Archaeology of the Philippines

44: 2510: 1893:. In either case, looking for the original archaeological site of the jars was deemed as a difficult task as both Sultan Kudarat and Maguindanao are home to Muslim rebels fighting government forces, making it hard for scholars to enter the area and make an expedition. Funding on a possible expedition was also deemed as extremely limited. No expedition to locate the original archaeological site of the jars has been made up to present time. Research on the jars have also been hindered as expert findings can only be made once the location has been well-researched on, according to the National Museum. 2995: 1873:(190 BC to 500 AD)– In 1991, the National Museum archaeological team discovered anthropomorphic secondary burial jars in Ayub Cave, Barangay Pinol, Maitum, Sarangani Province, Mindanao, Philippines, dating them to be from between 190 BC and 500 AD. The jars are commonly known today as Maitum jars. They are made of earthenware, and are characterized by their design that suggests human figures with complete or partial facial features of the first inhabitants in Mindanao. Furthermore, they give emphasis to the Filipinos' popular belief of life after death. 1026: 6178: 3245: 7254: 962: 2708: 1303: 2034:- Lingling-o are an "omega shaped" type of pendant or amulet that has been associated with various Indigenous cultures of the Philippines since the early metal age. The earliest surviving examples of lingling-o, dating back to the metal age, were made out of Nephrite jade, but many later examples were made of shell, gold, copper, and wood; the kind of material suggests differences in the social standing of its wearer. Recent findings in the Northern Philippine province of 7265: 6053: 3273: 6063: 3165:. It was initially used as a bomb-proof storage and personnel bunker, but was later equipped as a 1,000-bed hospital. The main tunnel, running east to west, is 831 feet (253 m) long, 24 feet (7.3 m) wide and 18 feet (5.5 m) high. Branching off from this main shaft are 13 lateral tunnels on the north side and 11 lateral tunnels on the south side. Each lateral averaged 160 feet (49 m) in length and 15 feet (4.6 m) in width. 2531: 1879:(not yet carbon-dated) - In 2008, officials found a tricycle (common Philippine vehicle) carrying artifacts similar in shape with the Maitum Anthropomorphic Potteries, but are painted, and have clearer expressions. The shards were explicitly crafted, more expertly than those found in Sarangani in 1991. The looter afterwards presented forged documents of his ownership on the shards. He was afterwards arrested. The 2947: 3259: 2801: 2028:-The Banton cloth is the earliest known warp ikat (tie-resist dyeing) textile in Southeast Asia. Estimated to be 400 years old, the burial cloth was found in a wooden coffin that also contained blue and white ceramics in Banton Island, Romblon. The shroud was woven from red, black and white abaca threads. At present, the people in Bontok, Mt. Province use a colorful burial cloth to wrap the dead. 1774:. Early Palawenios fashioned the beaters from cylindrical stones and used the stone beaters for pounding the bark to loosen the pulp from the fiber. The bark cloth is ready when all the pulp has been stripped off, leaving a network of fibers. The stone tool found in Arku Cave, Penablanca, Cagayan was dated 1255-605 B.C. Another bark-cloth beater was found in Sagung cave in Southern 1507:. Beyer opened substantial excavations in the area of the dam, employing up to seventy workers a day for six months. He also conducted a five-year survey of the surrounding area, cataloguing 120 sites and nearly 500,000 artefacts. In 1932, Beyer assisted F. G. Roth in beginning a second major project, the Batangas Archaeological Survey, which involved surveys and excavation in the 2054:– the earliest form of precious metal based currency of the Philippines. It is likely made of pure gold with a weight ranging between .5 grams to more or less than 3 grams a size of a corn kernel—and weigh from 0.09 to 2.65 grams of fine gold. Large Piloncitos weighing 2.65 grams approximate the weight of one mass. Piloncitos have been excavated from 2651:

anthropologist, the richness of historical clues which could be derived from these porcelain artifacts led scholars to use the term "protohistory." The Iron Age consisted of a phase called the "Porcelain Age," and porcelain in this phase entered the Philippines around the nineteenth century A.D. along with "glazed stoneware" from Southeast Asia.

1676:, Palawan, Philippines. Located near the Tabon Caves, the Ille Caves rock shelter was occupied many times, but the oldest stratigraphic layer puts the first occupation of that rock shelter at c. 14,000 cal bp (calibrated years before present). This assessment was made based on the presence of charcoal, placing this site well into the Pleistocene. 2923:– Founded in 1596 by the Jesuits, it the only town with a majority of the rare Inakbanon language speakers. The town became the focal transition between the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade from the 16th to 18th centuries. A fort town, much of the architecture of the town is based on protection against Moro raiders coming from as far as Mindanao. 2509: 2650:

Porcelain tradeware from Vietnam, Taiwan, and China were so prevalent during the Philippines "late metal age" that early scholars of Philippine anthropology came to refer to the period as the Philippines' "Porcelain age." Before the discovery of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription in the early 1990s,

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Although some 20th century historians believed that the various cultures of the Philippine archipelago first encountered Hindu and/or Buddhist beliefes as early as the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE, more recent scholarship suggests that these cultural influences mostly filtered in during the 10th through

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Karl L. Hutterer, who studied under Solheim, became an influence to Philippine archaeology. Hutterer taught students the socioeconomic and political complexity of doing research in the field of archaeology. When showing the socioeconomic processes to students, he focused on showing the diversity with

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confirmed that the way the jar shards were made is new to Philippine archaeology, as no known ethnic group in the entire country is known to craft such precise pieces of burial jars. The museum confirmed that the jars may be the remnant artifacts of a lost tribe in the Philippines that may have gone

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also known as the Kabayan Mummies, Benguet Mummies, or Ibaloi Mummies, are a group of mummies found along the mountain slopes of Kabayan, a town in the northern part of the Philippines. They were made from as early as 2000 BC until the 16th century, when Spain colonized the Philippines. Today, they

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Chapter 3 of The Archaeology of Central Philippines, "The Kalanay Cave Site, Masbate, Philippines," describes the site and Solheim's excavations in 1951 and 1953. It describes a small burial cave that contained a large amount of pottery, a few stone and iron tools, a few other artifacts, and some

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worked together and discovered the Oton death mask in San Antonio, Oton, Iloilo. Like Evangelista, Jocano he worked at the National Museum of the Philippines as well as the University of the Philippines. Inspired by Fox and Beyer, Jocano brought New World terminology by using previous data to the

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American colonial archaeology in the Philippines came to an end in 1941 when the islands were occupied by the Japanese. Beyer was interned by the occupying forces, although he was allowed to continue his work at the university. During this time he compiled two synoptic papers, 'Outline review of

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focuses on Spanish colonialism and how the Philippines became independent from both Spain and the United States. During the colonial times in the Philippines archaeology was not used as it is today, it mainly focused on ethnographic and linguistic studies. Archaeology was influenced greatly by

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In the late 1970s, William A. Longacre went to northern Luzon to do research on enthoarchaeology in the Kallinga region. He later furthered his research in southern Luzon, studying how earthenware potteries were made. An artifact that Longacre help discover and date was the Calatagan Pot with

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as shown in the origin of most languages from Sanskrit and certain ancient potteries. A Buddhist image was reproduced in mould on a clay medallion in bas-relief from the municipality of Calatagan. According to experts, the image in the pot strongly resembles the iconographic portrayal of

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granted recognition to the lay Confraternity of Santo Cristo Jesús Nazareno in 1650 for the promotion of the devotion to Jesus through the icon. It was housed in several churches near Manila in the early decades, arriving in Quiapo Church in 1787 where it has been enshrined ever

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inscriptions, The pot was probably also used for ceremonies to retrieve victims of bugkut, disappeared persons believed to have been abducted by dwellers of the spirit world. The paper provides a glossary of 26 Bisayan words that could be derived from the Calatagan Pot

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Before the 1980s, archaeology in the Philippines focused more on culture and history. The main way that archaeologists studied archaeology was using an inductive approach. When searching for artifacts the National Museum focused on collecting prehistoric remains.

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2011 Page 251 "This site dates from the fifth to first century BCE and it is one of the earliest sites of the Sa Huỳnh culture in Thu Bồn Valley (Reinecke et al. 2002, 153–216); 2) Lai Nghi is a prehistoric cemetery richly equipped with iron tools and weapons,

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Lewis, Helen; Paz, Victor; Lara, Myra; Barton, Huw; Piper, Philip; Ochoa, Janine; Vitales, Timothy; Carlos, A. Jane; Higham, Tom (June 2008). "Terminal Pleistocene to mid-Holocene occupation and an early cremation burial at Ille Cave, Palawan, Philippines".

