitably healthy and fit to be able to endure the rigours of labour. Children under the age of 15 were not allowed to be transported from their parents under any circumstances. 3409:

of Thailand used this term when referring to the labourers who built the new international airport. He thanked them for their hard work. Reuters, a news source from Bangkok, reported that Thai labour groups were angered by his use of the

2190:, also pressured other nations to abolish their involvement in the Atlantic slave trade. In most European colonies, the importation of Asian labourers began in earnest after the abolition of slavery. However, in some colonies, such as 2341:

in 1806 "in an attempt to establish a settlement of free peasant cultivators and labourers". On many of the voyages, the labourers were transported on the same vessels that had been used to transport African slaves in previous years.

2628:. In another aspect, it was the beginning of Chinese exclusion in the U.S. and the beginning of federal immigration restriction. Within a decade, significant levels of anti-Chinese sentiment had built up, stoked by populists such as 2443:. Mortality was very high; it is estimated that from 1847 to 1859, the average mortality rate for coolies aboard ships to Cuba was 15.2%, and losses among ships to Peru were as high as 40% in the 1850s, and 30.44% from 1860 to 1863. 1854:

The word has had a variety of negative implications. In modern-day English, it is usually regarded as offensive. In India, its country of origin, it is considered a derogatory slur. In many respects it is similar to the Spanish term

2225:

Unlike slavery, coolie labour was (in theory) under contract, consensual, paid, and temporary, with the coolie able to regain complete freedom after their term of service. Regulations were put in place as early as 1837 by the

3881:. The daughter is sent directly from finishing middle school to work on a cruise ship for western tourists, to earn money for her family. Her father referred to himself as a "coolie" who used to carry bags on and off boats. 2518:

integrated into the countries of Peru, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. They adopted cultural traditions from the natives and welcomed non-Chinese to experience and participate in their traditions. Before the

2619:

Debates over coolie labour and slavery was key in shaping the history of Chinese immigrants in the U.S. In February 1862, "An Act to Prohibit the 'Coolie Trade' by American Citizens in American vessels", also known as the

2945:

from India to work in the sugar cane fields. Between 1834 and 1921, around half a million indentured labourers were present on the island. They worked on sugar estates, factories, in transport, and on construction sites.

2981:

was instituted to enable their movements to be easily tracked. Conditions were much worse in the French colonies of Réunion, Guadeloupe, and Martinique, where workers were 'systematically overworked' and abnormally high

2940:

starting in 1829. Slavery was abolished there in 1833, with Mauritian planters receiving two million pounds sterling in compensation for the loss of their slaves. The planters turned to bringing in a large number of

2234:

also made efforts to secure the well-being of their nation's workers, with representatives being sent to relevant governments around the world. Some Western abolitionists saw coolie labour as paving the way towards

2722:

by the invading Chilean army in January 1880. Some 2,000 coolies even joined the Chilean Army in Peru, taking care of the wounded and burying the dead. Others were sent by Chileans to work in the newly conquered

2357:, as well as the resulting political and economic instability, to broker deals for "contracted" workers. Anglophone capitalists referred to the opium trade and captive Chinese labour as "poison and pigs". 3062:

media of the time incited public outrage and led to the official ending of the coolie trade in 1916 by the British government. By that time, tens of thousands of Chinese workers were being used along the

3740:

depicts coolies working as labourers assisting American sailors aboard an American gun boat in 1926 civil war era China. The story, among many parallel story lines, involves an American Navy engineer (

5476: 1561: 3047:

after their term of indenture elapsed, and today their descendants account for about 40% of the total population. Indian workers were also imported into the Dutch colony of Surinam after the Dutch

3981:, Li, a young private secretary to Mr. Butler, resents being treated like a "schoolboy coolie" by Canadian Dr. MacEwen. The word 'coolie' is also used by Denton when he observes coolies working. 5657:

Simms, TM; Wright, MR; Hernandez, M; Perez, OA; Ramirez, EC; Martinez, E; Herrera, RJ (August 2012). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Haiti and Jamaica: contrasting levels of sex-biased gene flow".

3126: 2576:

In 1866, the British, French and Chinese governments agreed to mitigate the abuse by requiring all traders to pay for the return of all workers after their contract ended. The employers in the

5985: 2134:

occurred as early as the 17th century. However, in the 19th century, a far more robust system of trade involving coolies occurred, in direct response to the gradual abolition of both the

3367:

is a term for unskilled workers relying on their physical strength for transporting goods. It was previously used to refer to Indian or Chinese labourers, with a pejorative connotation.

1900:

is instead used to refer to people of fully-blooded Indian descent whose ancestors migrated to the British former colonies in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean. This is particularly so in

3109:

during coolie recruitment. Generally, it was believed that women were unwilling to perform the hard outdoor labour. Those willing to perform it were still seen as not as good as men.

2368:. These coolies were obtained via a variety of sources, including some who were entrapped by brokers in Macau through loans for gambling, and others who were kidnapped or coerced. 3733:

In the 1941 Disney film "The Reluctant Dragon", humorist Robert Benchley sees an Asian artist drawing an elephant wearing a conical hat and remarks "Oh, a coolie elephant, huh?"

3843:) expressing distress about the idea of being a coolie in his own country. Also, the gang he directs makes frequent attacks at gangs of working-class Vietnamese Australians. 3001:

The first campaign in England against the coolie trade likened the system of indentured labour to the slavery of the past. The campaign against coolie emigration was led by

2850: 1687: 2182:. Other European nations, especially colonial powers such as France, Spain, and Portugal, soon followed suit, especially as Britain, through several treaties such as 2146:. The British were the first to experiment with coolie labour when, in 1806, two hundred Chinese labourers were transported to the colony of Trinidad to work on the 6379: 3790:), who works at a railway station; the film is famous for the fact that during filming, Bachchan suffered a near-fatal injury during a fight sequence. Additional 5047: 8186: 4788: 2178:

began in the 1820s to fill this need. In 1838, 396 South Asian workers arrived in British Guiana, and such a stream of migrant labour would continue until the

1551: 1082: 5485: 2239:, to gradually and peacefully replace African slave labour without loss of profit. However, other abolitionist groups and individuals – such as the British 2150:

there. The "Trinidad experiment" was not a success, with only twenty to thirty labourers remaining in Trinidad by the 1820s. However, such efforts inspired

11167: 11102: 7072: 5321: 1436: 808: 545: 2683:

declared that "Asiatic coolieism is a form of human slavery, and is forever prohibited in this State, and all contracts for coolie labour shall be void."

3994:, the setting of the Shanghai International Settlement features descriptions of coolies working as observed by the main character, Jamie ("Jim") Graham. 1172: 813: 7394: 3436:

are those who carry heavy loads for someone. However, the word is not a slur. It refers to Arab day-labourers who migrated to Ethiopia for labour work.

2495:, and used coolies as a transition between slaves and free labour. They were neither free nor slaves. Indentured Chinese servants also laboured in the 2462:

have their wives come to the New World, many married African women. The coolies' interracial relationships and marriages with Africans, Europeans, and

2420:– such ports were immediately closed. Despite these closures, the trade simply shifted to the more accommodating port within the Portuguese enclave of 5983: 5102:

Li, Anshan (2004). "Survival, Adaptation, and Integration: Origins and Development of the Chinese Community in Jamaica". In Wilson, Andrew R. (ed.).

3105:

people to instead believe that Indians murder their women while Chinese women stay alive because, unlike their Indian counterparts, they are chaste.

4350: 7441: 6929: 6761: 505: 6644: 5127:

Robinson, St. John (2010). "The Chinese of Central America: Diverse Beginnings, Common Achievements". In Look Lai, Walton; Tan, Chee Beng (eds.).

4434: 5811:

Helly, "Idéologie et ethnicité"; Rodríguez Pastor, "Hijos del Celeste Imperio"; Trazegnies Granda, "En el país de las colinas de arena", Tomo II

3084:

them carried men. This led to a high rate of Chinese men marrying women of other ethnicities, such as Indian women and mixed-race Creole women.

2994:

However, there were also attempts by the British authorities to regulate and mitigate the worst abuses. Workers were regularly checked up on by

11122: 7890: 7821: 5513: 2213: 860: 2651:

Despite attempts to restrict the influx of cheap labour from China, beginning in the 1870s Chinese workers helped construct a vast network of

8769: 7831: 7620: 3469:

take care of student union club tasks (usually arranging a party or such activity), they are referred as "kuli" or performing a "kuli duty".

8335: 6544: 4681: 1556: 1406: 7645: 887: 2644:, which prohibited the bringing of any Chinese subjects without their consent in order to hold them for a term of service. In 1882, the 7571: 1633: 385: 7404: 6405: 11127: 8104: 7683: 2664: 835: 6507: 6439: 4952: 3405:(กุลี) still retains its original meaning as manual labourers, but is considered to be offensive. In September 2005, Prime Minister 3141:

To prohibit and prevent unfair discrimination (either on the basis of age, race, sex, disability, language, religion, culture, etc.)

2675:

in western Canada, Chinese settlement was discouraged after completion of the construction. State legislation, such as California's

6473: 5710:

Quintana-Murci, L; Harmant, C; Quach, H; Balanovsky, O; Zaporozhchenko, V; Bormans, C; van Helden, PD; Hoal, EG; Behar, DM (2010).

5694: 5546: 1606: 1426: 599: 9886: 6189: 5613: 5021: 3462:

era, "cu li" or "culi", as a Vietnamese pronunciation for coolie, is still used with the offensive mearning for low-paid labourer.

2499:

fields of Cuba well after the 1884 abolition of slavery in the country. Two scholars of Chinese labour in Cuba, Juan Pastrana and

10611: 8040: 1764: 10253: 10237: 10034: 8496: 4242: 3942:(1954) is a non-fiction account of a group of Australian nurses held captive and used as slave labour by the Japanese in WWII. 3447:

refers to a worker who performs very hard, exacting labour. The word generally has no particular ethnic connotations among the

2565: 870: 288: 2838: 8819: 8799: 8775: 7936: 7561: 7248: 7227: 7206: 7166: 6880: 6853: 6826: 6202: 6146: 6119: 5305: 5276: 5222: 5165: 5111: 4824: 4772: 4692: 4405: 4371: 3908: 3048: 2143: 1448: 1125: 897: 9109: 6410:. Johns Hopkins studies in Atlantic history and culture (illustrated ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 46. 3058:

This system prevailed until the early twentieth century. Increasing focus on the brutalities and abuses of the trade by the

7434: 6766:. McGill-Queen's studies in ethnic history. Vol. 22 (illustrated ed.). McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 348. 4992: 3578:

In the information technology industry, offshore workers are sometimes referred to as coolies because of their lower wages.

2240: 1640: 1601: 1244: 10358: 6243: 11142: 10597: 6974: 5078: 3052: 1682: 1319: 979: 830: 626: 535: 3051:

in 1870. In Mauritius, the Indian population is now demographically dominant, with Indian festivals being celebrated as

11157: 11147: 8783: 8735: 8017: 7868: 7852: 7302: 6722: 6688: 6654: 6554: 6517: 6483: 5950: 5761:

Narvaez, Benjamin N. "Chinese Coolies in Cuba and Peru: Race, Labor, and Immigration, 1839–1886." (2010): 1–524. Print.

5193: 4737: 2676: 2656: 2463: 2155: 1848: 1702: 1396: 1150: 9676: 4308: 4275: 1835:

was first used in the 16th century by European traders across Asia. By the 18th century, the term referred to migrant

11097: 8514: 8164: 7378: 7185: 7039: 5968: 5896:, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS117756684/TTDA?u=tall85761&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=60955784. Accessed 27 April 2023. 5866: 5140: 5086: 5051: 5004: 4982: 4962: 4531: 4475: 3345: 3327: 3308: 3194: 2858: 1524: 1401: 825: 594: 461: 4794: 3968:, the word 'coolies' is used when describing different groups of people aboard a steamer ship crossing the Pacific. 11182: 8174: 8134: 8045: 6444:. Data paper series. Vol. 2. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Institute of Southeast Asian. p. 204. 3497: 3466: 3280: 2570: 2551: 1655: 865: 850: 796: 481: 471: 466: 295: 151: 9802: 9669: 9373: 6549:. Wiley Blackwell Concise History of the Modern World. Vol. 4 (illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 5712:"Strong maternal Khoisan contribution to the South African coloured population: a case of gender-biased admixture" 4440:. Department of Justice and Constitutional Development, Republic of South Africa. 27 November 2004. Archived from 2764: 1371: 10000: 8233: 7826: 7588: 7576: 7427: 3964: 3900: 3864:) for not paying rent, saying that "you'll be a coolie for life." In the credits, his name is given as "Coolie". 2769: 2668: 2612: 2435:. Their voyages, which are sometimes called the Pacific Passage, were as inhumane and dangerous as the notorious 2151: 1650: 1421: 227: 9829: 9284: 5574:"Influência da aculturação na autopercepção dos idosos quanto à saúde bucal em uma população de origem japonesa" 5327: 11162: 11092: 11087: 10750: 10676: 10025: 8412: 8350: 8238: 7566: 6771: 6449: 6415: 6169: 6094: 6086: 5247: 3265: 2955: 2539: 2231: 1120: 1108: 688: 500: 146: 9414: 7287: 5401: 4643:

Hu-Dehart, Evelyn (1994). "Chinese Coolie Labor in Cuba in the Nineteenth Century: Free Labor of Neoslavery".

4624:

Hu-Dehart, Evelyn (1994). "Chinese Coolie Labor in Cuba in the Nineteenth Century: Free Labor of Neoslavery".

3287: 8248: 8201: 8144: 8029: 7942: 7196: 6998:"Thai Unions Hot under Collar at PM "coolie" Slur." The Star Online. 30 September 2005. Web. 29 January 2011. 6039: 5297: 5268: 1692: 1475: 336: 5459: 2272:

certain regions, roughly a dollar would be taken from coolies every month in order to pay off their debts.

1943:

In modern Indian popular culture, coolies have often been portrayed as working-class heroes or anti-heroes.

11172: 9266: 9224: 8206: 8129: 8061: 8035: 7722: 3694: 2702:

In South America, Chinese indentured labourers worked in Peru's silver mines and coastal industries (i.e.,

2260: 1697: 1541: 1411: 1072: 840: 820: 380: 348: 2866: 2814: 67: 11132: 11107: 9505: 8536: 8355: 8196: 8149: 8114: 8083: 7492: 6003: 3947: 3064: 1757: 1707: 1431: 1349: 476: 257: 77: 7353: 7073:"Amitabh Bachchan's Deewar is 40: 9 Things You Didn't Know About the Angry Young Man – NDTV Movies" 6943: 6921: 6229: 6080: 5373: 4590:(9th, American Reprint ed.). Maxwell Sommerville (Philadelphia). 1891. p. 296. Volume VI. 3294: 10481: 8489: 8191: 8055: 8050: 8023: 7913: 7857: 7804: 4081: 3891: 2680: 2244: 2163: 1616: 1468: 1453: 1344: 540: 210: 7635: 5020:

Martha W. McCartney; Lorena S. Walsh; Ywone Edwards-Ingram; Andrew J. Butts; Beresford Callum (2003).

4441: 9860: 9489: 9085: 8360: 8159: 8109: 7480: 7328: 7055: 6310:

Erickson, Edgar (June 1934). "The Introduction of East Indian Coolies into the British West Indies".

6260:

Erickson, Edgar (June 1934). "The Introduction of East Indian Coolies into the British West Indies".

