Caste - Knowledge

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both entomological and sociological data and clues to describe caste systems. He wrote "while the fundamental industries of man are dispersed throughout the insect world, the same kind of polymorphism appears again and again in different species of social insects which have reacted in the same manner as man, under the influence of the same environment, to ensure the supply and provision of subsistence." Comparing the caste system in India to caste polymorphism in insects, he noted, "where we find the organization of social insects developed to perfection, there also has been seen among human associations a minute and even rigid specialization of functions, along with ant- and bee-like societal integrity and cohesiveness." He considered the "resemblances between insect associations and caste-ridden societies" to be striking enough to be "amusing".

5158: 7303:: Caste has been described as the fundamental social institution of India. Sometimes the term is used metaphorically to refer to rigid social distinctions or extreme social exclusiveness wherever found, and some authorities have used the term 'colour-caste system' to describe the stratification based on race in the United States and elsewhere. But it is among the Hindus in India that we find the system in its most fully developed form although analogous forms exist among Muslims, Christians, Sikhs and other religious groups in South Asia. It is an ancient institution, having existed for at least 2,000 years among the Hindus who developed not only elaborate caste practices but also a complex theory to explain and justify those practices (Dumont 1970). The theory has now lost much of its force although many of the practices continue." 9916:

de cagots, corrélant la recherche de conjoints lointains à l'épuisement des possibilités locales. A. Guerreau et Y. Guy, en utilisant la documentation gersoise exploitée par G. Loubès et les documents publiés par Fay pour le Béarn et la Chalosse (XVe–XVIIe s.) concluent que l'endogamie des cagots semble s'opérer au sein de trois sous-ensembles qui correspondent à ceux que distingue la terminologie à partir du XVIe siècle: agotes, cagots, capots. Au sein de chacun d'eux, les distances moyennes d'intermariage sont relativement importantes: entre 12 et 15 km en Béarn et Chalosse, plus de 30 km dans le Gers, dans une société où plus de la moitié des mariages se faisaient à l'intérieur d'un même village.

7017:. The guarantee of admittance to a certain proportion of people from oppressed castes is not enough to deal with the implications of divisions in higher education. For example, the reservation percentage can vary by state but is generally around 15% for Scheduled Castes, but 2019-20 data shows most universities miss this mark. Across the board, there is an average of 14.7% of scheduled caste students, meaning many universities are at a far lower rate than legislated. These reservation systems have backlash from upper caste groups, who claim that people are only admitted due to their caste status, as opposed to merit, in a similar argument playing out to affirmative action in the United States. 6223:). Sheikhs are in charge of both religious and administrative functions and are divided into three endogamous houses, Şemsanî, Adanî and Qatanî who are in turn divided into lineages. The Pîrs are in charge of purely religious functions and traditionally consist of 40 lineages or clans, but approximately 90 appellations of Pîr lineages have been found, which may have been a result of new sub-lineages arising and number of clans increasing over time due to division as Yazidis settled in different places and countries. Division could occur in one family, if there were a few brothers in one clan, each of them could become the founder of their own Pîr sub-clan ( 5979: 4948: 5445:, lit. "those under the power of another"). The castes were hereditary, though they were not rigid. They were more accurately a reflection of the interpersonal political relationships, a person is always the follower of another. People can move up the caste system by marriage, by wealth, or by doing something extraordinary; and conversely they can be demoted, usually as criminal punishment or as a result of debt. Shamans are the exception, as they are either volunteers, chosen by the ranking shamans, or born into the role by innate propensity for it. They are enumerated below from the highest rank to the lowest: 6666:. He then presents the Dime of Southwestern Ethiopia, amongst whom there operates a system which Todd claims can be unequivocally labelled as caste system. The Dime have seven castes whose size varies considerably. Each broad caste level is a hierarchical order that is based on notions of purity, non-purity and impurity. It uses the concepts of defilement to limit contacts between caste categories and to preserve the purity of the upper castes. These caste categories have been exclusionary, endogamous and the social identity inherited. 6673:, there were also traditionally groups labelled as castes. "Based on research done before the Derg regime, these studies generally presume the existence of a social hierarchy similar to the caste system. At the top of this hierarchy were the Kafa, followed by occupational groups including blacksmiths (Qemmo), weavers (Shammano), bards (Shatto), potters, and tanners (Manno). In this hierarchy, the Manjo were commonly referred to as hunters, given the lowest status equal only to slaves." 5699: 5022:, and thrives in the politics of democracy, where caste provides ready made constituencies to politicians. The globalisation and economic opportunities from foreign businesses has influenced the growth of India's middle-class population. Some members of the Chhattisgarh Potter Caste Community (CPCC) are middle-class urban professionals and no longer potters unlike the remaining majority of traditional rural potter members. There is persistence of caste in Indian 15156: 13863: 11897: 7227:, ranked groups based on heredity within rigid systems of social stratification, especially those that constitute Hindu India. Some scholars deny that true caste systems are found outside India. The caste is a closed group whose members are severely restricted in their choice of occupation and degree of social participation. Marriage outside the caste is prohibited. Social status is determined by the caste of one's birth and may only rarely be transcended. 6809: 9937:(15th–17th century) conclude that the endogamy of Cagots seems to operate within three subsets that correspond to those distinguished by terminology from the 16th century: agotes, cagots, capots. Within each of them, the average intermarriage distances are relatively long: between 12 and 15 km in Béarn and Chalosse, more than 30 km in the Gers, in a society where more than half of marriages took place at home, inside the same village.] 47: 5759:)" under the daimyo, with 80% of peasants under the 5% samurai class, followed by craftsmen and merchants. However, various studies have revealed since about 1995 that the classes of peasants, craftsmen, and merchants under the samurai are equal, and the old hierarchy chart has been removed from Japanese history textbooks. In other words, peasants, craftsmen, and merchants are not a social pecking order, but a social classification. 2946: 710: 6052:. The nobi population could fluctuate up to about one third of the population, but on average the nobi made up about 10% of the total population. In 1801, the vast majority of government nobi were emancipated, and by 1858 the nobi population stood at about 1.5% of the total population of Korea. The hereditary nobi system was officially abolished around 1886–87 and the rest of the nobi system was abolished with the 4759: 7092:, although attributing more weight to environmental explanations than the biological nonetheless believed that there were obstacles to the assimilation of blacks into American society and that an "accommodation stage" in a biracially organized caste system was required before full assimilation. He did disavow his position in 1937, suggesting that blacks were a minority and not a caste. The Indian sociologist 13873: 11926: 5266: 7021:

academic institutions. Universities are a crucial place of integration and moving to offer equitable opportunity beyond just attendance, but implementing protective policies to ensure students can be successful. Attendance at university has already been shown to impact how people view caste and has the potential to shape equity building beyond the current interpersonal and systemic relationship.

9918:[The extent of marital areas and the distribution of surnames are the main indices of cagot mobility. F. Bériac links the extension of the matrimonial areas of the Cagots of the different localities studied (from 20 to more than 35 km) to the importance and the relative density of the groups of cagots, correlating the search for distant spouses with the exhaustion of possibilities local. 7031:"When I was enrolled for an undergraduate course, I was vocal about his Dalit identity and vouched for the rights of Dalits and marginalized sections. Most of my upper-caste mates were against reservation. I was always typecast, stereotyped and even labeled with derogatory nicknames," Nishat Kabir, who is studying film at Ambedkar University in New Delhi, told Anadolu Agency. 7051:

protests and demonstrations against institutional discrimination. Students used tactics of information spreading from pamphlets and court cases, to public civil disobedience through marches and sit-ins to disrupt the flow of university life and lead to broader discussions. The student unrest was not unique to Allahabad University but was strong enough to last over 90 days.

6846:, by their colonial rulers. In the social and racial hierarchy, European Spaniards were at the apex, with legal rights and privileges. Lower racial groups (Africans, mixed-race castas, and pure indigenous), had fewer legal rights and lower social status. Unlike the rigid caste system in India, in colonial Spanish America there was some fluidity within the social order. 5597:) – the lowest class composed of the rest of the community who were not part of the enfranchised classes. They were further subdivided into the commoner class who had their own houses, the servants who lived in the houses of others, and the slaves who were usually captives from raids, criminals, or debtors. Most members of this class were equivalent to the European 4827:, the Census Commissioner, noted that "The principle suggested as a basis was that of classification by social precedence as recognized by native public opinion at the present day, and manifesting itself in the facts that particular castes are supposed to be the modern representatives of one or other of the castes of the theoretical Indian system." 6430:, with six sub-caste categories. Unlike other parts of the world, mobility is sometimes possible within sub-castes, but not across caste lines. Farmers and artisans have been, claims Richter, distinct castes. Certain sub-castes are shunned more than others. For example, exogamy is rare for women born into families of woodcarvers. 7009:

caste out of universities. This leads to their exclusion from the potential to be part of higher-paying jobs that are perceived as more elite. This social expectation and prevention of access to education and opportunity have elongated the struggle for financial and social equity amongst people from scheduled tribes and castes.

7251:, any of the ranked, hereditary, endogamous social groups, often linked with occupation, that together constitute traditional societies in South Asia, particularly among Hindus in India. Although sometimes used to designate similar groups in other societies, the "caste system" is uniquely developed in Hindu societies. 5035:

status of their son in law. In this case, the women are bearers of the egalitarian principle of the marriage. There would be no benefit in marrying a higher caste if the terms of the marriage did not imply equality. However, men are systematically shielded from the negative implications of the agreement.

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L'étendue des aires matrimoniales et la distribution des patronymes constituent les principaux indices de la mobilité des cagots. F. Bériac relie l'extension des aires matrimoniales des cagots des différentes localités étudiées (de 20 à plus de 35 km) à l'importance et la densité relative des groupes

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Academic + Faculty Discrimination: Discrimination may extend to the academic sphere, with students facing biased treatment, unfair grading, or limited access to academic resources based on their caste background. Instances of discrimination can involve faculty members, who may hold biases that affect

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contrasted the differences between discrimination in the United States and India. In India, there are complex religious features which make up the system, whereas in the United States race and color are the basis for differentiation. The caste systems in India and the United States have higher groups

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of France and Spain as an inferior caste, and a group of untouchables. While they had the same skin color and religion as the majority, in the churches they had to use segregated doors, drink from segregated fonts, and receive communion on the end of long wooden spoons. It was a closed social system.

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has put forth the argument that pre-1950s Tibetan society was functionally a caste system, in contrast to previous scholars who defined the Tibetan social class system as similar to European feudal serfdom, as well as non-scholarly western accounts which seek to romanticise a supposedly 'egalitarian'

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experienced over the last century. It is well known that urban centers tend to be less reliant on agriculture and are more progressive as a whole. As India's cities boomed in population, the job market grew to keep pace. Prosperity and stability were now more easily attained by an individual, and the

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have been found to be less likely to leave or divorce their husbands since they are of a relatively lower caste system, and have higher restrictions on their freedoms. On the other hand, Pahari women, of the northern mountains, have much more freedom to leave their husbands without stigma. This often

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A pure caste system is rooted in the religious order and may be thought of as a hierarchy of hereditary, endogamous, occupational groups with positions fixed and mobility barred by ritual distances between each caste. Empirically, the classical Hindu system of India approximated most closely to pure

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arguing that caste differences between higher caste Aryans and lower cast native-Indians being more due to religious factors. While the term remains contended, it is widely understood that this racial assessment is based on the way lower-caste people are treated. Africana diasporic groups who do not

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make up a small minority of the population with scholars noting that the exact number is hard to determine due to exclusion and lack of recognition from the government. Siddis and Kaffirs are considered untouchables due to their darker skin color alongside other physical factors that distinguish the

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In a review of social stratification systems in Africa, Richter reports that the term caste has been used by French and American scholars to many groups of West African artisans. These groups have been described as inferior, deprived of all political power, have a specific occupation, are hereditary

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The notion of caste encouraged a link between scholarship in entomology and sociology because it served as an example of a division of labour in which the participants seemed to be uncompromisingly adapted to special functions and sometimes even unique environments. To bolster the concept of caste,

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The clarity that comes from people sharing their experiences has led to significant pushback in the 21st century, where students have been centering fights for justice and equity, often based on movements that student activists of the past have used. Allahabad University has seen a spike in student

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Racial caste is embedded in the institutions that make up South Asia, particularly its governing bodies. When it comes to the electorate of India, voter preference is often based on race, caste, religion, alongside other attributing physical and political factors. This power imbalance alongside the

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have been endogamous social groups without any fixed hierarchy but subject to vague notions of rank articulated over time based on lifestyle and social, political, or economic status. Many of India's major empires and dynasties like the Mauryas, Shalivahanas, Chalukyas, Kakatiyas among many others,

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The initial observational studies of the division of labour in ant colonies attempted to demonstrate that ants specialized in tasks that were best suited to their size when they emerged from the pupae stage into the adult stage. A large proportion of the experimental work was done in species that

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The foundational divisions of caste have historically been seen as a determining factor in one's skills and career prospects. Today, many people perceive higher education as a means of achieving their own professional goals, but there are still methods based on caste assumptions used to keep lower

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are thus considered inferior for their darker skin and grouped in with the untouchables. Since caste is inherited at birth and is inflexible to change throughout a lifetime, this can lead to a racial caste system where colorism largely influences the mobility one has in their lifetime. Terminology

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Racial casteism is a term used to identify the relationship between caste, race, and colorism. In modern-day India, the caste system has expanded to include groups and identities from diasporic groups as well such as the Africana Siddis and Kaffirs. Siddis make up 40,000 of India's vast population

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study in 2021 criticizes Equality Labs findings and methodology noting Equality Labs study "relied on a nonrepresentative snowball sampling method to recruit respondents. Furthermore, respondents who did not disclose a caste identity were dropped from the data set. Therefore, it is likely that the

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who surrendered were settled in isolated communities throughout Goryeo to forestall rebellion. They were valued for their skills in hunting, herding, butchering, and making of leather, common skill sets among nomads. Over time, their ethnic origin was forgotten, and they formed the bottom layer of

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was influenced by Robert E. Park and adopted the concept of "caste" to describe race relations in the US. According to anthropologist Diane Rodgers, Mukerjee "proceeded to suggest that a caste system should be correctly instituted in the (US) South to ease race relations." Mukerjee often employed

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is perhaps the most powerful force for homogenization, whereas the state may be the defender of local difference and variety in some instances". The caste system, a relic of feudalistic economic systems, emphasizes differences between socio-economic classes that are obviated by openly free market

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Various sociologists have reported caste systems in Africa. The specifics of the caste systems have varied in ethnically and culturally diverse Africa; however, the following features are common – it has been a closed system of social stratification, the social status is inherited, the castes are

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is still a common practice in India and Hindu culture. Men are expected to marry within their caste, or one below, with no social repercussions. If a woman marries into a higher caste, then her children will take the status of their father. If she marries down, her family is reduced to the social

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Eighty-four percent of the SC/ST students surveyed said examiners had asked them about their caste directly or indirectly during their evaluations. One student said: "Teachers are fine till they do not know your caste. The moment they come to know, their attitude towards you changes completely."

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Reservation policies constitute a first step in providing access to admittance into higher education opportunities but do not overcome the overarching challenge of casteism. Caste-based discrimination and social stigma can still affect the experiences of students from marginalized communities in

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Affirmative Action has been a global phenomenon to develop more spaces in politics, jobs, and education for people from historically disadvantaged backgrounds, which has led to the reservation system being applied to universities. Even with these regulations, caste nevertheless remains a largely

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of the samurai class required the approval of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was also forbidden for a member of the samurai class to marry a peasant, craftsman, or merchant, but this was done through a loophole in which a person from a lower class was adopted into the samurai class and then married.

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The Brahmana caste was further subdivided by Dutch ethnographers into two: Siwa and Buda. The Siwa caste was subdivided into five: Kemenuh, Keniten, Mas, Manuba and Petapan. This classification was to accommodate the observed marriage between higher-caste Brahmana men with lower-caste women. The

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system found in India. Ancient Sri Lankan texts such as the Pujavaliya, Sadharmaratnavaliya and Yogaratnakaraya and inscriptional evidence show that the above hierarchy prevailed throughout the feudal period. The repetition of the same caste hierarchy even as recently as the 18th century, in the

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Campus Facilities: Discrimination can also be observed in access to living facilities, food services, and other campus amenities. Students from marginalized castes may encounter difficulties in availing of these services without bias, and the living arrangements are often internally segregated.

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has been declining as a result of urbanisation and affirmative action programs. A subject of much scholarship by sociologists and anthropologists, the Hindu caste system is sometimes used as an analogical basis for the study of caste-like social divisions existing outside Hinduism and India. In

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Social Discrimination: Students from marginalized castes face social discrimination, exclusion, and/or isolation on campuses. This affects their general educational experience and mental well-being. Numerous cases of harassment and bullying based on caste lines have been reported, with drastic

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As West Africa evolved over time, sub-castes emerged that acquired secondary specialisations or changed occupations. Endogamy was prevalent within a caste or among a limited number of castes, yet castes did not form demographic isolates according to Tamari. Social status according to caste was

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did not. According to the new system, they were then required to fill in the blanks for surname in order to be registered as constituting separate households. Instead of creating their own family name, some cheonmins appropriated their masters' surname, while others simply took the most common

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Studies by Bhatt and Beteille have shown changes in status, openness, mobility in the social aspects of Indian society. As a result of modern socio-economic changes in the country, India is experiencing significant changes in the dynamics and the economics of its social sphere. While arranged

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system, as interpreted by the British rulers. It is well established that by the 9th century, kings from all the four Varnas, including Brahmins and Vaishyas, had occupied the highest seat in the monarchical system in Hindu India, contrary to the Varna theory. In many instances, as in Bengal,

7748:}}; Examples include the Bothpur and Vaddamanu inscriptions of Ganapati's general Malyala Gunda senani. The Kakatiyas also maintained marital relations with other Shudra families, such as the Kotas and the Natavadi chiefs. All these evidences indicate that the Kakatiyas were of Shudra origin. 6398:

has been and continues to be a major social issue. The Osu caste is determined by one's birth into a particular family irrespective of the religion practised by the individual. Once born into Osu caste, this Nigerian person is an outcast, shunned and ostracised, with limited opportunities or

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A social hierarchy chart based on old academic theories. Such hierarchical diagrams were removed from Japanese textbooks after various studies in the 1990s revealed that peasants, craftsmen, and merchants were in fact equal and merely social categories. Successive shoguns held the highest or

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economy was based on a caste system. The most common were metalworkers, fishermen, and carpenters. Lower caste participants consisted of mostly non-farm working immigrants, who at times were provided special privileges and held high positions in society. At the top were noblemen and direct

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marriages are still the most common practice in India, the internet has provided a network for younger Indians to take control of their relationships through the use of dating apps. This remains isolated to informal terms, as marriage is not often achieved through the use of these apps.

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entomologists and sociologists referred to the complementary social or natural parallel and thereby appeared to generalize the concept and give it an appearance of familiarity. In the late 19th- and early 20th centuries, the perceived similarities between the Indian caste system and

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Due to the challenges experienced on top of the normal pressure of being a student, the discrimination that Dalits and people of OBCs face has led to increased rates of suicide, with numerous examples shown to be tied directly to campus harassment and lack of administrative support.

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sample does not fully represent the South Asian American population and could skew in favor of those who have strong views about caste. While the existence of caste discrimination in India is incontrovertible, its precise extent and intensity in the United States can be contested".

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their interactions with students. This comes from the inherent hierarchical nature of caste having built centuries of prejudice against lower caste and indigenous students. This influences academic mentorship, guidance, and opportunities for students from marginalized backgrounds.

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McKim Marriott claims a social stratification that is hierarchical, closed, endogamous and hereditary is widely prevalent, particularly in western parts of Pakistan. Frederik Barth in his review of this system of social stratification in Pakistan suggested that these are castes.

5374:– societies which have a wealthy class based on property and the hosting of periodic prestige feasts. In some groups, it was an actual caste whose members had specialised leadership roles, married only within the same caste, and wore specialised clothing. These include the 6963:

and are perceived as untouchables under the caste framework.This categorization is paired with anti-black ideology in the country, that is often adapted by broader uses of the term caste in western countries, most notably the United States. Like the Siddis, Africana caste

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India has also implemented a form of Affirmative Action, locally known as "reservation groups". Quota system jobs, as well as placements in publicly funded colleges, hold spots for the 8% of India's minority, and underprivileged groups. As a result, in states such as

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system of racial classification, based on whether a person was of pure European, Indigenous or African descent, or some mix thereof, with the different groups being placed in a racial hierarchy; however, despite the etymological connection between the Latin American

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surname and its bongwan in the local area. Along with this example, activists within and outside the Korean government had based their visions of a new relationship between the government and people through the concept of citizenship, employing the term

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A survey on caste discrimination conducted by Equality Labs found 67% of Indian Dalits living in the US reporting that they faced caste-based harassment at the workplace, and 27% reporting verbal or physical assault based on their caste. However, the

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In a review published in 1977, Todd reports that numerous scholars report a system of social stratification in different parts of Africa that resembles some or all aspects of caste system. Examples of such caste systems, he claims, are to be found in

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showed strong variation in size. As the size of an adult was fixed for life, workers of a specific size range came to be called a "caste", calling up the traditional caste system in India in which a human's standing in society was decided at birth.