3969:) 2000 "Right from the early history – before and after the Christian era – over twenty centuries from now, there was a cultural exchange among three major Centres Z Đông Sơn culture in the North, Sa Huỳnh culture in Central and south-eastern Nam Bộ ..." 1767:-The Late Neolithic period in the Philippines, Evidence shows by a Yawning Jarlet on the Burial site in Leta-leta caves in Palawan by Robert Fox which had later become National treasure in the Philippines. It is the earliest pot recovered in the country. 1545:

was a student of Beyer, Solheim and Fox and had instantly fallen in love with archaeology. In 1956, worked with Robert Fox excavating the Bato Caves in the Sorsogon Province and later on they would excavate along the coast of Cagraray and Bikol.

43: 3076:- Initially believed to pre-date the arrival of the Spanish colonizers, recent scholarship has led scholars to conclude that the Banaue rice terraces were constructed in the 1650s, an Indigenous response to Spanish colonial rule in the lowlands. 1588:

inscription. In 1992, he contributed dating the pot with an accelerated mass spectroscopy, but failed to gather sufficient data. He later suggested using a different form of dating C-14 technique to get an accurate date of the inscription.

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province' according to the reports, but the true location has not been determined as the caught looter is only a part of the chain which looted the artifacts from its original location. Other scholars speculate that the jars came from

2966:, the Cagsawa church. It was originally built in the town of Cagsawa in 1587 but was burned down by Dutch pirates in 1636. but was destroyed again, along with the town of Cagsawa, on February 1, 1814, during the eruption of the 1952:'s top archaeologist "a complex archaeological site with both habitation and burial remains from the period of approximately 10th to the 14th century ... the first of its kind in the Philippines having carved limestone tombs." 2008:. The Death Mask was used to cover the faces of the dead to inhibit evil spirits from entering the body of the deceased. This practice was brought over from China to the Philippines between the late 14th to 15th century. 1379:

After the Philippines gained their independence from America in 1946, many students of Beyer practiced archaeology all over the Philippines. A few of Beyer's students and colleagues who worked around the Philippines are

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in Chicago, Illinois in 1922. Henry Otley Beyer, and some experts have agreed on its identity and have dated it to belong within 900–950 CE. They can not place, however, its provenance because it has distinct

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The first major archaeological project in the Philippines was the Rizal-Bulacan Archaeological Survey (1926–1930), prompted by the discovery of finds during the construction of the Novaliches Dam in

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streets and architecture of the Philippine colonial era which fuses Native Philippine and Oriental building designs and construction, with colonial Spanish architecture. Former Philippine president

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also known as the "Butuan Silver Strip", is a piece of metal with Kawi inscriptions found in Butuan province in the mid-1970s by a team of archaeologists from the National Museum of the Philippines.

5987: 3038:, was born in Vigan, at the former location of the provincial jail (his father was a warden); he resided in the Syquia Mansion. In May 2015, Vigan City was officially recognized as one of the 3634: 3524:

Hutterer, Karl L.; Allen, Jim; Arutiunov, S. A.; Bayard, D. T.; Bhattacharya, D. K.; Bronson, Bennet; Chlenov, M. A.; Donkin, R. A.; Ellen, Roy F.; Harris, David R.; Hayden, Brian (1976).

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There are many prominent sites throughout the Philippines, and some famous discoveries that were found date back to various time periods. A few well known site in the Philippines are the

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the early 14th centuries. Present-day scholarship believes these religious and cultural influences mostly came through trade with Southeast Asian thassalocratic empires such as the

6023: 4074: 2787:. The Black Nazarene was carved by an unknown Mexican from a dark wood in the 16th century in Mexico, and then transported to the Philippines in 1606. It depicts Jesus en route to 1714:

may have caused it to become indistinguishable. The engravings are mostly symbolic representations associated with healing and sympathetic magic. The site has been declared by the

1500:. Various private collectors and amateur archaeologists also accumulated significant amounts of material, but Beyer lamented that "none of this work was very scientifically done". 5982: 5992: 4938: 1527:

The Philippines gained independence from the United States in the 1946, but Beyer continued at his post at the University of Philippines until 1954. In 1949, he was joined by

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who taught anthropology in the Philippines in 1914. Beyer's teachings in the Philippines gained many students to follow in his footsteps into the field of archaeology.

6033: 5912: 4148: 2871: 2428:. The kinnari exists in both Buddhist and Hindu mythology. In Buddhism, the kinnari, a half-human and half-bird creature, represents enlightened action. The Buddhist 752: 4750: 6211: 6206: 5977: 5862: 4246: 1702:. There are 127 human and animal figures engraved on the rockwall probably carved during the late Neolithic. These inscriptions clearly show stylized human figures, 5952: 5732: 5361: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 5832: 5747: 5742: 3994:

Dizon, E. (1996). Faces from Maitum: The archaeological excavation of Ayub Cave. Manila: National Museum of the Philippines. pp. xi–xii, 51–53, 56–59, 73, 78–82.

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The "Flying elephant of Lenna Shoal" plate is considered a remarkable example of Chinese tradeware, with only two extant examples known in the world today.

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and is one of the best preserved pre-Spanish trading ships within the jurisdiction of Philippines. It is speculated that the ship stopped at some ports in

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have produced a number of archaeological finds, indicating it was occupied almost continuously between 50,000 and 9000 years ago. Notably, a collection of

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Cayron, J. (2006) "Stringing the Past: An Archaeological Understanding of Early Southeast Asian Glass Bead Trade" The University of the Philippines Press.

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emphasise that despite these beliefs being originally from India, they reached the Philippines through Southeast Asian cultures with Austronesian roots.

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in 1380. The original pillars of the old mosque can still be found inside the new building. It is also declared as a National Historical Landmark by the

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in Manila, one of the largest archives in the Philippines, currently possesses the biggest collection of extant ancient Baybayin alphabets in the world.

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where he handed a bronze plaque to Vigan Mayor Eva Grace Singson-Medina, signifying the heritage city's election as one of the world's wonder cities.

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became the Director III. Prior to becoming Director III, he was part of the Archaeology Division at the National Museum of the Philippines in 1988.

7203: 4320: 2004:– Discovered in the 1960s by Alfredo Evanghilista and F. Landa Jocan, it consists of gold nose-disc and eye mask find in an ancient grave in Oton, 1282: 3966: 7068: 6757: 6528: 6241: 6196: 4306: 3638: 2628: 1158: 947: 1650:. was found in Callao cave and, before the found remains of 700,000 year old rhinoceros, was the oldest human fossil in the Asia Pacific region. 6846: 6834: 6221: 3890: 2025: 4123:"Resolution No. 4, s. 1998 Declaring the Sheik Karimol Makhdum Mosque in Tubig-Indangan, Simunul, Taw-Tawi, as a National Historical Landmark" 4091:"Resolution No. 4, s. 1998 Declaring the Sheik Karimol Makhdum Mosque in Tubig-Indangan, Simunul, Taw-Tawi, as a National Historical Landmark" 2205:, was presumed to stand for Butwan or Butuan, since the letters “b” and “w” were frequently interchanged. The ivory seal is now housed at the 6591: 6399: 5384: 4401: 4163: 778: 770: 5311:

Hargrove, Thomas R. (1991). The Mysteries of Taal: A Philippine Volcano and Lake, Her Sea Life and Lost Towns. Manila: Bookmark Publishing.

4699: 6596: 6290: 6216: 6142: 4913: 2942:, before the whole town relocated to its present location in 1754. Currently the ruins are within the property of Club Balai Isabel Resort. 2882:

in 1774, the earliest map so far it was drawn and engraved by the skilled Filipino artisans Francisco Suarez and Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay .

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are remains of a church structure dating to the Spanish Colonial Period of the Philippines. It is the site of the first stone church of

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Thiel, Barbara (2005-11-21). "The Archaeology of Central Philippine, A Study Chiefly of the Iron Age and Its Relationships (review)".