5019: 3896: 2810: 2625: 2547: 2484: 2191: 2107: 1712: 1611: 1142: 1130: 720: 693: 198: 8370: 6407:

Indentured labor, Caribbean sugar: Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918

3009:

were imposed for infractions in 1842. In that year, almost 35,000 people were shipped to Mauritius.

2230:

to safeguard these principles of voluntary, contractual work and safe, sanitary transportation. The

1777: 11117: 11021: 8340: 7953: 7782: 7678: 5614:"Identity, Rebellion, and Social Justice Among Chinese Contract Workers in Nineteenth-Century Cuba" 3899:), frequent references are made to the hardworking, underpaid Chinese coolies who helped build the 3826: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3778: 3698:, when his officers are ordered to do manual labour on the bridge, British officer Col. Nicholson ( 3276: 2672: 2608: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1955: 1861:, although both terms are used in some countries with different implications. In the 21st century, 1492: 1361: 914: 703: 188: 89: 8099: 5022:"A Study of the Africans and African Americans on Jamestown Island and at Green Spring, 1619–1803" 2987:

were rarely kept, leading to the higher mortality rate and image of Indian coolies being "dirty".

2500: 368: 9811: 9691: 8803: 8779: 8614: 8274: 8269: 8154: 7727: 7410: 7279: 5930: 4547: 4492: 3712: 3426: 3417:

referred to indentured workers from India. It is no longer an accepted term, and both it and its

3261: 3254: 3180: 2846: 2073:

that literally translates to "bitter strength" but is more commonly understood as "hard labour".

2070: 1836: 1677: 1416: 1366: 1294: 1067: 845: 789: 772: 203: 35: 17: 4696: 2694:(Number 13, 24 July 1938) while telling a story about "two Chinese coolies" arguing in a crowd. 11177: 11112: 10724: 7907: 7450: 7411:

Description of conditions aboard clipper ships transporting coolies from Swatow, China, to Peru

6346:"The Long, Long Trail – Researching soldiers of the British Army in the Great War of 1914-1919" 2890: 2878: 2818: 2706:, sugar, and cotton) from the early 1850s to the mid-1870s; about 100,000 people immigrated as 2632:

with racist slogans – "To an American, death is preferable to life on a par with the Chinese."

2256: 2248: 2187: 2131: 1750: 1719: 1224: 965: 877: 725: 449: 415: 410: 7336: 6870: 6678: 5514:"From Slavery to Freedom: Chinese Coolies on the Sugar Plantations of Nineteenth Century Cuba" 5132: 4972: 11137: 10656: 8482: 8463: 8375: 8310: 8078: 7873: 7846: 7836: 7815: 7743: 7545: 7520: 6843: 6816: 6712: 5774: 5214: 5032: 4159: 3977: 3707: 3501: 2973:

Despite this, conditions on the ships were often extremely crowded, with rampant disease and

2687: 2645: 2471: 2227: 1586: 1441: 1354: 1339: 1021: 1009: 755: 740: 525: 300: 222: 193: 5833: 11152: 9909: 9355: 9044: 8649: 8571: 8505: 8432: 8405: 8380: 8330: 8119: 7863: 7809: 7748: 7487: 7414: 6509:

When America First Met China: An Exotic History of Tea, Drugs, and Money in the Age of Sail

6076: 6017: 4194: 3677: 3448: 3145: 3072: 3028: 2942: 2882: 2802: 2707: 2440: 2175: 2135: 1724: 1628: 1591: 1519: 1463: 1332: 1289: 1103: 1033: 708: 488: 390: 274: 181: 3877:(2007) follows the life of a family in China that is relocated due to the flooding of the 8: 10497: 10083: 8710: 8458: 8139: 7995: 7983: 7971: 7947: 7841: 7798: 7640: 7593: 6365: 5942: 5644: 4123: 3639: 3477: 3360: 3032: 2918: 2870: 2854: 2773: 2577: 2318: 2044: 1909: 1881: 1844: 1782: 1212: 1192: 1077: 1062: 931: 902: 892: 782: 730: 698: 495: 353: 321: 316: 269: 126: 7925: 7366: 6186: 5691: 5550: 3221:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

10907: 9929: 8305: 8253: 8072: 8009: 7989: 7965: 7770: 7673: 7603: 7515: 7475: 6594: 6327: 6277: 5788: 5736: 5711: 5620: 4890: 4726: 3814: 3802: 3406: 2950: 2906: 2806: 2719: 2711: 2492: 2364:

overseas, primarily to Cuba and Peru, with some being shipped to Guiana, Suriname, and

2345:

The coolie slave trade run by American captains and local agents, mainly consisting of

2077: 1977: 1458: 1304: 1279: 1269: 1234: 1229: 1197: 1162: 1155: 1096: 1089: 946: 765: 760: 750: 520: 373: 331: 326: 279: 247: 237: 174: 9870: 9626: 7419: 5572:

Hiramatsu, Daniel Afonso; Franco, Laércio Joel; Tomita, Nilce Emy (20 November 2006).

5348: 5211:

The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection

4939:

William Lloyd Garrison and Giuseppe Mazzini: Abolition, Democracy, and Radical Reform.

2991:

and children were rarely punished, leaving women in an even more vulnerable position.

2724: 395: 341: 10007: 9208: 8325: 7976: 7787: 7716: 7342: 7291: 7244: 7223: 7202: 7181: 7162: 7035: 6876: 6849: 6822: 6777: 6767: 6718: 6684: 6650: 6550: 6513: 6479: 6445: 6411: 6331: 6281: 6198: 6165: 6142: 6115: 6090: 5946: 5862: 5792: 5741: 5674: 5595: 5301: 5272: 5243: 5218: 5189: 5161: 5136: 5107: 5082: 5000: 4978: 4958: 4820: 4768: 4733: 4527: 4471: 3990: 3765: 3572: 2978: 2886: 2842: 2826: 2822: 2782: 2636: 2454:

The coolies who worked on the sugar plantations in Cuba and in the guano beds of the

2432: 2384: 2330: 2194:, slavery would not end until 1886, about forty years after coolies were introduced. 2183: 1546: 1264: 1259: 1202: 1187: 1167: 989: 984: 919: 882: 715: 681: 510: 363: 252: 131: 6441:

Chinese Economic Activity in Netherlands India: Selected Translations from the Dutch

5590: 5573: 4246: 3301: 2961: 1843:, the term was adopted for the transportation and employment of Asian labourers via 10772: 10756: 10243: 10113: 10097: 9341: 8663: 8598: 8442: 8315: 8181: 7959: 7879: 7793: 7650: 7625: 7092: 6586: 6319: 6269: 5938: 5780: 5731: 5723: 5666: 5585: 4882: 4409: 4151: 3952: 3787: 3761: 3702:) insists that "I will not have an officer from my battalion working as a coolie." 3620: 3545: 3459: 3379: 3020:, where the Asian population was soon a major component of the island demographic. 2995: 2862: 2641: 2604: 2589: 2520: 2421: 2360: 2322: 2207: 1889: 1736: 1314: 1309: 1299: 1274: 1239: 1207: 1177: 1050: 1038: 1016: 994: 941: 777: 745: 47: 7008: 4380: 3657:

is used as a neutral word to mean "ship worker of Asian origin" by the Greek poet

11007: 10945: 10157: 9603: 8066: 7931: 7776: 7630: 7608: 7581: 7499: 7238: 7217: 7156: 6193: 5989: 5972: 5856: 5698: 5438: 4137: 4109: 4010:

singer Romeo "Mystic" Nermal is about the lifestyle of the traditional "coolie" (

3926: 3757: 3730:) calls Nick, the club owner, "coolie", causing him to slap her across the face. 3682: 3658: 3452: 3044: 2794: 2790: 2740: 2621: 2488: 2455: 2298: 2268: 2097: 1998: 1937: 1821: 1645: 1536: 1531: 1284: 1254: 1249: 972: 936: 735: 653: 358: 104: 10740: 7598: 6801:

Patricia Mohammd, "Gender Negotiations Among Indians in Trinidad, 917-1947," in

6614:

Patricia Mohammd, "Gender Negotiations Among Indians in Trinidad, 917-1947," in

2749: 2065: 10997: 10786: 10766: 10646: 10617: 10590: 10420: 10410: 10273: 10227: 9844: 9818: 9721: 9512: 9172: 8966: 8889: 8857: 8607: 8365: 8284: 8243: 8124: 7919: 7657: 7615: 7323: 7114: 5820: 5727: 4213: 4095: 4011: 3955:, the word 'coolie' is used repeatedly about varying kinds of Asian labourers. 3873: 3852: 3835: 3686: 3650: 3525: 3440: 3371: 3068: 3059: 3006: 2983: 2874: 2834: 2786: 2744: 2691: 2436: 2350: 2314: 2306: 2203: 2170: 2159: 2154:, one of the earliest proponents of coolie labour, to seek out coolies for his 2113: 2032: 1905: 1840: 1729: 1623: 515: 156: 114: 4954:

Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement

3049:

signed a treaty with the United Kingdom on the recruitment of contract workers

11081: 10928: 10820: 10517: 10475: 10404: 10209: 9893: 9876: 9579: 9051: 8952: 8924: 8843: 8754: 8703: 8656: 8168: 7764: 7525: 7295: 6781: 4067: 4007: 4003: 3939: 3931: 3878: 3840: 3741: 3716: 3699: 3509: 3418: 3398: 3002: 2902: 2629: 2543: 2534: 2449:

1860 Reglamento para la introducción de trabajadores chinos a la isla de Cuba

2169:

Social and political pressure led to the abolition of slavery throughout the

2054:

could have originated from the name of a Gujarati aboriginal tribe or caste.

1884:

and meant "day labourer"; starting in the 20th century, the word was used in

1667: 1596: 1043: 1026: 801: 631: 621: 405: 55: 10700: 5858:

The Coolie Trade: The Traffic in Chinese Laborers to Latin America 1847–1874

3744:) befriending a coolie (Mako) working under his command in the engine room. 3719:

that "... his spies are all around us. I can't even trust our own coolies."

10856: 9899: 9433: 9423: 9362: 9252: 9072: 8945: 8834: 8437: 7693: 7688: 7470: 7283: 6540: 6136: 5907: 5784: 5745: 5678: 5599: 4588:

Encyclopædia Britannica, Dictionary, Arts, Sciences, and General Literature

4312: 4279: 4189: 4164: 4053: 4039: 3985: 3972: 3847: 3791: 3769: 3537: 3122: 2974: 2798: 2593: 2346: 2236: 1944: 1901: 1672: 1509: 1485: 1391: 1384: 1115: 643: 616: 579: 557: 444: 161: 141: 119: 109: 99: 94: 84: 9982: 7386: 6896: 5965: 2431:(detention centres) or loading vessels in the ports of departure, as were 2142:

itself, which for centuries had served as the preferred mode of labour in

924: 10734: 10340: 9975: 9777: 9714: 9647: 9558: 9544: 9471: 9307: 8959: 8642: 8417: 8345: 8279: 7530: 6872:

The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba

6579:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

4875:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

4728:

The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba

4606:

The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba

4508: 3959: 3934:, the captain is transporting a group of coolies in the South China Sea. 3773: 3753: 3727: 3586: 3575:, to protect themselves from the sun, is sometimes called a "coolie hat". 3565: 3493: 3186: 3130: 3013: 2954:

after the contract elapsed, and required the vessels to conform to basic

2930: 2467: 2392: 2380: 2179: 1982: 1885: 1866: 1514: 1502: 855: 658: 648: 606: 420: 10397: 7347: 6711:

Isabelle Lausent-Herrera (2010). Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).

6677:

Isabelle Lausent-Herrera (2010). Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).

6643:

Isabelle Lausent-Herrera (2010). Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).

2259:, condemned coolie labour but used it to argue against the abolition of 10874: 10828: 10824: 10718: 10553: 10511: 10137: 9950: 9763: 9440: 9403: 9245: 9065: 8931: 8689: 8621: 8289: 7379:"The history of eunuchs, explorers, and Chinese immigration to America" 6598: 6159: 6063:

Fiji's Indian migrants : a history of the end of indenture in 1920

5670: 4894: 3868: 3646:

translates to "industrious", which carries connotations of slavishness.

3541: 3517: 3513: 3268: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3133:

terms, such as 'coolie' (koelie). The main objectives of the Act were:

3127:

Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000

3039:

Starting in 1879, many Indians were transported to Fiji to work on the

2922: 2898: 2894: 2679:

of 1850 and 1852, would target Chinese immigrants in the U.S. The 1879

2403: 2365: 2354: 2337:. The first shipment of Chinese labourers was to the British colony of 2252: 2147: 1662: 959: 663: 530: 7301:

Please help integrate this content into the body of the article using

2910: 2757: 10900: 10520: 10450: 10374: 10221: 10167: 10059: 9335: 8910: 8863: 8724: 8543: 8320: 7884: 7140:(1983 Reprint ed.). London: Penguin Travel Library. p. 152. 6763:

Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838–1900

4019: 3783: 3553: 3533: 3529: 3089: 3040: 2937: 2830: 2736: 2528: 2496: 2428: 2388: 2294: 2293:. However, many Chinese labourers worked in British colonies such as 2199: 1929: 1925: 1874: 1825: 907: 572: 434: 6590: 6380:"Journey of the 'coolie' women in the history of the British empire" 6001:

Bonilla, Heraclio. 1978. The National and Colonial Problem in Peru.

5709: 4886: 3394:

is a term for manual labourers, with somewhat negative connotations.

3243: 2353:

negotiated between the Qing government and Western powers after the

2162:

in the hopes of replacing his Afro-Caribbean labour force after the

2125: 589: 11048: 10640: 9923: 9854: 9597: 9389: 9300: 8717: 8564: 8550: 8400: 6345: 6323: 6273: 5908:"How Chinese Migrant Workers Resisted Coconut Colonialism in Samoa" 5294:

Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution

5265:

Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution

4925:

Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation

4910:

Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation

4667:

Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation

4336:

Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation

3857: 3689:) in a testy exchange that he is not one of his "coolie" patients. 3557: 3521: 3481: 3387: 3017: 2966: 2715: 2391:, and demand became particularly strong in Peru for workers in the 2338: 2334: 2085: 1917: 1497: 1055: 999: 951: 611: 456: 311: 217: 11062: 11041: 11035: 10961: 10844: 10837: 10802: 10634: 10563: 10432: 10267: 10197: 10107: 10014: 9968: 9293: 9028: 9018: 8938: 8873: 8793: 8758: 8635: 8002: 7540: 7535: 6512:(illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 291. 4999:. SUNY series in global modernity. SUNY Press. pp. 101–102. 3861: 3748: 3715:

mentions his team's temporarily hired Chinese workers, saying of

3505: 3485: 2756:

festival for the indentured Indian workers, on the French colony

2302: 2139: 1949: 1921: 1870: 1480: 562: 242: 59: 7198:

Coolies of Capitalism: Assam Tea and the Making of Coolie Labour

6246:. The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. 2010. 5462:. The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. 2010. 5075:

The Chinese in the West Indies: a documentary history, 1806–1995

2427:

Many coolies were first deceived or kidnapped, and then kept in

2017:, meaning "day-labourer", which is probably associated with the 1896:", which refers to people of mixed African and Indian ancestry. 1873:, Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Americas, particularly in the 11056: 10990: 10938: 10809: 10547: 10367: 10333: 10308: 10077: 9784: 9770: 9749: 9728: 9707: 9620: 9572: 9551: 9465: 9321: 9179: 9158: 9079: 9034: 8998: 8984: 8896: 8879: 8850: 8744: 8696: 8677: 8628: 8474: 8427: 4941:

Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2013.

