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1003:. It was a photo of one of these liners in New York harbour, showing the degaussing coil, which revealed to German Naval Intelligence the fact that the British were using degaussing methods to combat their magnetic mines. This was felt to be impractical for smaller warships and merchant vessels, mainly because the ships lacked the generating capacity to energise such a coil. It was found that "wiping" a current-carrying cable up and down a ship's hull temporarily canceled the ships' magnetic signature sufficiently to nullify the threat. This started in late 1939, and by 1940 merchant vessels and the smaller British warships were largely immune for a few months at a time until they once again built up a field.
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surface before it is launched (3). When the deep line has been unwound to a set length, the anchor is flooded and the mine is released from the anchor (4). The anchor begins to sink and the mooring cable unwinds until the plummet reaches the sea floor (5). Triggered by the decreasing tension on the deep line, the mooring cable is clamped. The anchor continues sinking down to the bottom of the sea, pulling the mine below the water surface to a depth equal to the length of the deep line (6). Thus, even without knowing the exact seafloor depth, an exact depth of the mine below the water surface can be set, limited only by the maximum length of the mooring cable.
377:. The 'torpedo-catamaran' was a coffer-like device balanced on two wooden floats and steered by a man with a paddle. Weighted with lead so as to ride low in the water, the operator was further disguised by wearing dark clothes and a black cap. His task was to approach the French ship, hook the torpedo to the anchor cable and, having activated the device by removing a pin, remove the paddles and escape before the torpedo detonated. Also to be deployed were large numbers of casks filled with gunpowder, ballast and combustible balls. They would float in on the tide and on washing up against an enemy's hull, explode. Also included in the force were several
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805:. During a period of five months from June 1918, almost 70,000 mines were laid spanning the North Sea's northern exits. The total number of mines laid in the North Sea, the British East Coast, Straits of Dover, and Heligoland Bight is estimated at 190,000 and the total number during the whole of WWI was 235,000 sea mines. Clearing the barrage after the war took 82 ships and five months, working around the clock. It was also during World War I, that the British
2367:, large coils placed along the ship to counter the ship's magnetic field. Using magnetic probes in strategic parts of the ship, the strength of the current in the coils can be adjusted to minimize the total magnetic field. This is a heavy and clumsy solution, suited only to small-to-medium-sized ships. Boats typically lack the generators and space for the solution, while the amount of power needed to overcome the magnetic field of a large ship is impractical.
99:; or defensively, to create "safe" zones protecting friendly sea lanes, harbours, and naval assets. Mines allow the minelaying force commander to concentrate warships or defensive assets in mine-free areas giving the adversary three choices: undertake a resource-intensive and time-consuming minesweeping effort, accept the casualties of challenging the minefield, or use the unmined waters where the greatest concentration of enemy firepower will be encountered.
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after two weeks but have the ship-counter mechanism set to ignore the first two trigger events, and still others in the same minefield (with the magnetic and pressure sensors enabled) may not become armed until three weeks have passed. Groups of mines within this mine-field may have different target signatures which may or may not overlap. The fuzes on influence mines allow many different permutations, which complicates the clearance process.
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destroy the ship itself. These techniques are the only way to sweep pressure mines that is publicly known to be employed. The technique can be simply countered by use of a ship-counter, set to allow a certain number of passes before the mine is actually triggered. Modern doctrine calls for ground mines to be hunted rather than swept. A new system is being introduced for sweeping pressure mines, however counters are going to remain a problem.
2340:) using a special degaussing station that contains many large coils and induces a magnetic field in the hull with alternating current to demagnetize the hull. This is a rather problematic solution, as magnetic compasses need recalibration and all metal objects must be kept in exactly the same place. Ships slowly regain their magnetic field as they travel through the Earth's magnetic field, so the process has to be repeated every six months.
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2466:, that are streamed from the sweeping vessel thus keeping the sweep at a determined depth and position. Some large warships were routinely equipped with paravane sweeps near the bows in case they inadvertently sailed into minefields—the mine would be deflected towards the paravane by the wire instead of towards the ship by its wake. More recently, heavy-lift helicopters have dragged minesweeping sleds, as in the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
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from their holders, etc. A badly shaken ship usually sinks quickly, with hundreds, or even thousands of small leaks all over the ship and no way to power the pumps. The crew fare no better, as the violent shaking tosses them around. This shaking is powerful enough to cause disabling injury to knees and other joints in the body, particularly if the affected person stands on surfaces connected directly to the hull (such as steel decks).
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countries currently have mining ability. The number of naval mine producing countries has increased by 75% since 1988. It is also noted that these mines are of an increasing sophistication while even the older type mines present a significant problem. It has been noted that mine warfare may become an issue with terrorist organizations. Mining busy shipping straits and mining shipping harbours remain some of the most serious threats.
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1470:(or command detonation mines) can be in place in peacetime, which is a huge advantage in blocking important shipping routes. The mines can usually be turned into "normal" mines with a switch (which prevents the enemy from simply capturing the controlling station and deactivating the mines), detonated on a signal or be allowed to detonate on their own. The earliest ones were developed around 1812 by
2585:'s Undersea Research Group was once involved in minehunting operations: They removed or detonated a variety of German mines, but one particularly defusion-resistant batch—equipped with acutely sensitive pressure, magnetic, and acoustic sensors and wired together so that one explosion would trigger the rest—was simply left undisturbed for years until corrosion would (hopefully) disable the mines.
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steel cable, the mines on either side are drawn down the side of the ship's hull, exploding on contact. In this manner it is almost impossible for target ships to pass safely between two individually moored mines. Daisy-chained mines are a very simple concept which was used during World War II. The first prototype of the Daisy-chained mine and the first combat use came in
Finland, 1939.
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801:, mines were used extensively to defend coasts, coastal shipping, ports and naval bases around the globe. The Germans laid mines in shipping lanes to sink merchant and naval vessels serving Britain. The Allies targeted the German U-boats in the Strait of Dover and the Hebrides. In an attempt to seal up the northern exits of the North Sea, the Allies developed the
2016:. In the next 20 months, mines delivered by aircraft sank or damaged 164 Axis ships with the loss of 94 aircraft. By comparison, direct aerial attacks on Axis shipping had sunk or damaged 105 vessels at a cost of 373 aircraft lost. The advantage of aerial mining became clear, and the UK prepared for it. A total of 48,000 aerial mines were laid by the
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surface. If the bubble reaches the surface as it collapses, it can create a pillar of water that can go over a hundred meters into the air (a "columnar plume"). If conditions are right and the bubble collapses onto the ship's hull, the damage to the ship can be extremely serious; the collapsing bubble forms a high-energy jet similar to a
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seabed. This type of mine had a copper wire attached to a buoy that floated above the explosive charge which was weighted to the seabed with a steel cable. If a submarine's steel hull touched the copper wire, the slight voltage change caused by contact between two dissimilar metals was amplified and detonated the explosives.
1621:) or low-powered sensor detects the possible presence of a vessel, at which point the mine fuze powers up fully and the passive acoustic sensors will begin to operate for some minutes. It is possible to program computerised mines to delay activation for days or weeks after being laid. Similarly, they can be programmed to
185:. Offensive mines are placed in enemy waters, outside harbours, and across important shipping routes to sink both merchant and military vessels. Defensive minefields safeguard key stretches of coast from enemy ships and submarines, forcing them into more easily defended areas, or keeping them away from sensitive ones.
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meticulously charted. In Japan, much of the B-29 mine-laying work had been performed at high altitude, with the drifting on the wind of mines carried by parachute adding a randomizing factor to their placement. Generalized danger areas were identified, with only the quantity of mines given in detail. Mines used in
1552:. Whereas early magnetic mine fuses would respond only to changes in a single component of a target vessel's magnetic field, a total field magnetometer responds to changes in the magnitude of the total background field (thus enabling it to better detect even degaussed ships). Similarly, the original broadband
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zone shipping results, comparing the total economic cost of submarine-delivered mines versus air-dropped mines and found that, though 1 in 12 submarine mines connected with the enemy as opposed to 1 in 21 for aircraft mines, the aerial mining operation was about ten times less expensive per enemy ton sunk.
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the typical pressure displacement of such a vessel. As a result, a mine-sweeper must accurately mimic the required target signature to trigger detonation. The task is complicated by the fact that an influence mine may have one or more of a hundred different potential target signatures programmed into it.
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When influence mines are laid in an ocean minefield, they may have various combinations of fuze settings configured. For example, some mines (with the acoustic sensor enabled) may become active within three hours of being laid, others (with the acoustic and magnetic sensors enabled) may become active
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If the mine detonates at a distance from the ship, the change in water pressure causes the ship to resonate. This is frequently the most deadly type of explosion, if it is strong enough. The whole ship is dangerously shaken and everything on board is tossed around. Engines rip from their beds, cables
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wounds are the most common form of damage. Flooding typically occurs in one or two main watertight compartments, which can sink smaller ships or disable larger ones. Contact mine damage often occurs at or close to the waterline near the bow, but depending on circumstances a ship could be hit anywhere
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with land- and carrier-based air power to strike harder against merchant shipping and begin a more extensive aerial mining campaign earlier in the war. Survey analysts projected that this would have starved Japan, forcing an earlier end to the war. After the war, Dr. Johnson looked at the Japan inner
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Plastic drums filled with sand or concrete are periodically rolled off the side of ships as real mines are laid in large mine-fields. These inexpensive false targets (designed to be of a similar shape and size as genuine mines) are intended to slow down the process of mine clearance: a mine-hunter is
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The anti-sweep mine is a very small mine (40 kg (88 lb) warhead) with as small a floating device as possible. When the wire of a mine sweep hits the anchor wire of the mine, it drags the anchor wire along with it, pulling the mine down into contact with the sweeping wire. That detonates the
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into fuses, or program them to detect a single, highly distinctive target signature. In this way, a mine with a passive acoustic fuze can be programmed to ignore all friendly vessels and small enemy vessels, only detonating when a very large enemy target passes over it. Alternatively, the mine can be
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to stop ships from reaching an enemy nation. They are often spread thinly, to create an impression of minefields existing across large areas. A single mine inserted strategically on a shipping route can stop maritime movements for days while the entire area is swept. A mine's capability to sink ships
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can do both tasks. Minehunting pays little attention to the nature of the mine itself. Nor does the method change much. At the current state of the art, minehunting remains the best way to deal with influence mines proving to be both safer and more effective than sweeping. Specialized high-frequency
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Modern influence mines are designed to discriminate against false inputs and are, therefore, much harder to sweep. They often contain inherent anti-sweeping mechanisms. For example, they may be programmed to respond to the unique noise of a particular ship-type, its associated magnetic signature and
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Ships can be designed to be difficult for mines to detect, to avoid detonating them. This is especially true for minesweepers and mine hunters that work in minefields, where a minimal signature outweighs the need for armour and speed. These ships have hulls of glass fibre or wood instead of steel to
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to detect and flag mines. However, they are of questionable effectiveness. Mines in nearshore environments remain a particular challenge. They are small and as technology has developed they can have anechoic coatings, be non-metallic, and oddly shaped to resist detection. Further, oceanic conditions
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is pulled (one end attached to the rail of a ship, aircraft or torpedo tube) which starts an automatic timer countdown before the arming process is complete. Typically, the automatic safety-arming process takes some minutes to complete. This allows the people laying the mines sufficient time to move
1789:), capable of traveling as far as 16 km (10 mi) through or into a channel, harbour, shallow water area, and other zones which would normally be inaccessible to craft laying the device. After reaching the target area they sink to the sea bed and act like conventionally laid influence mines.