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Sakuma, S. (1989) "Prohibition of Overseas Trade and its Influence of International Relations in the Early Reign of the Ming Dynasty"

3096:(originally known as Fort Drum), which nicknamed as "the concrete battleship," is a heavily fortified island situated at the mouth of 1825:. It dates from 890 to 710 B.C. and the two prominent figures at the top handle of its cover represent the journey of the soul to the 6802: 6501: 6361: 4675: 4608: 3291: 2164: 1903: 942: 877: 442: 175: 382: 6629: 6108: 3124: 1324: 983: 2827:

at the time of their initial contact with the Spaniards. Aside from a description of, and historical allusions to what is now the

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is an excavated remains of a thousand-year-old village found in the jungles of Mount Maclayao in Sitio Kamhantik within the

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culture" is said to have existed as evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found at a site in

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The earliest evidence of hominins living in the Philippines is the 700,000-year-old remains of a butchered rhinoceros in

1396: 1317: 1231: 976: 927: 902: 857: 655: 23: 5478: 3192:, and was found by a Filipino diver. It is not considered a gemstone pearl, but is instead known as a "clam pearl" or " 1539:. In 1965, Fox had found a pot from the late Neolithic Period called the Yawning Jarlet at his time at the Tabon Caves. 1511:

region. He also collected material from a number of localities around the islands throughout the 1930s and early 1940s.

7118: 6963: 6479: 6157: 6127: 5658: 5275: 3885: 2987: 2590: 2206: 2154: 1949: 1880: 1715: 1562: 1554: 1385: 1210: 5330:"Report on the Archaeological Excavation of the Spanish Period Colonial Ruins in Club Balai Isabel, Talisay, Batangas" 5294: 4181: 3829: 2466:– the sacred bull, linked chains, inscribed gold sheets, gold plaques decorated with repoussé images of Hindu deities. 1625:

by at least 400,000 years, the butchered rhinoceros and the stone tools around it point to a possible colonization of

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One of Evangelista's famous discovery in the Philippines was the excavation in 1957 of a neolithic jar burial site in

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craftsmanship and their seamanship skills during pre-colonial times. The Balanghai Festival is also a celebration in

2328:. The discovery of sophisticated Hindu imagery and gold artifacts in Tabon Caves has been linked to those found from 1746: 912: 95: 4480: 1456:, occasionally reported visiting sites, but the only detailed investigation was carried out by French archaeologist 6936: 6929: 6787: 6782: 6673: 6486: 6474: 6283: 5654: 2824: 1064: 897: 892: 437: 5582:. Macli-ing Dulag: Kalinga Chief, Defender of the Cordillera Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 201 4787:

Dang V.T. and Vu, Q.H., 1977. The excavation at Giong Ca Vo site. Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology 17: 30–37

2517:(above) found in 1989 suggests Indian cultural influence in the Philippines by the 9th century AD, likely through 7244: 7173: 7048: 7000: 6897: 6792: 6690: 6574: 6559: 6427: 4724: 4534: 3326: 3306: 2400: 1252: 1107: 625: 5196:

Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations

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that flourished between 1000 BC and 200 AD. Archaeological sites from the culture have been discovered from the

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Earthenware in Southeast Asia: Proceedings of the Singapore Symposium on Premodern Southeast Asian Earthenwares

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also contains seventy-five coloured drawings of the inhabitants of these regions and their distinctive costume.

2514: 2110: 1933: 1870: 1091: 293: 162: 147: 53: 2748:. It is one of the oldest Christian relics in the Philippines, originally given in 1521 as a gift by explorer 7193: 7098: 6887: 6882: 6606: 6464: 6356: 5667: 4959: 1606: 1558: 1486: 1272: 1193: 1173: 452: 62: 4363: 3811: 7020: 7015: 6985: 6948: 6907: 6851: 6668: 6644: 6564: 6415: 3912:

Solheim, William (1969). "Prehistoric Archaeology in Eastern Mainland Southeast Asia and the Philippines".

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Laszlo Legeza, "Tantric Elements in the Philippines PreHispanic Gold Arts," Arts of Asia, 1988, 4:129–136.

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It is part of Cagsawa Park and is protected and maintained by the municipal government of Daraga and the

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to Quang Binh province in central Vietnam. The Sa Huynh people were most likely the predecessors of the

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of burial caves on two islands, accumulating a large collection of antiquities which is now held in the

7239: 7040: 6995: 6902: 6829: 6735: 6639: 6617: 6442: 6437: 6308: 5717: 5221:"Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (U.S.A.), Catalogue Record of the Boxer Codex" 4974: 4209: 3286: 3026:

left in the Philippines whose old structures have mostly remained intact, and it is well known for its

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mentions the kinnari as the celestial musician in the Himavanta realm. The kinnari takes the form of a

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Sison, Antonio D. (2015). "Afflictive Apparitions: The Folk Catholic Imaginary in Philippine Cinema".

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the various cultures around areas. An artifact that Hutterer has examined in a geometric stone tools.

7135: 7058: 6953: 6807: 6777: 6762: 6656: 6162: 5727: 3469: 1660: 1222: 1188: 532: 447: 201: 6077: 4593: 4122: 3526:"An Evolutionary Approach to the Southeast Asian Cultural Sequence [and Comments and Reply]" 3202:. It measures 24 centimeters in diameter (9.45 inches) and weighs 6.4 kilograms (14.2 lb). 1473:

The most influential early figure in the archaeology of the Philippines was American anthropologist

7113: 7103: 7073: 7025: 6990: 6892: 5907: 5787: 5709: 5687: 4453: 3331: 2927: 2124: 1817:(890–710 B.C.) is a secondary burial jar excavated from a burial site in the Manunggul cave of the 1789: 1183: 1137: 1122: 620: 502: 497: 333: 261: 4407: 7178: 7053: 6710: 5927: 5882: 5852: 5752: 4703: 3341: 2975: 2725: 2712: 2610: 2138: 1257: 1112: 757: 696: 615: 522: 402: 246: 100: 4917: 2860:. extant copies had been find ancient script translation along with the Spanish Latin content. 7208: 6717: 6586: 5867: 5847: 5722: 3336: 2575: 1858: 1542: 1052: 793: 507: 5562: 5194: 5162: 5097: 3494: 1466: 7093: 5997: 5932: 5897: 5812: 5802: 5762: 5255: 5016: 4816: 4275: 2909:. The defense fortress is part of the structures of the walled city of Manila referred to as 2518: 2312:, the mythical bird that is common to Buddhism and Hinduism, Another gold artifact, from the 1672:

Later findings shed light on the daily lives of hunter-gatherers occupying a rock shelter in

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Bautista, Julius (2006). "The Rebellion and the Icon: Holy Revolutions in the Philippines".

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Jesus T. Peralta, "Prehistoric Gold Ornaments CB Philippines," Arts of Asia, 1981, 4:54–60.

3066:. New7Wonders Foundation president and founding member Bernard Weber led a ceremony held at 2092:- The early Filipinos traded Piloncitos also along with Gold rings, which is gold ring-like 7268: 7108: 6695: 6683: 5957: 5892: 5872: 5782: 5772: 5757: 5406: 3390:

Evangelista, Alfredo E. (1969). "The Philippines: Archaeology in the Philippines to 1950".

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opened fire on the house on 24 April 1980, killing Macliing Dulag and wounding a companion.

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province, which had scraped the mud off their shoes and slippers on two irregular shaped

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is a tunnel complex built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers on the island of

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associated with a Rhinoceros Ivory Tusk, dated 9th–12th century, was found in Libertad,

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Body, Movement, and Culture: Kinesthetic and Visual Symbolism in a Philippine Community

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did archaeological work in the Philippines and is most famous for his research in the

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was for a long time the oldest known evidence of a human presence in the Philippines.

1493: 1277: 1117: 298: 276: 3620: 7168: 7063: 5601: 5579: 5132: 4997: 4349: 3733: 3592: 3537: 3169: 3093: 2563: 2488: 2182: 1741: 1699: 1577: 1508: 1504: 1404: 1361: 1247: 1153: 640: 585: 527: 472: 427: 397: 358: 5136: 3581:"The Meanings of Objects Calatagan and Archaeological Research in the Philippines" 2601:. The ship was surmised to be a Southeast Asian cargo boat travelling from either 1025: 7188: 7183: 7163: 7145: 6797: 6705: 6700: 5336: 5070: 5043: 4754: 4506: 4078: 3978:

Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd.,

3770: 3701: 3689: 3654:"Callao man could be 'oldest' human in Asia Pacific, says Filipino archaeologist" 3278: 3264: 3225: 3067: 3031: 3015: 2885: 2792: 2680: 2555: 2473: 2407: 2388:

the statue is bronze may be a siva-buddhist blending rather than "pure Buddhist".