4435:"Press Statement: Public awareness campaign on Equality Courts" 4276:"COOLIE | Meaning & Definition for UK English | Lexico.com" 4179: 4015: 3913: 3489: 3473: 2588:

was also applied to Chinese workers recruited for contracts on

2524: 2408: 2376: 2372: 2326: 2310: 1913: 1893: 1182: 1004: 567: 429: 264: 232: 31: 8051:

Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)

3860:) criticises the labourer/retired-in-disguise kung fu master ( 2031:), meaning "slave". The Urdu word is thought to come from the 10982: 10971: 10921: 10890: 10795: 10670: 10604: 10538: 10487: 10457: 10347: 10315: 10123: 10041: 9838: 9756: 9742: 9735: 9565: 9314: 9123: 9012: 8917: 8903: 8813: 8750: 8681: 8670: 8557: 8529: 8422: 7357: 6951: 6438:

M. R. Fernando (1992). M. R. Fernando; David Bulbeck (eds.).

5439:"History of Indian and Chinese Coolies and their Descendants" 4491:

Burrow, T. (Thomas); Emeneau, M. B. (Murray Barnson) (1984).

4184: 4169: 3078: 2753: 2703: 2660: 2652: 2411:, where many Chinese labourers were shipped to foreign lands. 2396: 1994: 439: 425: 400: 6075: 2877:. The Dutch shipped workers to labour on the plantations on 10883: 10863: 10693: 10627: 10581: 10151: 9238: 9151: 9137: 9095: 7077: 6161:

Coolitude : an anthology of the Indian labour diaspora

5757: 5755: 5186:

Alcohol and Opium in the Old West: Use, Abuse and Influence

4174: 3839:(1992) shows a white power skinhead named Hando (played by 3549: 2417: 2290: 2286: 2084:

as dock labourers who would unload Dutch merchant ships at

2018: 1933: 1857: 306: 136: 3912:, the word "coolie" is used to refer to certain low class 3144:

To prevent hate speech (e.g. calling people names such as

2047:

family, with the exception of the North Dravidian branch.

10955: 10686: 10663: 10570: 10290: 10283: 9791: 9396: 9382: 8578: 6749:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 216–217. 5656: 4355: 3023: 2263:, claiming the latter was more "humane" than the former. 6710: 6676: 6642: 6618:, ed. Nicola Foote (New York: Routledge, 2013), 192-194. 5752: 5237: 4927:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 30. 4669:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University press. p. 14. 4351:"A History Of Indentured Labor Gives 'Coolie' Its Sting" 4338:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 16. 3031:

carry out riveting work at the Central Workshops of the

1993:

It is generally understood that the term comes from the

7449: 6632:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 26–28. 6299:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 51–56. 4379:. Centre for Civil Society (CCS), India. Archived from 3012:

In 1844, the trade was expanded to the colonies in the

7056:

Deewaar: the fiction of film and the fact of politics.

6546:

A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present

6366:

http://guyanachronicle.com/2009/05/05/the-coolie-ships

4216:

was a company director before becoming U.S. President.

2285:

Workers from China were mainly transported to work in

2091: 11027:

usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized

5935:

The Problem of Immigration in a Slaveholding Republic

5571: 2648:

barred the entry of any Chinese labourer to the U.S.

1892:

at railway stations. The term differs from the word "

6805:, ed. Nicola Foote (New York: Routledge, 2013), 193. 6478:(reprint, revised ed.). Routledge. p. 21. 6236: 6114:. Lautoka, Fiji: Fiji Institute of Applied Studies. 4732:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 6. 4029: 3425:, are considered extremely derogatory for people of 2371:

In 1847, two ships from Cuba transported workers to

1437:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

6975:"'Brown' is out of my comfort zone: Karisma Kapoor" 5296:. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis: 5267:. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis: 4608:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 6. 4470:(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 4243:"Coolie Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster" 3665: 2546:to encourage foreign settlement of the colonies of 10849:(sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups) 7354:"Hum Coolie - dedicated to the "coolies" of India" 6944:"Hum Coolie - dedicated to the "coolies" of India" 4912:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. p. 18. 4725: 4309:"Coolie Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com" 3568:descent and is considered an offensive pejorative. 3564:was used loosely to refer to anyone of Indian and 2659:. These levees made thousands of acres of fertile 2375:to work in the sugar cane fields from the port of 6112:Girmitiyas : the origins of the Fiji Indians 2387:in 1842. The trade soon spread to other ports in 2126:Abolition of slavery and rise of the coolie trade 11079: 6218:. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 25. 5769: 5767: 5045: 4838: 4836: 4758: 4756: 4237: 4235: 4233: 2663:available for agricultural production. Although 1828:, typically those of Indian or Chinese descent. 1552:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 6577:Distant, W.L. (1874). "Eastern Coolie LAbour". 6539: 6471: 6403: 6157: 5931:"The Antislavery Origins of Immigration Policy" 4673: 2329:), as well as in the Dutch colonies within the 7891:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden 7822:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885) 7115:"Up the Yangtze (Trailer) by Yung Chang – NFB" 6759: 6714:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean 6680:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean 6646:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean 6505: 6437: 5242:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 31–32. 5129:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean 4873:Distant, W.L (1874). "Eastern Coolie Labour". 4679: 4580: 4522:Stearns, Peter N, ed. (2008). "Coolie Trade". 3764:), who turns to a life of crime and becomes a 2214:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2120: 8490: 7832:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885 7435: 5823:, The Rise of Herbert Hoover (New York, 1932) 5764: 4833: 4753: 4682:"Chronology of Filipinos in America Pre-1989" 4599: 4597: 4490: 4230: 2512: 2478: 2220: 2043:, meaning "wages", is present throughout the 1758: 7219:History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago 5835:Indian South Africans:Coolie commission 1872 5814: 4842: 4526:. New York (N.Y.): Oxford University Press. 2447:servitude beyond the contracted period. The 2012: 1557:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 11168:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States 11103:History of immigration to the United States 7343:Personal Life of a Chinese Coolie 1868–1899 7236: 6079:and Kate Fortune, ed. (2000). "Girmitiya". 4814: 4524:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World 3612:) refers to back-breaking, repetitive work. 3597: 3195:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2006: 8497: 8483: 7442: 7428: 7240:Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary 7237:Yule, Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1995). 6818:Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora 6683:. Brill ebook titles. BRILL. p. 116. 6082:The Pacific Islands : an encyclopedia 4594: 4429: 4427: 3079:Sex ratios and intermarriage among coolies 2936:The British began to transport Indians to 2117:considers it "disparaging and offensive". 2026: 1765: 1751: 7684:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees 7048: 7029: 6717:. Brill ebook titles. BRILL. p. 68. 6649:. Brill ebook titles. BRILL. p. 69. 6041:The Chinese American Experience:1857–1892 5905: 5735: 5589: 5511: 5471: 5469: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 4642: 4623: 4465: 4373:Licensing and Livelihood: Railway Coolies 4369: 3378:is now commonly used to refer to luggage 3346:Learn how and when to remove this message 3328:Learn how and when to remove this message 2510:Once they had fulfilled their contracts, 2251:– were highly critical of coolie labour. 7348:Chinese Coolie treated worse than slaves 7215: 6875:. Temple University Press. p. 158. 6309: 6259: 6158:Carter, Marina; Torabully, Khal (2002). 5452: 5350:American Involvement in the Coolie Trade 5208: 5179: 5177: 5126: 5106:. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 44. 5072: 4974:Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology 4950: 4723: 4466:Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2015). "Coolie". 4406:"Malema under fire over slur on Indians" 3705:In the racially controversial 1932 film 3571:In many English-speaking countries, the 3022: 2960: 2763: 2748: 2603: 2533: 2477:In Spanish, coolies were referred to as 2402: 2245:British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 2130:The importation of Asian labourers into 1880:The word originated in the 17th-century 1776: 1562:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1427:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1407:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 9627:Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians 7175: 7154: 6845:Chinese Cubans: A Transnational History 6744: 6627: 6576: 6294: 6213: 6060: 5995: 5854: 5776:Significance of Chinese Coolies to Cuba 5291: 5262: 5079:The Press University of the West Indies 4970: 4872: 4660: 4658: 4571: 4565: 4521: 4424: 3786:film about a coolie, Iqbal Aslam Khan ( 3129:. Section 10 covers the prohibition of 2599: 2280: 2050:It is also thought that the Hindi word 27:Offensive term for a labourer from Asia 14: 11080: 7383:University of Arkansas Daily Headlines 7364: 7158:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture 6747:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture 6630:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture 6297:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture 6216:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture 5977: 5466: 5416: 5160:. Duke University Press. p. 194. 4993:"Emergency Signals from the Shipwreck" 4767:. Duke University Press. p. 196. 4348: 4006:song titled "Coolie Bai Dance" by the 3760:about a dockyard coolie, Vijay Verma ( 3101:and they often married Mexican women. 2566:Chinese Engineering and Mining Company 1851:formerly worked by enslaved Africans. 11123:Personal care and service occupations 8478: 7937:Soviet deportations of Chinese people 7423: 7194: 6841: 6610: 6608: 6377: 6255: 6253: 5928: 5912:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 5906:Droessler, Holger (15 October 2022). 5507: 5505: 5285: 5183: 5174: 5158:The Intimacies of the Four Continents 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4719: 4717: 4693:University of California, Los Angeles 4619: 4617: 4615: 1449:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1126:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 7331:Coolies: The Story of Indian Slavery 7262: 6232:. Caribbean Repeating Islands. 2009. 5992:The Chinese in California, 1850–1879 5888:"London, Tuesday, August 12, 1890." 5533:Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th edition 5256: 5155: 4990: 4922: 4907: 4762: 4664: 4655: 4349:Gandhi, Lakshmi (25 November 2013). 4333: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 3768:smuggler, inspired by the real-life 3266:adding citations to reliable sources 3237: 3201: 3160: 2772:singing and dancing on an estate in 2466:, formed some of the modern world's 1641:Slave marriages in the United States 1245:Human trafficking in the Middle East 9427:(to Japan-affiliated Korean people) 8041:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 6972: 6868: 6842:López, Kathleen M. (10 June 2013). 6814: 6475:Chinese Coolie Emigration to Canada 6109: 5647:. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 9 May 2012. 5202: 5048:"Indian Slaves in Colonial America" 4603: 4494:A Dravidian etymological dictionary 3016:, including Jamaica, Trinidad, and 2697: 2667:contributed to the building of the 2247:, along with American abolitionist 2092:Classification as an offensive term 2027: 980:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 24: 9506:American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD) 8018:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians 7869:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886 7853:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka 7180:. Brown, Son & Ferguson, Ltd. 7148: 6605: 6250: 5943:10.1093/oso/9780197580080.003.0006 5502: 5101: 4997:Toward Filipino Self-Determination 4859: 4714: 4612: 2965:Newly arrived Indian labourers in 2710:workers. They participated in the 2657:Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta 2275: 2164:abolition of slavery there in 1833 1839:. In the 19th century, during the 1634:last survivors of American slavery 25: 11194: 7407:, Aapravasi ghat 2 November 2007. 7258: 7135: 6922:"coolie | Indonesian translation" 5403:Chinese Indentured Labour in Peru 5238:Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999). 4765:The Four Intimacies of Continents 4327: 4294: 4278:. 3 February 2022. Archived from 4261: 3867:The documentary film directed by 3589:song, "The Rickety Rickshaw Man". 3176:This section has multiple issues. 2730: 2144:European colonies in the Americas 2111:states it is "dated, offensive". 2039:("hire" or "hireling"). The word 1959:(1983), and several films titled 595:Field slaves in the United States 462:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 11128:Stereotypes of the working class 11013:Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia 8504: 8175:Artificial Intelligence Cold War 8135:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests 8046:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma 7365:Varupi, Jain (1 February 2004). 7267: 7178:The Coolie Ships and Oil Sailers 7129: 7107: 7085: 7065: 7023: 7001: 6992: 6966: 6936: 6932:from the original on 3 May 2022. 6914: 6889: 6862: 6835: 6808: 6795: 6378:Wajid, Sara (19 November 2013). 6230:"St. Lucia's Indian Arrival Day" 5050:. India Currents. Archived from 5046:Francis C.Assisi (16 May 2007). 4790:Coolie Trade in the 19th Century 4370:Gaurav, Kumar; Singhal, Mayank. 4311:. 4 January 2023. Archived from 4245:. 4 January 2023. Archived from 4144: 4130: 4116: 4102: 4088: 4074: 4060: 4046: 4032: 3666:In art, entertainment, and media 3498:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3451:, but it is a racial slur among 3242: 3206: 3165: 2851:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2671:in the United States and of the 2542:, a legal order approved by the 472:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 467:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 296:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 66: 10001:Cheese-eating surrender monkeys 7827:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 7385:. 25 March 2003. Archived from 7216:Williams, Eric Eustace (1962). 6897:"Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring" 6848:. UNC Press Books. p. 91. 6753: 6738: 6704: 6670: 6636: 6621: 6570: 6533: 6499: 6465: 6431: 6397: 6371: 6359: 6338: 6303: 6288: 6222: 6207: 6178: 6151: 6128: 6103: 6069: 6054: 6032: 6010: 5959: 5922: 5899: 5882: 5848: 5826: 5805: 5703: 5685: 5650: 5638: 5606: 5591:10.1590/S0102-311X2006001100018 5565: 5549:. Taste of Peru. Archived from 5539: 5535:. Adam and Charles Black. 1877. 5524: 5394: 5366: 5341: 5314: 5231: 5149: 5120: 5095: 5066: 5013: 4944: 4931: 4916: 4901: 4808: 4781: 4636: 4552:Wiktionary, the free dictionary 4540: 4515: 4501: 4484: 4207: 3965:Around the World in Eighty Days 3901:first transcontinental railroad 3573:conical hat worn by many Asians 3465:In Finland, when freshmen of a 3253:needs additional citations for 3184:or discuss these issues on the 3113:female master in a deposition. 2770:Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian 2714:, looting and burning down the 2669:first transcontinental railroad 2613:first transcontinental railroad 2573:to question the coolie system. 2255:advocates, particularly in the 2206:. Coolies frequently worked on 2202:were in high demand across the 1422:Committee of Experts on Slavery 973:East, Southeast, and South Asia 10598:Jewish-American princess (JAP) 9129:non-Spanish speaking Hispanics 8413:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees 7009:"Straattaalwoorden: Definitie" 4645:Contributions in Black Studies 4626:Contributions in Black Studies 4511:. Online Etymology Dictionary. 4459: 4398: 4363: 4342: 3736:The Oscar-nominated 1966 film 3623:term for manual labour. Also, 3116: 2540:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 2059: 1121:Slave raiding in Easter Island 13: 1: 10503:eastern and central europeans 9877:English-speaking Welsh people 8202:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest 8165:China–United States trade war 8030:Internment of Chinese-Indians 7943:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 6312:The Journal of Modern History 6262:The Journal of Modern History 6244:"Indian indentured labourers" 6197:. New Delhi: Vani Prakashan. 6141:. The University of Chicago. 5929:Kenny, Kevin (25 July 2023). 5298:University of Minnesota Press 5269:University of Minnesota Press 4957:. NYU Press. pp. 21–22. 4819:. Hansib Publishing, London. 4689:Anderson School of Management 4223: 3884: 3453:Surinamese of Indian heritage 3156: 2558: 2383:opened to the British by the 8207:Boycotts of Chinese products 8130:2013 Tiananmen Square attack 8062:1969 race riots of Singapore 8036:1964 race riots in Singapore 7723:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639) 7094:Kung Fu Hustle (2004) - IMDb 6803:The Caribbean History Reader 6616:The Caribbean History Reader 5188:. McFarland. p. 82,85. 5104:The Chinese in the Caribbean 4468:Oxford Dictionary of English 3695:The Bridge on the River Kwai 2931:British colonial authorities 2929:Without permission from the 2718:where they worked after the 2690:used the term in one of his 2527:had Latin America's largest 2228:British authorities in India 1988: 1975:). A new Tamil movie titled 1947:celebrating coolies include 1781:Indian labourers in British 1412:Temporary Slavery Commission 1073:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 7: 10908:Fresh off the boat / F.O.B. 9164:Central and South Americans 8197:2021 Solomon Islands unrest 8187:COVID-19 pandemic incidents 8084:May 1998 riots of Indonesia 7405:Commemoration of indentured 7296:Knowledge's Manual of Style 6869:Yun, Lisa (22 April 2008). 6087:University of Hawai'i Press 5855:Meagher, Arnold J. (2008). 5323:Asia-Canada:Chinese Coolies 4572:Kämpfer, Engelbert (1727). 4025: 3948:A Nomad of the Time Streams 3121:In 2000, the parliament of 2121:History of the coolie trade 1985:is set to release in 2025. 1837:Indian indentured labourers 1432:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 477:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 10: 11199: 8192:2021 Atlanta spa shootings 8056:13 May incident (Malaysia) 8024:Chinese Confession Program 7914:Vancouver anti-Asian riots 7858:Chinese head tax in Canada 7805:San Francisco riot of 1877 7062:, No. 38, June 1993:26–32. 6184:Praveen Kumar Jha (2019). 6139:: The Odyssey of Indenture 5728:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.014 5512:Hu-DeHart, Evelyn (2017). 5209:Driscoll, Mark W. (2020). 4951:Gonzalez, Joaquin (2009). 4082:Trinidad and Tobago portal 3945:In the 1982 fiction novel 3897:season 3, episode 1 (2013) 3413:In South Africa, the term 3043:plantations. Many of them 2951:British East India Company 2734: 2681:Constitution of California 2379:, one of the five Chinese 2221:Debates over coolie labour 1865:is generally considered a 1617:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1454:Anti-Slavery International 1219:North Africa and West Asia 29: 11158:Economic history of India 10873: 10819: 10785: 10710: 10580: 10537: 10467: 10442: 10384: 10357: 10325: 10300: 10184: 10069: 10051: 10024: 9992: 9960: 9942: 9828: 9801: 9699: 9690: 9661: 9639: 9589: 9536: 9497: 9488: 9457: 9413: 9372: 9283: 9216: 9207: 9200: 8976: 8833: 8734: 8597: 8588: 8521: 8512: 8451: 8393: 8298: 8262: 8226: 8219: 8160:2015 Aksu colliery attack 8110:2008 Kunming bus bombings 8092: 7900: 7757: 7736: 7709: 7702: 7666: 7554: 7508: 7481:The Unparalleled Invasion 7458: 7367:"A burdensome livelihood" 7222:. London: Andre Deutsch. 7201:. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. 7155:Bahadur, Gaiutra (2013). 7030:Καββαδίας, Νίκος (2010). 6821:. Routledge. p. 96. 6745:Bahadur, Gaiutra (2014). 6628:Bahadur, Gaiutra (2014). 6295:Bahadur, Gaiutra (2014). 6214:Gaiutra, Bahadur (2014). 6061:Gillion, Kenneth (1962). 5988:27 September 2007 at the 5894:The Times Digital Archive 5692:DNA study from ancestry24 5578:Cadernos de Saúde Pública 5374:"Chinese Coolies in Cuba" 5073:Look Lai, Walton (1998). 4991:Juan, E. San Jr. (2009). 4971:Jackson, Yo, ed. (2006). 