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Even as far back as WWII it was possible to incorporate a "ship counter" function in mine fuzes. This might set the mine to ignore the first two ships passing over it (which could be minesweepers deliberately trying to trigger mines) but detonate when the third ship passes overhead, which could be a
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Initially, contact mines (requiring a ship to physically strike a mine to detonate it) were employed, usually tethered at the end of a cable just below the surface of the water. Contact mines usually blew a hole in ships' hulls. By the beginning of World War II, most nations had developed mines that
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The
Quickstrike is a family of shallow-water aircraft-laid mines used by the United States, primarily against surface craft. The MK65 is a 910 kg (2,000 lb) dedicated, purpose-built mine. However, other Quickstrike versions (MK62, MK63, and MK64) are converted general-purpose bombs. These
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drone) that simulate the acoustic and magnetic signatures of larger ships and are built to survive exploding mines. Repeated sweeps would be required in case one or more of the mines had its "ship counter" facility enabled i.e. were programmed to ignore the first 2, 3, or even 6 target activations.
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harbour in
October 1943. One of those mines sank a Japanese freighter. Another B-24 dropped three more mines into the harbour in November, and a second freighter was sunk by a mine. The threat of the remaining mines prevented a convoy of ten ships from entering Haiphong, and six of those ships were
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Laying a minefield is a relatively fast process with specialized ships, which is today the most common method. These minelayers can carry several thousand mines and manoeuvre with high precision. The mines are dropped at predefined intervals into the water behind the ship. Each mine is recorded for
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This comprises two moored, floating contact mines which are tethered together by a length of steel cable or chain. Typically, each mine is situated approximately 18 m (60 ft) away from its neighbor, and each floats a few meters below the surface of the ocean. When the target ship hits the
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Drifting mines were occasionally used during World War I and World War II. However, they were more feared than effective. Sometimes floating mines break from their moorings and become drifting mines; modern mines are designed to deactivate in this event. After several years at sea, the deactivation
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Generally, this type of mine is set to float just below the surface of the water or as deep as five meters. A steel cable connecting the mine to an anchor on the seabed prevents it from drifting away. The explosive and detonating mechanism is contained in a buoyant metal or plastic shell. The depth
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Although international law requires signatory nations to declare mined areas, precise locations remain secret, and non-complying parties might not disclose minelaying. While mines threaten only those who choose to traverse waters that may be mined, the possibility of activating a mine is a powerful
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in WWII were sunk during the war. Alternatively, a shallow draught vessel can be steamed through the minefield at high speed to generate a pressure wave sufficient to trigger mines, with the minesweeper moving fast enough to be sufficiently clear of the pressure wave so that triggered mines do not
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Bottom mines (sometimes called ground mines) are used when the water is no more than 60 meters (200 feet) deep or when mining for submarines down to around 200 meters (660 feet). They are much harder to detect and sweep, and can carry a much larger warhead than a moored mine. Bottom mines commonly
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Early mines had mechanical mechanisms to detonate them, but these were superseded in the 1870s by the "Hertz horn" (or "chemical horn"), which was found to work reliably even after the mine had been in the sea for several years. The mine's upper half is studded with hollow lead protuberances, each
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The earliest mines were usually of this type. They are still used today, as they are extremely low cost compared to any other anti-ship weapon and are effective, both as a psychological weapon and as a method to sink enemy ships. Contact mines need to be touched by the target before they detonate,
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When the war ended, more than 25,000 U.S.-laid mines were still in place, and the Navy proved unable to sweep them all, limiting efforts to critical areas. After sweeping for almost a year, in May 1946, the Navy abandoned the effort with 13,000 mines still unswept. Over the next thirty years, more
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were used for this). Both of these methods had the disadvantage of "sweeping" only a small strip. A better solution was found in the "Double-L Sweep" using electrical cables dragged behind ships that passed large pulses of current through the seawater. This created a large magnetic field and swept
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Later, some ships survived mine blasts, limping into port with buckled plates and broken backs. This appeared to be due to a new type of mine, detecting ships by their proximity to the mine (an influence mine) and detonating at a distance, causing damage with the shock wave of the explosion. Ships
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Shipowners are reluctant to send their ships through known minefields. Port authorities may attempt to clear a mined area, but those without effective minesweeping equipment may cease using the area. Transit of a mined area will be attempted only when strategic interests outweigh potential losses.
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air-dropped bombs. Because this latter type of
Quickstrike fuze only takes up a small amount of storage space compared to a dedicated sea mine, the air-dropped bomb casings have dual purpose i.e. can be fitted with conventional contact fuzes and dropped on land targets, or have a Quickstrike fuze
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for armor plate. The models were placed within coils which could simulate the Earth's magnetic field at any location. The magnetic signatures were measured with degaussing coils. The objective was to reduce the vertical component of the combination of the Earth's field and the ship's field at the
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Between 1941 and 1943 the US Naval Gun factory (a division of the Naval
Ordnance Laboratory) in Washington, D.C., built physical models of all US naval ships. Three kinds of steel were used in shipbuilding: mild steel for bulkheads, a mixture of mild steel and high tensile steel for the hull, and
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The bubble jet effect occurs when a mine or torpedo detonates in the water a short distance away from the targeted ship. The explosion creates a bubble in the water, and due to the difference in pressure, the bubble will collapse from the bottom. The bubble is buoyant, and so it rises towards the
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harbour, and 23 of those immobilized ships were sunk in a subsequent bombing raid. The combined operation sank or damaged 36 ships. Two
Avengers were lost, and their crews were recovered. The mines brought port usage to a halt for 20 days. Japanese mine sweeping was unsuccessful; and the Japanese
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A special form of moored contact mines are those equipped with a plummet. When the mine is launched (1), the mine with the anchor floats first and the lead plummet sinks from it (2). In doing so, the plummet unwinds a wire, the deep line, which is used to set the depth of the mine below the water
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The
Germans developed a pressure-activated mine and planned to deploy it as well, but they saved it for later use when it became clear the British had defeated the magnetic system. The U.S. also deployed these, adding "counters" which would allow a variable number of ships to pass unharmed before
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2083:(RAAF) carrying out 60% of the sorties and the USAAF and US Navy covering 40%. Both British and American mines were used. Japanese merchant shipping suffered tremendous losses, while Japanese mine sweeping forces were spread too thin attending to far-flung ports and extensive coastlines. Admiral
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The USSR was relatively ineffective in its use of naval mines in WWII in comparison with its record in previous wars. Small mines were developed for use in rivers and lakes, and special mines for shallow water. A very large chemical mine was designed to sink through ice with the aid of a melting
1934:
In the 1930s, Germany had experimented with the laying of mines by aircraft. It became a crucial element in their overall mining strategy. Aircraft had the advantage of speed, and they would never get caught in their own minefields. German mines held a large 450 kg (1,000 lb) explosive
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2860:...the Royal Navy does not have any mine stocks and has not had since 1992. Notwithstanding this, the United Kingdom retains the capability to lay mines and continues research into mine exploitation. Practice mines, used for exercises, continue to be laid in order to retain the necessary skills.
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If a contact sweep hits a mine, the wire of the sweep rubs against the mooring wire until it is cut. Sometimes "cutters", explosive devices to cut the mine's wire, are used to lessen the strain on the sweeping wire. Mines cut free are recorded and collected for research or shot with a deck gun.
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value", a combination of the initial strength of the explosion and of the distance between the target and the detonation. When taken in reference to ship hull plating, the term "Hull Shock Factor" (HSF) is used, while keel damage is termed "Keel Shock Factor" (KSF). If the explosion is directly
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The mine is propelled to its intended position by propulsion equipment such as a torpedo. After reaching its destination, it sinks to the seabed and operates like a standard mine. It differs from the homing mine in that its mobile stage is set before it lies in wait, rather than as part of the
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During the initial period of World War I, the Royal Navy used contact mines in the
English Channel and later in large areas of the North Sea to hinder patrols by German submarines. Later, the American antenna mine was widely used because submarines could be at any depth from the surface to the
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Mine warfare remains the most cost-effective form of asymmetrical naval warfare. Mines are relatively cheap and being small allows them to be easily deployed. Indeed, with some kinds of mines, trucks and rafts will suffice. At present there are more than 300 different mines available. Some 50
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Another expedient for clearing mines, especially in a hurry, is counter-mining. By this method an explosive is detonated in the area of a known or suspected minefield and the blast either trips off the fuses or the actual explosive contained within the mine or mines. This latter is known as a
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The moored mine is the backbone of modern mine systems. They are deployed where water is too deep for bottom mines. They can use several kinds of instruments to detect an enemy, usually a combination of acoustic, magnetic and pressure sensors, or more sophisticated optical shadows or electro
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will concentrate the field through it, due to its magnetic permeability; the mine's detector was designed to trigger as a ship passed over when the Earth's magnetic field was concentrated in the ship and away from the mine. The mine detected this loss of the magnetic field which caused it to
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Between 600,000 and 1,000,000 naval mines of all types were laid in WWII. Advancing military forces worked to clear mines from newly-taken areas, but extensive minefields remained in place after the war. Air-dropped mines had an additional problem for mine sweeping operations: they were not
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began in earnest, using 160 of LeMay's B-29 Superfortress bombers to attack Japan's inner zone. Almost half of the mines were the US-built Mark 25 model, carrying 570 kg (1,250 lb) of explosives and weighing about 900 kg (2,000 lb). Other mines used included the smaller
56:
2685:, Valletta, Malta in WW2 when the British dropped depth charges into the harbour entrance to detonate suspected mines prior to the arrival of an important convoy. It is especially useful against acoustic or pressure mines due to their activation by sound or increases in water pressure.