2355: 2133:

also known as Monreal stone or Rizal Stone – A limestone contains ancient script

2011: 1569: 1528: 1440:, even though the Spaniards were interested in the people of the islands from an 1420: 1412: 1389: 1267: 1262: 1242: 1081: 818: 308: 241: 75: 4622:. Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: University of the Philippines Asian Center. 1710:, along with other designs that may have depicted other interesting figures but 5515: 5385:"1814 Mayon Volcano eruption emits lesson on handling challenge of destruction" 5068: 5001: 4633: 3931: 3221: 3217: 3154: 2920: 2846: 2780: 2776: 2760: 2729: 2551: 2478: 2459: 2373: 2299: 2242: 2130: 1885: 1474: 1373: 1357: 1353: 803: 605: 432: 328: 5503:"United States Military Reservations, National Cemeteries, and Military Parks" 4097: 3737: 3224:'s home, still ridden with bulletholes after the 4th Infantry Division of the 1576:

After Evangelista retired from the National Museum of the Philippines in 1992

1436:

Very little archaeological work was carried out in the Philippines during the

7283: 6056: 5613: 4818:

Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms

4205: 3745: 3604: 3549: 3510: 3447: 3120: 2979: 2967: 2956: 2890: 2772: 2753: 2260: 1978: 1814: 1750: 1497: 932: 742: 152: 2707: 2153:

tablets before entering their classroom. are now housed at a section of the

1926:

erected in Batanes Islands in the Philippines, made from limestone and wood.

1792:

in the Philippines since the 1930s. The artifacts have been both tools like

1553:

in Luzon. In 1960 he began to work with Robert Fox and Ray Santiago for the

1453: 6167: 4864: 4429:"UST collection of ancient scripts in 'baybayin' syllabary shown to public" 3136: 3059: 2764: 2613:

to load trade wares. Bad weather might have led to the sinking of the ship.

2463: 2455: 2425: 2333: 2142: 2114: 2089: 2041:

The Philippines's archaeological finds include many ancient gold artifacts.

1850: 1785:

and dating as far back as 2000–1500 BC, has been discovered at a number of

1749:– The Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens are located along the banks of the 1627: 1482: 343: 323: 142: 5605: 3938:. Singapore: Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore. 3881:"Museum of the Filipino People – Archaeological Treasures (Kaban ng Lahi)" 3596: 2589:

which was excavated in 1995 by the Underwater Archaeology Division of the

1302: 6299: 6066: 3189: 3162: 3101: 3027: 2983: 2906: 2865: 2857: 2828: 2820: 2812: 2784: 2741: 2733: 2716: 2700: 2567: 2437: 2429: 2392: 2313: 2194: 2186: 2118: 2063: 2055: 1974: 1945: 1890: 1854: 1818: 1786: 1764: 1695: 1655: 1550: 1536: 1519:(1948), which laid the foundation for subsequent Philippine archaeology. 1449: 1445: 1441: 1400: 564: 549: 5276:"We Have the Mysterious Map that Proves the West Philippine Sea is Ours" 4899: 4775: 3612: 3580: 3455: 3431: 3403: 2521:, prior to the arrival of European colonial empires in the 16th century. 6268: 3557: 3525: 3199: 3158: 3140: 3116: 3105: 3097: 2960: 2910: 2768: 2294:

pose inside an oval nimbus. Scholars also noted that there is a strong

2174: 2071: 2051: 2031: 1771: 1646: 1638: 1557:. From the 1970s to early 1990s, Evangelista then began to work at the 1485:

study of the archipelago. Beyer was therefore invited to establish the

1411:. Additionally, some famous artifacts found in the Philippines are the 1408: 823: 660: 338: 5672: 4307:"'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age' | Inquirer Opinion" 2259:– This is bronze statue of Lokesvara was found in Isla Puting Bato in 1492:

Early surveys and collections were carried out in the 1920s by Beyer,

6107: 5072:

National Geographic Learning's Visual Geography of Travel and Tourism

3143: 2849: 2808: 2737: 2451: 2411: 2291: 2256: 2235: 2231: 2150: 2097: 1970: 1826: 1796:, and ornaments such as lingling-o earrings, bracelets and beads. A " 1673: 1665: 1416: 1059: 477: 412: 80: 5247: 5095: 5048:. The University of the Philippines Press. pp. xxvii, 226–228. 1477:. Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in 1898, and the 4279: 4096:. National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Archived from 3541: 3432:"A Decade of Archaeological Research in the Philippines, 1982-1992" 3272: 3194: 3147: 3112: 3023: 2971: 2935: 2861: 2832: 2805: 2684: 2632: 2547: 2535: 2530: 2469: 2295: 2198: 2161: 2134: 2083: 2067: 1801: 1770:

Bark cloth beater – It is a stone tool used for the preparation of

798: 313: 288: 256: 236: 191: 127: 4243:

Official Website National Museum of the Philippines (Beta Website)

3812:"15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History" 3798:"15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History" 4865:"The Calatagan Pot: A National Treasure with Bisayan Inscription" 3635:"700,000-Year-Old Stone Tools Point to Mysterious Human Relative" 3356: 3185: 2894: 2856:, and is believed to be one of the earliest printed books in the 2602: 2598: 2566:

to commemorate the coming of the early migrants that settled the

2433: 2421: 2417: 2359: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2317: 2146: 2035: 1937: 1923: 1884:

extinct prior to colonization. The jars were found 'somewhere in

1846: 1833: 1822: 1775: 1754: 1711: 1707: 1460:

in 1881. Commissioned by the French government, Marche conducted

387: 348: 206: 5460:"Vigan named as one of the New7Wonders | EDITORIAL INSIDER" 4233: 4231: 4229: 2946: 2823:– a manuscript written c. 1590, which contains illustrations of 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 2902: 2559: 2539: 2502: 2492: 2445: 2396: 2377: 2363: 2325: 2321: 2309: 2305: 2287: 2275: 2266: 2178: 2059: 2005: 1941: 1919: 1862: 1793: 231: 226: 216: 4048:. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from 2800: 2395:

was discovered in 1918 in Esperanza, Agusan by Bilay Campos a

1348:

is the study of past societies in the territory of the modern

7213: 7030: 5643:, vol. IV, Philippines: Lahing Pilipino Publishing, Inc. 4226: 3361: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2916: 2836: 2688: 2606: 2498: 2329: 2283: 2270: 2093: 2079: 2075: 1703: 1287: 318: 5399: 5069:

Jan van Harssel; Richard H Jackson; Lloyd E. Hudman (2014).

4364:"Muddied stones reveal ancient scripts | Inquirer News" 3585:

Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints

3523: 3184:

was found in the Palawan sea, which surrounds the island of

2370:

the crude bronze statue indicates of its local reproduction.

1515:

Philippine archaeology by islands and provinces' (1947) and

4765:

Agusan Image Documents, Agusan-Surigao Historical Archives.

3047: 2696: 2441: 2399:

tribeswoman. The Golden Tara was eventually brought to the

2381: 2367: 2279: 1797: 1782: 1633: 221: 4539:

Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society

3127:

at the wider South Channel entrance to the bay during the

2876:

Carta hydrographica y chorographica de las Islas Filipinas

2113:- The oldest written document in the Philippines found in 1781:

Jade Artifacts- or Jade Culture made from white and green

5663: 4321:"Classical Gold and Pottery from the Pre-Colonial Period" 3950:

Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia

3683:

Researchers discover fossil of human older than Tabon Man

1832:

Artifacts from the "Sa Huyun-Kalanay" pottery complex in

1691: 5362:"What kinds of volcanic eruption should we worry about?" 3206: 2238:, which had in turn had trade relationships with India. 1757:, Philippines. It is currently under consideration as a 4939:"Magellans Cross Cebu,Magellans Cross Cebu Philippines" 4821:. Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 74, 130. 4511:

Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage

2225:

Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities

4914:"Magellan's Cross in downtown Cebu City | Cebu Living" 4886:

Solheim, Wilhelm G. (1953). "Philippine Archaeology".

3150:

in the fort, leaving it permanently out of commission.

2252:

and its influences on the Philippines's early states.

3765: 3763: 5452: 5245: 5099:

Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife

5021:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 71–73. 4562:

Jocano, Felipe Jr. (2012-08-07). Wiley, Mark (ed.).