3458:In Vietnamese, since the 3215:This section needs to be 2626:Emancipation Proclamation 2609:Chinese immigrant workers 2483:('Asian colonists'). The 2211:wrote an article for the 2108:Oxford English Dictionary 2064: 2013: 2007: 1713:Emancipation Proclamation 1385:Opposition and resistance 1143:Sex trafficking in Europe 1131:Blackbirding in Polynesia 694:Trans-Saharan slave trade 11098:Chinese-American history 9518:westernized South Asians 8145:April 2014 Ürümqi attack 7954:Second Sino-Japanese War 7783:Chinese massacre of 1871 7679:Asiatic Exclusion League 6973:PTI (23 February 2023). 6472:Perisa Campbell (2012). 6404:Walton Look Lai (1993). 6134:Gaiutra Bahadur (2014). 6085:(. ed.). Honolulu: 6065:. Melbourne: Oxford U.P. 6019:Coolie (Asian labourers) 5892:, 12 August 1890, p. 7. 5645:CIA – The World Factbook 5478:Slave Trade:Coolie Trade 4847:. University of Colorado 4200: 3997: 3919: 3670: 3148:, koelies, hotnot, etc.) 2686:In 1938, U.S. President 2673:Canadian Pacific Railway 2105:as "usually offensive". 2069:) is an instance of 1493:Compensated emancipation 704:Indian Ocean slave trade 11183:Asian-Australian issues 9272:westernized East Asians 9230:westernized East Asians 8615:Black American princess 8275:Ita Martadinata Haryono 8155:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 8105:Abacus Bank prosecution 7728:Sangley Massacre (1662) 7243:. Wordsworth Editions. 7176:Lubbock, Basil (1981). 6815:Tan, Chee-Beng (2013). 6760:Brian L. Moore (1995). 6506:Eric Jay Dolin (2012). 6192:18 January 2022 at the 5971:29 October 2006 at the 5697:2 December 2012 at the 5240:Macau: A Cultural Janus 3726:, the character Tanya ( 3713:Sir Denis Nayland Smith 2677:Foreign Miners' Tax Act 2188:Treaty of Paris of 1814 2071:phono-semantic matching 1417:1926 Slavery Convention 1173:Germany in World War II 790:North and South America 312:Contract of manumission 36:Coolie (disambiguation) 11143:Anti–South Asian slurs 10725:Indigenous Australians 8150:May 2014 Ürümqi attack 8115:July 2009 Ürümqi riots 7908:White Australia policy 7451:Anti-Chinese sentiment 7011:. Straattaalwoorden.nl 5966:University of Arkansas 5785:10.1353/jaas.2001.0022 5184:Agnew, Jeremy (2013). 4923:Jung, Moon Ho (2006). 4908:Jung, Moon Ho (2006). 4665:Jung, Moon Ho (2006). 4334:Jung, Moon Ho (2006). 3924:In the 1899 novelette 3794:about coolies include 3685:) reminds Dr. Sigman ( 3154: 3151:To prevent harassment. 3036: 2970: 2777: 2761: 2616: 2554: 2513: 2485:Spanish colony of Cuba 2479: 2412: 2257:Southern United States 2249:William Lloyd Garrison 1786: 898:British Virgin Islands 450:Circassian slave trade 416:Safavid imperial harem 411:Ottoman Imperial Harem 34:. For other uses, see 30:For the landform, see 11163:19th century in China 11148:Anti–East Asian slurs 11093:Asian-American issues 11088:Anti-Indian sentiment 11042:non-Jewish boy or man 10657:Rootless cosmopolitan 8464:Hong Kong nationalism 8100:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots 8079:1997 Banjarmasin riot 7874:Hells Canyon Massacre 7847:Rock Springs massacre 7837:Issaquah riot of 1885 7816:Chinese Exclusion Act 7744:1740 Batavia massacre 7546:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 7521:Andrew Jackson Bryant 7195:Varma, Nitin (2016). 6110:Lal, Brij V. (2004). 5292:Simpson, Tim (2023). 5263:Simpson, Tim (2023). 5215:Duke University Press 5033:National Park Service 4977:. SAGE. p. 216. 4817:New System of Slavery 4160:Coolie-Begar movement 3708:The Mask of Fu Manchu 3528:, other parts of the 3502:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3135: 3026: 2964: 2893:shipped labourers to 2859:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2781:the world, including 2767: 2752: 2688:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2646:Chinese Exclusion Act 2607: 2537: 2501:Juan Pérez de la Riva 2406: 1924:, other parts of the 1780: 1137:Europe and North Asia 1097:Australia and Oceania 797:Pre-Columbian America 369:Slave raid of Suðuroy 301:Slavery in al-Andalus 223:Black Sea slave trade 152:21st-century jihadism 9930:Scottish Highlanders 9861:Welsh-speaking elite 8911:Hillbilly / Hilljack 8866:of European descent) 8120:2011 Kashgar attacks 7864:Seattle riot of 1886 7810:New Zealand head tax 7749:1782 Saigon massacre 7488:Japanese nationalism 7415:George Francis Train 7337:"Labour and longing" 7161:. Hurst Publishers. 6926:Cambridge Dictionary 6901:kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id 6089:. pp. 110–111. 5553:on 27 September 2013 4815:Hugh Tinker (1993). 4680:Eloisa Gomez Borah. 4574:The History of Japan 4195:List of ethnic slurs 4018:and the rest of the 3782:(1983) is an Indian 3752:(1975) is an Indian 3678:The Left Hand of God 3467:technical university 3262:improve this article 3073:Chinese Labour Corps 3029:Chinese Labour Corps 2943:indentured labourers 2883:Netherlands Antilles 2600:In the United States 2472:Asian Latin American 2441:Atlantic slave trade 2407:Illustration of the 2281:In European colonies 2241:Anti-Slavery Society 2176:indentured labourers 2136:Atlantic slave trade 2101:classifies the term 1845:employment contracts 1841:British colonial era 1592:Indentured servitude 1520:Underground Railroad 1320:United Arab Emirates 709:Zanzibar slave trade 676:By country or region 489:Atlantic slave trade 391:Ma malakat aymanukum 275:Venetian slave trade 11173:Class-related slurs 9347:westernized Chinese 8459:Chinese imperialism 8140:2014 Kunming attack 7996:Home Office 213/926 7984:Sook Ching massacre 7972:Japanese war crimes 7948:Wanpaoshan Incident 7842:Tacoma riot of 1885 7799:Trout Creek Outrage 7395:"A necessary exile" 7389:on 29 October 2006. 7360:on 5 December 2022. 5659:Am J Phys Anthropol 5626:on 20 February 2012 5491:on 13 December 2013 5156:Lowe, Lisa (2015). 5054:on 27 November 2012 5029:Historic Jamestowne 4763:Lowe, Lisa (2015). 4124:South Africa portal 3478:Trinidad and Tobago 3138:To promote equality 3033:Royal Tank Regiment 2919:Indo-Gangetic Plain 2871:British West Indies 2839:Trinidad and Tobago 2774:Trinidad and Tobago 2578:British West Indies 2493:took place in Haiti 2491:such as those that 2319:Trinidad and Tobago 1910:Trinidad and Tobago 1882:Indian subcontinent 1783:Trinidad and Tobago 1678:Slave Route Project 809:Americas indigenous 699:Red Sea slave trade 689:Contemporary Africa 552:Topics and practice 322:Crimean slave trade 317:Bukhara slave trade 270:Genoese slave trade 147:Contemporary Africa 127:Forced prostitution 11133:History of slavery 11108:Agricultural labor 9258:Chinese and Korean 8794:Redskin/Red Indian 8073:Cambodian genocide 8010:Mergosono massacre 7990:Changkiao massacre 7966:Nanshitou Massacre 7771:Lambing Flat riots 7674:Anti-Chinese Union 7604:Racism in Malaysia 7516:Adriaan Valckenier 7476:Chinese emigration 7081:. 22 January 2015. 6954:on 5 December 2022 6164:. London: Anthem. 6004:Past & Present 5671:10.1002/ajpa.22090 5520:– via JSTOR. 5381:The New York Times 4937:Dal Lago, Enrico. 4843:Evelyn Hu-DeHart. 4604:Yun, Lisa (2008). 4282:on 3 February 2022 3906:In the 2018 drama 3681:, Father Carmody ( 3407:Thaksin Shinawatra 3037: 2971: 2907:French West Indies 2905:, the rest of the 2869:, the rest of the 2778: 2762: 2712:War of the Pacific 2617: 2571:British Parliament 2555: 2464:Indigenous peoples 2413: 2232:Chinese government 2152:Sir John Gladstone 2045:Dravidian language 1824:used for low-wage 1787: 1459:Blockade of Africa 766:Somali slave trade 682:Sub-Saharan Africa 374:Turkish Abductions 332:Khivan slave trade 327:Khazar slave trade 280:Balkan slave trade 238:Prague slave trade 11075: 11074: 10533: 10532: 10228:Northern Italians 9686: 9685: 9657: 9656: 9604:Northeast Indians 9484: 9483: 9196: 9195: 8472: 8471: 8406:Chinaman's chance 8389: 8388: 8356:Mi Gao Huang Chen 8326:Franklin Feng Tao 8215: 8214: 7977:Three Alls Policy 7788:Pigtail Ordinance 7717:Sangley Rebellion 7329:BBC documentary: 7320: 7319: 7303:in-text citations 7250:978-1-85326-363-7 7229:978-1-61759-010-8 7208:978-3-11-046115-2 7168:978-1-84904-277-2 7054:Virdi, Jyotika. " 6882:978-1-59213-583-7 6855:978-1-4696-0714-6 6828:978-0-415-60056-9 6203:978-93-88684-04-0 6147:978-0-226-21138-1 6121:978-0-8248-2265-1 5716:Am. J. Hum. Genet 5584:(11): 2441–2448. 5307:978-1-5179-0031-1 5278:978-1-5179-0031-1 5224:978-1-4780-1121-7 5167:978-0-8223-7564-7 5131:. Brill. p. 5113:978-1-55876-315-9 4826:978-1-870518-18-5 4797:on 6 October 2013 4774:978-0-8223-7564-7 4724:Lisa Yun (2008). 4412:. 20 October 2011 4315:on 4 January 2023 4249:on 4 January 2023 3991:Empire of the Sun 3766:Bombay underworld 3722:In the 1934 film 3692:In the 1957 film 3675:In the 1955 film 3544:, other parts of 3356: 3355: 3348: 3338: 3337: 3330: 3312: 3236: 3235: 3199: 3053:national holidays 2996:health inspectors 2887:Dutch East Indies 2827:Southern Rhodesia 2823:Northern Rhodesia 2637:Burlingame Treaty 2590:cacao plantations 2514:colonos asiáticos 2480:colonos asiáticos 2385:Treaty of Nanking 2331:Dutch East Indies 2208:slave plantations 2184:Strangford Treaty 2156:sugar plantations 2132:European colonies 2078:Engelbert Kämpfer 2057:The Chinese word 1886:British Raj India 1849:sugar plantations 1775: 1774: 1725:Freedmen's Bureau 1547:Third Servile War 1542:International law 1109:Human trafficking 871:Human trafficking 546:Thirteen colonies 364:Sack of Baltimore 132:Human trafficking 16:(Redirected from 11190: 11068: 11067: 11063:non-Jewish woman 11052: 11046: 11031: 11030: 11017: 11016: 11003: 11002: 10986: 10980: 10967: 10966: 10951: 10950: 10934: 10933: 10917: 10916: 10903: 10896: 10895: 10866: 10859: 10852: 10851: 10840: 10812: 10805: 10798: 10778: 10777: 10773:Pacific Islander 10762: 10761: 10757:Pacific Islander 10746: 10745: 10730: 10729: 10703: 10696: 10689: 10682: 10681: 10666: 10659: 10652: 10651: 10630: 10623: 10622: 10607: 10600: 10593: 10573: 10566: 10559: 10558: 10526: 10525: 10507: 10506: 10493: 10492: 10460: 10453: 10435: 10428: 10427: 10416: 10415: 10400: 10393: 10377: 10370: 10350: 10343: 10336: 10318: 10311: 10293: 10286: 10279: 10278: 10263: 10262: 10249: 10248: 10233: 10232: 10217: 10212: 10205: 10200: 10193: 10177: 10176: 10173:Anglophile Irish 10163: 10162: 10147: 10146: 10143:Anglophile Irish 10133: 10132: 10129:Irish Travellers 10119: 10118: 10114:Irish Travellers 10103: 10102: 10098:Irish Protestant 10089: 10088: 10062: 10044: 10037: 10017: 10010: 10003: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9953: 9935: 9934: 9919: 9918: 9905: 9904: 9889: 9882: 9881: 9866: 9865: 9850: 9849: 9821: 9814: 9794: 9787: 9780: 9773: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9724: 9717: 9710: 9697: 9696: 9679: 9672: 9662:Southeast Asians 9650: 9632: 9631: 9616: 9609: 9608: 9582: 9575: 9568: 9561: 9554: 9547: 9529: 9522: 9521: 9508: 9495: 9494: 9477: 9476: 9450: 9449: 9436: 9429: 9428: 9406: 9399: 9392: 9385: 9365: 9358: 9351: 9350: 9331: 9324: 9317: 9310: 9303: 9296: 9276: 9275: 9262: 9261: 9248: 9241: 9234: 9233: 9214: 9213: 9205: 9204: 9189: 9188: 9175: 9168: 9167: 9154: 9147: 9146: 9133: 9132: 9119: 9118: 9105: 9104: 9091: 9090: 9075: 9068: 9061: 9060: 9047: 9040: 9039: 9024: 9023: 9008: 9007: 8994: 8993: 8969: 8962: 8955: 8948: 8941: 8934: 8927: 8920: 8913: 8906: 8899: 8892: 8885: 8884: 8869: 8868: 8853: 8846: 8826: 8825: 8809: 8808: 8789: 8788: 8765: 8763: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8685: 8673: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8595: 8594: 8581: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8539: 8532: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8476: 8475: 8443:Sick man of Asia 8433:Locust/Wongchung 8351:Leung Chi-cheung 8224: 8223: 8182:China Initiative 7960:Nanking Massacre 7926:Torreón massacre 7880:Scott Act (1888) 7794:Page Act of 1875 7707: 7706: 7651:China Initiative 7444: 7437: 7430: 7421: 7420: 7390: 7374: 7361: 7356:. Archived from 7315: 7312: 7306: 7271: 7270: 7263: 7254: 7233: 7212: 7191: 7172: 7142: 7141: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7069: 7063: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7034:. Athens: ΑΓΡΑ. 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7005: 6999: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6950:. Archived from 6940: 6934: 6933: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6812: 6806: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6625: 6619: 6612: 6603: 6602: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6257: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6211: 6205: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6155: 6149: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6014: 6008: 5999: 5993: 5981: 5975: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5903: 5897: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5771: 5762: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5739: 5707: 5701: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5625: 5619:. Archived from 5618: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5593: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5490: 5484:, archived from 5483: 5473: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5435: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5378: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5355: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5326:, archived from 5318: 5312: 5311: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5026: 5017: 5011: 5010: 4988: 4968: 4948: 4942: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4870: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4793:, archived from 4785: 4779: 4778: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4731: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4701: 4695:. Archived from 4686: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4662: 4653: 4652: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4621: 4610: 4609: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4447:on 11 March 2012 4446: 4439: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4386:on 11 April 2015 4385: 4378: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4305: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4272: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4239: 4217: 4211: 4154: 4152:Singapore portal 4149: 4148: 4147: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4084: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4036: 4035: 3953:Michael Moorcock 3788:Amitabh Bachchan 3762:Amitabh Bachchan 3738:The Sand Pebbles 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3546:Southeast Africa 3460:French Indochina 3351: 3344: 3333: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3311: 3270: 3246: 3238: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3210: 3209: 3202: 3191: 3169: 3168: 3161: 3007:severe penalties 2956:health standards 2921:, but also from 2863:British Honduras 2698:In South America 2563: 2562: 1902–1910 2560: 2521:Cuban Revolution 2516: 2482: 2361:Portuguese Macao 2351:unequal treaties 2323:British Honduras 2261:American slavery 2068: 2061: 2030: 2029: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2009: 1767: 1760: 1753: 1737:Emancipation Day 1570: 1537:Slave Trade Acts 228:Byzantine Empire 70: 43: 42: 21: 11198: 11197: 11193: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11188: 11187: 11118:Labor relations 11078: 11077: 11076: 11071: 11059: 11055: 11038: 11034: 11024: 11020: 11010: 11006: 10993: 10989: 10974: 10970: 10958: 10954: 10941: 10937: 10924: 10920: 10910: 10906: 10899: 10886: 10882: 10869: 10862: 10855: 10847: 10843: 10836: 10815: 10808: 10801: 10794: 10781: 10769: 10765: 10753: 10749: 10737: 10733: 10721: 10717: 10706: 10699: 10694:Zhyd / Zhydovka 10692: 10685: 10673: 10669: 10662: 10655: 10637: 10633: 10626: 10614: 10610: 10603: 10596: 10589: 10576: 10569: 10562: 10550: 10546: 10529: 10514: 10510: 10500: 10496: 10478: 10474: 10463: 10456: 10449: 10438: 10431: 10423: 10419: 10407: 10403: 10396: 10391: 10380: 10373: 10366: 10353: 10346: 10339: 10332: 10321: 10314: 10307: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10270: 10266: 10256: 10252: 10240: 10236: 10224: 10220: 10215: 10208: 10203: 10196: 10191: 10180: 10170: 10166: 10158:Irish Catholics 10154: 10150: 10140: 10136: 10126: 10122: 10110: 10106: 10094: 10092: 10080: 10076: 10065: 10058: 10047: 10040: 10033: 10020: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9988: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9956: 9949: 9938: 9926: 9922: 9912: 9908: 9896: 9892: 9885: 9873: 9871:Dic Siôn Dafydd 9869: 9857: 9853: 9841: 9837: 9824: 9817: 9810: 9797: 9790: 9783: 9776: 9769: 9762: 9755: 9748: 9741: 9734: 9727: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9653: 9646: 9635: 9623: 9619: 9612: 9600: 9596: 9585: 9578: 9571: 9564: 9557: 9550: 9543: 9532: 9525: 9515: 9511: 9504: 9480: 9468: 9464: 9453: 9443: 9439: 9432: 9426: 9422: 9409: 9402: 9395: 9388: 9381: 9368: 9361: 9354: 9338: 9334: 9327: 9320: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9292: 9279: 9269: 9265: 9255: 9251: 9244: 9237: 9227: 9223: 9192: 9182: 9178: 9171: 9161: 9157: 9150: 9140: 9136: 9126: 9122: 9112: 9108: 9098: 9094: 9082: 9078: 9071: 9064: 9054: 9050: 9043: 9031: 9027: 9015: 9011: 9001: 8997: 8987: 8983: 8972: 8965: 8958: 8951: 8944: 8937: 8930: 8923: 8916: 8909: 8902: 8895: 8888: 8876: 8872: 8860: 8856: 8849: 8842: 8829: 8820:Native American 8816: 8812: 8800:Native American 8796: 8792: 8784:American Indian 8776:Native American 8772: 8768: 8747: 8743: 8730: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8704:Queen / Queenie 8702: 8695: 8688: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8590: 8589:North and South 8584: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8517: 8508: 8503: 8473: 8468: 8447: 8385: 8294: 8258: 8211: 8088: 8067:Malari incident 7932:1918 Kudus riot 7896: 7777:Anti-Coolie Act 7753: 7732: 7698: 7662: 7609:Ketuanan Melayu 7582:Racism in Japan 7550: 7504: 7500:De-Sinicization 7454: 7448: 7401:(29 April 2007) 7393:Ramya Sivaraj, 7377: 7352: 7316: 7310: 7307: 7300: 7294:discouraged by 7272: 7268: 7261: 7251: 7230: 7209: 7188: 7169: 7151: 7149:Further reading 7146: 7145: 7136:Welch, Denton. 