1474:. The first remotely controlled mines were moored mines used in the American Civil War, detonated electrically from shore. They were considered superior to contact mines because they did not put friendly shipping at risk. The extensive American fortifications program initiated by the
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bombers
Wellington DW.Mk I fitted with degaussing coils to trigger magnetic mines. In a parallel development the Luftwaffe adapted some Junkers 52/3m aircraft to also carry a coil operated by electricity supplied from an onboard generator. The Luftwaffe called this adaption
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As naval mines have become more sophisticated, and able to discriminate between targets, so they have become more difficult to deal with by conventional sweeping. This has given rise to the practice of minehunting. Minehunting is very different from sweeping, although some
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sunk by attacks before they reached a safe harbour. The
Japanese closed Haiphong to all steel-hulled ships for the remainder of the war after another small ship was sunk by one of the remaining mines, although they may not have realized no more than three mines remained.
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could be dropped from aircraft, some of which floated on the surface, making it possible to lay them in enemy harbours. The use of dredging and nets was effective against this type of mine, but this consumed valuable time and resources and required harbours to be closed.
509:) the Nobel mines proved to be faulty, exploding while being laid, failing to explode or detaching from their wires, and drifting uncontrollably, at least 70 of them were subsequently disarmed by the British. In 1855, 301 more Jacobi mines were laid around Krostadt and
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in 1637, describes naval mines with a ripcord pulled by hidden ambushers located on the nearby shore who rotated a steel wheel flint mechanism to produce sparks and ignite the fuse of the naval mine. Although this is the rotating steel wheel's first use in naval mines,
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Mines with ship-counters, arming delays and highly specific target signatures in mine fuzes can falsely convince a belligerent that a particular area is clear of mines or has been swept effectively because a succession of vessels have already passed through safely.
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A Russian invention, the rocket mine is a bottom distance mine that fires a homing high-speed rocket (not torpedo) upwards towards the target. It is intended to allow a bottom mine to attack surface ships as well as submarines from a greater depth. One type is the
53:
2087:, who directed nearly all RAAF mining operations in CBI, heartily endorsed aerial mining, writing in July 1944 that "aerial mining operations were of the order of 100 times as destructive to the enemy as an equal number of bombing missions against land targets."
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and the double-L sweep, were British inventions. When on operational missions, such as the invasion of Iraq, the US still relies on British and Canadian minesweeping services. The US has worked on some innovative mine-hunting countermeasures, such as the use of
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said after the war that the aerial mining by B-29s had been "equally as effective as the B-29 attacks on Japanese industry at the closing stages of the war when all food supplies and critical material were prevented from reaching the Japanese home islands." The
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issued a warning to freight ships in the area, advising them to "maintain lookouts for mines and pay careful attention to local navigation warnings". Ukrainian forces have mined "from the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea which banks the critical city of Odesa."
1251:, Ukraine accused Russia of deliberately employing drifting mines in the Black Sea area. Around the same time, Turkish and Romanian military diving teams were involved in defusing operations, when stray mines were spotted near the coasts of these countries.
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carried out a lengthy set of experiments to design and test moored mines that could be exploded on contact or be detonated at will as enemy shipping passed near them. This initial development of mines in the United States took place under the purview of the
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waters it is important to ensure that the mine does not become visible when the sea level falls at low tide, so the cable length is adjusted to take account of tides. During WWII there were mines that could be moored in 300 m (980 ft)-deep water.
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As early as 1942, American mining experts such as Naval Ordnance Laboratory scientist Dr. Ellis A. Johnson, CDR USNR, suggested massive aerial mining operations against Japan's "outer zone" (Korea and northern China) as well as the "inner zone", their
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is just one example of a ship that was struck by a magnetic mine during this time. On 21 November 1939, a mine broke her keel, which damaged her engine and boiler rooms, as well as injuring 46 men, one later died from his injuries. She was towed to
204:, requires nations to declare when they mine an area, to make it easier for civil shipping to avoid the mines. The warnings do not have to be specific; for example, during World War II, Britain declared simply that it had mined the English Channel,
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The SLMM was developed by the United States as a submarine deployed mine for use in areas inaccessible for other mine deployment techniques or for covert mining of hostile environments. The SLMM is a shallow-water mine and is basically a modified
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that can break a metre-wide hole straight through the ship, flooding one or more compartments, and is capable of breaking smaller ships apart. The crew in the areas hit by the pillar are usually killed instantly. Other damage is usually limited.
147:—and even by dropping them into a harbour by hand. They can be inexpensive: some variants can cost as little as US $ 2,000, though more sophisticated mines can cost millions of dollars, be equipped with several kinds of sensors, and deliver a
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later clearing, but it is not unusual for these records to be lost together with the ships. Therefore, many countries demand that all mining operations be planned on land and records kept so that the mines can later be recovered more easily.
1054:) remained vulnerable. Japan developed sonic generators to sweep these; the gear was not ready by war's end. The primary method Japan used was small air-delivered bombs. This was profligate and ineffectual; used against acoustic mines at
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After World War I the drifting contact mine was banned, but was occasionally used during World War II. The drifting mines were much harder to remove than tethered mines after the war, and they caused about the same damage to both sides.
2003:
In September 1939, the UK announced the placement of extensive defensive minefields in waters surrounding the Home Islands. Offensive aerial mining operations began in April 1940 when 38 mines were laid at each of these locations: the
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and the sea bottoms of the area of operations can degrade sweeping and hunting efforts. Mining countermeasures are far more expensive and time-consuming than mining operations, and that gap is only growing with new technologies.
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potential sensors. These cost many times more than contact mines. Moored mines are effective against most kinds of ships. As they are cheaper than other anti-ship weapons they can be deployed in large numbers, making them useful
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of 1940s acoustic mines (which operate on the integrated volume of all frequencies) have been replaced by narrow-band sensors which are much more sensitive and selective. Mines can now be programmed to listen for highly specific
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struck a mine on 20 June, the Royal Navy had had enough, and the next day began carrying out the first minesweeping operation in history, recovering thirty-three 'infernal machines,' the standard British term of the day for sea
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Weapons are frequently a few steps ahead of countermeasures, and mines are no exception. In this field the British, with their large seagoing navy, have had the bulk of world experience, and most anti-mine developments, such as
1614:, it is important to conserve power because they may need to remain active for months or even years. For this reason, most influence mines are designed to remain in a semi-dormant state until an unpowered (e.g. deflection of a
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to investigate the mine. The Royal Navy knew that mines could use magnetic sensors, Britain having developed magnetic mines in World War I, so everyone removed all metal, including their buttons, and made tools of non-magnetic
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500 kg (1,000 lb) Mark 26. Fifteen B-29s were lost while 293 Japanese merchant ships were sunk or damaged. Twelve thousand aerial mines were laid, a significant barrier to Japan's access to outside resources. Prince
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because he thought they were leading him into a trap: he believed it possible that the Germans were either leaving floating mines in their wake, or were drawing him towards submarines, although neither of these was the case.
967:
While these methods were useful for clearing mines from local ports, they were of little or no use for enemy-controlled areas. These were typically visited by warships, and the majority of the fleet then underwent a massive
6068:
3743:
2751:
1685:
mine and cuts the sweeping wire. They are very cheap and usually used in combination with other mines in a minefield to make sweeping more difficult. One type is the Mark 23 used by the United States during World War II.
1388:
below the surface at which the mine floats can be set so that only deep draft vessels such as aircraft carriers, battleships or large cargo ships are at risk, saving the mine from being used on a less valuable target. In
2439:. Each run covers between one hundred and two hundred metres (330 and 660 ft), and the ships must move slowly in a straight line, making them vulnerable to enemy fire. This was exploited by the Turkish army in the
2430:
A sweep is either a contact sweep, a wire dragged through the water by one or two ships to cut the mooring wire of floating mines, or a distance sweep that mimics a ship to detonate the mines. The sweeps are dragged by
2551:(remote controlled unmanned mini-submarines). It is slow, but also the most reliable way to remove mines. Minehunting started during the Second World War, but it was only after the war that it became truly effective.
1675:
The bouquet mine is a single anchor attached to several floating mines. It is designed so that when one mine is swept or detonated, another takes its place. It is a very sensitive construction and lacks reliability.
103:
disincentive to shipping. In the absence of effective measures to limit each mine's lifespan, the hazard to shipping can remain long after the war in which the mines were laid is over. Unless detonated by a parallel
2887:
displacement target detection sensors. Stonefish can be deployed by fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, surface vessels and submarines. An optional kit is available to allow Stonefish to be air-dropped, comprising an
1642:
or "channelizing" weapons. Moored mines usually have lifetimes of more than 10 years, and some almost unlimited. These mines usually weigh 200 kg (440 lb), including 80 kg (180 lb) of explosives
3634:
1581:
because several sensors working together (e.g. magnetic, passive acoustic and water pressure) allow it to ignore signals which are not recognised as being the unique signature of an intended target vessel.
130:
using various measures to either capture or detonate the mines, but sometimes also with an aircraft made for that purpose. There are also mines that release a homing torpedo rather than explode themselves.
2315:. They are built with hulls that produce a minimal pressure signature. These measures create other problems. They are expensive, slow, and vulnerable to enemy fire. Many modern ships have a mine-warning
954:
From this data, known methods were used to clear these mines. Early methods included the use of large electromagnets dragged behind ships or below low-flying aircraft (a number of older bombers like the
43:
Polish wz. 08/39 contact mine. The protuberances near the top of the mine, here with their protective covers, are called Hertz horns, and these trigger the mine's detonation when a ship bumps into them.
648:, at a time when the Chilean squadron was blockading the Peruvian ports, formed a brigade of torpedo boats under the command of the frigate captain Leopoldo Sánchez Calderón and the Peruvian engineer
52:
1701:
The ascending mine is a floating distance mine that may cut its mooring or in some other way float higher when it detects a target. It lets a single floating mine cover a much larger depth range.
4345:
4172:
3517:, almost the last to arrive, was struck by an infernal. The following day the boats fished up several of the primitive mines, and both Dundas and Seymour inspected them aboard their flagships.
2872:
influence mine for export to friendly countries such as Australia, which has both war stock and training versions of Stonefish, in addition to stocks of smaller Italian MN103 Manta mines. The
922:. They disarmed the mine and rushed it to the labs at HMS Vernon, where scientists discovered that the mine had a magnetic arming mechanism. A large ferrous object passing through the Earth's
174:. The cost of producing and laying a mine is usually between 0.5% and 10% of the cost of removing it, and it can take up to 200 times as long to clear a minefield as to lay it. Parts of some
4141:
3611:
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that had successfully run the gantlet of the Atlantic crossing were sometimes destroyed entering freshly cleared British harbours. More shipping was being lost than could be replaced, and
4202:
2360:
usual depth of German mines. From the measurements, coils were placed and coil currents were determined to minimize the chance of detonation for any ship at any heading at any latitude.