3240: 3010:

Located on the western coast of the large island of

2104: 5560: 5479:"Ifugao Rice Terraces may be younger than we think" 5427: 4875:(1): 1. February 24, 2011 – via ejournals.ph. 4293:"PILONCITOS: The treasure of Philippine numismatic" 4125:. National Historical Commission of the Philippines 2878:– Map of the Philippine Islands published by Pedro 1989: 1897: 5538:"Corregidor Then and Now: A Battlefield Revisited" 5505:, pg. 344. Government Printing Office, Washington. 5382: 5295:"Ancient fortress church of Capul, Northern Samar" 5041: 4541:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. 4005:"Stolen artefacts point to lost Philippines tribe" 3760: 3722: 2763:is a life-sized image of a dark-skinned, kneeling 6148:National Historical Commission of the Philippines 5188: 5186: 5184: 5089: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3302:Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines 2298:orientation in the image, since the Boddhisattva 1845:was a culture in modern-day central and southern 7281: 5192: 5156: 5154: 5035: 4640:(Ninth ed.). Australia: Allen & Unwin. 2015:remain in natural caves and a museum in Kabayan. 1595: 5096:Jonathan H. X. Lee; Kathleen M. Nadeau (2011). 4609:"Indian Penetration of Pre-Spanish Philippines" 4210:"Art Exhibit: Philippines' 'Gold of Ancestors'" 3578: 2744:. The image is venerated as miraculous by many 2622: 1732:Singnapan Caves Petrographs of southern Palawan 5639:Roces, Alfredo R., ed. (1977), "Boxer Codex", 5227: 5181: 5014: 4717: 3948:John N. Miksic, Geok Yian Goh, Sue O Connor – 3785: 3216:'s Museo Kordilyera has preserved the door of 1621:Province in Luzon. Predating the existence of 6284: 6093: 5688: 5470: 5151: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4600: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4276:Art Exhibit: Philippines' 'Gold of Ancestors' 4020:"1,000-year-old village found in Philippines" 1325: 984: 6143:National Commission for Culture and the Arts 5164:The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film 4555: 4200: 4198: 4164:"The Mummy – that Brendan Fraser didn't see" 3470:"Philippine Archeological Treasures, Part 1" 3172:(also referred to as previously as Pearl of 2715:, one of the oldest Christian relics in the 5008: 4626: 4513:. Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc. 4479:. www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph. Archived from 4446: 4406:, University of Santo Tomas, archived from 3704:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 16 May 2006 3436:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 3389: 3080: 2550:- the first wooden watercraft excavated in 2269:The Ancient Batangueños were influenced by 1737:Anda Peninsula Petrographs of Eastern Bohol 6291: 6277: 6100: 6086: 5695: 5681: 5160: 4941:. Archived from the original on 2009-04-27 4663: 4494: 4394: 4239:"National Museum Collections: Ling-ling O" 3702:"The Tabon Cave Complex and all of Lipuun" 2756:and his wife when he landed on the island. 2664: 1996:Prehistoric grave goods in the Philippines 1913: 1861:people and the founders of the kingdom of 1727:Penablanca Petrographs of Cagayan Province 1332: 1318: 991: 977: 6605: 5641:Filipino Heritage: the Making of a Nation 5239: 4996:(2). Brill Academic Publishers: 291–310. 4931: 4790: 4748:Agusan Gold Image only in the Philippines 4692: 4606: 4527: 4195: 4017: 3292:History of Archaeology in the Philippines 2346:– A crude bronze statue of a Hindu Deity 2248:Artifacts reflect the iconography of the 2165:Archives of the University of Santo Tomas 2100:in size and are made of nearly pure gold. 443:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization 6298: 6109:Philippine Registry of Cultural Property 5508: 5359: 5045:Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology 4987: 3864: 2993: 2945: 2799: 2706: 2529: 1718:as a National Cultural Treasure in 1973. 5702: 4972: 4885: 4843:Journal of East-West Maritime Relations 4638:Southeast Asia: An Introductory History 4632: 4455:UST Baybayin collection shown to public 3911: 3651: 3139:, and was recaptured by the U.S. after 2703:on (depending on source) 15 March 1521. 2659: 1956: 182:Historically documented states/polities 7282: 5556: 5554: 5376: 4848: 4835: 4814: 4778:, ArcheoSciences, Volume 33, pp 99–107 4561: 4505: 4421: 4043: 3972: 3930: 3131:. It was captured and occupied by the 3087:History of the Philippines (1898–1946) 2970:. The ruins are currently located in 2671:History of the Philippines (1521-1898) 2645: 2640: 2542:after its South East Asian expedition. 2019: 1965:– located in Barangay Tubig Indangan, 1877:Sultan Kudarat Anthropomorphic Pottery 1561:in Quezon City and again later at the 6272: 6081: 5676: 5638: 5591: 5561:Wilburn Dowell Cobb (November 1939). 5353: 5292: 5233: 5122: 4533: 4204: 3849: 3681:Severino, Howie G. (August 1, 2010). 3429: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3207:Contemporary artifacts (1947 onwards) 2897:first built by Spanish conquistador, 2436:, however, in India's epic poem, the 2197:. The script has a similarity to the 2096:. These barter rings are bigger than 1904:History of the Philippines (900–1521) 1722:Alab Petroglyphs of Mountain Province 1517:Philippine and East Asian Archaeology 5293:Labro, Vicente S. (19 August 2011). 4768: 4044:Madale, Nagasura (October 6, 2003). 3963:Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3297:Religion in pre-colonial Philippines 3214:University of the Philippines Baguio 2773:Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene 2458:images – Padmapani is also known as 2308:of Palawan- The other finds are the 2189:. Inscribed on the seal is the word 2173:- an ivory stamp or seal stamp or a 2117:dated in 900 AD which is written in 1522: 1397:Rizal Archaeological Site in Kalinga 5551: 5535: 5383:John Mark Escandor (July 3, 2014). 3495:"Alfredo E. Evangelista: 1926-2008" 2959:are the remnants of a 16th-century 1452:, Joseph Montano and Paul Ray, and 13: 6128:Cultural Center of the Philippines 5659:National Museum of the Philippines 5476: 5428:Tejada, Ariel Paolo (9 May 2015). 3886:National Museum of the Philippines 3492: 3410: 2988:National Museum of the Philippines 2591:National Museum of the Philippines 2508: 2207:National Museum of the Philippines 1881:National Museum of the Philippines 1716:National Museum of the Philippines 1563:National Museum of the Philippines 1555:National Museum of the Philippines 1489:anthropology department in 1914. 1431: 1024: 42: 14: 7306: 5648: 5248:"Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection" 3374: 2218: 2105:Documents, inscriptions, or seals 1747:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens 1568:In 1960, Alfredo Evangelista and 383:Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi 96:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens 7264: 7263: 7252: 6176: 6061: 6052: 6051: 4151:from the original on 2011-11-11. 4018:Kaznowska, Helena (2012-09-20). 3652:Valmero, Anna (August 5, 2010). 3271: 3257: 3243: 2930:is located at the lake shore of 2901:for the new established city of 2825:ethnic groups in the Philippines 1990:Burial sites and grave artifacts 1898:Early Historic Period (900–1521) 1573:prehistory of the Philippines. 1479:American colonial administration 1301: 960: 5585: 5573: 5529: 5495: 5421: 5360:CP David (September 17, 2014). 5322: 5305: 5286: 5268: 5213: 5116: 5062: 4990:Asian Journal of Social Science 4981: 4966: 4906: 4879: 4857: 4808: 4781: 4759: 4741: 4654: 4469: 4370: 4356: 4348:. July 24, 2011. Archived from 4338: 4313: 4299: 4285: 4269: 4260: 4249:from the original on 2011-11-11 4174: 4161: 4155: 4137: 4115: 4083: 4064: 4037: 4011: 3997: 3988: 3956: 3942: 3924: 3905: 3873: 3858: 3843: 3822: 3804: 3716: 3694: 3579:BARRETTO-TESORO, GRACE (2013). 3493:Ii, Wilhelm G. Solheim (2009). 3327:Prehistory of Laguna (province) 3307:Architecture of the Philippines 3176:) used to be the largest known 2868:even before the Spaniards came. 2401:Field Museum of Natural History 2324:, the bird who is the mount of 1908: 1611: 1448:perspective. Explorers such as 7290:Archaeology of the Philippines 6258:National Cultural Heritage Act 6019:British Indian Ocean Territory 5664:Archaeological Studies Program 5430:"Vigan declared 'Wonder City'" 5199:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 118–119. 5102:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 405–406. 4607:Churchill, Malcolm H. (1977). 4046:"A Look at Philippine Mosques" 3675: 3645: 3627: 3572: 3517: 3486: 3462: 3347:Shell tools in the Philippines 3317:Archaeology of Porac, Pampanga 2574:originated from balangay, the 2515:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 2354:in 1921 in an ancient site in 2213: 2111:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 2012:The Kabayan Mummies of Benguet 1983:National Historical Commission 1934:Buenavista Protected Landscape 1871:Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery 1487:University of the Philippines' 1346:archaeology of the Philippines 789:2000 campaign against the MILF 294:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 148:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery 1: 6212:National Historical Landmarks 6207:Important Cultural Properties 5668:University of the Philippines 5246:Lessing J. Rosenwald (1593). 5137:10.1080/17432200.2015.1103474 3367: 3232:fragmentary skeletal remains. 3022:in that it is one of the few 2538:replica docked at CCP Harbor 1607:Prehistory of the Philippines 1596:Notable sites and discoveries 1559:University of the Philippines 453:Battles of La Naval de Manila 6758:Business process outsourcing 4776:Gold in early Southeast Asia 3637:. 2018-05-02. Archived from 3474:www.filipino-association.org 3212:Macliing Dulag's door - The 3036:President of the Philippines 2950:Ruins of the Cagsawa church. 