7134: 7130: 7120: 7118: 7113: 7112: 7108: 7099: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7071: 7070: 7066: 7053: 7049: 7042: 7028: 7024: 7014: 7012: 7007: 7006: 7002: 6997: 6993: 6983: 6981: 6971: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6905: 6903: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6867: 6863: 6856: 6840: 6836: 6829: 6813: 6809: 6800: 6796: 6786: 6784: 6774: 6758: 6754: 6743: 6739: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6709: 6705: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6675: 6671: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6626: 6622: 6613: 6606: 6591:10.2307/2841301 6575: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6541:Teresa A. Meade 6538: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6470: 6466: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6402: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6376: 6372: 6368:Guyan Chronicle 6364: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6308: 6304: 6293: 6289: 6258: 6251: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6212: 6208: 6194:Wayback Machine 6183: 6179: 6172: 6156: 6152: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6074: 6070: 6059: 6055: 6046: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6024: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6000: 5996: 5990:Wayback Machine 5982: 5978: 5973:Wayback Machine 5964: 5960: 5953: 5927: 5923: 5904: 5900: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5853: 5849: 5840: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5797: 5795: 5773: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5708: 5704: 5699:Wayback Machine 5690: 5686: 5655: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5547:"Taste of Peru" 5545: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5510: 5503: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5467: 5460:"Forced Labour" 5458: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5417: 5408: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5386: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5333: 5331: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5071: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5044: 5037: 5035: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5007: 4989: 4985: 4969: 4965: 4949: 4945: 4936: 4932: 4921: 4917: 4906: 4902: 4887:10.2307/2841301 4871: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4827: 4813: 4809: 4800: 4798: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4761: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4722: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4663: 4656: 4641: 4637: 4622: 4613: 4602: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4570: 4566: 4557: 4555: 4554:, 27 March 2024 4546: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4520: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4347: 4343: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4307: 4306: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4138:Malaysia portal 4136: 4131: 4129: 4122: 4117: 4115: 4110:Suriname portal 4108: 4103: 4101: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4045: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4014:) villagers in 4000: 3922: 3887: 3683:Humphrey Bogart 3673: 3668: 3659:Nikos Kavvadias 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3585:appears in the 3352: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3271: 3269: 3259: 3247: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3211: 3207: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3119: 3081: 3027:Members of the 2984:mortality rates 2791:New South Wales 2760:(19th century). 2747: 2741:Indian diaspora 2733: 2720:capture of Lima 2700: 2665:Chinese workers 2622:Anti-Coolie Act 2602: 2561: 2489:slave uprisings 2456:Chincha Islands 2299:New South Wales 2283: 2278: 2276:Chinese coolies 2223: 2180:First World War 2128: 2123: 2098:Merriam-Webster 2094: 1991: 1938:Malay Peninsula 1906:Eastern African 1822:pejorative term 1771: 1742: 1741: 1646:Slave narrative 1602:Fugitive slaves 1582: 1574: 1573: 1564: 1532:Slave rebellion 1387: 1377: 1376: 1335: 1325: 1324: 1147:United Kingdom 1083:Yankee princess 677: 669: 668: 396:Avret Pazarları 342:Avret Pazarları 211:Medieval Europe 177: 167: 166: 105:Forced marriage 80: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11196: 11186: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11069: 11053: 11032: 11018: 11004: 10987: 10968: 10952: 10935: 10918: 10904: 10897: 10879: 10877: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10867: 10860: 10853: 10841: 10833: 10831: 10817: 10816: 10814: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10791: 10789: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10763: 10747: 10731: 10714: 10712: 10708: 10707: 10705: 10704: 10697: 10690: 10683: 10667: 10660: 10653: 10631: 10624: 10618:Ashkenazi Jews 10608: 10601: 10594: 10586: 10584: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10574: 10567: 10560: 10543: 10541: 10535: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10527: 10508: 10494: 10471: 10469: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10461: 10454: 10446: 10444: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10436: 10429: 10417: 10401: 10394: 10388: 10386: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10378: 10371: 10363: 10361: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10351: 10344: 10337: 10329: 10327: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10319: 10312: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10294: 10287: 10280: 10274:South Italians 10264: 10250: 10234: 10218: 10213: 10206: 10201: 10194: 10188: 10186: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10178: 10164: 10148: 10134: 10120: 10104: 10090: 10073: 10071: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10063: 10055: 10053: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10045: 10038: 10030: 10028: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10018: 10011: 10004: 9996: 9994: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9986: 9979: 9972: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9954: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9936: 9920: 9906: 9890: 9883: 9867: 9851: 9845:English people 9834: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9822: 9819:Turco-Albanian 9815: 9807: 9805: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9795: 9788: 9781: 9774: 9767: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9739: 9732: 9725: 9718: 9711: 9703: 9701: 9694: 9688: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9680: 9673: 9665: 9663: 9659: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9643: 9641: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9633: 9617: 9610: 9593: 9591: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9576: 9569: 9562: 9555: 9548: 9540: 9538: 9537:Bengali Hindus 9534: 9533: 9531: 9530: 9523: 9509: 9501: 9499: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9461: 9459: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9451: 9437: 9430: 9419: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9400: 9393: 9386: 9378: 9376: 9370: 9369: 9367: 9366: 9359: 9352: 9332: 9325: 9318: 9311: 9304: 9297: 9289: 9287: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9277: 9263: 9249: 9242: 9235: 9220: 9218: 9211: 9202: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9176: 9169: 9155: 9148: 9134: 9120: 9106: 9092: 9086:Newfoundlander 9076: 9069: 9062: 9048: 9041: 9025: 9009: 8995: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8963: 8956: 8949: 8942: 8935: 8928: 8921: 8914: 8907: 8900: 8893: 8886: 8870: 8854: 8847: 8839: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8827: 8810: 8790: 8766: 8740: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8728: 8721: 8714: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8674: 8667: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8608:Alligator bait 8603: 8601: 8592: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8525: 8523: 8519: 8518: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8502: 8501: 8494: 8487: 8479: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8397: 8395: 8391: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8366:Teoh Beng Hock 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8341:Jiansheng Chen 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8285:Velma Demerson 8282: 8277: 8272: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8234:Chae Chan Ping 8230: 8228: 8221: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8125:Wolf Amendment 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8059: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8013: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7963: 7951: 7945: 7940: 7934: 7929: 7923: 7920:Beipu uprising 7917: 7911: 7904: 7902: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7877: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7855: 7850: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7802: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7713: 7711: 7704: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7670: 7668: 7667:By institution 7664: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7447: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7408: 7402: 7391: 7375: 7371:India Together 7362: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7334: 7326: 7318: 7317: 7284:external links 7275: 7273: 7266: 7260: 7259:External links 7257: 7256: 7255: 7249: 7234: 7228: 7213: 7207: 7192: 7186: 7173: 7167: 7150: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7128: 7117:. Films.nfb.ca 7106: 7084: 7064: 7047: 7040: 7022: 7000: 6991: 6965: 6948:hum-coolie.com 6935: 6913: 6888: 6881: 6861: 6854: 6834: 6827: 6807: 6794: 6772: 6752: 6737: 6724:978-9004182134 6723: 6703: 6690:978-9004182134 6689: 6669: 6656:978-9004182134 6655: 6635: 6620: 6604: 6569: 6556:978-1444358117 6555: 6532: 6519:978-0871404336 6518: 6498: 6485:978-1136261527 6484: 6464: 6450: 6430: 6416: 6396: 6370: 6358: 6337: 6324:10.1086/236112 6302: 6287: 6274:10.1086/236112 6249: 6235: 6221: 6206: 6177: 6170: 6150: 6127: 6120: 6102: 6095: 6068: 6053: 6031: 6009: 5994: 5976: 5958: 5952:978-0197580080 5951: 5921: 5898: 5881: 5867: 5847: 5825: 5821:Walter Liggett 5813: 5804: 5763: 5751: 5702: 5684: 5649: 5637: 5605: 5564: 5538: 5523: 5518:Labour History 5501: 5465: 5451: 5415: 5393: 5383:, 16 July 1876 5365: 5340: 5313: 5306: 5284: 5277: 5255: 5248: 5230: 5223: 5201: 5195:978-0786476299 5194: 5173: 5166: 5148: 5141: 5119: 5112: 5094: 5087: 5065: 5012: 5005: 4983: 4963: 4943: 4930: 4915: 4900: 4858: 4845:"Coolie Labor" 4832: 4825: 4807: 4780: 4773: 4752: 4739:978-1592135837 4738: 4713: 4702:on 25 May 2012 4672: 4654: 4635: 4611: 4593: 4579: 4564: 4539: 4532: 4514: 4500: 4497:. p. 173. 4483: 4476: 4458: 4423: 4397: 4362: 4341: 4326: 4293: 4260: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4214:Herbert Hoover 4205: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4141: 4127: 4113: 4099: 4096:Jamaica portal 4085: 4071: 4057: 4043: 4027: 4024: 4012:Indo-Caribbean 3999: 3996: 3988:'s 1984 novel 3975:'s 1943 novel 3962:'s 1873 novel 3921: 3918: 3892:Hell on Wheels 3886: 3883: 3874:Up the Yangtze 3853:Kung Fu Hustle 3836:Romper Stomper 3687:E. G. Marshall 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3647: 3636: 3615:In Sri Lanka, 3613: 3592:In Hungarian, 3590: 3579: 3576: 3569: 3526:Virgin Islands 3470: 3463: 3456: 3437: 3430: 3411: 3395: 3384: 3370:In India, the 3368: 3354: 3353: 3336: 3335: 3250: 3248: 3241: 3234: 3233: 3214: 3212: 3205: 3200: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3142: 3139: 3118: 3115: 3080: 3077: 3060:sensationalist 2875:British Malaya 2835:British Guiana 2745:Colonial India 2732: 2731:Indian coolies 2729: 2725:nitrate fields 2699: 2696: 2692:fireside chats 2601: 2598: 2437:Middle Passage 2433:African slaves 2315:British Malaya 2307:British Guiana 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2222: 2219: 2204:Atlantic World 2171:British Empire 2160:British Guiana 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2114:Dictionary.com 2093: 2090: 1990: 1987: 1869:for Asians in 1792:(also spelled 1785:; around 1890s 1773: 1772: 1770: 1769: 1762: 1755: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1624:List of slaves 1621: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1495: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1342: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1168:Dutch Republic 1165: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1145: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1002: 992: 987: 982: 976: 975: 969: 968: 963: 956: 955: 954: 949: 939: 934: 929: 928: 927: 917: 912: 911: 910: 905: 900: 895: 885: 880: 875: 874: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 818: 817: 816: 806: 805: 804: 793: 792: 786: 785: 780: 775: 770: 769: 768: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 712: 711: 701: 696: 691: 685: 684: 678: 675: 674: 671: 670: 667: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 640: 639: 635: 634: 629: 627:Child soldiers 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 603: 602: 592: 587: 582: 577: 576: 575: 570: 565: 554: 553: 549: 548: 543: 538: 536:Spanish Empire 533: 528: 523: 518: 516:Middle Passage 513: 508: 503: 498: 492: 491: 485: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 453: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 378: 377: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 346: 345: 344: 337:Ottoman Empire 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 298: 292: 291: 285: 284: 283: 282: 272: 267: 262: 261: 260: 255: 250: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 214: 213: 207: 206: 201: 196: 191: 185: 184: 178: 173: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 159: 157:Sexual slavery 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 123: 122: 117: 115:Child marriage 112: 102: 97: 92: 90:Child soldiers 87: 81: 76: 75: 72: 71: 63: 62: 52: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11195: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11178:English words 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11113:Labor history 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11085: 11083: 11065: 11064: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11044: 11043: 11037: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11005: 11000: 10999: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10978: 10973: 10969: 10964: 10963: 10957: 10953: 10948: 10947: 10940: 10936: 10931: 10930: 10923: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10905: 10902: 10898: 10893: 10892: 10885: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10872: 10865: 10861: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10839: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10811: 10807: 10804: 10800: 10797: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10784: 10775: 10774: 10768: 10764: 10759: 10758: 10752: 10748: 10743: 10742: 10736: 10732: 10727: 10726: 10720: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10709: 10702: 10698: 10695: 10691: 10688: 10684: 10679: 10678: 10672: 10668: 10665: 10661: 10658: 10654: 10649: 10648: 10643: 10642: 10636: 10632: 10629: 10625: 10620: 10619: 10613: 10609: 10606: 10602: 10599: 10595: 10592: 10591:Christ killer 10588: 10587: 10585: 10583: 10579: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10561: 10556: 10555: 10549: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10536: 10523: 10522: 10519: 10513: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10495: 10490: 10489: 10484: 10483: 10477: 10476:Bulgarophiles 10473: 10472: 10470: 10466: 10459: 10455: 10452: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10441: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10412: 10406: 10402: 10399: 10395: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10383: 10376: 10372: 10369: 10365: 10364: 10362: 10360: 10356: 10349: 10345: 10342: 10338: 10335: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10324: 10317: 10313: 10310: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10299: 10292: 10288: 10285: 10281: 10276: 10275: 10269: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10254:Sheep shagger 10251: 10246: 10245: 10239: 10235: 10230: 10229: 10223: 10219: 10214: 10211: 10207: 10202: 10199: 10195: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10183: 10174: 10169: 10165: 10160: 10159: 10153: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10121: 10116: 10115: 10109: 10105: 10100: 10099: 10091: 10086: 10085: 10079: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10068: 10061: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10050: 10043: 10039: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10023: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10005: 10002: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9991: 9984: 9980: 9977: 9973: 9970: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9959: 9952: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9941: 9932: 9931: 