1823:
forced to investigate each suspicious sonar contact on the sea bed, whether it is real or not. Often a maker of naval mines will provide both training and dummy versions of their mines.
1647:). In excess of 150 kg (330 lb) of explosives the mine becomes inefficient, as it becomes too large to handle and the extra explosives add little to the mine's effectiveness.
2504:) after a pre-set time. During the pre-set arming delay (which could last days or even weeks) the mine would remain dormant and ignore any target stimulus, whether genuine or false.
557:
after its inventor, caused the word "torpedo" to apply to self-propelled underwater missiles as well as to static devices. These mobile devices were also known as "fish torpedoes".
3751:
2146:
were supposed to be self-sterilizing, but the circuit did not always work. Clearing the mines from Japanese waters took so many years that the task was eventually given to the
5897:, by Stephan L'H. Slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanza Chaffee, United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division, a publication from 1901, now in the
5878:, by United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division, Stephen L'H. Slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanga Chaffee, a publication from 1901, now in the
3256:
2706:(short for "encapsulated torpedo"), the MK62 and MK63 Quickstrike and the MK67 SLMM (Submarine Launched Mobile Mine). Today, most U.S. naval mines are delivered by aircraft.
1513:
These mines are triggered by the influence of a ship or submarine, rather than direct contact. Such mines incorporate sensors designed to detect the presence of a vessel and
2896:
pack to retard the weapon's descent. The operating depth of Stonefish ranges between 30 and 200 metres. The mine weighs 990 kilograms and contains a 600 kilogram aluminised
6143:
979:
fitted around the perimeter of the hull, energized by the ship's electrical system whenever in suspected magnetic-mined waters. Some of the first to be so fitted were the
6125:
6155:
4617:
1359:
Limpet mines are a special form of contact mine that are manually attached to the target by magnets and remain in place. They are named because of the similarity to the
652:, who perfected the naval torpedo or mine system to be electrically activated when the cargo weight was lifted. This is how, on 3 July 1880, in front of the port of
5681:
2500:
has been triggered a pre-set number of times. To further complicate matters, influence mines may be programmed to arm themselves (or disarm automatically—known as
2375:
Active countermeasures are ways to clear a path through a minefield or remove it completely. This is one of the most important tasks of any mine warfare flotilla.
1659:
These mines usually weigh between 150 and 1,500 kg (330 and 3,310 lb), including between 125 and 1,400 kg (276 and 3,086 lb) of explosives.
1869:
to lay mines around the UK. In WWII, aircraft came into favour for mine laying with one of the largest examples being the mining of the Japanese sea routes in
867:
fleet, which dominated much of the battle of the Atlantic, was small at the beginning of the war and much of the early action by German forces involved mining
5471:
2489:(lit. mine-search). In both cases pilots were required to fly at low altitude (up to about 200 feet above the sea) and at fairly low speeds to be effective.
2153:
For the purpose of clearing all types of naval mines, the Royal Navy employed German crews and minesweepers from June 1945 to January 1948, organised in the
4846:
2049:. First, aerial mines would have to be developed further and manufactured in large numbers. Second, laying the mines would require a sizable air group. The
1540:
First used during WWI, their use became more general in WWII. The sophistication of influence mine fuses has increased considerably over the years as first
744:
lost two battleships, four cruisers, two destroyers and a torpedo-boat to offensively laid mines during the war. Most famously, on 15 May 1904, the Russian
3509:
took Penaud and several British captains to examine Cronstadt. While still 2 miles out the two surveying ships were struck by 'infernals'. The fleet left
2106:
on 30 March 1944 in concert with simultaneous conventional bombing and strafing attacks. The dropping of 78 mines deterred 32 Japanese ships from escaping
107:
at the end of their useful life, naval mines need to be found and dismantled after the end of hostilities; an often prolonged, costly, and hazardous task.
786:
Beginning around the start of the 20th century, submarine mines played a major role in the defense of U.S. harbours against enemy attacks as part of the
5393:
4342:
4080:
408:, scuttled the project as "not fair and honest warfare". In 1854, during the unsuccessful attempt of the Anglo-French (101 warships) fleet to seize the
3257:
National Research Council (U.S.). Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources (2000).
1625:
or render themselves safe after a preset period of time. Generally, the more sophisticated the mine design, the more likely it is to have some form of
3818:
2547:
sonars and high fidelity sidescaning sonar are used for mine location. Mines are hunted using sonar, then inspected and destroyed either by divers or
4164:
2163:
and 300 vessels. Mine clearing was not always successful: a number of ships were damaged or sunk by mines after the war. Two such examples were the
5647:
4535:
4503:
3291:
2608:
A more drastic method is simply to run a ship through the minefield, letting other ships safely follow the same path. An early example of this was
1801:. This weapon was experimental and never went into production. There have been some reports that North Korea may be developing a nuclear mine. The
618:). In 1901 underwater minefields became the responsibility of the US Army's Artillery Corps, and in 1907 this was a founding responsibility of the
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5527:
4471:
4436:
4401:
4137:
3607:
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had the carrying capacity but considered mining to be the navy's job. The US Navy lacked suitable aircraft. Johnson set about convincing General
1479:
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4295:
201:
181:
Mines have been employed as offensive or defensive weapons in rivers, lakes, estuaries, seas, and oceans, but they can also be used as tools of
4194:
4058:
178:
naval minefields still exist because they are too extensive and expensive to clear. Some 1940s-era mines may remain dangerous for many years.
5222:
DSTO-GD-0109, September 1996. Ship Structures and Materials Division, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
4007:
3403:
The Crimean War (1854–1856) was the first war to see the successful use of land and sea mines, both of which were the work of Immanuel Nobel.
2319:—a simple sonar looking forward and warning the crew if it detects possible mines ahead. It is only effective when the ship is moving slowly.
1693:
The mine is hydrostatically controlled to maintain a pre-set depth below the water's surface independently of the rise and fall of the tide.
2243:
broke in half and sank off the coast South Korea in 2010, was caused by the bubble jet effect, according to an international investigation.
465:
was designed by German-born, Russian engineer Jacobi, in 1853. The mine was tied to the sea bottom by an anchor. A cable connected it to a
92:, they are deposited and left to wait until, depending on their fusing, they are triggered by the approach of or contact with any vessel.
4647:
536:
was a mine attached to a long pole and detonated when the ship carrying it rammed another one and withdrew a safe distance. The submarine
189:
The decision-makers' perception of the minefield is a critical factor. Minefields designed for psychological effect are usually placed on
6220:
5550:
2469:
The distance sweep mimics the sound and magnetism of a ship and is pulled behind the sweeper. It has floating coils and large underwater
910:
during low tide. Additionally, the land belonged to the army and a base with men and workshops was at hand. Experts were dispatched from
2195:
underneath the keel, then HSF is equal to KSF, but explosions that are not directly underneath the ship will have a lower value of KSF.
1341:
and sugar. When the vial was crushed, the acid ignited the perchlorate-sugar mix, and the resulting flame ignited the gunpowder charge.
5359:
5277:
2079:
in February 1943. Aerial minelaying operations involved a coalition of British, Australian and American aircrews, with the RAF and the
2068:
430:
suffered damage due to the underwater explosions of Russian naval mines. Russian naval specialists set more than 1,500 naval mines, or
253:
3554:
3093:
5950:(Personal account of mine countermeasures operations in Operation Desert Storm during the Gulf War 1991, including the mining of USS
2072:
6059:
5215:
3853:
3714:
2276:
1380:
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struck first one and then another mine, giving her the dubious distinction of being the first warship damaged by enemy mines. HMS
5415:
4560:
906:
The British experienced a stroke of luck in November 1939, when a German mine was dropped from an aircraft onto the mudflats off
790:. The mines employed were controlled mines, anchored to the bottoms of the harbours, and detonated under control from large mine
727:
6134:
5449:
1396:
Floating mines typically have a mass of around 200 kg (440 lb), including 80 kg (180 lb) of explosives e.g.
6116:
5705:
4698:
2570:
in 2003. The US Navy claims that these dolphins were effective in helping to clear more than 100 antiship mines and underwater
2125:
1065:
Mining campaigns could have devastating consequences. The U.S. effort against Japan, for instance, closed major ports, such as
783:
or mechanical devices that activated a blast upon tipping. Several mine-laying ships were destroyed when their cargo exploded.
6152:
4609:
2681:. Counter-mining is normally used as a last resort or if other equipment is not available. One example was at the entrance to
1025:
6077:
6003:
4376:
4317:
4271:
3357:
3165:
2496:
Another anti-sweeping mechanism is a ship-counter in the mine fuze. When enabled, this allows detonation only after the mine
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process, where their hulls had a slight "south" bias induced into them which offset the concentration-effect almost to zero.
607:
598:
587:
474:
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abandoned Palau as a base when their first ship attempting to traverse the swept channel was damaged by a mine detonation.
1330:. When a ship's hull crushes the metal horn, it cracks the vial inside it, allowing the acid to run down a tube and into a
549:
on 17 February 1864. A Harvey torpedo was a type of floating mine towed alongside a ship and was briefly in service in the
122:
mines requiring physical ignition. Mines may be placed by aircraft, ships, submarines, or individual swimmers and boatmen.
3416:
1797:
During the Cold War, a test was conducted with a naval mine fitted with tactical nuclear warheads for the "Baker" shot of
308:
to make weapons, including the failed "floating petard". Weapons of this type were apparently tried by the English at the
6240:
2628:
2154:
1241:
5300:
3304:
Gilbert, Jason A., L/Cdr, USN. "Combined Mine Countermeasures Force", Naval War College paper (Newport, RI, 2001), p. 2.
2619:. However, as mine warfare became more developed this method became uneconomical. This method was revived by the German
1458:
in France to float down the river, becoming active after a time calculated to be long enough to reach German territory.
3773:
3644:
2649:
obviated the need to continuous and painstaking sweeping, but the cost was high. Over half the 100 or so ships used as
1935:
charge. From April to June 1940, the Luftwaffe laid 1,000 mines in British waters. Soviet ports were mined, as was the
1127:, mines laid by North Korean forces caused 70% of the casualties suffered by U.S. naval vessels and caused 4 sinkings.
851:
6098:
5727:
Hanning, Marcus A.; Smyers, Richard Paul & Thorne, Phil (2010). "Question 11/46: Japanese Use of Mines in WW II".
4945:
672:, on 13 September 1880, which having captured and checked a beautiful boat, it exploded when hoisting it on its side.
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5923:
5823:
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2147:
1322:
limiting the damage to the direct effects of the explosion and usually affecting only the vessel that triggers them.