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in times of war. In some Filipino ethnic groups, they were often tattooed extensively to record feats in battle and as protection against harm. They were sometimes further subdivided into different classes, depending on their relationship with the

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Bilhana, in his Sanskrit work Vikramanakadevacharitam claims the Chalukyas were born from the feet of Brahma, implying they were Shudras, while some sources claim they were born in the arms of Brahma, and hence were Kshatriyas (Ramesh 1984, p.

6975:, initiated by Muslim Arabs. During the trade, enslaved Africans were often brought as court servants, herbalists, midwives, or as bonded labor. The limited awareness of these groups can be attributed to caste-ideology fueled from this trade. 5245:

other castes were similarly further sub-classified by 19th-century and early-20th-century ethnographers based on numerous criteria ranging from profession, endogamy or exogamy or polygamy, and a host of other factors in a manner similar to

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Since there was an economic advantage for a poor samurai class person to marry a wealthy merchant or peasant class woman, they would adopt a merchant or peasant class woman into the samurai class as an adopted daughter and then marry her.

12889: 1667: 5528:) the ruling class, either inclusive of or exclusive of the royal family. Most are descendants of the royal line or gained their status through wealth or bravery in battle. They owned lands and subjects, from whom they collected taxes. 7068:

in insects were used to create a correspondence or parallelism for the purpose of explaining or clarifying racial stratification in human societies; the explanations came particularly to be employed in the United States. Ideas from

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is determined at birth and makes them take up that Jati's occupation; members could and did change their occupation based on personal strengths as well as economic, social and political factors. A 2016 study based on the

7291:: What makes Indian society unique is the phenomenon of caste. Economic, religious, and linguistic differentiations, even race-based discrimination, are known elsewhere, but nowhere else does one see caste but in India. 2826:

in the primary modern sense of the English word 'caste' when they applied it to the thousands of endogamous, hereditary Indian social groups they encountered upon their arrival in India in 1498. The use of the spelling

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The process of creating a homogenized society by social engineering in both India and the Southern US has created other institutions that have made class distinctions among different groups evident. Anthropologist

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Shalivahana was born in a potter's house, by grace of Adi-Sheshan. William Cooke Taylor (1838). Examination and Analysis of the Mackenzie Manuscripts Deposited in the Madras College Library. Asiatic Society. pp.

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reported that "Every North Korean citizen is assigned a heredity-based class and socio-political rank over which the individual exercises no control but which determines all aspects of his or her life." Called

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Geographical factors also determine adherence to the caste system. Many Northern villages are more likely to participate in exogamous marriage, due to a lack of eligible suitors within the same caste. Women in

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hierarchical, certain castes are shunned while others are merely endogamous and exclusionary. In some cases, concepts of purity and impurity by birth have been prevalent in Africa. In other cases, such as the

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Yoshida, Sayuri (2009). "Why did the Manjo convert to Protestant? Social Discrimination and Coexistence in Kafa, Southwest Ethiopia?". In Ege, Svein; Aspen, Harald; Teferra, Birhanu; Bekele, Shiferaw (eds.).

7579: 6764:, to "introduce legislation on caste, including any necessary exceptions to the caste provisions, within the framework of domestic discrimination law". Section 9(5) of the Equality Act 2010 provides that "a 4546: 11289: 8999: 6102:, which was implemented by the loyalists' cabinet. Whereas the old registration system signified household members according to their hierarchical social status, the new system called for an occupation. 5052:

anxiety to marry quickly and effectively was reduced. Thus, younger, more progressive generations of urban Indians are less likely than ever to participate in the antiquated system of arranged endogamy.

6167:. It originated in 1946 and was entrenched by the 1960s, and consisted of 53 categories ranging across three classes: loyal, wavering, and impure. The privileged "loyal" class included members of the 7189: 5425:

societies. Most of them were usually divided into four to five caste systems with different names under different ethnic groups that roughly correspond to each other. The system was more or less

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inherited by off-springs automatically; but this inheritance was paternal. That is, children of higher caste men and lower caste or slave concubines would have the caste status of the father.

5026:. Caste associations have evolved into caste-based political parties. Political parties and the state perceive caste as an important factor for mobilisation of people and policy development. 7028:

consequences for the victims, but often none for the perpetrators. This promotes a hostile environment for students and hampers their ability to engage positively in the academic community.

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acceptance, regardless of his or her ability or merit. Obinna discusses how this caste system-related identity and power is deployed within government, Church and indigenous communities.

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Korean society. Their efforts included attacking social discrimination by upper class, authorities, and "commoners", and the use of degrading language against children in public schools.

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from participating in the formal economy and achieving economic success on parity with their white peers, or destroying that economic success in instances where it was achieved, such as

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capitalistic economic systems, which reward individual initiative, enterprise, merit, and thrift, thereby creating a path for social mobility. When the feudalistic slave economy of the

6638: 5098:(1382–1395) categorised Newars into 64 castes (Gellner 2001). A similar exercise was made during the reign of Mahindra Malla (1506–1575). The Hindu social code was later set up in the 4863:

system was never truly operational in society and there is no evidence of it ever being a reality in Indian history. The practical division of the society had always been in terms of

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Jayawardene, Sureshi M. (2016). "Racialized Casteism: Exposing the Relationship Between Race, Caste, and Colorism Through the Experiences of Africana People in India and Sri Lanka".

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in contemporary literature. In 2001, Dalits were 16.2% of India's population. Most of the 15 million bonded child workers are from the lowest castes. Independent India has witnessed

7631: 6350:, who have been described as an endogamous caste of West Africa who specialise in oral story telling and culture preservation. They have been also referred to as the bard caste. 6301:

who are kept as perennial manual workers. Estimates put their number at over 3.5 million residents who are discriminated, out of a total Yemeni population of around 22 million.

631: 5064:, where underprivileged populations predominate, over 80% of government jobs are set aside in quotas. In education, colleges lower the marks necessary for the Dalits to enter. 4259: 10388: 10204: 6247:

society was immensely complex, with separate systems of social organisation governing numerous different groups within the empire. Historians believe society comprised four

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caste. The system existed for some 3,000 years and continues today despite many attempts to get rid of some of its restrictions. It is essentially connected with Hinduism.

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regarded, by birth, as respectively, second and third in the hierarchy of Rwandese society. These groups were largely endogamous, exclusionary and with limited mobility.

6034:: literally "middle people"). This was a small class of specialised professions such as medicine, accounting, translators, regional bureaucrats, etc. Below that were the 4940:(community) refers to the thousands of actual endogamous social groups prevalent across the subcontinent. The classical authors scarcely speak of anything other than the 9078:

Pirbari, Dimitri; Mossaki, Nodar; Yezdin, Mirza Sileman (March 2020). "A Yezidi Manuscript:—Mišūr of P'īr Sīnī Bahrī/P'īr Sīnī Dārānī, Its Study and Critical Analysis".

7925: 4959:

in 1837, which confirms the popular perception and nature of caste as Jati, before the British colonial authorities made it applicable only to Hindus grouped under the

7759:

The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D.

2712:), follow lifestyles often linked to a particular occupation, hold a ritual status observed within a hierarchy, and interact with others based on cultural notions of 4924:, however ancient, could be applied to all the modern castes found in India, and " meant to identify and place several hundred million Indians within it." The terms 7612: 7589: 6098:, introduced systematic measures for abolishing the traditional class system. One measure was the new household registration system, reflecting the goals of formal 13352: 8053: 2136: 6988:

shifted away from race-conscious terms in South Asian antiquity, where Aryans had pre-conceived social hierarchies built off of race, to a caste framework during

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is dependent on the willingness of their followers to render him respect and obedience. Most roles of the datu were judicial and military. In case of an unfit

1175: 7077:

influenced some sociologists who believed that some groups were predetermined to belong to a lower social or occupational status. Chiefly through the work of

14232: 2846:

system and South Asian caste systems (the former giving its name to the latter), it is controversial to what extent the two phenomena are really comparable.

9160:

The Yezidi religious textual tradition: from oral to written categories, transmission, scripturalisation and canonisation of the Yezidi oral religious texts

3496: 317: 12616: 4725: 4497: 4493: 3960: 1386: 7974: 5542:) the spirit mediums, usually female or feminised men. While they were not technically a caste, they commanded the same respect and status as nobility. 4211: 3541: 2901:, according to the nature of the work of its members. Varna was not an inherited category and the occupation determined the varna. However, a person's 13747: 13130: 10309: 9121:

Omarkhali, Khanna (31 December 2008). "On the Structure of the Yezidi Clan and Tribal System and its Terminology among the Yezidis of the Caucasus".

7453: 6251:, which linguistic analysis indicates may have been referred to collectively as "pistras". The classes, from highest to lowest status, were priests ( 2547: 1908: 12567: 11501: 9948: 9919: 5294:

In the Philippines, pre-colonial societies do not have a single social structure. The class structures can be roughly categorised into four types:

4867:(birth groups), which are not based on any specific religious principle but could vary from ethnic origins to occupations to geographic areas. The 4601: 3914: 2679: 1337: 676: 9986: 8960:

Hwang, Kyung Moon (2004). "Citizenship, Social Equality and Government Reform: Changes in the Household Registration System in Korea, 1894–1910".

7960: 2716:, with certain castes considered as either more pure or more polluted than others. The term "caste" is also applied to morphological groupings in 6731:

with its rigid aristocracy can also be considered as a caste system. A formal political expression of the system was the system of three or four

6391: 4644: 11062:

Rodgers, Diane M. (2019). "Scientific Analogies and Hierarchical Thinking: lessons from the hive?". In Brekhus, Wayne H.; Ignatow, Gabe (eds.).

10362: 12488: 11511: 9769: 6688:

also have a class system, wherein the Wata, an acculturated hunter-gatherer group, represent the lowest class. Though the Wata today speak the

4745: 4740: 4173: 2739:

society into rigid social groups. Its roots lie in South Asia's ancient history and it still exists; however, the economic significance of the

1250: 334: 10411: 9818: 8574: 5711:

In Japan's history, social strata based on inherited position rather than personal merit, were rigid and highly formalised in a system called

11438: 11395: 8221: 5680: 4283: 4278: 13135: 11740: 11615: 8917:

Kim, Joong-Seop (1999). "In Search of Human Rights: The Paekchŏng Movement in Colonial Korea". In Shin, Gi-Wook; Robinson, Michael (eds.).

8667:[Marriage required the permission of the lord, but what about divorce? The life events of the Edo period "samurai"] (in Japanese). 7237: 6869: 5309:

Warrior societies – societies where a distinct warrior class exists, and whose membership depends on martial prowess. Examples include the

4181: 1913: 14960: 14835: 13105: 12709: 12251: 10282:

Ahuja, Amit, Susan, Ashish (2016). "Is Only Fair Lovely in Indian Politics? Consequences of Skin Color in a Survey Experiment in Delhi".

5157: 4796: 3115: 1883: 1479: 1005: 9898: 3926: 14845: 12398: 10208: 10171: 6943: 3777: 3255: 1160: 604: 9527:

Albert, Ethel M. (Spring 1960). "Socio-Political Organization and Receptivity to Change: Some Differences between Ruanda and Urundi".

6772:

amend the statutory definition of race to include caste and may provide for exceptions in the Act to apply or not to apply to caste".

6067:. However, everyone was not equal under the Christian congregation, and even so protests erupted when missionaries tried to integrate 5401:

Principalities – societies with an actual ruling class and caste systems determined by birthright. Most of these societies are either

15103: 11506: 6855: 6145: 5982:

A typical Yangban family scene from 1904. The Yoon family had an enduring presence in Korean politics from the 1800s until the 1970s.

4333: 3931: 3645: 3368: 3359: 322: 11362: 8498: 5191:

caste structure has been described as being based either on three categories—the noble triwangsa (thrice born), the middle class of

4955:, which consists of 72 full-color hand-painted images of men and women of various religions, occupations and ethnic groups found in 14001: 12333: 12221: 11964: 11576: 10380: 9666:

Freeman, D., and A. Pankhurst, eds. 2003. Peripheral people: The excluded minorities of Ethiopia. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.

6183:. She claims that a bad family background is called "tainted blood", and that by law this "tainted blood" lasts three generations. 4140: 1087: 975: 14952: 14890: 11596: 11581: 7788: 4709: 3808: 3321: 624: 8694: 5003:. In 2005, government recorded approximately 110,000 cases of reported violent acts, including rape and murder, against Dalits. 14932: 14263: 13909: 13848: 12572: 12343: 12171: 12156: 12151: 11997: 11526: 8616: 6631: 6079:

began to resist open social discrimination. They focused on social and economic injustices affecting them, hoping to create an

5115: 4271: 3795: 3790: 3785: 2966: 2864: 2648: 1342: 1097: 925: 910: 905: 737: 5144:

Kadayimpoth – Boundary books as well indicates the continuation of the tradition right up to the end of Sri Lanka's monarchy.

4769: 14927: 13876: 12403: 12136: 11283: 11252: 11220: 11186: 11152: 11119: 11092: 11046: 11017: 10995: 10962: 10891: 10835: 10802: 10759: 10725: 10679: 10649: 10618: 10450: 9865: 9692: 9577: 9258: 9167: 9050: 8926: 8894: 8853: 8812: 8479: 8450: 8383: 8297: 7935: 7884: 7855: 7817: 7738: 7689: 7563: 7320: 7274: 7205: 6984: 6874: 6414:

are derived from indigenous religious beliefs and discriminate against the "Osus" people as "owned by deities" and outcasts.

4974: 4905: 4810: 4525: 4311: 3956: 3750: 3631: 3536: 3501: 3282: 3215: 3149: 1165: 890: 365: 14937: 12911: 12226: 12048: 11433: 11373: 11344:

Auguste Comte on why and how castes developed across the world – in The Positive Philosophy, Volume 3 (see page 55 onwards)

9981: 9529: 9341: 8661: 8177: 6938:. Parts of the United States are sometimes divided by race and class status despite the national narrative of integration. 6816:

In colonial Spanish America (16th-early 19th centuries), there were legal divisions of society, the Republic of Spaniards (

6780: 4488: 4484: 4429: 4420: 3682: 3343: 3120: 3103: 2672: 1689: 980: 794: 669: 8728: 7162:

Described as a "Dalit rights organisation" and a "nonprofit organization focused on ending what it calls caste apartheid".

14970: 13557: 13227: 13140: 13031: 12699: 12519: 12161: 12146: 11660: 10265: 7616: 6971:

The migration of Africana groups such as the Siddis and Kaffirs to South Asia is widely considered to be a result of the

4662: 4657: 4533: 4306: 4206: 4150: 3571: 2349: 2005: 1918: 1809: 1469: 1287: 915: 900: 8063: 7996: 5433:

ultimately having control of all the lands of the community. The land is subdivided among the enfranchised classes, the

15118: 15098: 15077: 13125: 12599: 10938:

2a. spec. One of the several hereditary classes into which society in India has from time immemorial been divided; ...

7899: 7368:

2a. spec. One of the several hereditary classes into which society in India has from time immemorial been divided; ...

4686: 4634: 4596: 4290: 3921: 3443: 3237: 1903: 1369: 8536: 7085:, a group of sociologists sharing similar principles came to evolve around the creed of caste in the 1930s and 1940s. 15082: 14965: 14808: 12773: 12604: 12100: 12078: 11388: 10698: 10592: 10125: 9844: 9203:

common among ancient Iranian, Indian and Romans with one extra Iranian element (from Yashna xix/17). cf. Frye, p. 54.

8471: 8442: 6176: 5965: 4699: 4606: 3946: 3863: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3720: 3650: 3299: 1543: 1374: 846: 824: 598: 11348: 7639: 14830: 13510: 13347: 13247: 12704: 12594: 11084: 4944:, as it provided a convenient shorthand; but a problem arises when colonial Indologists sometimes confuse the two. 4247: 3804: 3558: 3519: 3077: 3055: 2302: 2131: 2025: 1474: 1364: 10348:"Caste in Twenty First Century India: Sociological Reflections on University Students' Perceptions in South India" 6579:

epic, led to the formation of blacksmith and bard castes among the people that ultimately became the Mali empire.

2869:

Modern India's caste system is based on the superimposition of an old four-fold theoretical classification called

13100: 12611: 12373: 12176: 11650: 11423: 6748: 5791:. While modern law has officially abolished the class hierarchy, there are reports of discrimination against the 5000: 4789: 4616: 3479: 3457: 3193: 3176: 2665: 1878: 1381: 1135: 930: 662: 9244: 8376:

The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597-1972: Dynamic Perspectives in Marriage and Caste, Politics and Religion

7379:"Body, Dress, and Symbolic Capital: Multifaceted Presentation of PUGREE in Colonial Governance of British India" 5601:

class, who paid taxes and can be conscripted to communal tasks, but were more or less free to do as they please.

5557:) the martial class. They could own land and subjects like the higher ranks, but were required to fight for the 14820: 12236: 11640: 11486: 10250: 9381: 7112: 5770:

because it could lead to political maneuvering. For the same reason, marriages between daimyo and high-ranking

5468:

and immediate descendants. They are often further categorised according to purity of lineage. The power of the

4360: 3699: 990: 460: 12378: 1140: 15113: 14885: 14880: 14364: 13779: 13495: 12216: 10066: 10029: 10013: 8700:[Marriage among samurai in the Edo period was not easy. They needed permission from the shogunate.]. 7926:"'I would tell the other girls at school that I was Brahmin': The struggle to challenge India's caste system" 6075:

finding this attempt insensitive to traditional notions of hierarchical advantage. Around the same time, the

4735: 4639: 4510: 4352: 4196: 3836: 2579: 2287: 970: 299: 11353: 15108: 14942: 14907: 14858: 14582: 13058: 13006: 11987: 11957: 11930: 11655: 11635: 11381: 7132: 5958: 5674: 4853:(workmen/service providers). The texts do not mention any hierarchy or a separate, untouchable category in 4611: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4165: 3909: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3673: 1836: 1784: 727: 170: 11453: 10301: 8436: 6645:(Midgan) specialise in leather occupation. Along with the Tumal and Yibir, they are collectively known as 6465:

have social stratification systems that divide society by ethnic ties. The Mande class system regards the

5398:. In others, though wealth may give one prestige and leadership qualifications, it was not a caste per se. 2831:, with this latter meaning, is first attested in English in 1613. In the Latin American context, the term 15062: 15052: 14919: 14127: 13690: 13542: 12961: 12562: 12508: 11917: 11785: 11602: 9804:

A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa

9452: 8662:"Kekkon wa shukun no kyoka ga hitsuyōdaga, rikon suru toki wa dōdatta? Edo jidai 'bushi' no isshō gyōji" 7876: 7847: 6626:

In Ethiopia, there have been a number of studies of castes. Broad studies of castes have been written by

5011: 4365: 4328: 4254: 4201: 4130: 3690: 3580: 3448: 3033: 2490: 2334: 1739: 1332: 1270: 15042: 14381: 13902: 13799: 12584: 12271: 12002: 11496: 11443: 10671: 9250: 7982: 7809: 7681: 7555: 6202: 6168: 5334: 4782: 4704: 4624: 4410: 4234: 4191: 4186: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3741: 3614: 3597: 3108: 3087: 2599: 1354: 1025: 742: 11332: 8537:"Dai 35-kai kyōkasho kara "shinōkōshō" ga kieta ̄ kōhen ̄-rei wa 3-nen kōhō uki 'ukikara' 8 tsuki-gō" 8031: 5996:) were an "untouchable" outcaste of Korea. The meaning today is that of butcher. It originates in the 5781:

had its own untouchable caste, shunned and ostracised, historically referred to by the insulting term

15067: 15007: 13152: 12966: 12868: 12753: 12420: 12388: 12058: 11992: 11468: 11463: 10908: 10751: 10584: 10347: 9684: 9630:

Pankhurst, Alula (1999). "'Caste' in Africa: the evidence from south-western Ethiopia reconsidered".

7504: 7378: 7197: 6923: 5978: 5744: 5130: 4834: 4541: 4468: 4446: 4343: 4298: 3736: 3526: 3488: 3385: 2820:, they used the word to mean a 'clan or lineage'. It was, however, the Portuguese who first employed 1930: 1744: 1638: 1523: 1182: 1150: 804: 732: 287: 10987: 10977: 6598:

were caste-like social stratification systems. Similarly, in 1961, Maquet notes that the society in

2816:'s Spanish dictionary (1569), means "race, lineage, tribe or breed". When the Spanish colonised the 15012: 15002: 14359: 14171: 13412: 13300: 13147: 12916: 12853: 12681: 12636: 12498: 12383: 12365: 12301: 12231: 12115: 11912: 10403: 9850: 9200: 8591: 7000:

rigid nature of caste can work against those of darker skin complexion to hold positions of power.