2623:Indigenous utensil artifacts 1963:Sheik Karimol Makhdum Mosque 1930:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik 1808: 1680: 1600: 304:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik 7: 6202:National Cultural Treasures 6197:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 6133:Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino 5516:"Corregidor:Malinta Tunnel" 5042:Damiana L. Eugenio (2007). 4774:Anna T. N. Bennett (2009), 4184:. www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph 3852:Prehispanic Source Material 3832:. www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph 3312:Archaeology of Pinagbayanan 3236: 2928:Ruins of Old Tanauan church 2617: 2597:, in the coast of Southern 2267:Buddha Amithaba bass relief 2045: 1819:Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point 1698:located in the province of 1690:- the oldest known work of 1350:Republic of the Philippines 794:2nd People Power Revolution 784:1997 Asian financial crisis 518:Declaration of Independence 10: 7311: 7295:History of the Philippines 5632: 5167:. Routledge. p. 184. 5002:10.1163/156853106777371166 4975:"Magellan's Cross in Cebu" 4815:Junker, Laura Lee (2000). 4072:Oldest mosque needs repair 3967:Bảo tàng mỹ thuật Việt Nam 3430:Dizon, Eusebio Z. (1994). 3287:History of the Philippines 3084: 3020:UNESCO World Heritage Site 2852:, written in 1593 by Fray 2668: 2405: 2222: 1993: 1901: 1759:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1604: 1426: 1421:Kabayan Mummies of Benguet 1369:history of the Philippines 1017:Culture of the Philippines 523:American capture of Manila 7235: 7154: 7039: 6873: 6864: 6743: 6734: 6550: 6541: 6423: 6414: 6347: 6316: 6307: 6250: 6242:Other Cultural Properties 6232:Works of National Artists 6185: 6174: 6163:Intramuros Administration 6116: 6047: 6006: 5966: 5708: 5655:Archaeological Collection 5193:J. Gordon Melton (2011). 5131:(4). Routledge: 421–442. 4958:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4802:www.philippinefiestas.com 4346:"The Butuan Silver Strip" 4168:Philippine Daily Inquirer 3738:10.1017/S0003598X00096836 3656:. Yahoo! Southeast Asia, 2732:title of a statue of the 2554:and is evidence of early 1661:anatomically modern human 403:Spanish capture of Manila 6662:House of Representatives 6555:Administrative divisions 6227:National Heritage Houses 5768:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5464:www.editorialinsider.com 5436:. Manila. Archived from 5075:. Cengage. p. 504. 4676:"Prespanish Philippines" 3865:Bellwood, Peter (2011). 3332:Prehistory of Marinduque 3129:American colonial period 3081:American colonial period 2811:nobility depicts in the 2691:explorers as ordered by 2525: 2125:Butuan Silver Paleograph 1481:actively encouraged the 863:Administrative divisions 578:American colonial period 498:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 334:Butuan Silver Paleograph 319:Batanes Ijang fortresses 262:Sultanate of Maguindanao 133:Cordillera Rice Terraces 6029:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5015:Sally Ann Ness (2016). 4798:"Philippinefiestas.com" 3850:Scott, William (1984). 3342:Prehistory of Sarangani 2974:Busay, Cagsawa, in the 2899:Miguel López de Legazpi 2845:- an early book on the 2665:Spanish colonial period 2611:Mainland Southeast Asia 2376:– Excavated in 1921 in 2139:Rizal Elementary School 2131:Ticao Stone Inscription 1914:Indigenous architecture 1438:Spanish colonial period 1008:Part of a series on the 758:People Power Revolution 538:Philippine–American War 372:Spanish colonial period 7259:Philippines portal 6803:Science and technology 4869:The Journal of History 4383:. heritage.elizaga.net 3337:Prehistory of Pampanga 3123:in 1909 as one of the 3003: 2951: 2864:is widely used in the 2816: 2720: 2548:Balangay (Butuan Boat) 2543: 2522: 2344:Bronze Ganesha statues 2137:. Found by pupils of 1836:(dated 400BC-1500 AD.) 1543:Alfredo E. Evangelista 1029: 967:Philippines portal 943:Science and technology 560:UST Baybayin Documents 508:Treaty of Paris (1898) 86:Austronesian expansion 71:Early hominin activity 47: 7214:Sport and martial art 6630:Executive departments 5606:10.1353/asi.2005.0033 5299:newsinfo.inquirer.net 5256:World Digital Library 4566:. Tuttle Publishing. 4564:A Question of Origins 3597:10.1353/phs.2013.0016 2997: 2949: 2803: 2710: 2631:– a clay pot contain 2533: 2519:Hinduism in Indonesia 2512: 2424:was found in 1981 in 2406:Further information: 1859:Austronesian-speaking 1663:remains known as the 1288:Sport and martial art 1028: 888:Cultural achievements 712:Filipino First policy 702:Mutual Defense Treaty 656:Philippine resistance 488:Philippine Revolution 448:Spanish–Moro conflict 438:Revolts and uprisings 324:Golden Tara of Agusan 46: 7079:Fashion and clothing 6920:Environmental issues 6847:Water and sanitation 6684:Regional Trial Court 6529:World Heritage Sites 5943:United Arab Emirates 5563:"The Pearl of Allah" 4845:, vol. 1, pp. 31–46. 4730:. www.asj.upd.edu.ph 4725:"Francisco Buddhist" 4681:. www.asj.upd.edu.ph 4535:Scott, William Henry 4052:on September 7, 2014 3771:"Angono Petroglyphs" 3530:Current Anthropology 3074:Banaue Rice Terraces 2660:Colonial (1521–1946) 2629:Calatagan Ritual pot 2578:word for "sailboat". 2420:- The golden-vessel 2090:Gold ring currencies 1957:Islamic architecture 1922:- A triangle-shaped 1644:The 67,000-year-old 1631:or another possible 1128:Fashion and clothing 948:World Heritage Sites 814:Territorial disputes 717:North Borneo dispute 707:Hukbalahap Rebellion 671:Philippines campaign 666:Battle of Leyte Gulf 646:Battle of Corregidor 621:Tydings–McDuffie Act 513:Battle of Manila Bay 503:Spanish–American War 111:Precolonial barangay 7069:Cultural properties 6835:Tourist attractions 6382:Japanese occupation 5970:limited recognition 5703:Archaeology of Asia 5434:The Philippine STAR 5252:Library of Congress 5161:John Lyden (2009). 4973:Ballesteros, Nick. 3352:Ship burial in Asia 3110:reinforced concrete 2998:Calle Crisologo in 2843:Doctrina Christiana 2646:Porcelain tradeware 2641:Tradeware artifacts 2587:archaeological site 2374:Mactan Alokitesvara 2062:, the banks of the 2020:Clothing or jewelry 1753:in the province of 1386:Alfredo Evangelista 1159:Cultural Properties 1100:Arts and literature 809:Philippine drug war 771:Contemporary period 738:Communist rebellion 636:Japanese occupation 601:Military Government 555:Doctrina Christiana 463:Propaganda Movement 418:Spanish East Indies 408:Battle of Bangkusay 354:Magellan expedition 272:Sultanates of Lanao 267:Sultanate of Buayan 7084:Historical markers 6942:Indigenous peoples 6818:Telecommunications 6592:Political families 6433:Biosphere reserves 6222:National Monuments 5594:Asian Perspectives 5501:U.S. Army (1916). 5440:on 28 January 2016 4753:2012-06-27 at the 4103:on 18 October 2014 4077:2008-10-11 at the 3914:Asian Perspectives 3688:2010-08-04 at the 3392:Asian Perspectives 3322:Ifugao archaeology 3251:Philippines portal 3068:St. Paul Cathedral 3040:New7Wonders Cities 3004: 2952: 2831:and various other 2817: 2750:Ferdinand Magellan 2746:Filipino Catholics 2726:Santo Niño de Cebú 2721: 2713:Santo Niño de Cebú 2693:Ferdinand Magellan 2585:is a 15th-century 2583:Pandanan Shipwreck 2544: 2523: 2350:has been found by 2302:was also depicted. 2250:Vajrayana Buddhism 2082:and some areas in 1688:Angono Petroglyphs 1462:systematic surveys 1308:Philippines portal 1169:Historical markers 1070:indigenous peoples 1030: 611:Insular Government 596:Zamboanga Republic 493:Tejeros Convention 483:Cry of Pugad Lawin 468:1872 Cavite mutiny 176:Precolonial period 116:Maritime Silk Road 91:Angono Petroglyphs 63:Prehistoric period 48: 7277: 7276: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7141:Traditional games 6976:Income inequality 6959:Human trafficking 6860: 6859: 6823:Telephone numbers 6730: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6597:Political parties 6570:Foreign relations 6537: 6536: 6410: 6409: 6395:Marcos presidency 6386:Postcolonial era 6266: 6265: 6237:Marked Structures 6138:National Archives 6075: 6074: 6012:other territories 5580:Doyo, Ma. Ceres P 5206:978-1-59884-206-7 5174:978-1-135-22065-5 5125:Material Religion 5109:978-0-313-35066-5 5082:978-1-133-95126-1 5055:978-971-542-536-0 5028:978-1-5128-1822-2 4573:978-1-4629-0742-7 4309:. 30 August 2011. 4145:"Gold Death-Mask" 3893:on 15 August 2010 3869:. pp. 31–41. 