1170:
was probably responsible for the minelaying. In response the U.S., Britain, France, and three other nations launched
772:
Following the end of the Russo-Japanese War, several nations attempted to have mines banned as weapons of war at the
478:
5959:
2702:
MK56 ASW mine (the oldest still in use by the United States) was developed in 1966. More advanced mines include the
5859:, by United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division, a publication from 1901, now in the
5479:
3064:
2021:
1435:
1248:
4672:
2641:. Typically an old cargo ship, loaded with cargo that made her less vulnerable to sinking (wood for example), the
740:, and most of his crew in the process. The toll inflicted by mines was not confined to the Russians, however. The
6230:
6200:
6195:
6009:
5794:
4838:
3730:
15 June, it was learned that the mouth of the river was protected by electric mines, that the forts at Taku were.
2559:
1782:
502:
396:
used an electric detonator to destroy a moving vessel to demonstrate an underwater mine of his own design to the
5127:
4816:
846:
4736:
2962:
2209:
1936:
1204:
1146:
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from attacking them. It gradually phased out its direct competitor the Nobel mine on the insistence of Admiral
6107:
6089:
5053:
1438:'s British fleet did not pursue and destroy the outnumbered German High Seas Fleet when it turned away at the
5385:
4115:
3131:
3041:
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634:
486:
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that was floated toward the enemy, detonated by a sparking mechanism if it struck a ship. It was used on the
4084:
1598:
programmed specifically to ignore all surface vessels regardless of size and exclusively target submarines.
6210:
3814:
2528:
1485:
Modern examples usually weigh 200 kg (440 lb), including 80 kg (180 lb) of explosives (
1334:
which until then contained no acid electrolyte. This energizes the battery, which detonates the explosive.
553:
in the 1870s. Other "torpedoes" were attached to ships or propelled themselves. One such weapon called the
469:
which powered it from the shore, the power of its explosive charge was equal to 14 kg (31 lb) of
331:
5233:"Investigation Result on the Sinking of ROKS "Cheonan" by The Joint Civilian-Military Investigation Group"
4578:
6235:
2304:
1750:
A torpedo mine is a self-propelled variety, able to lie in wait for a target and then pursue it e.g. the
764:
758:
748:
712:
17:
5655:
5519:
4527:
4495:
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3376:. Praeger Security International; War, technology, and history. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29.
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was run ahead of the ship to be protected, detonating any mines that might be in their path. The use of
6205:
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6038:
2967:
2080:
1802:
1739:
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flies when capturing a sloop mined by the Peruvians. A similar fate occurred with the gunboat schooner
126:
is the practice of the removal of explosive naval mines, usually by a specially designed ship called a
3774:"Climate Change & Naval War—A Scientific Assessment 2005—Trafford on demand publishing, Canada/UK"
3673:
1968:
compound. Special aerial mine designs finally arrived in 1943–1944, the AMD-500 and AMD-1000. Various
779:
Many early mines were fragile and dangerous to handle, as they contained glass containers filled with
5232:
2662:
2658:
2597:
2323:
1574:
821:
611:
305:
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5149:
Page: 41, author: Gordon Williamson, John White, publisher: Osprey Publishing, accessed: 9 July 2008
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4054:
3815:"Mark Chirnside's Reception Room: Olympic, Titanic & Britannic: Olympic Interview, January 2005"
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the entire area between the two ships. The older methods continued to be used in smaller areas. The
5748:
2897:
2873:
2204:
1755:
1590:
537:
473:. In the summer of 1853, the production of the mine was approved by the Committee for Mines of the
296:
The first plan for a sea mine in the West was by Ralph Rabbards, who presented his design to Queen
170:
Their flexibility and cost-effectiveness make mines attractive to the less powerful belligerent in
5791:"WW2 People's War—An archive of World War Two memories—written by the public, gathered by the BBC"
4011:
3718:
2215:
mine attack being a good example of a contact mine detonating amidships and underneath the ship).
2203:
Usually only created by contact mines, direct damage is a hole blown in the ship. Among the crew,
1910:
In some cases, mines are automatically activated upon contact with the water. In others, a safety
2356:
1548:
have been incorporated into designs. Simple magnetic sensors have been superseded by total-field
1475:
787:
2795:
Type: aircraft-laid bottom mine (with descent to water slowed by a parachute or other mechanism)
1573:) and ignore all others. The sophistication of modern electronic mine fuzes incorporating these
6225:
5555:
4639:
2997:
2678:
2455:
2237:
1763:
1451:
1244:
have made frequent use of naval mines, laying over 150 in the Red Sea throughout the conflict.
802:
741:
733:
297:
95:
Naval mines can be used offensively, to hamper enemy shipping movements or lock vessels into a
5174:
5159:
3350:
Power struggles: scientific authority and the creation of practical electricity before Edison.
2462:
instead of a second minesweeper. These are torpedo-shaped towed bodies, similar in shape to a
5269:
5143:
4263:
4256:
3733:(Issue 143 of Document (United States. War Dept.))(Original from the New York Public Library)
3713:. Adjutant-General's Office, Military Information Division, Washington, D.C., United States:
3258:
3155:
2977:
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2170:
which was scrapped after hitting a mine in a previously cleared area off the Greek island of
1969:
1611:
1338:
1331:
1224:
1178:
716:
626:
543:
182:
5355:
1667:
Several specialized mines have been developed for other purposes than the common minefield.
1313:
Naval mines may be classified into three major groups; contact, remote and influence mines.
1069:, for days, and by the end of the Pacific War had cut the amount of freight passing through
754:
6215:
4138:"Houthis increase use of suicide drone boats in recent weeks | FDD's Long War Journal"
3550:
3448:
came to her assistance after the first explosion, only to strike a mine herself. When HMS
3085:
2620:
2612:
2233:
2143:
2129:
2115:
2046:
1870:
1865:
Historically several methods were used to lay mines. During WWI and WWII, the Germans used
1798:
1626:
1337:
Earlier forms of the detonator employed a vial of sulfuric acid surrounded by a mixture of
1231:
695:
against the French; they planted nine torpedo mines in the river and blocked the entrance.
615:
583:
309:
2128:
concluded that it would have been more efficient to combine the United States's effective
1046:
The Allies and Germany deployed acoustic mines in World War II, against which even wooden-
8:
6056:
3440:
While nosing about the defences off Kronstadt on 9 June 1855, the British paddle steamer
2982:
2477:
2440:
2099:
1718:
997:
664:
81:
6177:
updates to above article on naval mines due to Korean War and types and measures against
5654:. Corpus Christi, Texas: Commander Mobile Mine Assembly Group, U.S. Navy. Archived from
3849:
3744:"Naval mine - contained explosive device placed in water to destroy ships or submarines"
3708:
2102:
torpedo bombers, the US Navy mounted a direct aerial mining attack on enemy shipping in
1096:
In 1988, an Iranian M-08 mine made a 25-foot (8 m) hole in the hull of the frigate
5209:
4557:
3884:
3285:
3029:
2936:
2756:
2699:
2616:
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2436:
2432:
2348:
2312:
2050:
2037:
1594:
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1019:
983:
956:
939:
723:
641:
602:
561:
420:
397:
389:
359:
171:
5423:
3839:
Campbell, John, "Naval Weapons of World War Two" (London: Conway Maritime Press, 1985)
2032:
1805:
prohibits the placement of nuclear weapons on the seabed beyond a 12-mile coast zone.
1197:. A Soviet tanker was among the ships damaged by these mines. In 1986, in the case of
969:
707:, Imperial Chinese forces deployed a command-detonated mine field at the mouth of the
342:
as a drift mine, destroying a small boat near its intended target, a British warship.
256:
tell of naval explosives in the 16th century, used to fight against Japanese pirates (
5999:
5965:
5939:
5919:
5819:
5756:
5736:
5445:
5339:
5105:
5080:
5029:
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4763:
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4353:
4267:
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3587:
3475:
3422:
3387:
3377:
3353:
3264:
3237:
3161:
2459:
2410:
2084:
1593:, with all the programmability this implies, such as the ability to quickly load new
1439:
1401:
1131:
1047:
891:
ordered the intact recovery of one of these new mines to be of the highest priority.
888:
872:
649:
554:
435:
413:
405:
301:
197:
5702:
5338:
Oceanography and Mine Warfare. Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council, 2000
5208:
Department of Defence. Defence Science and Technology Organisation. Warren D. Reid,
5050:"United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report (Pacific War). July 1, 1946"
4706:
4258:
The Russian Rockefellers: the Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry
4195:"Here's what makes sea mines Russia's biggest challenge in Ukraine's Mariupol port"
2992:
2869:
2447:
batteries prevented the British and French from clearing a way through minefields.
2290:
1618:
1603:
1586:
1467:
1040:
980:
680:
676:
381:, carrying 40 barrels of gunpowder and rigged to explode by a clockwork mechanism.
370:
235:
6153:"Fighting The Submarine Mine – How Navies Combat A Deadly Sea Weapon" October 1941
6074:
4321:
1482:, which were emplaced or in reserve from the 1890s until the end of World War II.
1081:
than 500 minesweepers (of a variety of types) were damaged or sunk clearing them.
736:, sending the holed vessel to the bottom and killing the fleet commander, Admiral
564:
of 1861–1865 also saw the successful use of mines. The first ship sunk by a mine,
6174:
6159:
6147:
6129:
6111:
6093:
6081:
6063:
6045:
5709:
5219:
5131:
4999:
4564:
4349:
4232:
3469:
3371:
2717:
2308:
2017:
1786:
1726:
1709:
1570:
1397:
1036:
1015:
704:
684:
591:
443:
31:
6022:(Describes American efforts to combat Iranian mine campaign in the Persian Gulf)
5599:
4811:
The Soviet Navy at the Outbreak and During the Great Patriotic War: Introduction
3122:
Greer, William L.; Bartholomew, James (1986). "The Psychology of Mine Warfare".
2383:
2303:
avoid magnetic signatures. These ships may use special propulsion systems, with
1525:. The fuses on such mines may incorporate one or more of the following sensors:
194:
makes it a credible threat, but minefields work more on the mind than on ships.