9925: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9907: 9902: 9901: 9895: 9894:Sheep shagger 9891: 9888: 9884: 9879: 9878: 9872: 9868: 9863: 9862: 9856: 9852: 9847: 9846: 9840: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9827: 9820: 9816: 9813: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9800: 9793: 9789: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9775: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9761: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9737: 9733: 9730: 9726: 9723: 9719: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9678: 9674: 9671: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9649: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9638: 9629: 9628: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9611: 9606: 9605: 9599: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9588: 9581: 9577: 9574: 9570: 9567: 9563: 9560: 9556: 9553: 9549: 9546: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9528: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9510: 9507: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9487: 9474: 9473: 9467: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9456: 9447: 9442: 9438: 9435: 9431: 9425: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9405: 9401: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9371: 9364: 9360: 9357: 9353: 9348: 9344: 9343: 9337: 9333: 9330: 9326: 9323: 9319: 9316: 9312: 9309: 9305: 9302: 9298: 9295: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9282: 9273: 9268: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9206: 9203: 9199: 9186: 9181: 9180:Yank / Yankee 9177: 9174: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9156: 9153: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9093: 9088: 9087: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9070: 9067: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9049: 9046: 9042: 9037: 9036: 9030: 9026: 9021: 9020: 9014: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8968: 8964: 8961: 8957: 8954: 8953:Trailer trash 8950: 8947: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8926: 8922: 8919: 8915: 8912: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8898: 8894: 8891: 8887: 8882: 8881: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8865: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8845: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8823: 8821: 8815: 8811: 8806: 8805: 8804:First Nations 8801: 8795: 8791: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8780:First Nations 8777: 8771: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8705: 8701: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8668: 8665: 8661: 8658: 8654: 8651: 8647: 8644: 8640: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8593: 8587: 8580: 8576: 8573: 8569: 8566: 8562: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8541: 8538: 8537:Black Diamond 8534: 8531: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8511: 8507: 8500: 8495: 8493: 8488: 8486: 8481: 8480: 8477: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8239:Fong Yue Ting 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8218: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169:Trump tariffs 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939:(1920s–1930s) 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7899: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7765:Buckland Riot 7763: 7762: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7646:United States 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7526:Denis Kearney 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509:By persecutor 7507: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7452: 7445: 7440: 7438: 7433: 7431: 7426: 7425: 7422: 7416: 7412: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7314: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7292:related pages 7289: 7285: 7281: 7276:This section 7274: 7265: 7264: 7252: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7193: 7189: 7187:9780851741116 7183: 7179: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7160: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7139: 7138:Maiden Voyage 7132: 7116: 7110: 7096: 7095: 7088: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7068: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7043: 7041:9789603250388 7037: 7033: 7026: 7010: 7004: 6995: 6980: 6976: 6969: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6902: 6898: 6892: 6884: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6865: 6857: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6838: 6830: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6811: 6804: 6798: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6764: 6756: 6748: 6741: 6726: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6707: 6692: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6673: 6658: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6639: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6558: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6536: 6521: 6515: 6511: 6510: 6502: 6487: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6468: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6434: 6419: 6413: 6409: 6408: 6400: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6362: 6347: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6298: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6254: 6245: 6239: 6231: 6225: 6217: 6210: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6181: 6173: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6154: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6138: 6131: 6123: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6098: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6064: 6057: 6043: 6042: 6035: 6021: 6020: 6013: 6006: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5962: 5954: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5937:: 141–C5P47. 5936: 5932: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5870: 5868:9781436309431 5864: 5860: 5859: 5851: 5837: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5817: 5808: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5770: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5722:(4): 611–20. 5721: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5665:(4): 618–31. 5664: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5641: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5534: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5506: 5487: 5480: 5479: 5472: 5470: 5461: 5455: 5440: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5405: 5404: 5397: 5382: 5375: 5369: 5352: 5351: 5344: 5330:on 7 May 2013 5329: 5325: 5324: 5317: 5309: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5280: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5251: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5197: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5178: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5142:9789004182134 5138: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5090: 5088:976-640-021-0 5084: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5053: 5049: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5008: 5006:9781438427379 5002: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4984:9781412909488 4980: 4976: 4975: 4966: 4964:9780814732977 4960: 4956: 4955: 4947: 4940: 4934: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4846: 4839: 4837: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4784: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4757: 4741: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4720: 4718: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4668: 4661: 4659: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4607: 4600: 4598: 4589: 4583: 4575: 4568: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4535: 4533:9780195341126 4529: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4504: 4496: 4495: 4487: 4479: 4477:9780191727665 4473: 4469: 4462: 4443: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4382: 4375: 4374: 4366: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4330: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4229: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4142: 4139: 4128: 4125: 4114: 4111: 4100: 4097: 4086: 4083: 4072: 4069: 4068:Guyana portal 4058: 4055: 4044: 4041: 4030: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4008:Indo-Guyanese 4005: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3978:Maiden Voyage 3974: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3943: 3941: 3940:Betty Jeffrey 3937: 3936:White Coolies 3933: 3932:Joseph Conrad 3929: 3928: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3882: 3880: 3879:Yangtze River 3876: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3841:Russell Crowe 3838: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3742:Steve McQueen 3739: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3717:Dr. Fu Manchu 3714: 3711: 3709: 3703: 3701: 3700:Alec Guinness 3697: 3696: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3510:French Guiana 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3432:In Ethiopia, 3431: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3350: 3347: 3332: 3329: 3321: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3279: – 3278: 3274: 3273:Find sources: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3251:This section 3249: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3230: 3218: 3213: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3163: 3162: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3069:allied forces 3066: 3065:Western Front 3061: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3045:chose to stay 3042: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3003:Joseph Sturge 2999: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2952: 2949:In 1837, the 2947: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903:French Guiana 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2635:In 1868, the 2633: 2631: 2630:Denis Kearney 2627: 2623: 2614: 2611:building the 2610: 2606: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2567: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544:Spanish Crown 2541: 2536: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2475: 2474:populations. 2473: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2273: 2270: 2269:clan violence 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2055: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2024: 2020: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1963:(released in 1962: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1745: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1668:Slave catcher 1666: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1597:Forced labour 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1568: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1442:Abolitionists 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1044:comfort women 1042: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1027:Chukri System 1025: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 977: 974: 971: 970: 967: 964: 961: 957: 953: 950: 948: 945: 944: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 926: 923: 922: 921: 918: 916: 915:Latin America 913: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 890: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 872: 869: 867: 866:interregional 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 851:prison labour 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 823: 822: 821:United States 819: 815: 812: 811: 810: 807: 803: 800: 799: 798: 795: 794: 791: 788: 787: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 767: 764: 763: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 710: 707: 706: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 686: 683: 680: 679: 673: 672: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 641: 637: 636: 633: 632:White slavery 630: 628: 625: 623: 622:Slave raiding 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 601: 598: 597: 596: 593: 591: 590:Corvée labour 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 560: 559: 556: 555: 551: 550: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 490: 487: 486: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 406:Abbasid harem 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 383: 382: 379: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 351: 350: 349:Barbary Coast 347: 343: 340: 339: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 302: 299: 297: 294: 293: 290: 287: 286: 281: 278: 277: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 171: 170: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 79: 74: 73: 69: 65: 64: 61: 57: 56:Forced labour 54: 53: 49: 45: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11138:Coolie trade 11061: 11040: 11026: 11012: 11008:Reffo / Balt 10995: 10977:non-believer 10976: 10960: 10943: 10926: 10912: 10888: 10848: 10771: 10755: 10739: 10723: 10675: 10645: 10639: 10616: 10552: 10516: 10502: 10486: 10480: 10424: 10408: 10272: 10258: 10242: 10226: 10172: 10156: 10142: 10128: 10112: 10096: 10082: 9928: 9915:Welsh people 9914: 9900:Welsh people 9898: 9875: 9859: 9843: 9625: 9613: 9602: 9526: 9517: 9490:South Asians 9470: 9446:also Chinese 9445: 9434:Gaoli bangzi 9424:Ban-jjokbari 9346: 9340: 9328: 9271: 9257: 9229: 9184: 9163: 9142: 9128: 9114: 9100: 9084: 9056: 9033: 9017: 9003: 8989: 8946:Swamp Yankee 8878: 8861: 8818: 8798: 8774: 8770:Indian/Injun 8749: 8515:by ethnicity 8506:Ethnic slurs 8299:21st century 8270:Vincent Chin 8263:20th century 8249:Wong Kim Ark 8227:19th century 8093:21st century 8006:(1945–1947) 8001: 7956:(1937-1945) 7901:20th century 7758:19th century 7737:18th century 7710:17th century 7694:Uyoku dantai 7689:Tsagaan Khas 7621:Nazi Germany 7471:Yellow Peril 7465: 7453:(Sinophobia) 7398: 7387:the original 7382: 7370: 7358:the original 7339:by Vinay Lal 7330: 7324:Hill Coolies 7308: 7278:may contain 7277: 7239: 7218: 7197: 7177: 7157: 7137: 7131: 7119:. Retrieved 7109: 7098:, retrieved 7093: 7087: 7076: 7067: 7059: 7050: 7031: 7025: 7013:. Retrieved 7003: 6994: 6982:. Retrieved 6978: 6968: 6956:. Retrieved 6952:the original 6947: 6938: 6925: 6916: 6904:. Retrieved 6900: 6891: 6871: 6864: 6844: 6837: 6817: 6810: 6802: 6797: 6785:. Retrieved 6762: 6755: 6746: 6740: 6728:. Retrieved 6713: 6706: 6694:. Retrieved 6679: 6672: 6660:. Retrieved 6645: 6638: 6629: 6623: 6615: 6582: 6578: 6572: 6560:. Retrieved 6545: 6535: 6523:. Retrieved 6508: 6501: 6489:. Retrieved 6474: 6467: 6455:. Retrieved 6440: 6433: 6421:. Retrieved 6406: 6399: 6387:. Retrieved 6384:the Guardian 6383: 6373: 6361: 6349:. Retrieved 6340: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6296: 6290: 6265: 6261: 6238: 6224: 6215: 6209: 6187:Coolie Lines 6185: 6180: 6160: 6153: 6137:Coolie Woman 6135: 6130: 6111: 6105: 6081: 6071: 6062: 6056: 6045:, retrieved 6040: 6034: 6023:, retrieved 6018: 6012: 6002: 5997: 5979: 5961: 5934: 5924: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5872:. Retrieved 5861:. Arnold J. 5857: 5850: 5839:, retrieved 5834: 5828: 5816: 5807: 5796:, retrieved 5775: 5719: 5715: 5705: 5687: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5640: 5628:. Retrieved 5621:the original 5608: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5555:. Retrieved 5551:the original 5541: 5532: 5526: 5517: 5493:, retrieved 5486:the original 5477: 5454: 5442:. Retrieved 5407:, retrieved 5402: 5396: 5385:, retrieved 5380: 5368: 5357:, retrieved 5349: 5343: 5332:, retrieved 5328:the original 5322: 5316: 5293: 5287: 5264: 5258: 5239: 5233: 5210: 5204: 5185: 5157: 5151: 5128: 5122: 5103: 5097: 5074: 5068: 5056:. Retrieved 5052:the original 5036:. Retrieved 5028: 5015: 4996: 4973: 4953: 4946: 4938: 4933: 4924: 4918: 4909: 4903: 4878: 4874: 4849:. Retrieved 4816: 4810: 4799:, retrieved 4795:the original 4789: 4783: 4764: 4743:. Retrieved 4727: 4704:. Retrieved 4697:the original 4688: 4675: 4666: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4629: 4625: 4605: 4587: 4582: 4573: 4567: 4556:, retrieved 4551: 4542: 4523: 4517: 4503: 4493: 4486: 4467: 4461: 4449:. Retrieved 4442:the original 4414:. Retrieved 4400: 4388:. Retrieved 4381:the original 4372: 4365: 4354: 4344: 4335: 4329: 4317:. Retrieved 4313:the original 4284:. Retrieved 4280:the original 4251:. Retrieved 4247:the original 4209: 4165:Blackbirding 4054:China portal 4040:India portal 4001: 3989: 3986:J.G. Ballard 3983: 3976: 3973:Denton Welch 3970: 3963: 3957: 3946: 3944: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3909:Mr. Sunshine 3907: 3905: 3890: 3888: 3872: 3866: 3856:, Landlady ( 3851: 3848:Stephen Chow 3846:In the 2004 3845: 3834: 3832: 3827:Coolie No. 1 3825: 3824:(2019), and 3821:Coolie No. 1 3819: 3813: 3809:Coolie No. 1 3807: 3801: 3797:Coolie No. 1 3795: 3792:Indian films 3777: 3770:Indian mafia 3747: 3746: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3723: 3721: 3706: 3704: 3693: 3691: 3676: 3674: 3654: 3643: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3593: 3582: 3561: 3538:South Africa 3444: 3433: 3422: 3414: 3402: 3391: 3375: 3364: 3342: 3324: 3318:January 2023 3315: 3305: 3298: 3291: 3284: 3272: 3260:Please help 3255:verification 3252: 3227:January 2023 3224: 3216: 3192: 3185: 3179: 3178:Please help 3175: 3125:enacted the 3123:South Africa 3120: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3086: 3082: 3057: 3038: 3011: 3000: 2993: 2989: 2975:malnutrition 2972: 2948: 2935: 2928: 2915: 2811:Bechuanaland 2779: 2701: 2685: 2650: 2634: 2618: 2594:German Samoa 2585: 2583: 2575: 2556: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2476: 2460: 2453: 2448: 2445: 2426: 2414: 2409:port of Amoy 2393:silver mines 2381:treaty ports 2370: 2359: 2347:debt slavery 2344: 2284: 2265: 2224: 2212: 2196: 2168: 2129: 2112: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2081: 2075: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2040: 2036: 2022: 2002: 1992: 1976: 1961:Coolie No. 1 1960: 1954: 1948: 1945:Indian films 1942: 1902:South Africa 1897: 1888:to refer to 1879: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1832: 1830: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1673:Slave patrol 1510:Freedom suit 1486:Sierra Leone 1476:Colonization 1392:Abolitionism 1372:Baháʼí Faith 1345:Christianity 1295:Saudi Arabia 1151:Penal Labour 1116:Blackbirding 1022:Debt bondage 1010:penal system 836:Contemporary 826:Field slaves 814:U.S. Natives 773:South Africa 644:Galley slave 617:Slave market 607:House slaves 584: 580:Blackbirding 558:Conscription 482:21st century 445:Umm al-walad 289:Muslim world 258:Emancipation 162:Wage slavery 142:Penal labour 120:Wife selling 110:Bride buying 95:Conscription 85:Child Labour 78:Contemporary 40: 11153:Colonialism 10677:German Jews 10647:Crypto-Jews 10482:Macedonians 10425:(Mercheros) 10084:Republicans 9976:China Swede 9559:Danchi babu 9472:Benshengren 9308:Ching chong 9209:East Asians 8960:White trash 8643:House Negro 8438:Shina/Zhina 8418:Ching chong 8381:Michelle Go 8371:Xiaoxing Xi 8361:Sherry Chen 8346:Jiayang Fan 8280:Qian Xuesen 8075:(1975–1979) 8026:(1956–1965) 7998:(1945–1946) 7968:(1942-1945) 7962:(1937–1938) 7910:(1901–1973) 7887:(1892–1943) 7860:(1885–1923) 7818:(1882–1943) 7812:(1881–1944) 7773:(1860–1861) 7703:By incident 7626:Philippines 7531:Hideki Tojo 7311:August 2012 6958:20 December 6389:18 November 6351:20 December 6077:Brij V. Lal 5630:20 December 5444:17 December 4706:25 February 3960:Jules Verne 3916:labourers. 