3119:was built by the 2936:Batangas Province 2854:Juan de Plasencia 2771:enshrined in the 2695:upon arriving in 2352:Henry Otley Beyer 2320:, is an image of 2316:in the island of 2241:Scholars such as 2171:Butuan Ivory Seal 2145:in Monreal town, 1523:Post-independence 1494:Dean C. Worcester 1342: 1341: 1001: 1000: 848:Ancient religions 829:COVID-19 pandemic 684:Post-independence 423:Captaincy General 299:Butuan Ivory Seal 277:Sultanate of Sulu 158:Prehistoric beads 7302: 7267: 7266: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7037: 7036: 6991:Overseas workers 6913:Higher education 6871: 6870: 6741: 6740: 6679:Court of Appeals 6635:Executive office 6603: 6602: 6548: 6547: 6421: 6420: 6362:Pre-colonial era 6314: 6313: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6270: 6269: 6217:National Shrines 6180: 6153:National Library 6102: 6095: 6088: 6079: 6078: 6065: 6055: 6054: 6024:Christmas Island 5710:Sovereign states 5697: 5690: 5683: 5674: 5673: 5644: 5626: 5625: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5558: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5512: 5506: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5341: 5335:. Archived from 5334: 5326: 5320: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5190: 5179: 5178: 5158: 5149: 5148: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4957: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4916:. Archived from 4910: 4904: 4903: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4846: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4779: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4757: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4729: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4702:. Archived from 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4686: 4680: 4672: 4661: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4613: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4591: 4587: 4585: 4577: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4507:Jocano, F. Landa 4503: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4382: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4323:. Archived from 4317: 4311: 4310: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4289: 4283: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4235: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4202: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4081: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3986: 3976: 3970: 3960: 3954: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3889:. Archived from 3877: 3871: 3870: 3867:Pathos of Origin 3862: 3856: 3855: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3794: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3732:(316): 318–335. 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3698: 3692: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3664:on July 13, 2012 3660:. Archived from 3649: 3643: 3642: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3427: 3408: 3407: 3387: 3281: 3276: 3275: 3267: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3253: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3170:Pearl of Lao Tzu 3094:El Fraile Island 2804:The attire of a 2779:district of the 2677:Magellan's Cross 2564:Agusan del Norte 2286:. The pot shows 2257:Bronze Lokesvara 2183:Agusan del Norte 1843:Sa Huyun Culture 1742:Lapuz Lapuz Cave 1578:Jesus T. Peralta 1467:Musée de l'Homme 1405:Lapuz Lapuz Cave 1362:material culture 1334: 1327: 1320: 1305: 1234: 1018: 1009: 1003: 1002: 993: 986: 979: 965: 964: 963: 697:Treaty of Manila 641:Battle of Bataan 586:Tagalog Republic 528:Malolos Congress 473:La Liga Filipina 458:British invasion 428:Tondo Conspiracy 398:Blockade of Cebu 359:Battle of Mactan 283:Events/Artifacts 186:(north to south) 122:Events/Artifacts 106:Sa Huỳnh culture 36: 18: 17: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7253: 7251: 7223: 7150: 7119:Public holidays 7035: 6964:Sex trafficking 6856: 6722: 6640:Law enforcement 6601: 6533: 6497:Protected areas 6406: 6375:American period 6343: 6303: 6297: 6267: 6262: 6246: 6189: 6187: 6181: 6172: 6158:National Museum 6120: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6076: 6071: 6043: 6011: 6002: 5983:Northern Cyprus 5969: 5962: 5704: 5701: 5651: 5635: 5630: 5629: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5567:Natural History 5559: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5536:Whitman, Paul. 5534: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5500: 5496: 5487: 5485: 5475: 5471: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5358: 5354: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5310: 5306: 5291: 5287: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5260: 5258: 5244: 5240: 5236:, p. 1003. 5232: 5228: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5191: 5182: 5175: 5159: 5152: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5013: 5009: 4986: 4982: 4971: 4967: 4951: 4950: 4944: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4923: 4921: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4884: 4880: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4813: 4809: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4755:Wayback Machine 4746: 4742: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4709: 4707: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4634:Osborne, Milton 4631: 4627: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4589: 4588: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4484: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4461: 4459: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4438: 4436: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4413: 4411: 4410:on May 24, 2013 4400: 4399: 4395: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4330: 4328: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4250: 4237: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4216: 4203: 4196: 4187: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4160: 4156: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4079:Wayback Machine 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4024:telegraph.co.uk 4016: 4012: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3977: 3973: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3943: 3932:Miksic, John N. 3929: 3925: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3863: 3859: 3848: 3844: 3835: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3690:Wayback Machine 3680: 3676: 3667: 3665: 3650: 3646: 3641:on May 2, 2018. 3633: 3632: 3628: 3577: 3573: 3522: 3518: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3428: 3411: 3388: 3375: 3370: 3279:Religion portal 3277: 3270: 3265:Hinduism portal 3263: 3258: 3256: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3226:Philippine Army 3220:protest leader 3209: 3125:harbor defenses 3104:, due south of 3089: 3083: 3032:Elpidio Quirino 3016:South China Sea 2886:Magellan Shrine 2880:Murillo Velarde 2835:countries, the 2793:Pope Innocent X 2789:his crucifixion 2681:Christian cross 2673: 2667: 2662: 2648: 2643: 2625: 2620: 2595:Pandanan Island 2528: 2414: 2408:Tara (Buddhism) 2356:Puerto Princesa 2288:Buddha Amithaba 2227: 2221: 2216: 2155:National Museum 2107: 2048: 2022: 2002:Oton death mask 1998: 1992: 1959: 1950:National Museum 1916: 1911: 1906: 1900: 1811: 1683: 1614: 1609: 1603: 1598: 1570:F. Landa Jocano 1529:Wilhelm Solheim 1525: 1483:anthropological 1434: 1432:Colonial period 1429: 1390:F. Landa Jocano 1338: 1306: 1232: 1211:Public holidays 1016: 1007: 997: 961: 959: 954: 953: 952: 893:Diet and health 842: 834: 833: 819:Siege of Marawi 774: 763: 762: 753:Fourth Republic 733: 722: 721: 687: 676: 675: 651:Second Republic 591:Negros Republic 581: 570: 569: 375: 364: 363: 309:Kabayan Mummies 179: 168: 167: 76:Homo luzonensis 66: 35:the Philippines 34: 27: 12: 11: 5: 7308: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7261: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7160: 7158: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7045: 7043: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6925:Climate change 6917: 6916: 6915: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6874: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6842:Transportation 6839: 6838: 6837: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6815: 6810: 6808:Stock exchange 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6611: 6609: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6502:National parks 6494: 6489: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6472: 6470:Extreme points 6467: 6462: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6448:Climate change 6440: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6400:Fifth Republic 6397: 6392: 6390:Third Republic 6384: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6370:Spanish period 6364: 6359: 6353: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6320: 6318: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: articles 6296: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6273: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6183: 6182: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6114: 6113: 6105: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6082: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6059: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5974: 5972: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5661: 5650: 5649:External links 5647: 5646: 5645: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5600:(2): 392–395. 5584: 5572: 5550: 5528: 5507: 5494: 5469: 5451: 5420: 5409:. Messe Berlin 5398: 5375: 5352: 5321: 5304: 5285: 5267: 5238: 5226: 5212: 5205: 5180: 5173: 5150: 5115: 5108: 5088: 5081: 5061: 5054: 5034: 5027: 5007: 4980: 4965: 4930: 4905: 4894:(3): 154–158. 4878: 4856: 4847: 4834: 4827: 4807: 4789: 4780: 4767: 4758: 4740: 4716: 4691: 4662: 4653: 4646: 4625: 4599: 4572: 4554: 4547: 4526: 4519: 4493: 4468: 4445: 4420: 4393: 4378:"Ticao stones" 4369: 4366:. 3 July 2014. 4355: 4352:on 2011-07-24. 4337: 4312: 4298: 4284: 4268: 4259: 4225: 4208:(2008-04-26). 4206:Zafra, Jessica 4194: 4173: 4170:. pp. E4. 4154: 4136: 4114: 4082: 4063: 4036: 4010: 3996: 3987: 3971: 3955: 3941: 3923: 3904: 3872: 3857: 3842: 3821: 3803: 3784: 3759: 3715: 3693: 3674: 3644: 3626: 3591:(3): 263–296. 3571: 3542:10.1086/201711 3536:(2): 221–242. 3516: 3485: 3461: 3442:(3): 197–222. 