6972: 6159:

describes this "class structure" as an updating of the hereditary "caste system", a combination of

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historically the kings and rulers had been called upon, when required, to mediate on the ranks of

15190: 15159: 15057: 14992: 13866: 13695: 13675: 13537: 13527: 13485: 13115: 12956: 12818: 12788: 12783: 12726: 12661: 12646: 12579: 12552: 12537: 11950: 11780: 11645: 11144: 10922: 10434: 9788: 9569: 8504:[Regarding the absence of the terms "Shi-no-Ko-Sho" and "Equality of the Four Classes"]. 8259: 7730: 7509: 7352: 6172: 5670: 5664: 4881:, which might number in thousands all over the subcontinent and vary by region. In practice, the 4717: 4561: 4122: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3640: 3438: 3290: 3265: 3065: 3043: 2495: 2475: 2329: 2319: 2277: 1893: 1734: 1588: 1558: 1553: 1496: 1431: 1416: 1349: 1322: 1307: 693: 588: 351: 12763: 11551: 9566:

The Premise of Inequality in Ruanda: A Study of Political Relations in a Central African Kingdom

5629:, which was a legal caste system. The order of four classes of people in descending order were: 4947: 1533: 15185: 15017: 14646: 14388: 13794: 13767: 13757: 13237: 13217: 13080: 12951: 12848: 12798: 12768: 12748: 12676: 12656: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12532: 12503: 12476: 12452: 12447: 12043: 12033: 11871: 11790: 11491: 9482:

Richter, Dolores (January 1980). "Further considerations of caste in West Africa: The Senufo".

9246:

Asia Before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750

7843: 6903: 6310: 6211:. Membership in the Yazidi society and a caste is conferred by birth. Pîrs and Sheikhs are the 5135:

The caste system in Sri Lanka is a division of society into strata, influenced by the textbook

4505: 4266: 3475: 3466: 3311: 3205: 2594: 2567: 2557: 2015: 1995: 1858: 1729: 1618: 1568: 1538: 1518: 1446: 1426: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1302: 1265: 1238: 1214: 1209: 789: 779: 578: 155: 86: 77: 31: 17: 11204: 11170: 11103: 10946: 10790: 10709: 10629: 10602: 10205:"Social Realities of Indian Americans: Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey" 8880: 8839: 8826:

10 percent of the total population on average, but it could rise up to one-third of the total.

8804: 7308: 7258: 6012:, Korea systemised its own native class system. At the top were the two official classes, the 4893:, for example the Jats and Yadavs, straddled two Varnas i.e. Kshatriyas and Vaishyas, and the 15072: 15047: 15037: 15027: 15022: 14875: 13943: 13895: 13762: 13722: 13655: 13552: 13500: 13427: 13182: 12946: 12858: 12833: 12828: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12743: 12691: 12651: 12557: 12527: 12430: 12053: 11840: 11773: 11541: 11410: 11238: 11136: 10973: 10875: 10819: 10117: 9910: 7517: 7082: 6765: 5808: 5238: 5183: 5073: 5048: 5007: 4970: 2983: 2957: 2860: 2740: 2708:. Within such a system, individuals are expected to marry exclusively within the same caste ( 2701: 2562: 2522: 2455: 2344: 2292: 2211: 1960: 1724: 1628: 1603: 1598: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1513: 1461: 1421: 1327: 1297: 1192: 799: 652: 440: 38: 11521: 11403: 11071: 7532: 4951:

An image of a man and woman from the toddy-tapping community in Malabar from the manuscript

15133: 15128: 15032: 14902: 14853: 14247: 14213: 14198: 14034: 13981: 13633: 13167: 13041: 12758: 12716: 12666: 12641: 12462: 12425: 12166: 12028: 11901: 11850: 11845: 11536: 10883: 10827: 9040: 8336:

Rogers, John (February 2004). "Caste as a social category and identity in colonial Lanka".

7930: 7107: 7014: 6889:

which desire to retain their positions for themselves and thus perpetuate the two systems.

6834:, the offspring of unions between whites, blacks, and indigenous. The Republic of Indians ( 6752:

The socially isolated Cagots were endogamous, and chances of social mobility non-existent.

6732: 6692:, they have traditions of having previously spoken another language before adopting Oromo. 6504:

Tamari has described endogamous castes of over fifteen West African peoples, including the

6090:

of 1896, the class system of Korea was officially abolished. Following the collapse of the

5762:

Marriage between certain classes was generally prohibited. In particular, marriage between

4671: 4520: 3712: 3531: 3509: 2433: 1945: 1819: 1528: 1486: 1436: 1411: 1224: 1187: 920: 774: 445: 420: 175: 10641: 10634: 10151:"Group opposes protection from caste discrimination in California Varsity's faculty union" 9304:

Obinna, Elijah (2012). "Contesting identity: the Osu caste system among Igbo of Nigeria".

6707:

were traditionally sometimes treated as outcasts. As Gabboye, the Madhiban along with the

5298:

Classless societies – egalitarian societies with no class structure. Examples include the

8: 14517: 14322: 14297: 14277: 14181: 13809: 13670: 13305: 13207: 13187: 12976: 12884: 12843: 12823: 12793: 12686: 12481: 12296: 11820: 11745: 11723: 11718: 11665: 10779: 10442: 8994: 8754:

Newell, William H. (December 1961). "The Comparative Study of Caste in India and Japan".

8511: 7978: 7243: 7093: 6931: 6091: 4824: 4576: 4454: 4224: 3430: 3351: 3307: 3135: 3011: 2609: 2470: 2089: 1985: 1965: 1754: 1662: 1613: 1593: 1563: 1456: 1243: 1050: 648: 11531: 10426: 9901:[The cagots of the Pyrenees: an attested segregation, a poorly known mobility]. 6235:, who are each affiliated to a Pîr and a Sheikh priestly lineage assigned to the tribe. 14674: 14656: 14651: 14639: 14473: 14292: 14272: 14242: 14024: 13996: 13582: 13577: 13567: 13515: 13505: 13480: 13422: 13380: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13192: 12493: 11608: 11591: 11586: 11561: 11546: 11478: 11458: 11448: 11418: 11269:

Zwick-Maitreyi, M.; Soundararajan, T.; Dar, N.; Bheel, R. F.; Balakrishnan, P. (2018),

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The racial understanding of caste has largely been debated by scholars, with some like

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documentation exploited by G. Loubès and the documents published by Fay for Béarn and

6094:, the new cabinet, which became the Gwangmu government after the establishment of the 14679: 14597: 14334: 14287: 14225: 14054: 13841: 13752: 13680: 13665: 13464: 13407: 13212: 13120: 13011: 12931: 12778: 12083: 11815: 11696: 11279: 11248: 11216: 11182: 11178: 11148: 11115: 11088: 11042: 11013: 10991: 10958: 10887: 10859: 10831: 10798: 10755: 10721: 10717: 10694: 10675: 10645: 10614: 10588: 10446: 10324: 10176: 10131: 10121: 10095: 10050: 9924: 9840: 9739: 9688: 9573: 9550: 9513: 9402: 9362: 9325: 9254: 9173: 9163: 9140: 9107: 9095: 9046: 8922: 8890: 8849: 8808: 8793: 8705: 8668: 8627: 8475: 8446: 8379: 8357: 8318: 8293: 8206: 7880: 7851: 7813: 7762: 7734: 7685: 7559: 7410: 7398: 7316: 7270: 7266: 7201: 7074: 6964: 6919: 6865: 6840:) comprised all the various indigenous peoples, now classified in a single category, 6761: 6521: 6505: 6175:

officers' corps, the wavering class included peasants, and the impure class included

6060: 5090:

system superimposed. Inscriptions attest the beginnings of a caste system during the

3983: 3663: 3588: 3393: 2993: 2934: 2754:

were a category within the Hispanic sector but the social order was otherwise fluid.

2641: 2552: 2480: 2465: 2248: 2191: 1990: 1898: 1789: 1709: 1548: 829: 410: 395: 390: 10404:"India's Universities Are Falling Terribly Short on Addressing Caste Discrimination" 10010:

The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebeian Society in Colonial Mexico City, 1660–1720

6926:, with only rare but commonly touted exceptions to lasting personal success such as 6719:, and their general social status has improved with the expansion of urban centers. 15123: 14997: 14897: 14727: 14535: 14425: 14376: 14349: 14102: 14097: 13950: 13804: 13789: 13717: 13638: 13608: 13439: 13275: 12981: 12547: 12542: 12393: 12291: 11866: 11750: 11691: 11681: 11327: 11317:, Edited by Paul Hockings and Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, Amsterdam, 1987. 11067: 10438: 10203:

Badrinathan, Sumitra; Kapur, Devesh; Kay, Jonathan; Vaishnav, Milan (9 June 2021).

10114:

Seeing like a state: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed

10075: 10038: 9832: 9719: 9710: 9641: 9632: 9604: 9542: 9538: 9493: 9484: 9390: 9354: 9350: 9313: 9132: 9087: 8969: 8765: 8695:"Edo jidai no buke no kekkon wa kantan janakatta. Bakufu no kyoka mo hitsuyōdatta" 8499:"'Shinōkōshō' ya ' sì mín píng děng ' No yōgo ga tsukawa rete inai koto ni tsuite" 8345: 8268: 8190: 8186: 8155: 8086: 7833: 7390: 7137: 6927: 6882:

used caste as an analogy to understand racial discrimination in the United States.

6879: 6395: 6224: 6216: 5824: 5387: 5322: 5318: 5303: 5200: 5141: 5095: 5044:

leads to better husbandry as his actions are not protected by social expectations.

5019: 4983: 4961: 4855: 4819: 4694: 4629: 4242: 4018: 3605: 3273: 3051: 2882: 2870: 2769: 2713: 2604: 2589: 2517: 2438: 2408: 2223: 2059: 1759: 1317: 1312: 1155: 1045: 555: 545: 525: 515: 11369:

International Dalit Solidarity Network: An international advocacy group for Dalits

11354:

Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age

9417: 9091: 8732: 8729:"Class, Ethnicity and Nationality: Japan Finds Plenty of Space for Discrimination" 8273: 8254: 8160: 8141: 7394: 6434: 14868: 14560: 14371: 14117: 14107: 13819: 13727: 13623: 13572: 13432: 13417: 13397: 13362: 13075: 12986: 12921: 12721: 12671: 12457: 12316: 11855: 11627: 11516: 11005: 10853: 10743: 10427:"Transforming universities: Student activism, caste, and politics in North India" 9870: 9317: 7837: 7211: 7078: 6954:

became the first city in the United States to ban discrimination based on caste.

6885: 6861: 6769: 6670: 6627: 6591: 6549: 6525: 6334:

of Sudan, the exclusionary principle has been driven by evolving social factors.

6099: 6024:). Scholars had a significant social advantage over the warriors. Below were the 5820: 5061: 4676: 4652: 4515: 3553: 2619: 2527: 2423: 2364: 2216: 2201: 2181: 2146: 1853: 1764: 1699: 1491: 1441: 1219: 1070: 593: 550: 505: 490: 435: 185: 117: 112: 61: 27:

Formal and informal social stratification and classification which confers status

9836: 8944:

The Korean Paekjŏng under Japanese rule: the quest for equality and human rights

8672: 8408:

Scott, William Henry (1979). "Class Structure in the Unhispanized Philippines".

7727:

Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra

15180: 14825: 14769: 14608: 14565: 14493: 14237: 14208: 14133: 14087: 14029: 13986: 13814: 13772: 13742: 13732: 13650: 13643: 13628: 13618: 13454: 13390: 13332: 13327: 13312: 13095: 13090: 13085: 12971: 12906: 12435: 12408: 12261: 11973: 11907: 11825: 11800: 11795: 11708: 10109: 9595: 9021: 8349: 7678:

Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present

7127: 7089: 6993: 6979: 6894: 6689: 6685: 6595: 6529: 6509: 6418: 6232: 6212: 6156: 6118: 6080: 6009: 5590: 5504: 5481: 5453: 5418: 5410: 5346: 5310: 5299: 5270: 5250: 5099: 5023: 4397: 4379: 4370: 4038: 3978: 3029: 2745: 2614: 2572: 2542: 2532: 2450: 2443: 2428: 2418: 2238: 2174: 2116: 2111: 2096: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1749: 1684: 1197: 1170: 1015: 701: 540: 530: 520: 465: 258: 9394: 9177: 8973: 7803: 6571:

populations, no later than 16th century. Tamari claims that wars, such as the

15174: 14666: 14463: 14252: 14122: 14112: 14070: 14044: 14039: 13976: 13936: 13826: 13449: 13385: 13370: 13232: 13197: 13177: 13048: 12991: 12926: 12338: 12241: 11890: 11810: 11686: 11571: 11428: 9144: 9099: 8544: 8506: 8322: 8226: 7402: 6907: 6696: 6659: 6545: 6517: 6422:

descendants of the original Songhai people, followed by freemen and traders.

6367: 6095: 6001: 5521: 5402: 5395: 5383: 5379: 5314: 4917: 4437: 4103: 4073: 3970: 3707: 3201: 3073: 2626: 2233: 2169: 2154: 2010: 1975: 1955: 1826: 1769: 1704: 1092: 995: 535: 470: 430: 425: 405: 293: 253: 248: 234: 224: 219: 122: 65: 10135: 9899:"Les cagots des Pyrénées: une ségrégation attestée, une mobilité mal connue" 9136: 8006: 7903: 6063:

activity in the late 19th century saw some improvement in the status of the

6044:: literally 'commoner'), farmers working their own fields. Korea also had a 4872:

were founded by people who would have been classified as Shudras, under the

14699: 14626: 14405: 14395: 14314: 14064: 13971: 13921: 13660: 13547: 13375: 13342: 13322: 13252: 13242: 13222: 13202: 12838: 12736: 12731: 12467: 12442: 12306: 12246: 12211: 12181: 11012:, (Macmillan social science library), Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference US, 10064:

Berreman, Gerald (September 1960). "Caste in India and the United States".

8756: 8549: 8315:

Caste ranking and community structure in five regions of India and Pakistan

8146: 6776: 6677: 6663: 6537: 6533: 6513: 6470: 6462: 6379: 6248: 6160: 5651: 5618: 5358: 5342: 5166: 4763: 3998: 3622: 3421: 3376: 3223: 2915: 2907: 2878: 2813: 2697: 2460: 2339: 2159: 2126: 2106: 2030: 2020: 2000: 1980: 1608: 1506: 1501: 1229: 1204: 1060: 1000: 965: 935: 510: 500: 495: 455: 450: 400: 199: 180: 10863: 7451:

Wilson, E. O. (1979). "The Evolution of Caste Systems in Social Insects".

6610:, noted Maquet, considered themselves as superior, with the more numerous 2735:

The paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste is the division of India's

14863: 14694: 14684: 14634: 14616: 14527: 14488: 14282: 14193: 14176: 13562: 13522: 13490: 13357: 13317: 13157: 13070: 13021: 12996: 12896: 12589: 12328: 12311: 12266: 12186: 11566: 11357: 11272:

Caste in the United States: A survey of Caste among South Asian Americans

11041:, Macmillan social science library, Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference US, 10871: 10775: 9274: 8586: 7580:"Genetic study suggests caste began to dictate marriage from Gupta reign" 7233: 6541: 6486: 6450: 6427: 6387: 6363: 6355: 6330: 6318: 6180: 6087: 6053: 5812: 5693: 5644: 5622: 5426: 5422: 5280: 5170: 5040: 4814: 4160: 4113: 4108: 4043: 3251: 3095: 2729: 2354: 2314: 2282: 2141: 2101: 1935: 1848: 1799: 1774: 1674: 1359: 1082: 1065: 1020: 940: 480: 475: 11404:

Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)

10325:"Education and Caste Based Discrimination: A Sociological Understanding" 10302:"Indian student's fight against caste discrimination raises Dalit hopes" 9783:

Smith, Edwin William; Forde, Cyril Daryll; Westermann, Diedrich (1981).

9616: 8421: 7766: 5816: 14709: 14049: 13836: 13831: 13712: 13707: 13603: 13587: 13444: 13337: 13295: 13257: 13065: 13053: 13026: 13016: 12936: 12355: 12350: 12321: 12256: 12105: 11876: 11733: 11728: 11713: 10087: 9731: 9708:

Todd, D. M. (October 1977). "La Caste en Afrique? (Caste in Africa?)".

9653: 9505: 9379:

Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa".

8845: 8777: 8198: 8090: 7498: 6898: 6375: 5698: 5371: 5057: 5047:

Chiefly among the factors influencing the rise of exogamy is the rapid

4566: 4135: 4088: 3548: 3398: 2636: 2631: 2512: 2507: 2403: 2379: 2228: 2121: 2079: 2035: 1843: 1831: 1804: 1794: 1714: 1109: 1104: 1075: 1010: 851: 372: 165: 160: 10914: 10797:, New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction Publishers, pp. 194–195, 7466: 7344: 7315:. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction Publishers. pp. 194–195. 7065: 6426:

and sometimes despised by others. Richter illustrates caste system in

5006:

The socio-economic limitations of the caste system are reduced due to

14755: 14750: 14717: 14689: 14577: 14572: 14508: 14483: 14430: 14344: 14059: 13991: 13737: 13685: 13402: 13001: 12131: 11768: 11701: 11556: 11212: 10983: 10954: 10610: 10155: 9756:

Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies

9608: 8886: 8175:

Berreman, Gerald D. (1962). "Village Exogamy in Northernmost India".

8125: 7142: 6808: 6803: 6760:

In July 2013, the UK government announced its intention to amend the

6728: 6700: 6637: 6383: 6371: 6324: 6298: 6284: 6164: 5987: 5934: 5787: 5553: 5406: 5254: 5216: 5031: 4842: 4093: 4078: 4053: 4028: 4023: 3145: 2890: 2817: 2537: 2485: 2186: 1779: 885: 560: 229: 132: 9723: 9645: 9497: 9339:

Watson, James B. (Winter 1963). "Caste as a Form of Acculturation".

8769: 8077:

Sen, Ronojoy (2012). "The persistence of caste in Indian politics".

7552:

Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico

6864:, discrimination in the Southern United States in the 1930s against 6016:, which literally means "two classes". It was composed of scholars ( 5755: 5724: 5720: 5409:

to a degree. They include the larger coastal ethnic groups like the

46: 14764: 14736: 14722: 14589: 14555: 14513: 14498: 14458: 14203: 13702: 13532: 13459: 13110: 13036: 12941: 12901: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12201: 12196: 12141: 11861: 11244: 11111: 10235: 10079: 10042: 9934: 8800: 8058: 7349:

Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition; online version June 2012

7070: 6989: 6812:

Casta painting showing 16 racial groupings. Anonymous, 18th century

6704: 6681: 6655: 6642: 6411: 6244: 6208: 6110: 5914: 5771: 5458: 5363: 5229: 5103: 5015: 4846: 4063: 3167: 2911: 2736: 2717: 2709: 2502: 2324: 2243: 1888: 1814: 1719: 1679: 1040: 1035: 1030: 955: 950: 895: 214: 11315:

Dimensions of Social Life: Essays in honour of David G. Mandelbaum

10184: 9431:

Nadel, S. F. (1954). "Caste and government in primitive society".

2945: 14760: 14745: 14741: 14503: 14453: 14445: 14435: 14339: 14327: 14186: 14082: 14076: 12206: 12110: 12090: 12063: 12038: 11942: 11835: 11805: 9460: 8255:"Ecologic Relationships of Ethnic Groups in Swat, North Pakistan" 7122: 6951: 6716: 6603: 6458: 6454: 6407: 6359: 6342: 6151: 6139: 6106: 6013: 5946: 5896: 5860: 5633: 5566:. They traditionally went on seasonal raids on enemy settlements. 5509: 5275: 5225: 5207: 4995: 4956: 4850: 4838: 4098: 4058: 4048: 4013: 4008: 2894: 2886: 960: 856: 836: 809: 784: 709: 136: 11175:

Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World

10882:. Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, Sarah Whatmore. 8104:

Gandhi, Rag S. (1980). "From Caste to Class in Indian Society".

7661:

Crooke, William. "Social Types". In Risley, Herbert Hope (ed.).

2902: 2874: 14732: 14545: 14478: 14418: 14413: 14220: 13887: 13162: 12191: 12095: 12073: 12068: 12018: 11830: 11313:"Early Evidence for Caste in South India", pp. 467–492 in 9828: 9681:

Understanding Somalia and Somaliland: Culture, History, Society

8001: 7975:"Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population: Census 2001" 6743:

For centuries, through the modern times, the majority regarded

6599: 6446: 6438: 6294: 5940: 5878: 5844: 5763: 5581: 5575: 5547: 5480:

were almost always male, though in some ethnic groups like the

5442: 5234: 5220: 5211: 4155: 4083: 4068: 4033: 2898: 2700:

into which an individual is born within a particular system of

1940: 945: 841: 819: 814: 766: 9059: 8731:. South Asia Human Rights Documentation System. Archived from 5265: 5257:, and caste system studies in British colonies such as India. 5078:

The Nepali caste system resembles in some respects the Indian

14540: 14468: 13172: 11338: 10172:"Even in the U.S. he couldn't escape the label 'untouchable'" 7745:

Most of the Kakatiya records proudly describe them as Shudra.