3774:Haji Mastan 3758:Salim–Javed 3756:written by 3754:crime drama 3728:Kay Francis 3607:coolie work 3587:Eddy Howard 3566:South Asian 3494:Saint Lucia 3131:hate speech 3117:Legislation 3014:West Indies 2979:pass system 2847:Saint Lucia 2768:Indentured 2552:Puerto Rico 2148:plantations 1983:Rajinikanth 1908:countries, 1867:racial slur 1688:court cases 1565: [ 1515:Slave Power 1503:Manumission 1350:Catholicism 1225:Afghanistan 966:Puerto Rico 878:The Bahamas 856:Slave codes 659:Shanghaiing 649:Impressment 541:Slave Coast 421:Qajar harem 381:Concubinage 354:slave trade 11082:Categories 10719:Blackfella 10701:Żydokomuna 10512:Yestonians 10443:Ukrainians 10259:Sardinians 10244:Sardinians 10238:Sardegnolo 10204:Greaseball 9951:Cheesehead 9764:Mat Salleh 9677:Vietnamese 9640:Pakistanis 9441:Sangokujin 9404:Xiao Riben 9246:Sangokujin 9101:Oklahomans 9066:Half-breed 8932:Peckerwood 8736:Indigenous 8690:Pickaninny 8622:Black Buck 8376:Yao Pan Ma 8336:Haoyang Yu 8311:Danny Chen 8290:Wen Ho Lee 7555:By country 7459:Background 7288:quotations 6773:077351354X 6451:9813016213 6417:0801844657 6318:(2): 132. 6268:(2): 128. 6171:1843310031 6096:082482265X 5874:7 February 5531:"Coolie". 5249:9622094864 5213:. Durham: 4451:18 October 4416:24 January 4224:References 3914:Joseon-era 3885:Television 3869:Yung Chang 3633:kuli-ratha 3542:Seychelles 3518:Martinique 3514:Guadeloupe 3383:institute. 3361:Indonesian 3288:newspapers 3181:improve it 3157:Modern use 2923:Tamil Nadu 2899:Martinique 2895:Guadeloupe 2885:, and the 2815:Seychelles 2807:Somaliland 2803:Tanganyika 2735:See also: 2708:indentured 2661:marshlands 2468:Afro-Asian 2429:barracoons 2366:Costa Rica 2355:Opium Wars 2253:Proslavery 2200:cash crops 2088:in Japan. 2080:described 1936:, and the 1703:J.Q. Adams 1693:Washington 1663:Slave name 1612:convention 1587:Common law 960:Encomienda 756:Seychelles 741:Mauritania 664:Slave ship 531:Panyarring 526:New France 175:Historical 10913:immigrant 10901:Barbarian 10875:Outsiders 10711:Oceanians 10641:Conversos 10521:Estonians 10518:Russified 10385:Spaniards 10375:Serbomans 10222:Polentone 10168:West Brit 10060:Grecomans 9983:Finnjävel 9803:Albanians 9692:Europeans 9670:Filipinos 9458:Taiwanese 9336:Jook-sing 9185:Americans 9115:Americans 9004:Canadians 8864:Bahamians 8725:Uncle Tom 8591:Americans 8544:Boerehaat 8331:Gang Chen 8321:Eileen Gu 8306:Anming Hu 8244:Mary Tape 8220:By victim 7885:Geary Act 7631:Singapore 7572:Indonesia 7562:Hong Kong 7399:The Hindu 6782:0846-8869 6332:144403568 6282:144403568 5793:144069384 4319:4 January 4286:4 January 4253:4 January 4020:Caribbean 4002:The 2014 3833:The film 3784:Bollywood 3594:kulimunka 3581:The term 3554:Singapore 3534:Mauritius 3530:Caribbean 3421:version, 3187:talk page 3090:Polyandry 3041:sugarcane 2938:Mauritius 2831:Nyasaland 2783:Mauritius 2737:Girmityas 2716:haciendas 2615:in the US 2584:The term 2529:Chinatown 2523:in 1959, 2497:sugarcane 2389:Guangdong 2295:Singapore 2237:abolition 2076:In 1727, 1989:Etymology 1981:starring 1930:Mauritius 1926:Caribbean 1875:Caribbean 1831:The word 1826:labourers 1698:Jefferson 1355:Mormonism 1290:Palestine 1104:Australia 1034:Indonesia 925:Lei Áurea 908:Code Noir 888:Caribbean 861:Treatment 600:Treatment 573:Devshirme 435:Odalisque 253:In Russia 194:Babylonia 182:Antiquity 11049:Shkutzim 10946:Japanese 10554:Shi'ites 10411:Catalans 10398:Gachupín 10326:Russians 10185:Italians 9924:Teuchter 9855:Crachach 9778:Wasi'chu 9390:Jjokbari 9374:Japanese 9342:overseas 9301:Chinaman 9143:Chileans 9019:Mestizos 8990:Mexicans 8718:Tar-Baby 8650:Jim Crow 8565:Golliwog 8551:Choc ice 8522:Africans 8401:Chinaman 8020:(1950s-) 7641:Thailand 7599:Malaysia 7100:14 April 7060:Jump Cut 6979:ThePrint 6930:Archived 6543:(2011). 6190:Archived 5986:Archived 5969:Archived 5746:20346436 5695:Archived 5679:22576450 5600:17091181 4509:"coolie" 4026:See also 3858:Qiu Yuen 3830:(2020). 3818:(2004), 3812:(1995), 3806:(1995), 3800:(1991), 3724:Mandalay 3640:Filipino 3629:kuliyata 3617:kuliwada 3558:Malaysia 3522:Barbados 3482:Suriname 3429:descent. 3423:amakhula 3388:Malaysia 3277:"Coolie" 3018:Demerara 2967:Trinidad 2867:Barbados 2642:Page Act 2395:and the 2339:Trinidad 2335:Suriname 2243:and the 2186:and the 2086:Nagasaki 1953:(1975), 1918:Suriname 1730:Iron bit 1720:40 acres 1683:breeding 1498:Freedman 1333:Religion 1193:Portugal 1078:Thailand 1068:Maldives 1063:Malaysia 1056:Kwalliso 1000:Booi Aha 952:Restavek 932:Colombia 903:Trinidad 893:Barbados 783:Zanzibar 731:Ethiopia 612:Saqaliba 506:Database 457:Saqaliba 218:Ancillae 48:a series 46:Part of 11036:Shegetz 10998:Chinese 10962:non-Jew 10845:Gypsies 10838:Didicoy 10767:Coconut 10635:Marrano 10564:Raghead 10451:Khokhol 10433:Xarnego 10421:Quinqui 10268:Terrone 10198:Goombah 10138:Shoneen 10108:Knacker 10026:Germans 10015:Gabacho 9969:Chukhna 9830:British 9722:Cracker 9700:General 9590:Indians 9513:Coconut 9498:General 9415:Koreans 9294:Ah Beng 9285:Chinese 9267:Twinkie 9217:General 9173:Wetback 9045:Greaser 9029:Coonass 8939:Redneck 8890:Cracker 8874:Coonass 8759:Unangan 8636:Colored 8452:Related 8254:Yick Wo 8003:Bersiap 7658:Vietnam 7616:Myanmar 7541:Pol Pot 7536:Suharto 7493:Minzoku 7121:16 June 6984:1 March 6599:2841301 6585:: 140. 5798:14 June 5737:2850426 5557:16 June 5409:14 June 5387:14 June 5359:14 June 5334:14 June 4895:2841301 4881:: 145. 4851:14 June 4558:12 July 4410:News 24 4390:6 April 4004:chutney 3927:Typhoon 3895:(e.g., 3871:called 3862:Xing Yu 3749:Deewaar 3621:Sinhala 3619:is the 3601: 3506:Grenada 3486:Jamaica 3380:porters 3302:scholar 3217:updated 3067:by the 2911:Réunion 2879:Surinam 2855:Grenada 2843:Jamaica 2758:Réunion 2655:in the 2487:feared 2439:of the 2303:Jamaica 2140:slavery 2082:coolies 1950:Deewaar 1922:Jamaica 1890:porters 1871:Oceania 1820:) is a 1708:Lincoln 1581:Related 1481:Liberia 1367:Judaism 1305:Tunisia 1280:Morocco 1270:Lebanon 1235:Bahrain 1230:Algeria 1198:Romania 1163:Denmark 1156:Slavery 1090:Vietnam 761:Somalia 751:Nigeria 726:Comoros 654:Pirates 563:Ghilman 496:Bristol 386:history 359:pirates 248:History 137:Peonage 60:slavery 18:Coolies 11057:Shiksa 11022:Savage 10991:Laowai 10983:Kuffar 10939:Gaijin 10929:Romani 10827:, and 10821:Romani 10810:Kanake 10803:Mongol 10751:Kanaka 10612:Khazar 10548:Rafida 10468:Others 10405:Polaco 10368:Shkije 10334:Moskal 10309:Polack 10216:Guinea 10078:Fenian 10052:Greeks 9993:French 9812:Šiptar 9785:Wigger 9771:Redleg 9750:Gweilo 9729:Farang 9708:Ang mo 9621:Keling 9614:Coolie 9598:Chinki 9580:Mayang 9573:Malaun 9552:Bongal 9527:Coolie 9466:Tai Ke 9356:Locust 9329:Coolie 9322:Chinky 9253:Toku-A 9225:Banana 9201:Asians 9159:Sudaca 9110:Pindos 9080:Newfie 9057:Cubans 9052:Gusano 9035:Cajuns 8999:Canuck 8985:Beaner 8977:Others 8967:Whitey 8897:Gringo 8880:Cajuns 8851:Buckra 8835:Whites 8745:Eskimo 8697:Rastus 8678:Nigger 8657:Macaca 8629:Cocolo 8572:Kaffir 8428:Chinky 8316:Ee Lee 8069:(1974) 8058:(1969) 8032:(1962) 8012:(1947) 7992:(1943) 7986:(1942) 7950:(1931) 7928:(1911) 7922:(1907) 7916:(1907) 7893:(1899) 7876:(1887) 7849:(1885) 7801:(1876) 7790:(1873) 7779:(1862) 7767:(1857) 7719:(1603) 7636:Taiwan 7466:Coolie 7247: 7226: 7205: 7184: 7165: 7038: 7015:8 July 6906:20 May 6879: 6852: 6825: 6787:1 June 6780: 6770: 6730:17 May 6721: 6696:17 May 6687: 6662:17 May 6653: 6597: 6562:17 May 6553: 6525:17 May 6516: 6491:17 May 6482: 6457:17 May 6448: 6423:17 May 6414: 6330: 6280: 6201: 6168: 6145: 6118: 6093: 6047:29 May 6025:29 May 5949: 5865: 5841:29 May 5791: 5744: 5734: 5677: 5598: 5495:29 May 5304: 5275: 5246: 5221: 5192: 5164: 5139: 5110: 5085: 5058:11 May 5038:11 May 5003: 4981: 4961: 4893: 4823: 4801:29 May 4771: 4745:17 May 4736: 4530: 4474: 4180:Dougla 4016:Guyana 3815:Coolie 3803:Coolie 3779:Coolie 3655:κούλης 3644:makuli 3627:(e.g. 3583:coolie 3562:coolie 3556:, and 3490:Belize 3474:Guyana 3445:koelie 3427:Indian 3415:coolie 3304: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3275: 3146:kaffir 2909:, and 2891:French 2889:. The 2881:, the 2873:, and 2819:Uganda 2743:, and 2653:levees 2586:coolie 2564:, the 2525:Havana 2377:Xiamen 2373:Havana 2327:Belize 2311:Guyana 2103:coolie 2014:(కూలి) 1999:Telugu 1978:Coolie 1971:, and 1956:Coolie 1914:Guyana 1898:Coolie 1894:Dougla 1863:coolie 1833:coolie 1806:khulie 1794:koelie 1790:Coolie 1629:owners 1265:Kuwait 1260:Jordan 1213:Sweden 1203:Russia 1188:Poland 1183:Norway 1005:Laogai 990:Brunei 985:Bhutan 947:revolt 920:Brazil 883:Canada 846:partus 831:female 716:Angola 585:Coolie 568:Mamluk 521:Nantes 501:Brazil 430:Cariye 265:Thrall 233:Kholop 199:Greece 32:Coulee 11047:(pl. 10981:(pl. 10972:Kafir 10922:Gadjo 10891:Arabs 10857:Nawar 10796:Kebab 10787:Turks 10741:Māori 10671:Yekke 10605:Kafir 10539:Arabs 10498:Hunky 10488:Serbs 10458:Ukrop 10359:Serbs 10348:Tibla 10316:Pshek 10301:Poles 10210:Guido 10124:Pikey 10070:Irish 10042:Kraut 9961:Finns 9943:Dutch 9910:Taffy 9839:Limey 9757:Honky 9743:Guizi 9736:Guiri 9566:Dkhar 9363:Shina 9315:Chink 9124:Pocho 9013:Cholo 8925:Karen 8918:Honky 8904:Haole 8858:Conch 8844:Becky 8822:women 8814:Squaw 8755:Yupik 8751:Inuit 8711:Sambo 8682:Nigga 8671:Negro 8664:Mammy 8599:Black 8558:Cushi 8530:Abeed 8423:Chink 8394:Slurs 7589:Korea 7577:Japan 7567:India 7413:, by 7280:lists 7032:Πούσι 6595:JSTOR 6328:S2CID 6278:S2CID 5918:(17). 5890:Times 5789:S2CID 5624:(PDF) 5617:(PDF) 5489:(PDF) 5482:(PDF) 5377:(PDF) 5354:(PDF) 5025:(PDF) 4891:JSTOR 4700:(PDF) 4685:(PDF) 4651:: 38. 4632:: 39. 4445:(PDF) 4438:(PDF) 4384:(PDF) 4377:(PDF) 4201:Notes 4185:Navvy 4170:Chink 3998:Music 3920:Books 3850:film 3671:Films 3651:Greek 3449:Dutch 3443:word 3441:Dutch 3434:cooli 3410:term. 3374:word 3372:Hindi 3309:JSTOR 3295:books 3071:(see 2799:Kenya 2795:Natal 2754:Hindu 2704:guano 2557:From 2422:Macau 2397:guano 2325:(now 2309:(now 2035:word 2033:Tamil 2021:word 2001:word 1995:Hindi 1816:, or 1814:cooly 1810:cooli 1802:khuli 1656:songs 1651:films 1569:] 1525:songs 1362:Islam 1340:Bible 1315:Yemen 1310:Qatar 1300:Syria 1275:Libya 1240:Egypt 1208:Spain 1178:Malta 1051:Korea 1039:Japan 1017:India 995:China 942:Haiti 802:Aztec 778:Sudan 746:Niger 638:Naval 511:Dutch 440:Qiyan 426:Jarya 401:Harem 243:Serfs 189:Egypt 10996:non- 10944:non- 10927:non- 10889:non- 10884:Ajam 10864:Zott 10735:Hori 10628:Kike 10582:Jews 10485:and 10392:Dago 10192:Dago 10152:Taig 10008:Frog 9715:Bule 9648:Paki 9545:Bong 9239:Gook 9152:Spic 9138:Roto 9096:Okie 9073:Naco 7594:Laos 7245:ISBN 7224:ISBN 7203:ISBN 7182:ISBN 7163:ISBN 7123:2013 7102:2021 7078:NDTV 7036:ISBN 7017:2020 6986:2023 6960:2019 6908:2023 6877:ISBN 6850:ISBN 6823:ISBN 6789:2015 6778:ISSN 6768:ISBN 6732:2014 6719:ISBN 6698:2014 6685:ISBN 6664:2014 6651:ISBN 6564:2014 6551:ISBN 6527:2014 6514:ISBN 6493:2014 6480:ISBN 6459:2014 6446:ISBN 6425:2014 6412:ISBN 6391:2022 6353:2019 6199:ISBN 6166:ISBN 6143:ISBN 6116:ISBN 6091:ISBN 6049:2013 6027:2013 5947:ISBN 5876:2013 5863:ISBN 5843:2013 5800:2013 5742:PMID 5675:PMID 5632:2019 5596:PMID 5559:2013 5497:2013 5446:2013 5411:2013 5389:2013 5361:2013 5336:2013 5302:ISBN 5273:ISBN 5244:ISBN 5219:ISBN 5190:ISBN 5162:ISBN 5137:ISBN 5108:ISBN 5083:ISBN 5060:2013 5040:2013 5001:ISBN 4979:ISBN 4959:ISBN 4853:2013 4821:ISBN 4803:2013 4769:ISBN 4747:2014 4734:ISBN 4708:2012 4560:2024 4548:"苦力" 4528:ISBN 4472:ISBN 4453:2017 4418:2017 4392:2015 4321:2023 4288:2023 4255:2023 4190:Veth 4175:Dasa 3772:don 3625:kuli 3598:lit. 3550:Fiji 3439:The 3419:Zulu 3403:kuli 3399:Thai 3392:kuli 3376:qūlī 3365:kuli 3281:news 2787:Fiji 2550:and 2548:Cuba 2538:The 2470:and 2418:Amoy 2333:and 2291:Cuba 2289:and 2287:Peru 2192:Cuba 2138:and 2060:kǔlì 2052:qulī 2041:kūli 2037:kulī 2023:quli 2019:Urdu 2008:कुली 2003:kulī 1997:and 1973:2020 1969:1995 1965:1991 1934:Fiji 1858:peón 1818:quli 1798:kuli 1607:laws 1469:U.S. 1464:U.K. 1402:U.S. 1397:U.K. 1285:Oman 1255:Iraq 1250:Iran 937:Cuba 841:maps 736:Mali 721:Chad 307:Baqt 204:Rome 100:Debt 58:and 10956:Goy 10829:Lom 10825:Dom 10687:Yid 10664:Wog 10571:Wog 10341:Orc 10291:Wog 10284:Wop 10093:Hun 10035:Hun 9887:Pom 9792:Wog 9397:Nip 9383:Jap 8579:Wog 7290:or 7282:of 6587:doi 6320:doi 6270:doi 5939:doi 5781:doi 5732:PMC 5724:doi 5667:doi 5663:148 5586:doi 5133:108 4883:doi 4356:NPR 3984:In 3971:In 3958:In 3951:by 3938:by 3930:by 3889:In 3649:In 3638:In 3472:In 3397:In 3386:In 3359:In 3264:by 3075:). 2592:in 2313:), 2158:in 2028:قلی 2011:), 1847:on 11084:: 11045:) 10979:) 10823:, 10644:/ 9345:/ 8802:/ 8782:/ 8778:/ 8757:/ 8753:/ 8171:) 7397:, 7381:. 7369:. 7286:, 7075:. 7058:" 6977:. 6946:. 6928:. 6924:. 6899:. 6776:. 6607:^ 6593:. 6581:. 6382:. 6326:. 6314:. 6276:. 6264:. 6252:^ 5945:. 5933:. 5916:20 5914:. 5910:. 5787:, 5779:, 5766:^ 5754:^ 5740:. 5730:. 5720:86 5718:. 5714:. 5673:. 5661:. 5594:. 5582:22 5580:. 5576:. 5516:. 5504:^ 5468:^ 5418:^ 5379:, 5300:. 5271:. 5217:. 5176:^ 5135:. 5081:. 5077:. 5031:. 5027:. 4995:. 4889:. 4877:. 4861:^ 4835:^ 4755:^ 4716:^ 4691:. 4687:. 4657:^ 4649:12 4647:. 4630:12 4628:. 4614:^ 4596:^ 4550:, 4426:^ 4408:. 4353:. 4296:^ 4263:^ 4232:^ 4022:. 3903:. 3776:. 3653:, 3642:, 3560:, 3552:, 3548:, 3540:, 3536:, 3532:, 3524:, 3520:, 3516:, 3512:, 3508:, 3504:, 3500:, 3496:, 3492:, 3488:, 3484:, 3480:, 3476:, 3401:, 3390:, 3363:, 3190:. 3055:. 2958:. 2913:. 2901:, 2897:, 2865:, 2861:, 2857:, 2853:, 2849:, 2845:, 2841:, 2837:, 2833:, 2829:, 2825:, 2821:, 2817:, 2813:, 2809:, 2805:, 2801:, 2797:, 2793:, 2789:, 2785:, 2739:, 2727:. 2559:c. 2531:. 2424:. 2321:, 2317:, 2305:, 2301:, 2297:, 2166:. 2066:苦力 1967:, 1940:. 1932:, 1928:, 1920:, 1916:, 1912:, 1904:, 1877:. 1812:, 1808:, 1804:, 1800:, 1796:, 1567:fa 50:on 11066:) 11060:( 11051:) 11039:( 11029:) 11025:( 11015:) 11011:( 11001:) 10994:( 10985:) 10975:( 10965:) 10959:( 10949:) 10942:( 10932:) 10925:( 10915:) 10911:( 10894:) 10887:( 10776:) 10770:( 10760:) 10754:( 10744:) 10738:( 10728:) 10722:( 10680:) 10674:( 10650:) 10638:( 10621:) 10615:( 10557:) 10551:( 10524:) 10515:( 10505:) 10501:( 10491:) 10479:( 10413:) 10409:( 10277:) 10271:( 10261:) 10257:( 10247:) 10241:( 10231:) 10225:( 10175:) 10171:( 10161:) 10155:( 10145:) 10141:( 10131:) 10127:( 10117:) 10111:( 10101:) 10095:( 10087:) 10081:( 9933:) 9927:( 9917:) 9913:( 9903:) 9897:( 9880:) 9874:( 9864:) 9858:( 9848:) 9842:( 9630:) 9624:( 9607:) 9601:( 9520:) 9516:( 9475:) 9469:( 9448:) 9444:( 9349:) 9339:( 9274:) 9270:( 9260:) 9256:( 9232:) 9228:( 9187:) 9183:( 9166:) 9162:( 9145:) 9141:( 9131:) 9127:( 9117:) 9113:( 9103:) 9099:( 9089:) 9083:( 9059:) 9055:( 9038:) 9032:( 9022:) 9016:( 9006:) 9002:( 8992:) 8988:( 8883:) 8877:( 8862:( 8824:) 8817:( 8807:) 8797:( 8787:) 8773:( 8764:, 8762:) 8748:( 8684:) 8680:( 8498:e 8491:t 8484:v 8167:( 7443:e 7436:t 7429:v 7373:. 7313:) 7309:( 7305:. 7299:. 7253:. 7232:. 7211:. 7190:. 7171:. 7125:. 7044:. 7019:. 6988:. 6962:. 6910:. 6885:. 6858:. 6831:. 6791:. 6734:. 6700:. 6666:. 6601:. 6589:: 6583:3 6566:. 6529:. 6495:. 6461:. 6427:. 6393:. 6355:. 6334:. 6322:: 6316:6 6284:. 6272:: 6266:6 6174:. 6124:. 6099:. 6007:. 5955:. 5941:: 5878:. 5783:: 5748:. 5726:: 5681:. 5669:: 5634:. 5602:. 5588:: 5561:. 5448:. 5310:. 5281:. 5252:. 5227:. 5198:. 5170:. 5145:. 5116:. 5091:. 5062:. 5042:. 5009:. 4987:. 4967:. 4897:. 4885:: 4879:3 4855:. 4829:. 4777:. 4749:. 4710:. 4576:. 4536:. 4480:. 4455:. 4420:. 4394:. 4359:. 4323:. 4290:. 4257:. 3710:, 3661:. 3635:. 3610:' 3604:' 3596:( 3455:. 3349:) 3343:( 3331:) 3325:( 3320:) 3316:( 3306:· 3299:· 3292:· 3285:· 3258:. 3229:) 3225:( 3219:. 3197:) 3193:( 3035:. 2969:. 2776:. 2063:( 2025:( 2005:( 1766:e 1759:t 1752:v 962:) 958:( 428:/ 303:‎ 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index