3465:
2928:
2609:
2463:
2120:
2060:
1956:
1940:
1924:
1766:
1751:
1725:
These are mines containing a moving weapon as a warhead, either a torpedo or a
1545:
1190:
1018:
for repairs. Incidents like this resulted in many of the boats that sailed to
990:
923:
810:
737:
579:
529:
494:
439:
385:
339:
327:
319:
272:
111:
4924:
Mines Away!: The Significance of US Army Air Forces Minelaying in World War II
3874:
Piekalkiewicz, Janusz, "Sea War: 1939–1945" (Poole, UK: Blandford Press, 1987)
270:
made several timed, drifting explosives, to harass Japanese pirate ships. The
6184:
5898:
5879:
5860:
5740:
5598:. U.S. Navy Small Business Innovation Research. 21 March 2007. Archived from
5308:
4895:
Spying Without Spies: Origins of America's Secret Nuclear Surveillance System
3391:
2923:
2682:
2575:
2271:
2259:-differential over the width of the human body is sufficient to stun or kill
2225:
2179:
1985:
1981:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1891:
1857:
Camouflaged Iraqi mines hidden inside oil barrels on a shipping barge in the
1846:
1622:
1471:
1327:
1156:
876:
806:
780:
688:
645:
521:
506:
466:
374:
355:
281:
39:
1831:
477:. In 1854, 60 Jacobi mines were laid in the vicinity of the Forts Pavel and
330:
developed the first American naval mine, for use against the British in the
5189:
4937:
3780:
3579:
3003:
2972:
2798:
Detection System: Magnetic/seismic/pressure target detection devices (TDDs)
2732:
Detection System: Magnetic/seismic/pressure target detection devices (TDDs)
2638:
2633:
2563:
2425:
2396:
2191:
2164:
2159:
2076:
2064:
2054:
1858:
1759:
1549:
1416:
1162:
In the summer of 1984, magnetic sea mines damaged at least 19 ships in the
1153:
1135:
1116:
1084:
The U.S. began adding delay counters to their magnetic mines in June 1945.
928:
907:
902:, magnetic–minesweeping gear being deployed behind a Royal Navy minesweeper
860:
658:
630:
576:
533:
525:
490:
470:
455:
350:
239:
175:
123:
89:
73:
4993:"The United States Strategic Bombing Surveys (European War) (Pacific War)"
2520:
2420:, 7 June 1944. Note her broken back, with white smoke billowing amidships.
2067:
and other bomber aircraft took part in localized mining operations in the
1264:
1237:. When the war concluded, eight countries conducted clearance operations.
225:
A 14th-century illustration of a naval mine and page description from the
6032:
5446:"Paravane – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
4165:"Ukraine says Russia planting mines in Black Sea as shipping perils grow"
2946:
2889:
2865:
2703:
2624:
2601:
2535:
2407:
2256:
1714:
1639:
1562:
1354:
1007:
832:
798:
572:
462:
447:
393:
363:
248:
227:
190:
162:
127:
6099:
Belgian-Netherlands Naval Mine Warfare School, NATO Center of Excellence
5975:
3056:
1509:
bomber during WWII and landed on the ground. Fuse mechanisms are visible
1434:
mechanism might not function as intended and the mines may remain live.
1174:, a minesweeping operation in the Red Sea involving more than 46 ships.
871:
routes and ports around Britain. German submarines also operated in the
597:
After 1865 the United States adopted the mine as its primary weapon for
5102:
The Development of Mine Warfare: A Most Murderous and Barbarous Conduct
5026:
The Development of Mine Warfare: A Most Murderous and Barbarous Conduct
4969:
The Development of Mine Warfare: A Most Murderous and Barbarous Conduct
4870:
The Development of Mine Warfare: A Most Murderous and Barbarous Conduct
4760:
The Development of Mine Warfare: A Most Murderous and Barbarous Conduct
4676:
3373:
The Development of Mine Warfare: A Most Murderous and Barbarous Conduct
2571:
2543:
2417:
2332:
2285:
2005:
1992:
1989:
1973:
1836:
1607:
1566:
1553:
1541:
1514:
1466:
Frequently used in combination with coastal artillery and hydrophones,
1124:
961:
934:
911:
550:
409:
401:
267:
85:
5993:
4107:
2182:, Italy in December 1945, caught fire, was beached, and broke in two.
1022:
being degaussed in a marathon four-day effort by degaussing stations.
5995:
Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987–88
5961:
No Higher Honor: Saving the USS Samuel B. Roberts in the Persian Gulf
5785:] (in Russian). Vol. II. Moscow: Soviet Academy of Sciences.
5124:
4808:
3707:
Slocum, Stephan L'H.; Reichmann, Carl; Chaffee, Adna Romanza (1901).
2951:
2941:
2893:
2337:
1977:
1894:
or deployed from specialized mine racks on the sides of the submarine
1656:
use multiple types of sensors, which are less sensitive to sweeping.
1518:
1506:
1186:
1123:
ships, whereas air and missile attacks have damaged four. During the
1066:
927:
detonate. The mechanism had an adjustable sensitivity, calibrated in
745:
708:
629:, a pioneer in mine warfare, successfully deployed mines against the
565:
498:
482:
378:
335:
290:
221:
205:
140:
119:
77:
69:
30:"Naval mining" redirects here. For civilian resource extraction, see
5876:
Reports on military operations in South Africa and China. July, 1901
4728:
2009:
1577:
capabilities makes it much more difficult to detonate the mine with
1375:
894:
6104:
6086:
5049:
4586:
2884:
2880:
2567:
2444:
2403:
2364:
2091:
1972:
torpedo bombers were pressed into the role of aerial mining in the
1841:
1769:. The mine designation was disinformation to conceal its function.
1615:
1534:
1526:
1454:" in 1940 and again in 1944 where floating mines were put into the
1389:
1216:
1104:
1092:
1074:
947:
791:
510:
262:). This kind of naval mine was loaded in a wooden box, sealed with
144:
5790:
3636:
Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West
3418:
Very Special Ships: Abdiel Class Fast Minelayers of World War Two
2901:
2593:
2558:) have been trained to hunt and mark mines, most famously by the
2260:
2171:
1911:
1522:
1364:
1194:
1163:
825:
669:
517:
315:
286:
243:
156:
148:
96:
4610:"U.S. military enters new generation of sea mine warfare – News"
1903:
Dropping from the shore – typically smaller, shallow-water mines
1629:
to hinder clearance by divers or remotely piloted submersibles.
1610:. Even though modern mines are generally powered by a long life
1501:
104:
3510:
3474:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. (published 2011). pp. 288–289.
3471:
The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy Against Russia, 1853–56
1866:
1490:
1405:
1360:
1134:
from 1980 to 1988, the belligerents mined several areas of the
1055:
868:
864:
692:
653:
152:
3138:
3179:
3177:
2392:
2316:
2107:
2103:
1455:
1207:
ruled that this mining was a violation of international law.
1167:
1108:
919:
373:
made extensive use of explosive devices designed by inventor
263:
258:
5540:
Slide 34 of 81. Hosted by Federation of American Scientists.
4548:
Slide 40 of 81. Hosted by Federation of American Scientists.
4516:
Slide 33 of 81. Hosted by Federation of American Scientists.
4484:
Slide 31 of 81. Hosted by Federation of American Scientists.
4449:
Slide 17 of 81. Hosted by Federation of American Scientists.
3969:(Annapolis, Md. : Naval Institute Press, 1993), p. 200.
3528:
Brown. D.K., Before the Ironclad, London (1990), pp. 152–154
2856:
According to a statement made to the UK Parliament in 2002:
2769:
latter three mines are actually a single type of electronic
2657:
An updated form of this method is the use of small unmanned
975:
Initially, major warships and large troopships had a copper
27:
Weapon for use in waters, triggered by the target's approach
4414:
Slide 1 of 81. Hosted by Federation of American Scientists.
2876:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2497:
2013:
1220:
1070:
816:, became the largest vessel ever sunk by a naval mine. The
115:
4288:"World War 2 Era Contact Sea Mine - Victorian Collections"
3186:
3174:
458:
operation. During the next 72 hours, 33 mines were swept.
6035:(1912) by United States War Department (Document no. 399)
5857:
Publication, Issue 33 Document (United States. War Dept.)
5192:
after hitting a mine in December 1947. (Elphick, p. 402.)
1644:
1486:
1182:
1062:
detonating. This made them a great deal harder to sweep.
493:. The Nobel mines were bought from Swedish industrialist
234:
Naval mines were first invented by Chinese innovators of
5895:
Reports on military operations in South Africa and China
5305:
US Naval Submarine Medical Research Lab Technical Report
4667:
4665:
4081:"U.S. Mining Nicaragua's harbours (February–March 1984)"
3903:
3710:
Reports on military operations in South Africa and China
2735:
Dimensions: 0.485 by 4.09 m (19.1 by 161.0 in)
2399:
sled while conducting simulated mine clearing operations
2190:
The damage that may be caused by a mine depends on the "
2157:(GMSA), which consisted of 27,000 members of the former
1887:
Aircraft – descent to the water is slowed by a parachute
850:
A contact mine being deployed from the German minelayer
3850:"The Double-L Sweep – Biography of Sir Charles Goodeve"
3032:(1985). "Mine Warfare: A Pillar of Maritime Strategy".
2835:
Dimensions: 0.570 by 2.9 m (22.4 by 114.2 in)
2473:. It is the only sweep effective against bottom mines.
1420:
Sequence of laying a moored contact mine with a plummet
419:(9 June 1855, the first successful mining in history),
6039:
Technical details of German Second World War sea mines
5526:. Surface Warfare Officers School Command, U.S. Navy.
5211:
The Response of Surface Ships to Underwater Explosions
4534:. Surface Warfare Officers School Command, U.S. Navy.
4502:. Surface Warfare Officers School Command, U.S. Navy.
4470:. Surface Warfare Officers School Command, U.S. Navy.
4435:. Surface Warfare Officers School Command, U.S. Navy.
4400:. Surface Warfare Officers School Command, U.S. Navy.
3706:
3531:
3000:(aerial mining campaign against North Vietnam in 1972)
2057:
of the efficacy of heavy bombers laying aerial mines.
6087:
Henry Norton Sulivan: a depiction of early Naval Mine
4662:
3697:(Original from the University of Wisconsin – Madison)
610:, which trained officers and men in their use at the
246:, in his 14th-century military treatise known as the
2744:
Explosives: 230 kg (510 lb) high explosive
2279:
during mine clearance operations in the Persian Gulf
2126:
United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific War)
2075:
theaters, beginning with a successful attack on the
1884:
Converted merchant ships – rolled or slid down ramps
1505:
German parachute-retarded magnetic mine. Dropped by
1411:
1138:
and nearby waters. On 24 July 1987, the supertanker
5771:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 7
5726:
5494:
4841:
Sovet Air Forces "Autumn Storm" Air Order of Battle
2801:
Dimensions: 0.74 by 3.25 m (29 by 128 in)
2435:, either purpose-built military ships or converted
1943:could carry two medium or one large mine while the
1058:, 200 bombs were needed to detonate just 13 mines.
238:and were described in thorough detail by the early
5835:Aircraft Profile No. 177: The Junkers Ju 52 Series
5298:
4255:
1537:displacement caused by the proximity of a vessel.