3409: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3268: 3254: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3222:Macliing Dulag 3208: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3198:pearl" from a 3166: 3155:Malinta Tunnel 3151: 3115:shaped like a 3085:Main article: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3071: 3042:together with 2992: 2991: 2944: 2943: 2924: 2921:Northern Samar 2914: 2888: 2883: 2874:also known as 2869: 2847:Roman Catholic 2840: 2798: 2797: 2781:City of Manila 2761:Black Nazarene 2757: 2730:Roman Catholic 2705: 2704: 2669:Main article: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2579: 2552:Southeast Asia 2527: 2524: 2507: 2506: 2496: 2486: 2476: 2467: 2460:Avalokitesvara 2449: 2418:Golden Kinnari 2415: 2389: 2371: 2341: 2303: 2300:Avalokitesvara 2264: 2243:Milton Osborne 2220: 2219:Hindu-Buddhist 2217: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2199:Tagalog script 2168: 2158: 2128: 2122: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2087: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2029: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2009: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1927: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1902:Main article: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1886:Sultan Kudarat 1874: 1867: 1866: 1838: 1837: 1830: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1779: 1768: 1765:Yawning Jarlet 1762: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1670: 1651: 1642: 1613: 1610: 1605:Main article: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1524: 1521: 1505:Rizal Province 1475:H. Otley Beyer 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1374:H. Otley Beyer 1358:Southeast Asia 1354:island country 1340: 1339: 1337: 1336: 1329: 1322: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1237: 1236: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1045: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1021: 1020: 1012: 1011: 999: 998: 996: 995: 988: 981: 973: 970: 969: 956: 955: 951: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 913:Historiography 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 878:Communications 875: 870: 865: 860: 858:Queen consorts 855: 850: 844: 843: 840: 839: 836: 835: 832: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 804:Oakwood mutiny 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 779:Fifth Republic 775: 773:(1986–present) 769: 768: 765: 764: 761: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 734: 728: 727: 724: 723: 720: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 692:Third Republic 688: 682: 681: 678: 677: 674: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 606:Moro Rebellion 603: 598: 593: 588: 582: 576: 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 562: 557: 552: 541: 540: 535: 533:First Republic 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 433:Manila galleon 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 393:Treaty of Cebu 390: 385: 376: 370: 369: 366: 365: 362: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 329:Monreal Stones 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 280: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 180: 174: 173: 170: 169: 166: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 119: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 67: 61: 60: 57: 56: 50: 49: 39: 38: 29: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7307: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7270: 7262: 7260: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7209:Sign language 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6937:Ethnic groups 6935: 6931: 6930:Deforestation 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6788:National debt 6786: 6784: 6783:Fiscal policy 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6674:Supreme Court 6672: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6475:Island groups 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6366:Colonial era 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6294: 6289: 6287: 6282: 6280: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6184: 6179: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6115: 6110: 6103: 6098: 6096: 6091: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6080: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6058: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5993:South Ossetia 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5698: 5693: 5691: 5686: 5684: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5642: 5637: 5636: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5555: 5539: 5532: 5517: 5511: 5504: 5498: 5484: 5480: 5477:Ranada, Pia. 5473: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5408: 5402: 5391:September 25, 5386: 5379: 5368:September 25, 5363: 5356: 5342:on 2016-03-04 5338: 5331: 5325: 5318: 5317:971-5690-46-7 5314: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5281: 5280:Esquiremag.ph 5277: 5271: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5230: 5222: 5216: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5111: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5092: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5065: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5038: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4976: 4969: 4961: 4955: 4940: 4934: 4920:on 2006-06-21 4919: 4915: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4851: 4844: 4838: 4830: 4828:971-550-347-0 4824: 4820: 4819: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4784: 4777: 4771: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4744: 4726: 4720: 4706:on 2009-01-15 4705: 4701: 4695: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4657: 4649: 4647:1-74114-448-5 4643: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4616:Asian Studies 4610: 4603: 4595: 4583: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4550: 4548:971-550-135-4 4544: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4522: 4520:971-622-006-5 4516: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4483:on 2017-03-24 4482: 4478: 4472: 4457: 4456: 4449: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4397: 4379: 4373: 4365: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4327:on 2012-12-15 4326: 4322: 4316: 4308: 4302: 4294: 4288: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4263: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4183: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4162:Ang, Walter. 4158: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4124: 4118: 4099: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4007:. 2008-10-24. 4006: 4000: 3991: 3985: 3984:9786167339443 3981: 3975: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3951: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3876: 3868: 3861: 3854:. p. 17. 3853: 3846: 3831: 3825: 3818:. 2018-07-03. 3817: 3813: 3807: 3800:. 2018-07-03. 3799: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3684: 3678: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3373: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3255: 3252: 3241: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3121:United States 3118: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3014:, facing the 3013: 3009: 3008:City of Vigan 3006: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2980:Daraga, Albay 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968:Mayon Volcano 2965: 2962: 2958: 2957:Cagsawa Ruins 2954: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891:Fort Santiago 2889: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2767:carrying the 2766: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2754:Rajah Humabon 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2483:Mahāpratisarā 2480: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2440:, and in the 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306:Golden Garuda 2304: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2282:, India, and 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2261:Tondo, Manila 2258: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1984: 1980: 1979:Makhdum Karim 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1905: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815:Manunggul Jar 1813: 1812: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1787:archeological 1784: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751:Cagayan River 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1608: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1574: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1533:Robert B. Fox 1530: 1520: 1518: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1458:Alfred Marche 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382:Robert B. Fox 1377: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1065:ethnic groups 1063: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1053:sign language 1051: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1005: 1004: 994: 989: 987: 982: 980: 975: 974: 972: 971: 968: 958: 957: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 838: 837: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 776: 772: 767: 766: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 743:Moro conflict 741: 739: 736: 735: 731: 726: 725: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 689: 685: 680: 679: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 583: 579: 574: 573: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 547: 546: 545: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 379: 373: 368: 367: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 286: 285: 284: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 189: 188: 187: 183: 177: 172: 171: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 153:Manunggul Jar 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 124: 123: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 68: 64: 59: 58: 55: 52: 51: 45: 41: 40: 37: 31: 30: 25: 20: 19: 16: 7245:Bibliography 7174:Coat of arms 7146:Value system 7049:Architecture 7001:Prostitution 6898:Demographics 6768:Central bank 6711:Marine Corps 6691:Armed Forces 6575:Human rights 6560:Constitution 6509:Ramsar sites 6323: 6168:Sentro Rizal 6008:Dependencies 5938:Turkmenistan 5903:Saudi Arabia 5887: 5640: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5575: 5566: 5541:. 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