7632:"Even with a Harvard pedigree, caste follows 'like a shadow'" 7539:. London, UK: Tavistock. pp. 231–256. GGKEY:EC3ZBGF5QC9. 6830: 6797: 6744: 6708: 6634:. and a later volume by Dena Freeman writing with Pankhurst. 6607: 6442: 6347: 6290: 6114: 5849: 5778: 5499: 5338: 4989: 4556: 4145: 3993: 3988: 2837: 2807: 2775: 2750: 1950: 209: 52: 10543: 10541: 37:"Caste system" redirects here. For the system in India, see 14550: 14092: 13784: 13613: 11081:

Debugging the Link between Social Theory and Social Insects

10940:

This is now the leading sense, which influences all others.

10231:"Seattle becomes first US city to ban caste discrimination" 10202: 9930: 7370:

This is now the leading sense, which influences all others.

6703:

agro-pastoral clans and the occupational clans such as the

6611: 6207:

There are three hereditary groups, often called castes, in

6045: 5928: 5716: 5638: 5598: 5464: 5188: 5162: 4908:

led by colonial administrator Herbert Hope Risley, all the

4817:

arbitrarily and incorrectly forced all Jātis into the four

4551: 2584: 2413: 9977:"Research report 91: Caste in Britain: Socio-legal Review" 9949:"Caste legislation introduction – programme and timetable" 8989:"North Korea caste system 'underpins human rights abuses'" 8468:

Barangay: sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society

7839:

The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India

7420: 7024:

Several forms of discrimination manifest in universities:

6489:

societies also have class divisions. Other castes include

4837:

texts, describes society as divided into four categories:

10538: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10507: 10505: 10503: 10488: 9279: 7537:

The translation of culture essays to E.E. Evans-Pritchard

7117: 6615: 5361:

ethnic groups or ethnic groups which had seasonal raids (

4571: 4003: 2790: 2725: 2721: 10668:

Ant Encounters: Interaction Networks and Colony Behavior

10553: 10466: 10464: 10462: 8841:

Women and Confucianism in Choson Korea: New Perspectives

7951:"Scaling Caste Walls With Capitalism's Ladders in India" 7873:

Homo hierarchicus: the caste system and its implications

7432: 2881:

conceptualised a society as consisting of four types of

9332: 9215:

The Persian Night: Iran under the Khomeinist Revolution

8123:

Gandhi, Divya (2 April 2016). "Running in the family".

7805:

Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of New India

10824:

Concise Dictionary of Social and Cultural Anthropology

10517: 10500: 10476: 10381:"India 'struggling' with casteism in higher education" 9825:

The invention of racism: Antiquity and the Middle Ages

8416:(2, Special Issue in Memory of Frank Lynch): 137–159. 7757:

Notes of Yuan Chwang, Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1934).

6715:) have since obtained political representation within 6555:

no later than 14th century, and was present among the

11365:

by Marguerite Abadjian (Archive of the Baltimore Sun)

10459: 10027:

Warner, W. Lloyd (1936). "American Caste and Class".

8838:

Kim, Youngmin; Pettid, Michael J. (1 November 2011).

7473: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 5715:(身分制). At the top were the Emperor and Court nobles ( 2793: 2787: 2778: 2772: 10670:. Primers in Complex Systems. Princeton and Oxford: 10290:: 227–252 – via Cambridge University Press Journals. 9806:. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. pp. 13–14. 9782: 9077: 9026:

Nothing to Envy: Love, Life and Death in North Korea

8882:

Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia

7054: 5199:(once born), much similar to the traditional Indian 4928:(conceptual classification based on occupation) and 2796: 2781: 11368: 11349:

Robert Merton on Caste and The Sociology of Science

9230:

Why the Middle East Lagged Behind: The Case of Iran

10633: 10273:: 323–345 – via EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier. 9042:The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future 8987: 8792: 7497: 6481:(slaves and slave descendants) and the underclass 6473:in Senegal is divided into three main groups, the 13748:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 11173:. In Christensen, Karen; Levinson, David (eds.). 11039:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 11010:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 10636:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions 10142: 9199:These four are the three common "Indo-Euoropean" 9045:. Internet Archive. New York: Ecco. p. 186. 8329: 8022:"For 15 million in India, a childhood of slavery" 7781:"Census in Colonial India and the Birth of Caste" 7454:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 6868:was similar to Indian castes in such features as 6231:). Mirîds are the lay caste and are divided into 6215:, which are represented by many sacred lineages ( 6105:While most Koreans by then had surnames and even 5014:. Nevertheless, the caste system still exists in 2548:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 15172: 10691:Ants at work: How an insect society is organized 10607:Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology 8054:"UN report slams India for caste discrimination" 7900:"The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order 1950" 7242:, Encyclopæida Britannica Online, archived from 2821: 13408:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 11268: 11240:Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology 10190: 9857: 8493: 8491: 8292:. Aldine Publishing Company. pp. 337–354. 8290:The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia 8288:Ahmed, Zeyauddin (1977). David, Kenneth (ed.). 7496: 7013:determining factor in the university system in 6822:), comprising European whites, African slaves ( 6779:led a project on "Caste in Britain" for the UK 5731: 2192:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 12890:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 11110:, vol. 1, Santa Barbara, CA; Oxford, UK: 10605:. In Barnard, Alan; Spencer, Jonathan (eds.). 10323:Kahali, Sonu; Sagarika, Sipra (October 2021). 10322: 9820:L'invention du racisme: Antiquité et Moyen-Âge 9184: 8569: 8567: 7613:"Caste originated during Gupta dynasty: Study" 6008:In 1392, with the foundation of the Confucian 5738: 4901:itself was subject to articulation over time. 1668:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 13903: 11958: 11389: 11202: 11134: 7426: 7003: 6841: 6835: 6823: 6817: 5966: 5476:, support may be withdrawn by his followers. 4916:categories. According to political scientist 4790: 2805: 2673: 670: 14807: 14587: 11741:Residential segregation in the United States 11108:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 10714:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society 10640:. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. p. 10431:Universities as Transformative Social Spaces 9816: 8795:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 8531: 8529: 8488: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8019: 7263:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society 7180: 7178: 6872:and marriage restrictions. In her 2020 book 6039: 6029: 5991: 5490:) co-rules as the female counterpart of the 2977:Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and 13106:List of people killed for being transgender 9827:]. Hors collection (in French). Paris: 9420:. International Humanist and Ethical Union. 8580:[Update on human rights awareness] 8564: 8539:第35回　教科書から『士農工商』が消えたー後編ー　令和3年広報うき「ウキカラ」8月号 7530: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7376: 5650:Southerners (people of the former Southern 4859:classifications. Scholars believe that the 4809:From 1901 onwards, for the purposes of the 4494:Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India 1884:List of people killed for being transgender 56:weaving bamboo baskets in a 1916 book. The 13910: 13896: 11965: 11951: 11396: 11382: 11064:The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Sociology 10209:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 9776: 9768:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9374: 9372: 9299: 9297: 9275:"Yemen's Al-Akhdam face brutal oppression" 9232:. University Press of America. p. 72. 8704:(in Japanese). 6 June 2023. Archived from 7997:"Children pay high price for cheap labour" 7778: 7524: 6944:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 5959: 5669:There is significant controversy over the 4932:(groups) are two distinct concepts: while 4823:categories as described in ancient texts. 4797: 4783: 2804:) derives from the Spanish and Portuguese 2680: 2666: 677: 663: 605:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems 10979:Encyclopedia of International Development 10949:. In Kuper, Adam; Kuper, Jessica (eds.). 10345: 9629: 9593:Codere, Helen (1962). "Power in Ruanda". 9242: 9157: 9120: 8955: 8953: 8921:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 326. 8837: 8790: 8526: 8392: 8338:Indian Economic and Social History Review 8272: 8159: 7967: 7175: 6856:Caste discrimination in the United States 6630:has published a study of caste groups in 6146:Committee for Human Rights in North Korea 6056:of 1894, but traces remained until 1930. 4973:listed 1,108 Jatis across the country as 3646:National Judicial Appointments Commission 14795: 12222:Social determinants of health in poverty 11236: 11101: 10851: 10791:"Castes (part of Social Stratification)" 10788: 10600: 10559: 10284:Journal of race, ethnicity, and politics 10148: 10063: 9674: 9672: 9028:. London: Fourth Estate. pp. 26–27. 8878: 8687: 8664:結婚は主君の許可が必要だが、離婚するときはどうだった？江戸時代「武士」の一生行事 8312: 8174: 7948: 7485: 7479: 7438: 7309:"Castes (part of SOCIAL STRATIFICATION)" 7306: 7296: 6807: 6711:and Tumaal (collectively referred to as 6636: 6341: 5977: 5730:Older scholars believed that there were 5697: 5264: 5156: 4953:Seventy-two Specimens of Castes in India 4946: 4141:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 976:Social determinants of health in poverty 45: 11078: 11061: 11032: 10858:. New York and London: The Century Co. 10795:A New Dictionary of the Social Sciences 10741: 10627: 10575: 10547: 10532: 10511: 10494: 10482: 10402:Sitlhou, Makepeace (21 November 2017). 10401: 10299: 9752: 9481: 9369: 9294: 8874: 8872: 8648: 8434: 8428: 8369: 8367: 7864: 7832: 7313:A New Dictionary of the Social Sciences 7187: 6109:, although still substantial number of 5647:people (in the northern areas of China) 4965:categories from the 1901 census onwards 2926:This article is part of a series on the 625:Political and Legal Anthropology Review 14: 15173: 11168: 11135:Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2005). 10817: 10688: 10665: 10470: 10414:from the original on 25 November 2023. 10391:from the original on 25 November 2023. 10368:from the original on 25 November 2023. 10312:from the original on 25 November 2023. 10300:Nagaraj, Anuradha (29 November 2021). 10169: 10026: 9863: 9592: 9563: 9526: 9378: 9338: 9303: 9212: 9065: 9020: 8950: 8753: 8609: 8459: 8335: 8122: 8103: 8020:Coursen-Neff, Zama (30 January 2003). 7870: 7724: 7610: 7549: 7450: 7088:The ecologically oriented sociologist 6983:fit the caste system reflected by the 6775:From September 2013 to February 2014, 6594:in 1960 claimed that the societies in 5766:and court nobles was forbidden by the 5116:Caste system among South Asian Muslims 4849:(farmers, merchants and artisans) and 4682:State Visits by Indian Prime Ministers 2865:Caste system among South Asian Muslims 281:Societies without hierarchical leaders 14794: 14151: 13891: 11946: 11377: 11295:from the original on 3 September 2021 11072:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190273385.013.28 10971: 10944: 10870: 10774: 10707: 10424: 10228: 10108: 9896: 9801: 9678: 9669: 9453:"Kingdoms of Ancient African History" 9430: 9227: 8959: 8654: 8465: 8438:An Introduction to Philippine History 8407: 8287: 8252: 8139: 7801: 7795: 7779:Samarendra, Padmanabh (5 June 2015). 7256: 7232: 6875:Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents 6606:can be best described as castes. The 6293:there exists a hereditary caste, the 5612: 5195:(twice born), and the lower class of 5147: 4936:is a theoretical four-part division, 4174:Proposed states and union territories 2910:of unrelated Indians determined that 2873:on the social ethnic grouping called 13872: 12912:Capital punishment for homosexuality 12227:Social determinants of mental health 11925: 11209:Encyclopedia of the Developing World 11003: 10378: 10149:Lakshman, Sriram (24 January 2022). 10007: 9982:Equality and Human Rights Commission 9878:from the original on 12 January 2021 9707: 9530:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 9415: 9342:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 9002:from the original on 11 January 2022 8869: 8726: 8373: 8364: 8178:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 8106:Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 7949:Polgreen, Lydia (21 December 2011). 7518:participating institution membership 6781:Equality and Human Rights Commission 6699:are divided into clans, wherein the 4969:Upon independence from Britain, the 1690:Capital punishment for homosexuality 981:Social determinants of mental health 13032:Genital modification and mutilation 11746:Segregation academy (United States) 11661:Sex segregation in public restrooms 10266:Journal of African American Studies 9162:. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 27. 9038: 8941: 8916: 8879:Campbell, Gwyn (23 November 2004). 8076: 7675: 6485:. In various parts of West Africa, 6469:slaves as inferior. Similarly, the 4912:were grouped under the theoretical 1810:Genital modification and mutilation 24: 14153: 14152: 11972: 11301: 10789:Mitchell, Geoffrey Duncan (2006), 10443:10.1093/oso/9780192865571.003.0008 10170:Walker, Nani Sahra (4 July 2021). 9434:Journal of Anthropological Society 8219: 8142:"Intermarriage in Caste Societies" 7660: 7629: 7588:. 16 February 2016. Archived from 7377:Kanti Ghosh, Sumit (18 May 2023). 7307:Mitchell, Geoffrey Duncan (2006). 6957: 6000:in the 11th century. The defeated 5803:are regarded as "ostracised". The 3444:Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2944: 2835:is sometimes used to describe the 25: 15202: 11321: 11203:Sooryamoorthi, Radhamany (2006). 11106:, in Rodriguez, Junius P. (ed.), 10880:The Dictionary of Human Geography 10712:. In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). 8671:. 31 January 2022. Archived from 8472:Ateneo de Manila University Press 8443:Ateneo de Manila University Press 8253:Barth, Fredrick (December 1956). 7261:. In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). 7055:Caste in sociology and entomology 6755: 6621: 6586: 6177:collaborators with Imperial Japan 5673:, especially with regards to the 5569:Commoners and slaves – (Visayan, 5152: 4255:Lieutenant Governor/Administrator 3651:National Legal Services Authority 3360:Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs 599:Political economy in anthropology 15155: 15154: 13917: 13871: 13862: 13861: 13511:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 13348:Law for Protection of the Nation 13248:White genocide conspiracy theory 11924: 11896: 11895: 11310:by David Ludden 11 December 2001 11085:Louisiana State University Press 10784:, Encyclopæida Britannica Online 10418: 10395: 10372: 10339: 10316: 10293: 10276: 10257: 10222: 10196: 9866:"The Last Untouchable in Europe" 9817:Delacampagne, Christian (1983). 9418:"Caste discrimination in Africa" 8140:Davis, Kingsley (13 June 2013). 6849: 6791: 6738: 6390:states of the country – scholar 6059:The opening of Korea to foreign 5707:, higher than most court nobles. 4757: 2849: 2768: 2303:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 2132:Law for Protection of the Nation 2026:White genocide conspiracy theory 708: 13353:MSM blood donation restrictions 13101:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 11207:. In Leonard, Thomas M. (ed.). 10921:(Second ed.), Oxford, UK: 10425:Kumar, Satendra (31 May 2022). 10379:Adil, Ahmad (24 January 2022). 10229:Matza, Max (22 February 2023). 10163: 10102: 10057: 10020: 10001: 9969: 9941: 9909:(1–3): 197–222 . Archived from 9890: 9810: 9795: 9758:. Trondheim. pp. 299–309 . 9746: 9701: 9660: 9623: 9586: 9557: 9520: 9475: 9445: 9424: 9409: 9267: 9236: 9221: 9206: 9193: 9151: 9114: 9071: 9032: 9014: 8980: 8935: 8910: 8831: 8784: 8747: 8720: 8697:江戸時代の武家の結婚は簡単じゃなかった。幕府の許可も必要だった 8642: 8306: 8281: 8246: 8213: 8168: 8133: 8116: 8097: 8070: 8046: 8013: 7989: 7942: 7918: 7902:. Lawmin.nic.in. Archived from 7892: 7826: 7772: 7751: 7725:Talbot, Austin Cynthia (2001). 7718: 7708: 7698: 7669: 7654: 7623: 7611:Kalyan, Ray (27 January 2016). 7604: 7156: 5165:. Photo from 1870, courtesy of 2137:MSM blood donation restrictions 1879:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 14796: 13366:(as religious or racial quota) 11308:Spectres of Agrarian Territory 11037:, in William A. Darity (ed.), 11033:Roberts, Nathaniel P. (2008), 11008:, in William A. Darity (ed.), 9543:10.1086/soutjanth.16.1.3629054 9382:The Journal of African History 9355:10.1086/soutjanth.19.4.3629284 8501:「士農工商」や「四民平等」の用語が使われていないことについて 8191:10.1086/soutjanth.18.1.3629123 8062:. 2 March 2007. Archived from 7934:. 27 June 2022. Archived from 7572: 7543: 7444: 7113:Inter-caste marriages in India 6337: 6133: 5357:. This society is typical for 5260: 4841:(scholars and yajna priests), 2150:(as religious or racial quota) 461:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges 13: 1: 13780:Second-generation gender bias 13496:Constitutional colorblindness 12217:Social determinants of health 10852:Mukerjee, Radhakamal (1926). 10335:(2) – via ResearchGate. 10067:American Journal of Sociology 10030:American Journal of Sociology 10014:University of Wisconsin Press 9864:Thomas, Sean (28 July 2008). 9831:. pp. 114–115, 121–124. 9092:10.1080/00210862.2019.1669118 8791:Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997). 8626:(in Japanese). Archived from 8590:(in Japanese). Archived from 8548:(in Japanese). Archived from 8510:(in Japanese). Archived from 8466:Scott, William Henry (1994). 8274:10.1525/aa.1956.58.6.02a00080 8161:10.1525/aa.1941.43.3.02a00030 7785:Economic and Political Weekly 7761:Poona: Oriental Book Agency. 7535:. In Beidelman, T. O. (ed.). 7395:10.1080/14759756.2023.2208502 7169: 5753:), craftsmen, and merchants ( 5284: 4736:Pan-African e-Network project 2580:Second-generation gender bias 2288:Constitutional colorblindness 971:Social determinants of health 632:Journal of Legal Anthropology 300:The Art of Not Being Governed 11237:Winthrop, Robert H. (1991). 10982:, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: 10693:. New York: The Free Press. 10628:Doniger, Wendy, ed. (1999). 10346:Gundemeda, Nagaraju (2020). 10329:Social Issues & Problems 9956:Government Equalities Office 9416:Igwe, Leo (21 August 2009). 9318:10.1080/14725843.2011.614412 8575:"Jinken ishiki no appudēto" 7531:Pitt-Rivers, Julian (1971). 7299:, pp. 136–137. Quote: " 6548:. Castes appeared among the 6191: 6186: 5675:serfdom in Tibet controversy 5607: 5325:who had warriors called the 5177: 5124: 4885:may or may not fit into the 4815:British colonial authorities 4421:Ministry of External Affairs 3957:States and union territories 3632:Additional Solicitor General 2914:jatis originated during the 2757: 7: 13691:Medical model of disability 13543:Hate speech laws by country 11603:Brown v. Board of Education 11169:Sonnad, Subhash R. (2003). 11102:Salamone, Frank A. (1997), 10951:Social Science Encyclopedia 10878:. In Gregory, Derek (ed.). 10742:Lagasse, Paul, ed. (2007), 10689:Gordon, Deborah M. (1999). 10666:Gordon, Deborah M. (2010). 9903:Le Monde alpin et rhodanien 9837:10.3917/fayar.delac.1983.01 9564:Maquet, Jacques J. (1962). 8919:Colonial Modernity in Korea 8727:Nair, Ravi (18 June 2001). 7877:University of Chicago Press 7848:University of Chicago Press 7802:Dirks, Nicholas B. (2001). 7188:Lagasse, Paul, ed. (2007). 7100: 6918:prevented many industrious 6786: 6747:who lived primarily in the 6658:in communities such as the 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6228: 6220: 5732: 5349:refer to their warriors as 5109: 4889:classes and many prominent 4202:Community Development Block 3778:Vice Presidential elections 3683:Chief Election Commissioner 3572:Ministry of Law and Justice 3449:Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2979:Fundamental Duties of India 2491:Medical model of disability 2335:Hate speech laws by country 10: 15207: 14002:Weberian (three-component) 13800:Social model of disability 12272:Discrimination against men 11512:Czechoslovakia and Hungary 11079:Rodgers, Diane M. (2008). 10672:Princeton University Press 10568: 10249:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 9158:Omarkhali, Khanna (2017). 9124:Journal of Kurdish Studies 8350:10.1177/001946460404100104 7810:Princeton University Press 7682:Cambridge University Press 7556:Cambridge University Press 7004:Caste and higher education 6897:elaborates on how "global 6853: 6801: 6795: 6695:The traditionally nomadic 6308: 6282: 6203:Yazidi social organization 6200: 6196: 6137: 5691: 5662: 5201:BKVS social stratification 5181: 5128: 5113: 5071: 2858: 2812:, which, according to the 2600:Social model of disability 1026:Discrimination against men 638:Journal of Law and Society 358:Colonialism and resistance 36: 29: 15150: 15091: 14983: 14951: 14918: 14844: 14816: 14803: 14790: 14708: 14665: 14625: 14607: 14526: 14444: 14404: 14313: 14306: 14261: 14164: 14160: 14147: 14010: 13964: 13960: 13931: 13857: 13596: 13473: 13266: 13153:Opposition to immigration 12877: 12517: 12364: 12124: 12074:Race / Ethnicity 12011: 11980: 11885: 11759: 11674: 11626: 11557:Apartheid in South Africa 11477: 11409: 11141:A Dictionary of Sociology 10976:, in Forsyth, Tim (ed.), 10919:Oxford English Dictionary 10909:Oxford English Dictionary 10752:Columbia University Press 10748:The Columbia Encyclopedia 10585:Stanford University Press 10355:Asian and African Studies 10008:Cope, R. Douglas (1994). 9897:Jolly, Geneviève (2000). 9685:Columbia University Press 9395:10.1017/S0021853700025718 9243:Chaudhuri, K. N. (1990). 8974:10.1017/S0026749X04001106 8622:[Family status]. 8435:Arcilla, José S. (1998). 7505:Oxford English Dictionary 7427:Scott & Marshall 2005 7198:Columbia University Press 7194:The Columbia Encyclopedia 6722: 6406:class systems of eastern 6304: 6040: 6030: 5992: 5954: 5739: 5684:ancient Tibetan society. 5617:During the period of the 5131:Caste system in Sri Lanka 3721:State Election Commission 3489:Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud 1931:Opposition to immigration 820:Race / Ethnicity 312:Non-western state systems 288:African Political Systems 15124:Pre-industrial East Asia 13148:Occupational segregation 12917:Compulsory sterilization 10945:Parry, Jonathan (2003). 10708:Gupta, Dipankar (2008). 10601:Béteille, André (2002). 10583:, Stanford, California: 9068:, pp. 28, 197, 202. 8942:Kim, Joong-Seop (2003). 8696: 8663: 8618: 8576: 8538: 8500: 8313:Marriott, McKim (1960). 7257:Gupta, Dipankar (2008). 7149: 6973:Indian Ocean Slave Trade 6328:of East Africa, and the 6278: 6048:population known as the 5998:Khitan invasion of Korea 5830: 5809:minority groups in Japan 5687: 5658: 5390:peoples, as well as the 5067: 3948:Administrative divisions 3864:State Assembly elections 3322:Leader of the Opposition 3216:Leader of the Opposition 2972:Basic structure doctrine 2854: 1926:Occupational segregation 1695:Compulsory sterilization 14172:Administrative detainee 13676:Internalized oppression 13538:Fighting Discrimination 13528:Fat acceptance movement 13486:Anti-discrimination law 13126:Native American mascots 11781:Anti-miscegenation laws 11616:Anti-miscegenation laws 11333:Encyclopædia Britannica 11145:Oxford University Press 11035:"Anthropology of Caste" 10972:Pavri, Firooza (2004), 10953:. London and New York: 10923:Oxford University Press 10435:Oxford University Press 9789:Oxford University Press 9570:Oxford University Press 9137:10.2143/jks.6.0.2038092 9039:Cha, Victor D. (2013). 8445:. p. 14–16. 8260:American Anthropologist 8220:R., A. (13 June 2013). 7844:Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber 7731:Oxford University Press 7510:Oxford University Press 7353:Oxford University Press 6870:residential segregation 6614:and the least numerous 6238: 6071:into worship, with non- 5749:of "samurai, peasants ( 5671:social classes of Tibet 5665:Social classes of Tibet 5367:) into enemy territory. 5161:A Sudra caste man from 4979:positive discrimination 4920:, Risley believed that 4845:(rulers and warriors), 3559:Pendency of court cases 3458:Code of Civil Procedure 3439:Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 3291:Harivansh Narayan Singh 3066:Prime Minister of India 3044:Vice President of India 2476:Internalized oppression 2330:Fighting Discrimination 2320:Fat acceptance movement 2278:Anti-discrimination law 1904:Native American mascots 337:and the State in Africa 14588: 13795:Social identity threat 13768:Reverse discrimination 13758:Racial color blindness 13238:Violence against women 13218:Sex-selective abortion 11872:White Australia policy 11791:Corporative federalism 9929:and Y. Guy, using the 7981:. 2004. Archived from 7871:Dumont, Louis (1980), 6968:group as lower caste. 6904:southern United States 6842: 6836: 6824: 6819:República de Españoles 6818: 6813: 6650: 6351: 6311:Caste system in Africa 6126:("people") and later, 6113:, mostly consisted of 5983: 5708: 5291: 5174: 5082:system, with numerous 5001:caste-related violence 4966: 4485:Diplomatic missions of 3751:Presidential elections 3665:Elections and Politics 3467:Supreme Court of India 2949: 2822: 2806: 2595:Social identity threat 2568:Reverse discrimination 2558:Racial color blindness 2016:Violence against women 1996:Sex-selective abortion 579:Circumscription theory 366:Europe and the People 335:Technology, Tradition, 69: 64:found in the state of 32:Caste (disambiguation) 15129:Pre-industrial Europe 13763:Religious intolerance 13723:Political correctness 13553:Intersex human rights 13501:Cultural assimilation 13183:Religious persecution 12947:Disability hate crime 12732:Jewish / Antisemitism 11841:Religious intolerance 11177:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 10884:John Wiley & Sons 10828:John Wiley & Sons 10818:Morris, Mike (2012). 10581:The Meiji Restoration 10118:Yale University Press 9913:on 13 February 2023. 9802:Lewis, I. M. (1999). 9679:Lewis, I. M. (2008). 9213:Taheri, Amir (1986). 8222:"Indian Reservations" 7787:: 7–8. Archived from 7676:Roy, Kaushik (2012). 7533:"On the word 'caste'" 7083:University of Chicago 6811: 6640: 6575:war described in the 6345: 6283:Further information: 6201:Further information: 6169:Korean Workers' Party 5981: 5719:), together with the 5701: 5545:Warriors – (Visayan: 5497:Nobility – (Visayan: 5484:, the female shaman ( 5268: 5184:Balinese caste system 5160: 5074:Caste system in Nepal 5049:urbanisation in India 4950: 4687:State Visits to India 4361:Municipal Corporation 4279:Deputy Chief Minister 3837:Rajya Sabha elections 3700:Election Commissioner 2948: 2861:Caste system in India 2741:caste system in India 2702:social stratification 2563:Religious intolerance 2523:Political correctness 2345:Intersex human rights 2293:Cultural assimilation 1961:Religious persecution 1725:Disability hate crime 1502:Jewish / Antisemitism 653:cultural anthropology 441:E. E. Evans-Pritchard 294:Papuan Big man system 49: 39:Caste system in India 14986: or countries 14797:By country or region 14035:Class discrimination 13168:Political repression 12177:Anti-left handedness 12167:Anti-intellectualism 11851:Second-class citizen 11846:Reservation in India 11572:United Arab Emirates 11502:Bulgaria and Romania 11181:. pp. 115–121. 11143:. Oxford; New York: 11004:Ramu, G. N. (2008), 10720:. pp. 246–250. 10613:. pp. 136–137. 10609:. New York; London: 9572:. pp. 135–171. 8962:Modern Asian Studies 8374:Boon, James (1977). 7985:on 13 February 2021. 7850:. pp. 116–117. 7550:Vinson, Ben (2018). 7269:. pp. 246–250. 7246:on 24 October 2023, 7108:Estates of the realm 6733:estates of the realm 6173:Korean People's Army 6061:Christian missionary 5836:Joseon class system 5807:are one of the main 5335:Cordillera highlands 5333:. Similarly, in the 5203:— or on four castes 4906:1901 Census of India 4705:Sino-Indian Disputes 4668:Foreign aid by India 4663:Extradition Treaties 4597:Non-Aligned Movement 4511:Overseas Citizenship 4353:Municipal Governance 4312:Legislative Assembly 4212:Urban Agglomerations 4182:Autonomous Divisions 3906:National coalitions 3713:Sukhbir Singh Sandhu 1946:Political repression 931:Anti-left handedness 921:Anti-intellectualism 446:Wolfgang Fikentscher 421:Henri J. M. Claessen 176:Pantribal sodalities 30:For other uses, see 14518:Vanniar (Chieftain) 13671:Historical eugenics 13208:Segregation academy 13188:Religious terrorism 12977:Enemy of the people 12885:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 12404:Jehovah's Witnesses 12297:Perpetual foreigner 11719:Exclusionary zoning 11666:Separatist feminism 11444:Partition of Bengal 10577:Beasley, William G. 10191:Equality Labs, 2018 9989:on 27 February 2023 9457:africankingdoms.com 9201:social tripartition 8998:. UK. 6 June 2012. 8995:The Daily Telegraph 8514:on 30 November 2023 8066:on 19 January 2024. 7979:Government of India 7963:on 24 October 2023. 7663:The People of India 7508:(Online ed.). 7094:Radhakamal Mukerjee 6837:República de Indios 6477:(freeborn/nobles), 5890:intermediate class 5837: 4971:Indian Constitution 4825:Herbert Hope Risley 4710:Disputes with Nepal 4700:Indo-Pakistani Wars 4455:Kirti Vardhan Singh 4329:Official Opposition 4307:Legislative Council 4131:Andaman and Nicobar 3805:Lok Sabha elections 3674:Election Commission 3431:Indian criminal law 3352:Pramod Chandra Mody 3308:Jagat Prakash Nadda 3300:Leader of the House 3194:Leader of the House 2471:Historical eugenics 1986:Segregation academy 1966:Religious terrorism 1755:Enemy of the people 1663:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 1166:Jehovah's Witnesses 1051:Perpetual foreigner 589:Left–right paradigm 15099:18th-century Spain 14953:Standard of living 14657:Upper middle class 14652:Lower middle class 14243:Political prisoner 14025:Chattering classes 13997:Spoon class theory 13583:Social integration 13578:Self-determination 13568:Racial integration 13516:Diversity training 13506:Cultural pluralism 13481:Affirmative action 13381:Racial segregation 13291:Crime of apartheid 13193:Religious violence 12696:Indigenous people 12101:Sexual orientation 11609:Massive resistance 11597:School segregation 11592:Separate but equal 11517:Dominican Republic 11419:Partition of India 11247:. pp. 27–30. 