1103:, forcing the ship to seek temporary repairs in a
757:and succeeded in sinking the Japanese battleships
5938:. Clementsport: The Canadian Peacekeeping Press.
3938:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3639:(illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. p. 97.
3203:"Historic Figures: Cornelius Drebbel (1572–1633)"
3153:
3054:
2637:("block breaker"). The type was also used during
1900:Camouflaged boats – masquerading as fishing boats
964:continued to be swept by aircraft, for instance.
139:Mines can be laid in many ways: by purpose-built
6182:
5930:(Canonical general text about U.S. mine warfare)
5916:Weapons That Wait: Mine Warfare in the U.S. Navy
5379:
5377:
4371:(Third ed.). CDSG Press. pp. 333–374.
3675:Reilly's Battery: a story of the Boxer Rebellion
3231:
3121:
1918:
5914:Hartmann, Gregory K.; Truver, Scott C. (1991).
5680:. Publications.parliament.uk. 4 November 2002.
5472:"Britain's Vickers Wellington bomber, 'Wimpey'"
4705:. SinoDefence.com. 16 June 2008. Archived from
4222:
4220:
4031:
4029:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3584:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War
3086:"Isle of Wight: WW2 sea mine detonated by Navy"
2988:Submarine mines in United States harbor defense
2832:Detection System: Total field magnetic exploder
2627:. Left with a surfeit of idle ships due to the
2562:. Mine-clearance dolphins were deployed in the
513:. British ships did not dare to approach them.
6075:Description of mines used by the United States
5913:
3933:
3915:
3234:Discoveries and inventions of the 19th century
1897:Combat boats – rolled off the side of the boat
118:mechanisms are much more effective than early
5703:SSK Collins Class (Type 471) Attack Submarine
5513:
5511:
5509:
5374:
5188:, which broke in three and sank in the North
4457:
4455:
4369:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide
3983:. U.S. Naval History & Heritage Command.
2343:A simpler variation of this technique called
2136:
1145:by Iran near Farsi Island. On 14 April 1988,
5712:. Naval Technology. Retrieved on 2010-12-02.
4217:
4026:
3945:
3290:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2040:dropping sea mines over Japanese home waters
1461:
404:. However, opposition from former president
72:device placed in water to damage or destroy
5476:World War II Vehicles, Tanks, and Airplanes
5301:"The Effects of Underwater Blast on Divers"
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
3885:"Wiping – Biography of Sir Charles Goodeve"
2963:Royal Navy's Admiralty Mining Establishment
2844:Explosives: 164 kg (362 lb) HBX-3
2786:fitted which converts them into sea mines.
1906:Attack divers – smaller shallow-water mines
722:The next major use of mines was during the
5585:, p. 58. New York: 1953, Harper & Row.
5506:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5270:"South Korea Cites Attack in Ship Sinking"
5125:German Mine Sweeping Administration (GMSA)
5099:
5023:
4966:
4867:
4757:
4452:
4422:
4420:
3671:
3551:"Coast Artillery: Submarine Mine Defenses"
3369:
2527:minehunting drone, such are operated from
2297:
304:was employed in the Office of Ordnance by
5988:(Describes mine damage to a U.S. frigate)
4226:
3967:Japanese Merchant Marine in World War Two
3574:
3572:
3414:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3307:
3160:(3 ed.). Asiapac Books. p. 18.
3157:Origins of Chinese science and technology
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
2631:, the Germans introduced a ship known as
2370:
1880:Other methods to lay minefields include:
1428:
726:of 1904–1905. Two mines blew up when the
5957:
5267:
5195:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4640:"The Origins of Military Mines: Part II"
4607:
4343:"How Mines Help Guard America's Harbors"
3263:. National Academies Press. p. 12.
3057:"Swedish navy locates German WWII mines"
3028:
2750:
2711:MK67 SLMM Submarine Launched Mobile Mine
2592:
2519:
2454:Minesweepers protect themselves with an
2402:
2382:
2277:United States Navy Marine Mammal Program
2270:
2031:
1852:
1830:
1708:
1500:
1415:
1374:
1263:
1091:
1024:
933:
893:
845:
620:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
614:at Willets Point, New York (later named
582:'s famous/apocryphal command during the
349:
314:
220:
161:
46:
38:
5809:
5517:
5386:"Sunday Ship History: Degaussing Ships"
5383:
5323:
4892:
4576:
4558:MK 67 Submarine-Laid Mobile Mine (SLMM)
4525:
4493:
4461:
4426:
4417:
4391:
4083:. Homepage.ntlworld.com. Archived from
4008:"Terrorism: Scouring the Red Sea Floor"
3978:
3909:
3464:
2879:on a Stonefish mine contains acoustic,
2090:A single B-24 dropped three mines into
1915:out of its activation and blast zones.
1754:. Generally, torpedo mines incorporate
1370:
516:In the 19th century, mines were called
322:mines destroying a British ship in 1777
278:The Exploitation of the Works of Nature
14:
6183:
6051:'Stonefish' – a British influence mine
5933:
5747:
5596:"Influence Sweeping of Pressure Mines"
5520:"Mine Counter-Counter Measures (MCCM)"
4366:
4227:Hartshorn, Derick S. (17 April 2010).
3578:
3569:
3557:from the original on 11 September 2017
3322:
3108:
2907:
1152:struck an Iranian mine in the central
601:. In the decade following 1868, Major
334:. It was a watertight keg filled with
5832:
5797:from the original on 18 February 2007
5776:
5524:Mine Warfare Introduction: The Threat
5500:
5249:from the original on 26 February 2021
5074:
4911:
4849:from the original on 13 February 2012
4782:
4538:from the original on 22 December 2015
4532:Mine Warfare Introduction: The Threat
4500:Mine Warfare Introduction: The Threat
4468:Mine Warfare Introduction: The Threat
4433:Mine Warfare Introduction: The Threat
4398:Mine Warfare Introduction: The Threat
4298:from the original on 15 November 2023
4005:
3979:Marolda, Edward J. (26 August 2003).
3537:
3352:Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
3213:from the original on 27 December 2019
2807:Weight: 1,086 kg (2,394 lb)
1808:
698:
588:Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!
475:Ministry of War of the Russian Empire
388:exploded an underwater mine using an
5998:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
5991:
5964:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
5918:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
5893:This article incorporates text from
5874:This article incorporates text from
5855:This article incorporates text from
5684:from the original on 26 October 2016
5452:from the original on 28 January 2012
5180:A third example is the liberty ship
4948:from the original on 4 December 2008
4620:from the original on 8 February 2012
4577:Stewart, Cameron (30 October 2011).
4262:. Hoover Institution Press. p.
4253:
4162:
4105:
4006:Smith, William E. (27 August 1984).
3891:from the original on 18 October 2008
3856:from the original on 18 October 2008
3821:from the original on 29 January 2021
3632:
3614:from the original on 15 October 2022
3586:. The Scarecrow Press. p. 238.
3096:from the original on 7 November 2020
2688:
2307:, to reduce magnetic signature, and
2218:
1326:containing a glass vial filled with
633:during both the Crimean War and the
88:, and unlike purpose launched naval
6012:from the original on 29 August 2009
5396:from the original on 5 October 2011
4650:from the original on 31 August 2021
4567:. Fas.org. Retrieved on 2010-12-02.
4061:from the original on 4 January 2010
3421:. Seaforth Publishing. p. 11.
3144:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 203–205.
2841:Weight: 909 kg (2,004 lb)
2755:MK 62 Quick Strike deployed from a
2741:Weight: 754 kg (1,662 lb)
2363:Some ships are built with magnetic
2155:German Mine Sweeping Administration
1762:, code-named Fido, was actually an
1688:
1585:Modern influence mines such as the
1569:sounds from a particular design of
345:
24:
6221:Naval weapons of the United States
5907:
5478:. Wwiivehicles.com. Archived from
5299:Cudahy, E & Parvin, S (2001).
5280:from the original on 28 April 2010
5134:(in German), accessed: 9 June 2008
4699:"Type 918 (Wolei Class) Minelayer"
4528:"Russian UDM-E Bottom Cylindrical"
4231:. Mineman Memories. Archived from
4144:from the original on 24 March 2020
4118:from the original on 30 April 2011
3750:. 24 November 2009. Archived from
3313:
2336:(more correctly, de-oerstedted or
2266:
1679:
1496:
25:
6252:
6026:
5626:Jane's Underwater Warfare Systems
5530:from the original on 4 March 2016
5384:Tempest, Mark (4 November 2007).
5362:from the original on 26 June 2017
4819:from the original on 16 June 2008
4739:from the original on 31 July 2019
4506:from the original on 9 March 2016
4474:from the original on 2 April 2015
4439:from the original on 2 April 2015
4404:from the original on 19 July 2016
4175:from the original on 8 April 2022
3067:from the original on 9 March 2016
2671:
2255:The resulting gas cavitation and
2148:Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
1998:
1758:acoustic and magnetic fuzes. The
1696:
1412:Moored contact mines with plummet
687:, Chinese forces in Taiwan under
143:, refitted ships, submarines, or
5886:
5867:
5848:
5696:
5670:
5640:
5614:
5588:
5559:. September 2003. Archived from
5268:Sang-Hun, Choe (25 April 2010).
5056:from the original on 16 May 2008
4205:from the original on 18 May 2022
4163:Saul, Jonathan (30 March 2022).
3333:
2729:Type: Submarine-laid bottom mine
2378:
2351:which saved time and resources.
2198:
2027:
1662:
1316:
1249:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1210:
753:planted a 50-mine minefield off
590:" refers to a minefield laid at
114:detonated by complex electronic
5934:Hewitt, James Terrance (1998).
5818:. London: Imperial War Museum.
5575:
5543:
5464:
5438:
5408:
5348:
5292:
5261:
5225:
5167:
5152:
5137:
5118:
5093:
5068:
5042:
5017:
4985:
4960:
4930:
4886:
4872:. Greenwood. pp. 129–130.
4861:
4831:
4801:
4776:
4751:
4721:
4691:
4632:
4601:
4570:
4551:
4519:
4487:
4385:
4360:
4336:
4310:
4280:
4247:
4187:
4156:
4130:
4099:
4073:
4047:
4038:
3999:
3987:from the original on 1 May 2015
3972:
3959:
3877:
3868:
3842:
3833:
3807:
3798:
3766:
3736:
3700:
3665:
3626:
3600:
3543:
3522:
3458:
3408:
3363:
3342:
3298:
3250:
3225:
3192:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 199.
3183:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 205.
2829:Type: Aircraft laid moored mine
2588:
2560:U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program
2246:
2208:on its outer hull surface (the
1962:
1937:Arctic convoy route to Murmansk
1792:
1745:
1704:
1670:
1650:
1632:
1348:
1193:port in 1984 in support of the
1087:
841:
520:, a name probably conferred by
505:. Despite their high cost (100
503:Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov
5518:Garrold, Tim (December 1998).