10855:Regional Sociology 10193:, pp. 20, 27. 9306:African Identities 9228:ʻAlamdārī, Kāẓim. 9217:. Encounter books. 8410:Philippine Studies 8234:on 24 October 2023 8091:10.5509/2012852363 8027:The New York Times 7956:The New York Times 7879:, pp. 66–67, 7636:The World from PRX 7592:on 24 October 2023 7585:The Indian Express 7066:caste polymorphism 6980:Dr. B. R. Ambedkar 6936:Madame C.J. Walker 6916:white supremacists 6912:domestic terrorism 6886:Gerald D. Berreman 6860:In the opinion of 6828:), and mixed-race 6814: 6651: 6563:, as well as some 6352: 6269:), and commoners ( 5984: 5835: 5799:underclasses. The 5768:Tokugawa shogunate 5709: 5613:China and Mongolia 5292: 5175: 5148:Outside South Asia 5012:affirmative action 4967: 4904:Starting with the 4833:, as mentioned in 4477:Vinay Mohan Kwatra 4460:Pabitra Margherita 4388:District Panchayat 4207:Metropolitan Areas 3330:Mallikarjun Kharge 3022:President of India 2999:Uniform Civil Code 2950: 2375:Social integration 2370:Self-determination 2360:Racial integration 2308:Diversity training 2298:Cultural pluralism 2273:Affirmative action 2165:Racial segregation 2075:Crime of apartheid 1971:Religious violence 1466:Indigenous people 847:Sexual orientation 584:Legal anthropology 486:Thomas Blom Hansen 416:Robert L. Carneiro 205:Segmentary lineage 142:Leveling mechanism 92:legal anthropology 70: 15168: 15167: 15146: 15145: 15142: 15141: 14979: 14978: 14786: 14785: 14782: 14781: 14778: 14777: 14680:Lumpenproletariat 14182:illegal immigrant 14143: 14142: 14055:Classless society 13885: 13884: 13753:Racism by country 13681:Intersectionality 13666:Heteronormativity 13465:Voter suppression 13213:Sexual harassment 13012:Forced conversion 12932:Cultural genocide 12595:African Americans 12414:post–Cold War era 12399:Eastern Orthodoxy 12162:Anti-drug addicts 12157:Anti-homelessness 12084:Scientific racism 11940: 11939: 11816:Majority minority 11697:Ethnic federalism 11479:Ethnic and racial 11439:Greece and Turkey 11285:978-0-692-94411-0 11278:, Equality Labs, 11254:978-0-313-24280-9 11222:978-0-415-97662-6 11215:. pp. 252–. 11188:978-0-7619-2598-9 11179:SAGE Publications 11154:978-0-19-860987-2 11121:978-0-87436-885-7 11094:978-0-8071-3369-9 11048:978-0-02-865967-1 11019:978-0-02-865967-1 10997:978-0-415-25342-0 10964:978-0-415-28560-5 10893:978-1-4443-5995-4 10837:978-1-4443-3209-4 10804:978-0-202-30878-4 10761:978-0-231-14446-9 10727:978-1-4129-2694-2 10718:SAGE Publications 10716:. Thousand Oaks: 10681:978-0-691-13879-4 10651:978-0-87779-044-0 10620:978-0-415-28558-2 10550:, pp. 81–82. 10497:, pp. 80–82. 10452:978-0-19-286557-1 10177:Los Angeles Times 9853:on 19 April 2023. 9694:978-0-231-70084-9 9579:978-0-19-823168-4 9260:978-0-521-31681-1 9169:978-3-447-10856-0 9052:978-0-06-199850-8 8928:978-0-674-00594-5 8896:978-1-135-75917-9 8855:978-1-4384-3777-4 8814:978-0-87436-885-7 8669:The Asahi Shimbun 8552:on 30 August 2023 8481:978-971-550-135-4 8452:978-971-550-261-0 8385:978-0-521-21398-1 8299:978-90-279-7959-9 7886:978-0-226-16963-7 7857:978-0-226-73137-7 7834:Rudolph, Lloyd I. 7819:978-0-691-08895-2 7740:978-0-19803-123-9 7691:978-1-107-01736-8 7630:Martin, Phillip. 7565:978-1-107-02643-8 7516:(Subscription or 7441:, pp. 27–30. 7322:978-0-202-30878-4 7276:978-1-4129-2694-2 7267:SAGE Publications 7265:. Thousand Oaks: 7214:on 1 October 2023 7207:978-0-231-14446-9 7075:natural selection 6994:third century BCE 6965:Sri Lanka Kaffirs 6924:Black Wall Street 6920:African Americans 6762:Equality Act 2010 5976: 5975: 5811:, along with the 5627:Four Class System 5304:Kalanguya peoples 5086:divisions with a 4807: 4806: 4534:Foreign Relations 4526:Visa requirements 4469:Foreign Secretary 4447:Minister of State 4412:Foreign Relations 4151:Jammu and Kashmir 4123:Union territories 3984:Arunachal Pradesh 3922:Political parties 3742:Electronic voting 3737:Electoral College 3615:Solicitor General 3589:Arjun Ram Meghwal 3413:Law and Judiciary 3394:Arjun Ram Meghwal 3386:Minister of State 3344:Secretary General 3245:Utpal Kumar Singh 3238:Secretary General 3088:Cabinet secretary 2939: 2936:Politics of India 2885:, or categories: 2762:The English word 2690: 2689: 2553:Racism by country 2481:Intersectionality 2466:Heteronormativity 2249:Voter suppression 1991:Sexual harassment 1790:Forced conversion 1710:Cultural genocide 1365:African Americans 1176:post–Cold War era 1161:Eastern Orthodoxy 916:Anti-drug addicts 911:Anti-homelessness 830:Scientific racism 687: 686: 411:Jeremy Boissevain 396:Georges Balandier 391:E. Adamson Hoebel 16:(Redirected from 15198: 15158: 15157: 14985: 14886:Mexican-American 14814: 14813: 14805: 14804: 14792: 14791: 14593: 14536:Business magnate 14426:Knowledge worker 14311: 14310: 14199:dual or multiple 14162: 14161: 14149: 14148: 14103:Social exclusion 14098:Social cleansing 14012: 13962: 13961: 13951:Economic classes 13912: 13905: 13898: 13889: 13888: 13875: 13874: 13865: 13864: 13805:Social privilege 13790:Social exclusion 13718:Police brutality 13639:Multiculturalism 13609:Amatonormativity 13440:Social exclusion 13276:Age of candidacy 13076:Homeless dumping 12982:Ethnic cleansing 11967: 11960: 11953: 11944: 11943: 11928: 11927: 11899: 11898: 11867:Social apartheid 11751:Social exclusion 11724:Forced migration 11692:Ethnic cleansing 11682:Auto-segregation 11424:Northern Ireland 11398: 11391: 11384: 11375: 11374: 11296: 11294: 11277: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11233: 11231: 11229: 11199: 11197: 11195: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11098: 11075: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11000: 10968: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10904: 10902: 10900: 10867: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10785: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10704: 10685: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10639: 10624: 10597: 10563: 10557: 10551: 10545: 10536: 10530: 10515: 10509: 10498: 10492: 10486: 10480: 10474: 10468: 10457: 10456: 10422: 10416: 10415: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10376: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10352: 10343: 10337: 10336: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10297: 10291: 10280: 10274: 10261: 10255: 10254: 10248: 10240: 10226: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10215: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10182: 10181: 10167: 10161: 10160: 10146: 10140: 10139: 10106: 10100: 10099: 10061: 10055: 10054: 10024: 10018: 10017: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9985:. Archived from 9973: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9962: 9953: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9928: 9894: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9849:. Archived from 9814: 9808: 9807: 9799: 9793: 9792: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9767: 9759: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9705: 9699: 9698: 9676: 9667: 9664: 9658: 9657: 9627: 9621: 9620: 9609:10.2307/25604523 9590: 9584: 9583: 9561: 9555: 9554: 9524: 9518: 9517: 9479: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9459:. Archived from 9449: 9443: 9442: 9428: 9422: 9421: 9413: 9407: 9406: 9376: 9367: 9366: 9336: 9330: 9329: 9301: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9271: 9265: 9264: 9240: 9234: 9233: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9210: 9204: 9197: 9191: 9188: 9182: 9181: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9118: 9112: 9111: 9086:(1–2): 223–257. 9075: 9069: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9018: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9007: 8991: 8984: 8978: 8977: 8957: 8948: 8947: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8876: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8821: 8798: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8735:on 31 March 2022 8724: 8718: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8596: 8583: 8571: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8533: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8495: 8486: 8485: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8405: 8390: 8389: 8371: 8362: 8361: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8285: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8267:(6): 1079–1089. 8250: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8230:. Archived from 8217: 8211: 8210: 8172: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8030:. Archived from 8017: 8011: 8010: 8009:on 27 June 2017. 8005:. Archived from 7993: 7987: 7986: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7959:. Archived from 7946: 7940: 7939: 7938:on 13 July 2024. 7922: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7906:on 28 March 2015 7896: 7890: 7889: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7776: 7770: 7755: 7749: 7747: 7722: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7658: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7638:. Archived from 7627: 7621: 7620: 7619:on 1 March 2024. 7615:. Archived from 7608: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7513: 7501: 7494: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7414: 7373: 7362: 7360: 7340: 7331: 7329: 7293: 7285: 7283: 7253: 7229: 7221: 7219: 7210:. Archived from 7196:. New York, NY: 7182: 7163: 7160: 7138:Social exclusion 6906:was dismantled, 6880:Isabel Wilkerson 6845: 6839: 6827: 6821: 6396:Osu caste system 6322:of Nigeria, the 6274: 6268: 6263:), secretaries ( 6262: 6256: 6117:and slaves, and 6043: 6042: 6033: 6032: 6020:) and warriors ( 6005:Korean society. 5995: 5994: 5968: 5961: 5926:lowborn people ( 5838: 5834: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5735: 5289: 5286: 5251:Spanish colonies 5096:Jayasthiti Malla 5060:or those in the 4984:Scheduled Castes 4975:Scheduled Castes 4811:Decennial Census 4799: 4792: 4785: 4764:India portal 4762: 4761: 4760: 4731:Look East policy 4695:Kashmir Conflict 4430:Cabinet Minister 4413: 4344:Local Government 4227: 4019:Himachal Pradesh 3949: 3927:National parties 3666: 3606:R. Venkataramani 3598:Attorney-General 3414: 3369:Cabinet Minister 3274:Jagdeep Dhankhar 3138: 3052:Jagdeep Dhankhar 3014: 2960: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2825: 2811: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2720:insects such as 2682: 2675: 2668: 2605:Social privilege 2590:Social exclusion 2518:Police brutality 2439:Multiculturalism 2409:Amatonormativity 2224:Social exclusion 2060:Age of candidacy 1854:Homeless dumping 1760:Ethnic cleansing 712: 689: 688: 679: 672: 665: 573:Related articles 556:Douglas R. White 546:Jonathan Spencer 526:Marshall Sahlins 516:Sally Falk Moore 72: 71: 21: 15206: 15205: 15201: 15200: 15199: 15197: 15196: 15195: 15171: 15170: 15169: 15164: 15138: 15087: 14975: 14947: 14914: 14898:Underprivileged 14840: 14799: 14798: 14774: 14704: 14661: 14621: 14603: 14522: 14440: 14400: 14302: 14257: 14156: 14155: 14139: 14118:Social position 14108:Social mobility 14006: 13956: 13927: 13926: 13916: 13886: 13881: 13853: 13728:Polyculturalism 13624:Civil liberties 13592: 13573:Reappropriation 13474:Countermeasures 13469: 13398:Racial steering 13364:Numerus clausus 13268: 13262: 12987:Ethnic conflict 12922:Corrective rape 12873: 12513: 12360: 12252:HIV/AIDS stigma 12120: 12069:Mental disorder 12007: 11976: 11971: 11941: 11936: 11881: 11856:Separate school 11761: 11755: 11670: 11622: 11473: 11405: 11402: 11324: 11304: 11302:Further reading 11299: 11292: 11286: 11275: 11259: 11257: 11255: 11227: 11225: 11223: 11205:"Caste Systems" 11193: 11191: 11189: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11126: 11124: 11122: 11114:, p. 133, 11095: 11083:. Baton Rouge: 11053: 11051: 11049: 11024: 11022: 11020: 10998: 10965: 10957:. p. 131. 10928: 10926: 10913: 10898: 10896: 10894: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10809: 10807: 10805: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10701: 10682: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10621: 10595: 10571: 10566: 10558: 10554: 10546: 10539: 10531: 10518: 10510: 10501: 10493: 10489: 10481: 10477: 10469: 10460: 10453: 10423: 10419: 10400: 10396: 10377: 10373: 10365: 10350: 10344: 10340: 10321: 10317: 10298: 10294: 10281: 10277: 10262: 10258: 10242: 10241: 10227: 10223: 10213: 10211: 10201: 10197: 10189: 10185: 10168: 10164: 10147: 10143: 10128: 10110:Scott, James C. 10107: 10103: 10062: 10058: 10025: 10021: 10006: 10002: 9992: 9990: 9975: 9974: 9970: 9960: 9958: 9951: 9947: 9946: 9942: 9922: 9895: 9891: 9881: 9879: 9871:The Independent 9862: 9858: 9847: 9815: 9811: 9800: 9796: 9781: 9777: 9761: 9760: 9751: 9747: 9724:10.2307/1158345 9706: 9702: 9695: 9677: 9670: 9665: 9661: 9646:10.2307/1160872 9628: 9624: 9591: 9587: 9580: 9562: 9558: 9525: 9521: 9498:10.2307/1158641 9480: 9476: 9466: 9464: 9451: 9450: 9446: 9429: 9425: 9414: 9410: 9377: 9370: 9337: 9333: 9302: 9295: 9285: 9283: 9273: 9272: 9268: 9261: 9241: 9237: 9226: 9222: 9211: 9207: 9198: 9194: 9189: 9185: 9170: 9156: 9152: 9119: 9115: 9080:Iranian Studies 9076: 9072: 9064: 9060: 9053: 9037: 9033: 9022:Demick, Barbara 9019: 9015: 9005: 9003: 8986: 8985: 8981: 8958: 8951: 8940: 8936: 8929: 8915: 8911: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8889:. p. 163. 8877: 8870: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8848:. p. 141. 8836: 8832: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8789: 8785: 8770:10.2307/3023467 8752: 8748: 8738: 8736: 8725: 8721: 8711: 8709: 8708:on 7 March 2024 8698: 8693: 8692: 8688: 8678: 8676: 8675:on 7 March 2024 8665: 8660: 8659: 8655: 8647: 8643: 8633: 8631: 8630:on 7 March 2024 8620: 8615: 8614: 8610: 8600: 8598: 8594: 8581: 8578: 8573: 8572: 8565: 8555: 8553: 8540: 8535: 8534: 8527: 8517: 8515: 8502: 8497: 8496: 8489: 8482: 8464: 8460: 8453: 8433: 8429: 8406: 8393: 8386: 8372: 8365: 8334: 8330: 8311: 8307: 8300: 8286: 8282: 8251: 8247: 8237: 8235: 8218: 8214: 8173: 8169: 8138: 8134: 8121: 8117: 8102: 8098: 8079:Pacific Affairs 8075: 8071: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8037: 8035: 8034:on 4 April 2023 8018: 8014: 7995: 7994: 7990: 7973: 7972: 7968: 7947: 7943: 7924: 7923: 7919: 7909: 7907: 7898: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7869: 7865: 7858: 7831: 7827: 7820: 7800: 7796: 7791:on 21 May 2024. 7777: 7773: 7756: 7752: 7741: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7699: 7692: 7674: 7670: 7659: 7655: 7645: 7643: 7642:on 29 July 2024 7628: 7624: 7609: 7605: 7595: 7593: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7566: 7548: 7544: 7529: 7525: 7515: 7495: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7449: 7445: 7437: 7433: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7358: 7356: 7343: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7217: 7215: 7208: 7183: 7176: 7172: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7103: 7079:W. Lloyd Warner 7057: 7006: 6992:'s rise in the 6985:scheduled tribe 6960: 6958:Racial casteism 6862:W. Lloyd Warner 6858: 6852: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6789: 6758: 6741: 6725: 6628:Alula Pankhurst 6624: 6592:Ethel M. Albert 6589: 6433:Similarly, the 6394:finds that the 6340: 6313: 6307: 6287: 6281: 6241: 6213:priestly castes 6205: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6142: 6136: 6100:social equality 6092:Gabo government 5972: 5833: 5736: 5696: 5690: 5667: 5661: 5615: 5610: 5347:Kalinga peoples 5287: 5263: 5186: 5180: 5155: 5150: 5133: 5127: 5118: 5112: 5076: 5070: 4803: 4774: 4770:Other countries 4758: 4756: 4751: 4750: 4720: 4691: 4649: 4645:Pacific Islands 4621: 4536: 4506:Nationality law 4502: 4481: 4464: 4442: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4402: 4393:Block Panchayat 4375: 4346: 4301: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4216: 4178: 4170: 4118: 3964: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3938: 3903: 3859: 3832: 3800: 3773: 3746: 3731: 3717: 3695: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3655: 3637: 3627: 3610: 3593: 3574: 3564:Other tribunals 3554:Nyaya Panchayat 3506: 3502:Bar Association 3493: 3469: 3453: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3403: 3381: 3362: 3339: 3317: 3295: 3278: 3259: 3233: 3211: 3189: 3172: 3153: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3127: 3100: 3083: 3061: 3039: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3003: 2989:Judicial review 2978: 2962: 2958: 2935: 2925: 2867: 2859:Main articles: 2857: 2852: 2786: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2746:Spanish America 2686: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2528:Polyculturalism 2424:Civil liberties 2396: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2365:Reappropriation 2265: 2264:Countermeasures 2257: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2182:Racial steering 2148:Numerus clausus 2052: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2040: 1765:Ethnic conflict 1700:Corrective rape 1655: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1290: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1128: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1006:HIV/AIDS stigma 878: 870: 869: 868: 867: 866: 815:Mental disorder 759: 751: 750: 749: 748: 747: 720: 683: 643: 642: 619: 611: 610: 594:State formation 574: 566: 565: 551:Bjorn Thomassen 506:Elizabeth Mertz 491:Ted C. Lewellen 436:Pierre Clastres 386: 385:Major theorists 378: 377: 368:Without History 367: 336: 272: 264: 263: 186:Paramount chief 118:Achieved status 113:Ascribed status 105:Status and rank 101: 90: 62:Scheduled Caste 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15204: 15194: 15193: 15191:Discrimination 15188: 15183: 15166: 15165: 15163: 15162: 15151: 15148: 15147: 15144: 15143: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15119:Ottoman Empire 15116: 15111: 15106: 15104:Ancient Greece 15101: 15095: 15093: 15089: 15088: 15086: 15085: 15080: 15078:United Kingdom 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14989: 14987: 14981: 14980: 14977: 14976: 14974: 14973: 14971:Home-ownership 14968: 14963: 14957: 14955: 14949: 14948: 14946: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14924: 14922: 14916: 14915: 14913: 14912: 14911: 14910: 14905: 14895: 14894: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14873: 14872: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14850: 14848: 14842: 14841: 14839: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14826:American Dream 14823: 14817: 14811: 14801: 14800: 14788: 14787: 14784: 14783: 14780: 14779: 14776: 14775: 14773: 14772: 14767: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14739: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14714: 14712: 14706: 14705: 14703: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14671: 14669: 14663: 14662: 14660: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14643: 14642: 14631: 14629: 14623: 14622: 14620: 14619: 14613: 14611: 14605: 14604: 14602: 14601: 14594: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14569: 14568: 14563: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14532: 14530: 14524: 14523: 14521: 14520: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14450: 14448: 14442: 14441: 14439: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14422: 14421: 14410: 14408: 14402: 14401: 14399: 14398: 14393: 14392: 14391: 14386: 14385: 14384: 14369: 14368: 14367: 14362: 14354: 14353: 14352: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14331: 14330: 14319: 14317: 14308: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14269: 14267: 14259: 14258: 14256: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14238:Migrant worker 14235: 14230: 14229: 14228: 14218: 14217: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14191: 14190: 14189: 14184: 14174: 14168: 14166: 14158: 14157: 14154:By demographic 14145: 14144: 14141: 14140: 14138: 14137: 14134:Status Anxiety 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14088:Ranked society 14085: 14080: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14030:Class conflict 14027: 14022: 14016: 14014: 14013: topics 14008: 14007: 14005: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13987:Mudsill theory 13984: 13979: 13974: 13968: 13966: 13958: 13957: 13955: 13954: 13947: 13940: 13932: 13929: 13928: 13925: 13924: 13918: 13915: 13914: 13907: 13900: 13892: 13883: 13882: 13880: 13879: 13869: 13858: 13855: 13854: 13852: 13851: 13846: 13845: 13844: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13823: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13776: 13775: 13773:Reverse racism 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13743:Prisoner abuse 13740: 13735: 13733:Power distance 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13699: 13698: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13651:Ethnic penalty 13648: 13647: 13646: 13644:Neurodiversity 13641: 13631: 13629:Dehumanization 13626: 13621: 13619:Cisnormativity 13616: 13611: 13606: 13600: 13598: 13597:Related topics 13594: 13593: 13591: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13519: 13518: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13477: 13475: 13471: 13470: 13468: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13455:State religion 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13436: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13394: 13393: 13391:Nuremberg Laws 13388: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13333:Ghetto benches 13330: 13328:Gerrymandering 13325: 13320: 13315: 13313:Gender pay gap 13310: 13309: 13308: 13303: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13272: 13270: 13267:Discriminatory 13264: 13263: 13261: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13144: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13096:Lavender scare 13093: 13091:Kill Haole Day 13088: 13086:Indian rolling 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13062: 13061: 13051: 13046: 13045: 13044: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12972:Eliminationism 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12907:Cancel culture 12904: 12899: 12894: 12893: 12892: 12881: 12879: 12878:Manifestations 12875: 12874: 12872: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12774:Middle Eastern 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12740: 12739: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12713: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12608: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12576: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12524: 12522: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12511: 12509:Zoroastrianism 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12485: 12484: 12474: 12473: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12440: 12439: 12438: 12436:Untouchability 12433: 12423: 12418: 12417: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12370: 12368: 12362: 12361: 12359: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12347: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12326: 12325: 12324: 12319: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12262:Leprosy stigma 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12128: 12126: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12087: 12086: 12081: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12015: 12013: 12009: 12008: 12006: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11984: 11982: 11978: 11977: 11974:Discrimination 11970: 11969: 11962: 11955: 11947: 11938: 11937: 11935: 11934: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11893: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11826:Nuremberg Laws 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11801:Ghetto benches 11798: 11796:Discrimination 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11777: 11776: 11765: 11763: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11737: 11736: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11709:Ethnopluralism 11706: 11705: 11704: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11678: 11676: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11632: 11630: 11624: 11623: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11618: 11613: 11612: 11611: 11606: 11594: 11589: 11579: 11577:United Kingdom 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11483: 11481: 11475: 11474: 11472: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11415: 11413: 11407: 11406: 11401: 11400: 11393: 11386: 11378: 11372: 11371: 11366: 11363:Class In Yemen 11360: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11323: 11322:External links 11320: 11319: 11318: 11311: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11297: 11284: 11266: 11253: 11234: 11221: 11200: 11187: 11166: 11153: 11147:. p. 66. 11132: 11120: 11099: 11093: 11076: 11059: 11047: 11030: 11018: 11001: 10996: 10969: 10963: 10942: 10905: 10892: 10886:. p. 72. 10868: 10849: 10836: 10830:. p. 33. 10826:. Malden, MA: 10815: 10803: 10786: 10772: 10760: 10739: 10726: 10705: 10699: 10686: 10680: 10663: 10650: 10625: 10619: 10598: 10593: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10564: 10562:, p. 228. 10552: 10537: 10516: 10499: 10487: 10475: 10458: 10451: 10417: 10394: 10385:Anadolu Ajansı 10371: 10338: 10315: 10292: 10275: 10256: 10221: 10195: 10183: 10162: 10141: 10126: 10101: 10080:10.1086/222839 10074:(2): 120–127. 10056: 10043:10.1086/217391 10037:(2): 234–237. 10019: 10000: 9968: 9940: 9920:Alain Guerreau 9889: 9856: 9845: 9809: 9794: 9791:. p. 853. 9775: 9745: 9718:(4): 398–412. 9700: 9693: 9668: 9659: 9640:(4): 485–509. 9622: 9596:Anthropologica 9585: 9578: 9556: 9519: 9474: 9463:on 19 May 2019 9444: 9423: 9408: 9389:(2): 221–250. 9368: 9349:(4): 356–379. 9331: 9312:(1): 111–121. 9293: 9266: 9259: 9235: 9220: 9205: 9192: 9190:Nicolle, p. 11 9183: 9168: 9150: 9113: 9070: 9058: 9051: 9031: 9013: 8979: 8968:(2): 355–387. 8949: 8946:. p. 147. 8934: 8927: 8909: 8895: 8868: 8854: 8830: 8813: 8783: 8746: 8719: 8686: 8653: 8641: 8608: 8597:on 6 June 2023 8563: 8525: 8487: 8480: 8458: 8451: 8427: 8391: 8384: 8363: 8328: 8305: 8298: 8280: 8245: 8212: 8167: 8154:(3): 376–395. 8132: 8115: 8096: 8085:(2): 363–369. 8069: 8045: 8012: 7988: 7966: 7941: 7917: 7891: 7885: 7863: 7856: 7825: 7818: 7794: 7771: 7750: 7739: 7717: 7707: 7697: 7690: 7668: 7653: 7622: 7603: 7571: 7564: 7542: 7523: 7484: 7472: 7461:(4): 204–210. 7443: 7431: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7389:(2): 334–365. 7374: 7351:, Oxford, UK: 7341: 7321: 7304: 7294: 7275: 7254: 7230: 7206: 7184: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7128:Priestly caste 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7090:Robert E. Park 7056: 7053: 7005: 7002: 6959: 6956: 6895:James C. Scott 6854:Main article: 6851: 6848: 6796:Main article: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6757: 6756:United Kingdom 6754: 6740: 6737: 6724: 6721: 6690:Oromo language 6686:Horn of Africa 6623: 6622:Horn of Africa 6620: 6596:Central Africa 6588: 6587:Central Africa 6585: 6339: 6336: 6309:Main article: 6306: 6303: 6280: 6277: 6249:social classes 6240: 6237: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6157:Barbara Demick 6138:Main article: 6135: 6132: 6010:Joseon dynasty 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5963: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5910: 5909: 5908:common people 5906: 5903: 5900: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5832: 5829: 5692:Main article: 5689: 5686: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5587:kiapangdilihan 5567: 5543: 5529: 5495: 5482:Banwaon people 5447: 5446: 5399: 5368: 5323:B'laan peoples 5307: 5273:royal couple ( 5262: 5259: 5242: 5241: 5232: 5223: 5214: 5182:Main article: 5179: 5176: 5154: 5153:Southeast Asia 5151: 5149: 5146: 5142:Kandyan-period 5129:Main article: 5126: 5123: 5114:Main article: 5111: 5108: 5106:(1603–1636). 5100:Gorkha Kingdom 5072:Main article: 5069: 5066: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4766: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4718:Foreign Policy 4716: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4635:European Union 4632: 4627: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4612:United Nations 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4501: 4500: 4491: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4441: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4416: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398:Gram Panchayat 4395: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4380:Panchayati Raj 4374: 4373: 4371:Town Panchayat 4368: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4267:Chief Minister 4264: 4263: 4262: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4230: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4039:Madhya Pradesh 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3979:Andhra Pradesh 3975: 3974: 3966: 3965: 3955: 3952: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3809:Constituencies 3799: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3641:Law Commission 3636: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3537:Chief Justices 3529: 3527:Gram Nyayalaya 3524: 3523: 3522: 3515:District Court 3512: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3492: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3338: 3337: 3326: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3304: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3283:Deputy Speaker 3277: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3261: 3260: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3220: 3219: 3210: 3209: 3198: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3177:Deputy Speaker 3171: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3155: 3154: 3144: 3141: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3099: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3070: 3069: 3060: 3059: 3048: 3047: 3038: 3037: 3030:Droupadi Murmu 3026: 3025: 3017: 3010: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2941: 2940: 2930: 2929: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2759: 2756: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2677: 2670: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2573:Reverse racism 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2543:Prisoner abuse 2540: 2535: 2533:Power distance 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2451:Ethnic penalty 2448: 2447: 2446: 2444:Neurodiversity 2441: 2431: 2429:Dehumanization 2426: 2421: 2419:Cisnormativity 2416: 2411: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2395:Related topics 2394: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2239:State religion 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2175:Nuremberg Laws 2172: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2117:Ghetto benches 2114: 2112:Gerrymandering 2109: 2104: 2099: 2097:Gender pay gap 2094: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1874:Lavender scare 1871: 1869:Kill Haole Day 1866: 1864:Indian rolling 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1829: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1750:Eliminationism 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1685:Cancel culture 1682: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1654:Manifestations 1653: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1544:Middle Eastern 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1271:Zoroastrianism 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1198:Untouchability 1195: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1016:Leprosy stigma 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 882: 881: 880: 879: 876: 875: 872: 871: 865: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 833: 832: 827: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 769: 763: 762: 761: 760: 757: 756: 753: 752: 746: 745: 740: 735: 730: 724: 723: 722: 721: 718: 717: 714: 713: 705: 704: 702:Discrimination 698: 697: 685: 684: 682: 681: 674: 667: 659: 656: 655: 645: 644: 641: 640: 635: 628: 620: 617: 616: 613: 612: 609: 608: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 564: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 541:Aidan Southall 538: 533: 531:James C. Scott 528: 523: 521:Rodney Needham 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 466:Ernest Gellner 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 387: 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 370: 362: 361: 359: 355: 354: 348: 347: 345: 341: 340: 330: 329: 326: 325: 320: 314: 313: 310: 308: 304: 303: 296: 291: 283: 282: 279: 277: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 259:Ritual warfare 256: 251: 245: 244: 242: 241:Law and custom 238: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 196: 195: 193: 189: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 152: 151: 149: 145: 144: 139: 130: 125: 120: 115: 109: 108: 106: 102: 100:Basic concepts 99: 98: 95: 94: 83: 82: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15203: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15186:Social status 15184: 15182: 15179: 15178: 15176: 15161: 15153: 15152: 15149: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15096: 15094: 15090: 15084: 15083:United States 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14990: 14988: 14984:Other regions 14982: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14958: 14956: 14954: 14950: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14925: 14923: 14921: 14917: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14900: 14899: 14896: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14878: 14877: 14874: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14856: 14855: 14852: 14851: 14849: 14847: 14843: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14818: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14809:United States 14806: 14802: 14793: 14789: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14715: 14713: 14711: 14707: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14672: 14670: 14668: 14664: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14641: 14638: 14637: 14636: 14633: 14632: 14630: 14628: 14624: 14618: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14610: 14606: 14600: 14599: 14595: 14592: 14591: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14558: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14533: 14531: 14529: 14525: 14519: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14451: 14449: 14447: 14443: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14420: 14417: 14416: 14415: 14412: 14411: 14409: 14407: 14403: 14397: 14394: 14390: 14387: 14383: 14380: 14379: 14378: 14375: 14374: 14373: 14370: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14357: 14355: 14351: 14348: 14347: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14329: 14326: 14325: 14324: 14321: 14320: 14318: 14316: 14312: 14309: 14305: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14260: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14248:Socioeconomic 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14227: 14224: 14223: 14222: 14219: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14196: 14195: 14192: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14179: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14169: 14167: 14163: 14159: 14150: 14146: 14136: 14135: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14123:Social stigma 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14113:Social orphan 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14078: 14073: 14072: 14071:Nouveau riche 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14045:Class traitor 14043: 14041: 14040:Class society 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14017: 14015: 14009: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13977:Gilbert model 13975: 13973: 13970: 13969: 13967: 13963: 13959: 13953: 13952: 13948: 13946: 13945: 13941: 13939: 13938: 13934: 13933: 13930: 13923: 13920: 13919: 13913: 13908: 13906: 13901: 13899: 13894: 13893: 13890: 13878: 13870: 13868: 13860: 13859: 13856: 13850: 13847: 13843: 13840: 13839: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13827:Social stigma 13825: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13807: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13774: 13771: 13770: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13697: 13694: 13693: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13636: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13601: 13599: 13595: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13517: 13514: 13513: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13478: 13476: 13472: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13450:State atheism 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13415: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13386:Jim Crow laws 13384: 13383: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13371:One-drop rule 13369: 13367: 13365: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13298: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13286:Blood quantum 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13273: 13271: 13265: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13233:Victimisation 13231: 13229: 13228:Trans bashing 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13198:Religious war 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13178:Racialization 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13128: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13060: 13057: 13056: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13049:Glass ceiling 13047: 13043: 13040: 13039: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12992:Ethnic hatred 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12927:Counter-jihad 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12891: 12888: 12887: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12876: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12711: 12710:United States 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12574: 12573:United States 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12560: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12525: 12523: 12521: 12516: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12494:Protestantism 12492: 12490: 12487: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12478: 12475: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12444: 12441: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12428: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12409:LDS or Mormon 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12391: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12371: 12369: 12367: 12363: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12339:Transmisogyny 12337: 12335: 12332: 12331: 12330: 12327: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12314: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12242:Gerontophobia 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12172:Anti-intersex 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12147:Anti-albinism 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12129: 12127: 12123: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12076: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12010: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11988:Institutional 11986: 11985: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11968: 11963: 11961: 11956: 11954: 11949: 11948: 11945: 11933: 11932: 11923: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11904: 11903: 11894: 11892: 11891:Pillarisation 11888: 11887: 11884: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11811:Jim Crow laws 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11775: 11772: 11771: 11770: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11758: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11735: 11732: 11731: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11703: 11700: 11699: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11687:Balkanization 11685: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11673: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11629: 11625: 11617: 11614: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11604: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11582:United States 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11476: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11416: 11414: 11412: 11408: 11399: 11394: 11392: 11387: 11385: 11380: 11379: 11376: 11370: 11367: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11334: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11291: 11287: 11281: 11274: 11273: 11267: 11256: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11241: 11235: 11224: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11201: 11190: 11184: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11167: 11156: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11133: 11123: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11100: 11096: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11077: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11060: 11050: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11031: 11021: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11002: 10999: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10966: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10943: 10941: 10937: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10911: 10910: 10906: 10895: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10856: 10850: 10839: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10816: 10806: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10787: 10783: 10782: 10777: 10773: 10763: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10740: 10729: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10706: 10702: 10700:0-684-85733-2 10696: 10692: 10687: 10683: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10664: 10653: 10647: 10643: 10638: 10637: 10631: 10626: 10622: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10599: 10596: 10594:0-8047-0815-0 10590: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10573: 10561: 10560:Mukerjee 1926 10556: 10549: 10544: 10542: 10535:, p. 82. 10534: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10523: 10521: 10514:, p. 81. 10513: 10508: 10506: 10504: 10496: 10491: 10485:, p. 80. 10484: 10479: 10473:, p. 26. 10472: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10454: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10421: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10398: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10375: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10349: 10342: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10319: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10296: 10289: 10285: 10279: 10272: 10268: 10267: 10260: 10252: 10246: 10238: 10237: 10232: 10225: 10210: 10206: 10199: 10192: 10187: 10179: 10178: 10173: 10166: 10158: 10157: 10152: 10145: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10127:0-300-07016-0 10123: 10120:. p. 8. 10119: 10116:. New Haven: 10115: 10111: 10105: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10068: 10060: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10023: 10015: 10011: 10004: 9988: 9984: 9983: 9978: 9972: 9957: 9950: 9944: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9921: 9917: 9912: 9908: 9905:(in French). 9904: 9900: 9893: 9877: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9860: 9852: 9848: 9846:9782213011172 9842: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9821: 9813: 9805: 9798: 9790: 9786: 9779: 9771: 9765: 9757: 9749: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9712: 9704: 9696: 9690: 9687:. p. 8. 9686: 9682: 9675: 9673: 9663: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9634: 9626: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9597: 9589: 9581: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9560: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9531: 9523: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9486: 9478: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9427: 9419: 9412: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9383: 9375: 9373: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9343: 9335: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9300: 9298: 9282: 9281: 9276: 9270: 9262: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9247: 9239: 9231: 9224: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9196: 9187: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9165: 9161: 9154: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9125: 9117: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9074: 9067: 9062: 9054: 9048: 9044: 9043: 9035: 9027: 9023: 9017: 9001: 8997: 8996: 8990: 8983: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8956: 8954: 8945: 8938: 8930: 8924: 8920: 8913: 8898: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8875: 8873: 8857: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8842: 8834: 8827: 8816: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8796: 8787: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8758: 8750: 8734: 8730: 8723: 8707: 8703: 8702:Livedoor News 8699: 8690: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8657: 8650: 8645: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8612: 8593: 8589: 8588: 8579: 8570: 8568: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8545:Uki, Kumamoto 8541: 8532: 8530: 8513: 8509: 8508: 8507:Tokyo Shoseki 8503: 8494: 8492: 8483: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8462: 8454: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8439: 8431: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8387: 8381: 8377: 8370: 8368: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8332: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8301: 8295: 8291: 8284: 8275: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8249: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8227:The Economist 8223: 8216: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8179: 8171: 8162: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8136: 8128: 8127: 8119: 8111: 8107: 8100: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8060: 8055: 8049: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8016: 8008: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7992: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7952: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7927: 7921: 7905: 7901: 7895: 7888: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7859: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7829: 7821: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7798: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7754: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7721: 7711: 7701: 7693: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7672: 7664: 7657: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7626: 7618: 7614: 7607: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7575: 7567: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7546: 7538: 7534: 7527: 7519: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7500: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7482:, p. 66. 7481: 7480:Béteille 2002 7476: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7447: 7440: 7439:Winthrop 1991 7435: 7429:, p. 66. 7428: 7423: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7367: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7324: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7297:Béteille 2002 7295: 7292: 7290: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7245: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7213: 7209: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7179: 7174: 7159: 7155: 7144: 7143:Warrior caste 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7067: 7061: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7016: 7010: 7001: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6974: 6969: 6966: 6955: 6953: 6948: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6928:Maggie Walker 6925: 6921: 6917: 6914:committed by 6913: 6909: 6908:Jim Crow laws 6905: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6881: 6878:, journalist 6877: 6876: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6850:United States 6847: 6844: 6838: 6833: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6810: 6805: 6799: 6792:Latin America 6784: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6753: 6750: 6749:Basque region 6746: 6739:Basque region 6736: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6697:Somali people 6693: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6672: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6584: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6573:Sosso-Malinke 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6552: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6437:societies in 6436: 6431: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6415: 6413: 6410:and southern 6409: 6405: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6392:Elijah Obinna 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6362:– especially 6361: 6357: 6349: 6344: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6320: 6312: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6276: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6257:), warriors ( 6255: 6250: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6131: 6130:("citizen"). 6129: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6096:Korean Empire 6093: 6089: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6037: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5989: 5980: 5969: 5964: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5819:and those of 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5785:, now called 5784: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5746: 5734: 5733:Shi-nō-kō-shō 5728: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5703:near-highest 5700: 5695: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5526:bangsa mataas 5523: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5396:Ibaloi people 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5145: 5143: 5138: 5132: 5122: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5045: 5042: 5036: 5033: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4977:in 1950, for 4976: 4972: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4957:Madura, India 4954: 4949: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4918:Lloyd Rudolph 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4835:ancient Hindu 4832: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4800: 4795: 4793: 4788: 4786: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4755: 4754: 4747: 4746:Narendra Modi 4744: 4742: 4741:Indira Gandhi 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4640:Latin America 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4438:S. Jaishankar 4436: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4407: 4406: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4221: 4220: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4197:Sub-districts 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4104:Uttar Pradesh 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3943: 3942: 3933: 3932:State parties 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3708:Gyanesh Kumar 3706: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3660: 3659: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3476:Chief Justice 3473: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3408: 3407: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3202:Narendra Modi 3200: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3132: 3131: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3074:Narendra Modi 3072: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3008: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2862: 2850:In South Asia 2847: 2845: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2809: 2801: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2748:, mixed-race 2747: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2627:Social stigma 2625: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2261: 2260: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2234:State atheism 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2170:Jim Crow laws 2168: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2155:One-drop rule 2153: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2070:Blood quantum 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2048: 2047: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2011:Victimisation 2009: 2007: 2006:Trans bashing 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1976:Religious war 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1956:Racialization 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1827:Glass ceiling 1825: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1770:Ethnic hatred 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1705:Counter-jihad 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1651: 1650: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1480:United States 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1343:United States 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1256:Protestantism 1254: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1171:LDS or Mormon 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1093:Transmisogyny 1091: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 996:Gerontophobia 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 926:Anti-intersex 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 901:Anti-albinism 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 883: 874: 873: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 831: 828: 826: 823: 822: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 770: 768: 765: 764: 755: 754: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 728:Institutional 726: 725: 716: 715: 711: 707: 706: 703: 700: 699: 695: 691: 690: 680: 675: 673: 668: 666: 661: 660: 658: 657: 654: 650: 647: 646: 639: 636: 634: 633: 629: 627: 626: 622: 621: 615: 614: 607: 606: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 576: 570: 569: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 536:Elman Service 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 471:David Graeber 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 431:John Comaroff 429: 427: 426:Jean Comaroff 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 406:Fredrik Barth 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 382: 381: 374: 371: 369: 364: 363: 360: 357: 356: 353: 350: 349: 346: 344:Legal systems 343: 342: 339: 338: 332: 331: 328: 327: 324: 321: 319: 316: 315: 311: 309: 306: 305: 302: 301: 297: 295: 292: 290: 289: 285: 284: 280: 278: 275: 274: 268: 267: 260: 257: 255: 254:Legal culture 252: 250: 249:Customary law 247: 246: 243: 240: 239: 236: 235:Theatre state 233: 231: 228: 226: 225:House society 223: 221: 220:Petty kingdom 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 190: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 146: 143: 140: 138: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 123:Social status 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 103: 97: 96: 93: 88: 85: 84: 81: 79: 74: 73: 67: 66:Uttar Pradesh 63: 59: 55: 54: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 15134:Soviet Union 15109:Ancient Rome 14966:Homelessness 14891:Upper Middle 14763: / 14744: / 14735: / 14700:Working poor 14596: 14583:Robber baron 14406:Intellectual 14396:Royal family 14360:Ancient Rome 14214:second-class 14132: 14075: 14074: / 14069: 14065:High society 14019: 13972:Elite theory 13949: 13942: 13935: 13922:Social class 13661:Gender-blind 13548:Human rights 13376:Racial quota 13363: 13343:Jewish quota 13323:Gerontocracy 13318:Gender roles 13296:Disabilities 13281:Blood purity 13253:Wife selling 13243:White flight 13223:Slut-shaming 13203:Scapegoating 13121:Murder music 12794:Palestinians 12737:Anti-Zionism 12605:South Africa 12590:Black people 12568:South Africa 12389:Christianity 12379:Baháʼí Faith 12307:Sectarianism 12247:Heterosexism 12212:Ephebiphobia 12182:Anti-Masonry 12049:Hair texture 12023: 11929: 11900: 11651:Saudi Arabia 11601: 11567:Saudi Arabia 11454:Saudi Arabia 11331: 11314: 11307: 11271: 11258:. Retrieved 11239: 11226:. Retrieved 11211:. New York: 11208: 11192:. Retrieved 11174: 11158:. Retrieved 11140: 11125:, retrieved 11107: 11080: 11063: 11054:24 September 11052:, retrieved 11038: 11025:24 September 11023:, retrieved 11009: 10978: 10950: 10939: 10935: 10927:, retrieved 10918: 10907: 10897:. Retrieved 10879: 10872:Nagar, Richa 10854: 10841:. Retrieved 10823: 10808:, retrieved 10794: 10780: 10776:Madan, T. N. 10767:24 September 10765:, retrieved 10750:, New York: 10747: 10731:. Retrieved 10713: 10690: 10667: 10657:24 September 10655:. Retrieved 10635: 10606: 10580: 10555: 10548:Rodgers 2008 10533:Rodgers 2008 10512:Rodgers 2008 10495:Rodgers 2008 10490: 10483:Rodgers 2008 10478: 10430: 10420: 10407: 10397: 10384: 10374: 10358: 10354: 10341: 10332: 10328: 10318: 10305: 10295: 10287: 10283: 10278: 10270: 10264: 10259: 10234: 10224: 10212:. Retrieved 10198: 10186: 10175: 10165: 10154: 10144: 10113: 10104: 10071: 10065: 10059: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10009: 10003: 9991:. Retrieved 9987:the original 9980: 9971: 9959:. Retrieved 9955: 9943: 9914: 9911:the original 9906: 9902: 9892: 9880:. Retrieved 9869: 9859: 9851:the original 9824: 9819: 9812: 9803: 9797: 9784: 9778: 9755: 9748: 9715: 9709: 9703: 9680: 9662: 9637: 9631: 9625: 9603:(1): 45–85. 9600: 9594: 9588: 9565: 9559: 9537:(1): 46–74. 9534: 9528: 9522: 9492:(1): 37–54. 9489: 9483: 9477: 9465:. Retrieved 9461:the original 9456: 9447: 9438: 9432: 9426: 9411: 9386: 9380: 9346: 9340: 9334: 9309: 9305: 9284:. Retrieved 9278: 9269: 9245: 9238: 9229: 9223: 9214: 9208: 9195: 9186: 9159: 9153: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9083: 9079: 9073: 9061: 9041: 9034: 9025: 9016: 9004:. Retrieved 8993: 8982: 8965: 8961: 8943: 8937: 8918: 8912: 8900:. Retrieved 8881: 8859:. Retrieved 8840: 8833: 8825: 8818:. Retrieved 8794: 8786: 8764:(10): 3–10. 8761: 8757:Asian Survey 8755: 8749: 8737:. Retrieved 8733:the original 8722: 8710:. Retrieved 8706:the original 8701: 8689: 8677:. Retrieved 8673:the original 8656: 8651:, p. 22 8649:Beasley 1972 8644: 8632:. Retrieved 8628:the original 8623: 8611: 8599:. Retrieved 8592:the original 8585: 8554:. Retrieved 8550:the original 8543: 8516:. Retrieved 8512:the original 8505: 8467: 8461: 8437: 8430: 8413: 8409: 8375: 8344:(1): 51–77. 8341: 8337: 8331: 8314: 8308: 8289: 8283: 8264: 8258: 8248: 8236:. Retrieved 8232:the original 8225: 8215: 8185:(1): 55–58. 8182: 8176: 8170: 8151: 8147:AnthroSource 8145: 8135: 8124: 8118: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8064:the original 8057: 8048: 8036:. Retrieved 8032:the original 8025: 8015: 8007:the original 8000: 7991: 7983:the original 7969: 7961:the original 7954: 7944: 7936:the original 7929: 7920: 7908:. Retrieved 7904:the original 7894: 7872: 7866: 7838: 7828: 7804: 7797: 7789:the original 7784: 7774: 7758: 7753: 7744: 7726: 7720: 7710: 7700: 7677: 7671: 7662: 7656: 7646:10 September 7644:. Retrieved 7640:the original 7635: 7625: 7617:the original 7606: 7594:. Retrieved 7590:the original 7583: 7574: 7551: 7545: 7536: 7526: 7503: 7475: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7434: 7422: 7386: 7382: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7357:, retrieved 7348: 7334: 7333: 7326:. Retrieved 7312: 7300: 7288: 7287: 7280:. Retrieved 7262: 7248: 7247: 7244:the original 7238: 7234:Madan, T. N. 7224: 7223: 7218:24 September 7216:. Retrieved 7212:the original 7193: 7158: 7087: 7062: 7058: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7019: 7011: 7007: 6998: 6977: 6970: 6961: 6949: 6940: 6932:Annie Malone 6910:and acts of 6891: 6884: 6873: 6859: 6829: 6815: 6777:Meena Dhanda 6774: 6759: 6742: 6726: 6712: 6694: 6680:of southern 6678:Borana Oromo 6675: 6668: 6652: 6646: 6625: 6590: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6503: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6463:Sierra Leone 6432: 6424: 6416: 6403: 6401: 6353: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6314: 6288: 6243:Pre-Islamic 6242: 6206: 6161:Confucianism 6150: 6143: 6127: 6123: 6119:untouchables 6104: 6085: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6049: 6035: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6007: 5985: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5913: 5895: 5877: 5872:noble class 5859: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5761: 5754: 5750: 5745:four classes 5729: 5712: 5710: 5679: 5668: 5652:Song dynasty 5626: 5619:Yuan dynasty 5616: 5594: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5563: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5539: 5535: 5534:– (Visayan: 5525: 5517: 5508: 5498: 5491: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5391: 5375: 5372:plutocracies 5362: 5359:head-hunting 5354: 5350: 5330: 5326: 5293: 5279:), from the 5274: 5246: 5243: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5167:Tropenmuseum 5136: 5134: 5119: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5077: 5054: 5046: 5037: 5028: 5008:urbanisation 5005: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4968: 4960: 4952: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4830: 4829: 4818: 4808: 4562:Commonwealth 4467: 4445: 4428: 4378: 4366:Municipality 4351: 4121: 3999:Chhattisgarh 3969: 3897: 3862: 3835: 3803: 3776: 3749: 3698: 3681: 3630: 3623:Tushar Mehta 3613: 3596: 3579: 3474: 3456: 3429: 3422:Law of India 3384: 3377:Kiren Rijiju 3367: 3342: 3320: 3298: 3281: 3264: 3236: 3224:Rahul Gandhi 3214: 3192: 3184: 3175: 3158: 3086: 3064: 3042: 3020: 2984:Human rights 2959:Constitution 2924: 2916:Gupta Empire 2908:DNA analysis 2879:Vedic period 2868: 2843: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2814:John Minsheu 2763: 2761: 2749: 2734: 2706:caste system 2705: 2698:social group 2693: 2691: 2461:Gender-blind 2340:Human rights 2160:Racial quota 2147: 2127:Jewish quota 2107:Gerontocracy 2102:Gender roles 2080:Disabilities 2065:Blood purity 2031:Wife selling 2021:White flight 2001:Slut-shaming 1981:Scapegoating 1899:Murder music 1564:Palestinians 1507:Anti-Zionism 1375:South Africa 1360:Black people 1338:South Africa 1151:Christianity 1141:Baháʼí Faith 1061:Sectarianism 1001:Heterosexism 966:Ephebiphobia 936:Anti-Masonry 795:Hair texture 637: 630: 623: 603: 511:Sidney Mintz 501:Ralph Linton 496:Edmund Leach 456:Morton Fried 451:Meyer Fortes 401:F. G. Bailey 333: 298: 286: 271:Case studies 230:Ethnic group 200:Band society 127: 75: 57: 51: 43: 15053:New Zealand 14770:Untouchable 14695:Proletariat 14685:Pea-pickers 14635:Bourgeoisie 14323:Aristocracy 14209:naturalized 14204:native-born 13563:Nonviolence 13558:LGBT rights 13523:Empowerment 13491:Anti-racism 13413:Segregation 13358:No kid zone 13158:Persecution 13071:Hate speech 13022:Gay bashing 12997:Ethnic joke 12952:Dog whistle 12897:Blood libel 12585:Azerbaijani 12489:Neopaganism 12482:Persecution 12448:Persecution 12431:Persecution 12394:Catholicism 12329:Transphobia 12312:Supremacism 12267:Lesbophobia 12187:Aporophobia 12152:Anti-autism 12003:Taste-based 11998:Statistical 11786:Black Codes 11734:labor camps 11641:Afghanistan 11358:Susan Bayly 10986:, pp. 10915:"caste, n." 10471:Gordon 2010 10012:. Madison: 9923: [ 9251:CUP Archive 9131:: 104–119. 9066:Demick 2010 8902:14 February 8861:14 February 8820:14 February 8739:30 November 8587:Shimonoseki 8577:人権意識のアップデート 7910:30 November 7875:, Chicago: 7345:"caste, n." 6632:SW Ethiopia 6499:Cordonniers 6451:Ivory Coast 6428:Ivory Coast 6338:West Africa 6297:-descended 6272:Vastryoshan 6260:Arteshtaran 6134:North Korea 6088:Gabo reform 6081:egalitarian 6054:Gabo Reform 5705:court ranks 5694:Edo society 5681:Heidi Fjeld 5625:enforced a 5623:Kublai Khan 5595:kakatamokan 5579:; Tagalog: 5571:Maguindanao 5551:; Tagalog: 5538:; Tagalog: 5515:Kapampangan 5452:Royalty – ( 5429:, with the 5427:feudalistic 5415:Kapampangan 5288: 1590 5281:Boxer Codex 5261:Philippines 5171:Netherlands 5041:North India 4521:Visa policy 4299:Legislative 4161:Lakshadweep 4114:West Bengal 4109:Uttarakhand 4044:Maharashtra 3691:Rajiv Kumar 3510:Bar Council 3252:Rajya Sabha 3121:Secretaries 3116:Departments 3096:Rajiv Gauba 2696:is a fixed 2355:Nonviolence 2350:LGBT rights 2315:Empowerment 2283:Anti-racism 2197:Segregation 2142:No kid zone 1936:Persecution 1849:Hate speech 1800:Gay bashing 1775:Ethnic joke 1730:Dog whistle 1675:Blood libel 1355:Azerbaijani 1251:Neopaganism 1244:Persecution 1210:Persecution 1193:Persecution 1156:Catholicism 1083:Transphobia 1066:Supremacism 1021:Lesbophobia 941:Aporophobia 906:Anti-autism 743:Taste-based 738:Statistical 481:Ulf Hannerz 476:Lesley Gill 15175:Categories 15043:Luxembourg 14933:Inequality 14598:Superclass 14389:Hereditary 14365:Post-Roman 14356:Patrician 14226:adolescent 14050:Classicide 13837:Stereotype 13832:Speciesism 13713:Oppression 13708:Oikophobia 13604:Allophilia 13588:Toleration 13445:Sodomy law 13338:Internment 13258:Witch-hunt 13136:Blackhawks 13066:Hate group 13054:Hate crime 13027:Gendercide 13017:Freak show 13007:Excellence 12967:Employment 12937:Defamation 12869:Vietnamese 12864:Venezuelan 12754:Lithuanian 12421:Falun Gong 12356:Xenophobia 12351:Vegaphobia 12334:Non-binary 12292:Pedophobia 12257:Homophobia 12079:Skin color 12039:Disability 12012:Attributes 11993:Structural 11889:See also: 11877:Xenophobia 11729:Internment 11714:Ethnocracy 10361:(1). SAV. 9993:21 October 9874:. London. 9568:. London: 9467:22 October 9286:22 October 9178:1007841078 9006:3 November 8846:SUNY Press 8803:. p. 8238:4 December 8112:(2): 1–14. 7520:required.) 7170:References 6899:capitalism 6802:See also: 6669:Among the 6354:Among the 6181:landowners 5663:See also: 5585:; Tausug: 5403:Indianized 5221:knighthood 5062:north-east 5058:Tamil Nadu 4897:status of 4843:Kshatriyas 4291:Ministries 4226:Federalism 4166:Puducherry 4136:Chandigarh 4089:Tamil Nadu 3549:Lok Adalat 3532:High Court 3399:L. Murugan 3137:Parliament 3104:Ministries 3013:Government 2912:endogamous 2637:Stereotype 2632:Speciesism 2513:Oppression 2508:Oikophobia 2404:Allophilia 2380:Toleration 2229:Sodomy law 2122:Internment 2036:Witch-hunt 1914:Blackhawks 1844:Hate group 1832:Hate crime 1805:Gendercide 1795:Freak show 1785:Excellence 1745:Employment 1715:Defamation 1639:Vietnamese 1634:Venezuelan 1524:Lithuanian 1183:Falun Gong 1110:Xenophobia 1105:Vegaphobia 1088:Non-binary 1046:Pedophobia 1011:Homophobia 825:Skin color 785:Disability 758:Attributes 733:Structural 373:Cargo cult 276:Acephelous 166:Matriarchy 161:Patriarchy 148:Leadership 15068:Sri Lanka 14961:Education 14928:Household 14821:Affluence 14756:Rat tribe 14718:Ant tribe 14690:Precariat 14675:Lazzaroni 14617:Bohemians 14578:Overclass 14573:Old money 14509:Spartiate 14484:Kshatriya 14474:Hashashin 14431:Professor 14372:Political 14345:Oligarchy 14335:Hanseaten 14253:Stateless 14233:Convicted 14165:By status 14128:Subaltern 14060:Euthenics 13992:New class 13810:Christian 13738:Prejudice 13686:Masculism 13634:Diversity 13428:religious 13403:Redlining 13002:Ethnocide 12962:Education 12854:Ukrainian 12789:Pakistani 12779:Mongolian 12700:Australia 12682:Hungarian 12637:Colombian 12617:Bulgarian 12499:Rastafari 12453:Ahmadiyya 12366:Religious 12344:Trans men 12302:Pregnancy 12237:Gayphobia 12232:Fatphobia 12137:Acephobia 12132:Arophobia 12116:Viewpoint 11769:Apartheid 11702:Bantustan 11587:Civil War 11411:Religious 11339:Casteless 11260:10 August 11213:Routledge 11160:10 August 10984:Routledge 10955:Routledge 10936:caste, n. 10934:) Quote: 10899:10 August 10843:10 August 10810:10 August 10611:Routledge 10245:cite news 10156:The Hindu 10096:143949609 10051:146641210 9764:cite book 9740:144428371 9551:142847876 9514:146454269 9403:162509491 9363:155805468 9326:144982023 9145:1370-7205 9108:214483496 9100:0021-0862 8887:Routledge 8617:"Kakaku" 8358:143883066 8323:186146571 8207:131367161 8126:The Hindu 7411:258804155 7403:1475-9756 7366:caste, n. 7328:10 August 6950:In 2023, 6804:Mestizaje 6729:feudalism 6727:European 6701:Rahanweyn 6524:, Moors, 6495:Forgerons 6325:Beni Amer 6299:Al-Akhdam 6285:Al-Akhdam 6192:Kurdistan 6187:West Asia 6165:Communism 6086:With the 6077:baekjeong 6073:baekjeong 6069:baekjeong 6065:baekjeong 5988:baekjeong 5935:baekjeong 5827:descent. 5805:burakumin 5801:burakumin 5797:burakumin 5788:burakumin 5634:Mongolian 5608:East Asia 5554:maharlika 5540:katalonan 5407:Islamized 5388:Kankanaey 5376:kadangyan 5319:Tagakaulo 5239:servitude 5208:Brahminas 5178:Indonesia 5125:Sri Lanka 5032:Hypergamy 5020:patrimony 4677:Sanctions 4630:East Asia 4516:Passports 4235:Executive 4192:Districts 4187:Divisions 4094:Telangana 4079:Rajasthan 4054:Meghalaya 4029:Karnataka 4024:Jharkhand 3729:Elections 3146:Lok Sabha 3109:Ministers 2967:Amendment 2891:Kshatriya 2818:New World 2758:Etymology 2744:colonial 2714:exclusion 2610:Christian 2538:Prejudice 2486:Masculism 2434:Diversity 2212:religious 2187:Redlining 1780:Ethnocide 1740:Education 1624:Ukrainian 1559:Pakistani 1549:Mongolian 1470:Australia 1452:Hungarian 1407:Colombian 1387:Bulgarian 1261:Rastafari 1215:Ahmadiyya 1126:Religious 1098:Trans men 1056:Pregnancy 991:Gayphobia 986:Fatphobia 891:Acephobia 886:Arophobia 862:Viewpoint 561:Eric Wolf 133:Age grade 87:Political 68:in India. 15160:Category 15092:Historic 15013:Colombia 15003:Cambodia 14938:Personal 14836:Mobility 14765:Freedman 14751:Plebeian 14737:Prisoner 14723:Commoner 14609:Creative 14590:Seigneur 14556:Nobility 14514:Vanniyar 14499:Pendekar 14459:Cossacks 14093:Snobbery 13965:Theories 13867:Category 13849:The talk 13785:Snobbery 13703:Net bias 13533:Feminism 13460:Ugly law 13301:Catholic 13269:policies 13116:Mortgage 13111:Lynching 13042:examples 13037:Genocide 12957:Economic 12942:Democide 12902:Bullying 12819:Romanian 12784:Nigerian 12727:Japanese 12662:Georgian 12647:Filipino 12580:Assyrian 12553:Armenian 12543:American 12538:Albanian 12520:National 12504:Yazidism 12426:Hinduism 12384:Buddhism 12287:Nepotism 12282:Misogyny 12277:Misandry 12202:Clannism 12197:Biphobia 12142:Adultism 12059:Language 11902:Category 11862:Shunning 11858:(Canada) 11821:Nativism 11675:Dynamics 11552:Rhodesia 11547:Portugal 11542:Malaysia 11507:Bulgaria 11449:Portugal 11290:archived 11245:ABC-CLIO 11228:5 August 11194:5 August 11127:5 August 11112:ABC-CLIO 10929:5 August 10874:(2011). 10778:(2012), 10733:5 August 10579:(1972), 10412:Archived 10408:The Wire 10389:Archived 10363:Archived 10310:Archived 10236:BBC News 10136:37392803 10112:(1998). 9935:Chalosse 9876:Archived 9617:25604523 9024:(2010). 9000:Archived 8801:ABC-CLIO 8624:Kotobank 8422:42632474 8059:CBC News 8038:22 March 7931:ABC News 7836:(1984). 7769:, p. 331 7359:5 August 7282:5 August 7236:(2012), 7133:Propiska 7101:See also 7071:heredity 6990:Buddhism 6787:Americas 6783:(EHRC). 6766:Minister 6705:Madhiban 6682:Ethiopia 6656:Ethiopia 6643:Madhiban 6522:Minianka 6412:Cameroon 6245:Sassanid 6209:Yazidism 6111:cheonmin 5950:, etc.) 5915:Cheonmin 5817:Hokkaidō 5772:hatamoto 5751:hyakushō 5713:mibunsei 5621:, ruler 5536:babaylan 5487:babaiyon 5459:kadatoan 5364:mangayaw 5302:and the 5253:such as 5230:commerce 5189:Balinese 5110:Pakistan 5104:Ram Shah 5094:period. 5092:Licchavi 5024:politics 5016:endogamy 4847:Vaishyas 4839:Brahmins 4672:to India 4653:Diaspora 4498:to India 4489:in India 4243:Governor 4064:Nagaland 3961:Capitals 3581:Minister 3266:Chairman 3168:Om Birla 2994:Taxation 2730:termites 2718:eusocial 2710:endogamy 2649:The talk 2585:Snobbery 2503:Net bias 2325:Feminism 2244:Ugly law 2085:Catholic 2051:Policies 1894:Mortgage 1889:Lynching 1820:examples 1815:Genocide 1735:Economic 1720:Democide 1680:Bullying 1589:Romanian 1554:Nigerian 1497:Japanese 1432:Georgian 1417:Filipino 1350:Assyrian 1323:Armenian 1313:American 1308:Albanian 1288:national 1266:Yazidism 1188:Hinduism 1146:Buddhism 1041:Nepotism 1036:Misogyny 1031:Misandry 956:Clannism 951:Biphobia 896:Adultism 805:Language 694:a series 692:Part of 618:Journals 215:Chiefdom 192:Polities 78:a series 76:Part of 15063:Romania 15058:Nigeria 14943:Poverty 14846:Classes 14831:History 14742:Peasant 14728:Outcast 14667:Working 14647:Burgher 14504:Samurai 14494:Ocēlōtl 14454:Chhetri 14446:Warrior 14436:Scholar 14350:Russian 14340:Magnate 14328:Aristoi 14307:By type 14194:Citizen 14187:refugee 14083:Poverty 14077:Parvenu 14011:Related 13982:Marxian 13944:Stratum 13877:Commons 13656:Figleaf 13081:Housing 12849:Turkish 12799:Pashtun 12769:Mexican 12749:Kurdish 12722:Italian 12672:Haitian 12657:Finnish 12632:Chinese 12627:Chechen 12622:Catalan 12612:Bengali 12533:African 12518:Ethnic/ 12477:Judaism 12468:Sunnism 12458:Shi'ism 12374:Atheism 12207:Elitism 12106:Species 12044:Genetic 12034:Dialect 11931:Commons 11836:Rankism 11806:Hafrada 11760:Related 11656:Judaism 11532:Germany 11492:Bahrain 11469:Myanmar 11464:Bahrain 11330:at the 11171:"Caste" 11137:"caste" 11104:"Caste" 11006:"Caste" 10974:"Caste" 10947:"Caste" 10876:"caste" 10820:"caste" 10744:"Caste" 10710:"Caste" 10630:"Caste" 10603:"Caste" 10569:Sources 10306:Reuters 10088:2773155 9882:28 July 9732:1158345 9654:1160872 9506:1158641 9441:: 9–22. 8778:3023467 8712:7 March 8679:7 March 8634:7 March 8601:7 March 8556:7 March 8518:7 March 8199:3629123 7767:3793499 7596:5 April 7499:"caste" 7383:Textile 7259:"Caste" 7190:"Caste" 7123:Kamaiya 7081:at the 6952:Seattle 6768:may by 6717:Somalia 6684:in the 6604:Burundi 6577:Sunjata 6565:Songhay 6561:Soninke 6551:Malinke 6530:Soninke 6526:Manding 6510:Songhay 6506:Tukulor 6459:Senegal 6455:Liberia 6419:Songhai 6408:Nigeria 6368:Anambra 6360:Nigeria 6295:African 6266:Dabiran 6254:Asravan 6225:Kurdish 6217:Kurdish 6197:Yazidis 6152:Songbun 6140:Songbun 6128:kungmin 6107:bongwan 6036:sangmin 6026:jung-in 6014:Yangban 6002:Khitans 5947:gisaeng 5897:Sangmin 5861:Yangban 5854:Status 5825:Chinese 5591:Maranao 5532:Shamans 5510:maginoo 5505:Tagalog 5454:Visayan 5443:vassals 5419:Visayan 5411:Tagalog 5394:of the 5392:baknang 5378:of the 5355:maingal 5311:Mandaya 5300:Mangyan 5276:maginoo 5271:Tagalog 5217:Satrias 5197:ekajāti 5193:dwijāti 4996:Harijan 4851:Shudras 4658:History 4547:BIMSTEC 4317:Speaker 4099:Tripura 4059:Mizoram 4049:Manipur 4014:Haryana 4009:Gujarat 3256:Members 3160:Speaker 2895:Vaishya 2887:Brahmin 2456:Figleaf 1859:Housing 1619:Turkish 1569:Pashtun 1539:Mexican 1519:Kurdish 1492:Italian 1442:Haitian 1427:Finnish 1402:Chinese 1397:Chechen 1392:Catalan 1382:Bengali 1303:African 1286:Ethnic/ 1239:Judaism 1230:Sunnism 1220:Shi'ism 1136:Atheism 961:Elitism 852:Species 790:Genetic 780:Dialect 323:Mandala 156:Big man 137:Age set 15018:France 14998:Belize 14993:Africa 14920:Income 14876:Middle 14869:Gentry 14733:Outlaw 14640:Petite 14627:Middle 14561:Landed 14546:Gentry 14479:Knight 14419:Priest 14414:Clergy 14377:Family 14315:Ruling 14264:collar 14221:Clique 13937:Status 13842:threat 13696:autism 13433:sexual 13423:racial 13306:Jewish 13163:Pogrom 13141:Chiefs 13131:Braves 12859:Uyghur 12834:Somali 12829:Slavic 12814:Romani 12809:Quebec 12804:Polish 12744:Korean 12705:Canada 12692:Indian 12677:Hazara 12652:Fulani 12563:France 12528:Afghan 12463:Sufism 12192:Audism 12125:Social 12054:Height 11918:racial 11913:gender 11831:Racism 11762:topics 11628:Gender 11537:Israel 11527:France 11497:Brazil 11487:Canada 11434:Serbia 11429:Israel 11282: 11251: 11219: 11185: 11151: 11118: 11091: 11045: 11016: 10994: 10961: 10925:, 1989 10890: 10864:899573 10862: 10834: 10801: 10758: 10724: 10697: 10678: 10648: 10617: 10591: 10449: 10214:9 June 10134: 10124: 10094: 10086: 10049: 9961:2 June 9843: 9829:Fayard 9785:Africa 9738: 9730: 9711:Africa 9691: 9652: 9633:Africa 9615: 9576: 9549: 9512: 9504: 9485:Africa 9401: 9361: 9324: 9257: 9176: 9166: 9143: 9106: 9098: 9049: 8925: 8893: 8852: 8811: 8776: 8478: 8449: 8420: 8382: 8356: 8321: 8296: 8205: 8197: 8002:UNICEF 7883: 7854: 7816: 7765: 7737: 7688: 7562: 7467:986579 7465: 7409: 7401: 7355:, 1989 7335:Castes 7319: 7273: 7204: 6934:, and 6866:Blacks 6831:castas 6825:negros 6745:Cagots 6723:Europe 6660:Gurage 6600:Rwanda 6569:Fulani 6553:people 6546:Tuareg 6544:, and 6542:Fulani 6518:Senufo 6497:, and 6491:Griots 6487:Fulani 6447:Guinea 6439:Gambia 6380:Ebonyi 6305:Africa 6233:tribes 6018:munban 5941:mudang 5879:Jungin 5845:Hangul 5821:Korean 5793:buraku 5764:daimyo 5756:chōnin 5725:daimyō 5721:Shōgun 5641:people 5582:alipin 5576:ulipon 5548:timawa 5522:Tausug 5462:) the 5421:, and 5386:, and 5384:Bontoc 5380:Ifugao 5370:Petty 5351:mengal 5341:, the 5331:magani 5327:bagani 5321:, and 5315:Bagobo 5255:Mexico 5247:castas 5235:Sudras 5226:Wesias 5212:priest 4942:varnas 4914:varnas 4874:Varnas 4861:Varnas 4813:, the 4625:Africa 4156:Ladakh 4084:Sikkim 4074:Punjab 4069:Odisha 4034:Kerala 3971:States 3542:Judges 3497:Judges 3185:Vacant 2899:Shudra 2883:varnas 2877:. The 2751:castas 2728:, and 2642:threat 2496:autism 2217:sexual 2207:racial 2090:Jewish 1941:Pogrom 1919:Chiefs 1909:Braves 1629:Uyghur 1604:Somali 1599:Slavic 1584:Romani 1579:Quebec 1574:Polish 1514:Korean 1475:Canada 1462:Indian 1447:Hazara 1422:Fulani 1333:France 1298:Afghan 1225:Sufism 946:Audism 877:Social 800:Height 649:Social 318:Negara 60:are a 18:Castes 15181:Caste 15114:Aztec 15073:Tibet 15048:Nepal 15038:Italy 15028:India 15023:Haiti 15008:China 14908:Under 14903:Lower 14881:Black 14864:Donor 14859:Black 14854:Upper 14761:Slave 14710:Under 14566:Petty 14541:Elite 14528:Upper 14469:Harii 14464:Cuāuh 14298:White 14278:Green 14177:Alien 14020:Caste 13820:white 13173:Purge 12839:Tatar 12764:Māori 12759:Malay 12717:Irish 12667:Greek 12642:Croat 12600:China 12558:Asian 12443:Islam 12317:White 12064:Looks 12029:Class 12024:Caste 11981:Forms 11908:caste 11636:Islam 11562:Spain 11459:Spain 11328:Caste 11293:(PDF) 11276:(PDF) 10781:caste 10366:(PDF) 10351:(PDF) 10092:S2CID 10084:JSTOR 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3989:Assam 3915:INDIA 2871:varna 2855:India 2844:casta 2838:casta 2833:caste 2829:caste 2823:casta 2808:casta 2764:caste 2737:Hindu 2694:caste 2620:white 1951:Purge 1609:Tatar 1534:Māori 1529:Malay 1487:Irish 1437:Greek 1412:Croat 1370:China 1328:Asian 1205:Islam 1071:White 810:Looks 775:Class 771:Caste 719:Forms 307:State 210:Tribe 181:Chief 171:Elder 128:Caste 58:Basor 53:Basor 15033:Iran 14746:Serf 14551:Lord 14489:Nair 14382:List 14293:Pink 14283:Grey 14273:Blue 14262:By " 13815:male 13614:Bias 13059:LGBT 12844:Thai 12824:Serb 12687:Igbo 12548:Arab 12322:Male 12111:Size 12091:Rank 11774:laws 11646:Iran 11522:Fiji 11280:ISBN 11262:2012 11249:ISBN 11230:2012 11217:ISBN 11196:2012 11183:ISBN 11162:2012 11149:ISBN 11129:2012 11116:ISBN 11089:ISBN 11056:2012 11043:ISBN 11027:2012 11014:ISBN 10992:ISBN 10959:ISBN 10931:2012 10901:2012 10888:ISBN 10860:OCLC 10845:2012 10832:ISBN 10812:2012 10799:ISBN 10769:2012 10756:ISBN 10735:2012 10722:ISBN 10695:ISBN 10676:ISBN 10659:2012 10646:ISBN 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