5422:. Charles Lees. Archived from
4526:Garrold, Tim (December 1998).
4494:Garrold, Tim (December 1998).
4462:Garrold, Tim (December 1998).
4427:Garrold, Tim (December 1998).
4392:Garrold, Tim (December 1998).
3678:. R. Rosen Press. p. 95.
3633:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2009).
3236:. Bracken Books. p. 161.
3195:
3147:
3078:
3055:Paul O'Mahony (16 June 2009),
3048:
3022:
2515:
2130:anti-shipping submarine effort
1826:
1783:Submarine Launched Mobile Mine
1772:
1732:
1205:International Court of Justice
898:The towed, electric cables of
719:from sending ships to attack.
612:Engineer School of Application
501:with the Russian head of navy
134:
13:
1:
6122:Can Mines Conqueror Sea Power
5812:In Trust for the Nation: HMS
5628:. Janes.com. 8 September 2011
4367:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015).
3348:Schiffer, Michael B. (2008).
3260:Oceanography and Mine Warfare
3132:United States Naval Institute
3042:United States Naval Institute
3010:
2851:
2012:and the German naval base at
1919:Aerial mining in World War II
1817:
1781:One such design is the Mk 67
1602:high-value target such as an
1223:naval mines severely damaged
774:Hague Peace Conference (1907)
635:Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
412:fortress, British steamships
5936:Desert Sailor: A War of Mine
5307:. NSMRL-1218. Archived from
4893:Ziegler, Charles A. (1995).
3015:
2864:However, a British company (
2838:Depth Range: Moderate depths
2305:low magnetic electric motors
2275:A bottlenose dolphin of the
879:, and along the U.S. coast.
608:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
450:of 1853–1856. The mining of
332:American War of Independence
300:in 1574. The Dutch inventor
216:
60:An explosion of a naval mine
7:
6101:(archived 12 November 2011)
6033:Manual for submarine mining
5837:. Profile Publications Ltd.
5773:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
5753:Winston Churchill's Toyshop
5100:Youngblood, Norman (2006).
5024:Youngblood, Norman (2006).
4967:Youngblood, Norman (2006).
4868:Youngblood, Norman (2006).
4758:Youngblood, Norman (2006).
4292:victoriancollections.net.au
4114:. Unofficial US Navy Site.
3370:Youngblood, Norman (2006).
2916:
2693:
2330:A steel-hulled ship can be
1890:Submarines – launched from
1305:-torpedo mine/CAPTOR mine,
1297:-moored mine (short wire),
691:took measures to reinforce
571:, foundered in 1862 in the
10:
6257:
6241:American Civil War weapons
6071:(archived 3 November 2013)
6069:List of various mine types
6057:Development of Minewarfare
6053:(archived 6 December 2008)
5958:Peniston, Bradley (2006).
5719:
5648:"General Mine Information"
5416:"Mine Sweeping Operations"
5104:. Greenwood. p. 141.
5028:. Greenwood. p. 139.
4971:. Greenwood. p. 138.
4762:. Greenwood. p. 127.
4010:. Time.com. Archived from
3672:MacCloskey, Monro (1969).
3415:Nicholson, Arthur (2015).
3154:Asiapac Editorial (2007).
2968:Royal Naval Patrol Service
2804:Depth Range: Shallow water
2738:Depth Range: Shallow water
2423:
2416:after striking a mine off
2178:which hit a minefield off
2137:Clearing WWII aerial mines
2081:Royal Australian Air Force
1929:
1922:
1803:Seabed Arms Control Treaty
1740:Te-1 rocket propelled mine
1579:electronic countermeasures
1352:
1293:-moored mine (long wire),
1247:In the first month of the
1200:Nicaragua v. United States
946:, magnetic mine exploder,
788:Endicott and Taft Programs
384:In 1812, Russian engineer
211:
200:, specifically the Eighth
29:
6166:"Mines Are Dirty Tricks"
5992:Wise, Harold Lee (2007).
5678:"Hansard Written Answers"
5622:"Pressure sweep (Sweden)"
5075:Levie, Howard S. (1992).
4783:Levie, Howard S. (1992).
4675:. Sei Spa. Archived from
4579:"Australian Mine Warfare"
3232:Robert Routledge (1989).
2810:Explosives: Various loads
2324:SQQ-32 Mine-hunting sonar
2311:propellers, to limit the
2185:
1575:digital signal processing
1517:when it comes within the
1480:remotely controlled mines
1462:Remotely controlled mines
1381:laid in Australian waters
715:, to prevent the western
454:led to the world's first
354:Infernal machines in the
306:King Charles I of England
6080:18 December 2014 at the
6062:8 September 2019 at the
5769:Needham, Joseph (1986).
5581:Cousteau, Jacques Yves.
5079:. Springer. p. 89.
4938:"National Park Service.
4897:. Praeger. p. 118.
4787:. Springer. p. 92.
4254:Tolf, Robert W. (1982).
2993:Stonefish influence mine
2554:Sea mammals (mainly the
1259:
1119:, mines have damaged 14
1035:lays naval mines in the
668:in front of the port of
289:described their use for
202:Hague Convention of 1907
110:Modern mines containing
5777:Tarle, Yevgeny (1944).
5448:. Merriam-webster.com.
4673:"MN103-MANTA Sea Mines"
4563:14 October 2015 at the
4055:"Reagan foreign policy"
3817:. Markchirnside.co.uk.
2868:) does manufacture the
2824:General characteristics
2790:General characteristics
2724:General characteristics
2357:special treatment steel
2298:Passive countermeasures
2073:China Burma India (CBI)
1845:(left), with U.S. Navy
1476:Board of Fortifications
1159:, wounding 10 sailors.
656:, the gunned transport
528:, which gives powerful
280:) treatise, written by
6231:Coastal fortifications
6201:Anti-submarine weapons
6196:Anti-submarine warfare
6110:28 August 2011 at the
6092:28 August 2011 at the
6044:4 October 2011 at the
5810:Wingate, John (2004).
5551:"Uncle Sam's Dolphins"
3608:"The Port-Hopping War"
2998:Operation Pocket Money
2862:
2759:
2679:sympathetic detonation
2605:
2538:
2421:
2400:
2371:Active countermeasures
2280:
2041:
1862:
1850:
1722:
1510:
1452:Operation Royal Marine
1429:Drifting contact mines
1421:
1384:
1379:A German contact mine
1310:
1172:Operation Intense Look
1112:
1043:
1029:The Finnish minelayer
951:
903:
856:
803:North Sea Mine Barrage
366:
323:
298:Elizabeth I of England
231:
167:
166:British Mk 14 sea mine
61:
44:
6173:15 April 2023 at the
6146:15 April 2023 at the
5901:in the United States.
5882:in the United States.
5863:in the United States.
5833:Smith, J. R. (1966).
5729:Warship International
5708:18 April 2009 at the
5218:16 March 2022 at the
5146:German Seaman 1939–45
4735:. The Ordnance Shop.
4729:"Aircraft-Laid Mines"
4703:Naval Forces: Vessels
3748:World Wide Inventions
2978:Mine planter (vessel)
2957:Destroyer minesweeper
2892:tail-fin section and
2858:
2754:
2613:actions at Mobile Bay
2604:used for minesweeping
2596:
2583:Jacques Yves Cousteau
2581:French naval officer
2523:
2443:in 1915, when mobile
2406:
2386:
2274:
2035:
2024:during World War II.
1970:Soviet Naval Aviation
1856:
1834:
1785:(which is based on a
1712:
1504:
1419:
1378:
1339:potassium perchlorate
1268:Types of naval mines:
1267:
1240:Houthi forces in the
1179:Reagan administration
1177:On the orders of the
1166:. The U.S. concluded
1095:
1050:ships (in particular
1028:
937:
897:
849:
627:Imperial Russian Navy
497:who had entered into
353:
318:
293:in the 14th century.
224:
183:psychological warfare
165:
59:
42:
6140:Mine Killers at Work
5556:Smithsonian Magazine
5144:Google book review:
2621:Imperial German Navy
2234:Baengnyeong incident
2144:Operation Starvation
2116:Operation Starvation
1871:Operation Starvation
1799:Operation Crossroads
1717:being loaded onto a
1627:anti-handling device
1450:Churchill promoted "
1371:Moored contact mines
584:Battle of Mobile Bay
487:British Baltic Fleet
310:Siege of La Rochelle
68:is a self-contained
6211:Area denial weapons
5755:. Roundwood Press.
5563:on 1 September 2007
5482:on 18 November 2011
5077:Mine Warfare at Sea
4839:"George Mellinger.
4785:Mine Warfare at Sea
4106:Doehring, Thoralf.
4057:. Ontheissues.org.
3786:on 8 September 2008
3061:The Local Europe AB
2983:Singer (naval mine)
2908:Modern mine warfare
2847:Date Deployed: 1966
2813:Date Deployed: 1983
2747:Date Deployed: 1987
2478:RAF Coastal Command
2441:Battle of Gallipoli
2347:, was developed by
2100:Grumman TBF Avenger
1993:Douglas Boston IIIs
1760:U.S. Mark 24 "mine"
1719:B-52 Stratofortress
1595:acoustic signatures
1559:acoustic signatures
1383:during World War II
1253:London P&I Club
1143:Bridgeton was mined
358:in 1861 during the
6236:Chinese inventions
6158:6 May 2023 at the
6128:6 May 2023 at the
6105:W.L.Clowes in 1855
5658:on 7 November 2006
5274:The New York Times
5130:2008-04-20 at the
4845:. J-aircraft.com.
4589:on 7 February 2011
4583:Naval Mine Warfare
4348:6 May 2023 at the
4014:on 29 October 2010
3754:on 3 November 2013
3466:Lambert, Andrew D.
2937:Corfu Channel case
2760:
2700:United States Navy
2617:American Civil War
2606:
2556:bottlenose dolphin
2539:
2532:-class minehunters
2502:self-sterilization
2482:Vickers Wellington
2422:
2401:
2349:Charles F. Goodeve
2313:acoustic signature
2281:
2174:in June 1945, and
2051:US Army Air Forces
2042:
2038:B-29 Superfortress
1959:could carry more.
1863:
1851:
1809:Daisy-chained mine
1723:
1511:
1422:
1385:
1311:
1121:United States Navy
1113:
1044:
957:Vickers Wellington
952:
940:Vickers Wellington
904:
857:
724:Russo-Japanese War
699:Early 20th century
642:War of the Pacific
603:Henry Larcom Abbot
562:American Civil War
398:United States Navy
390:electrical circuit
367:
360:American Civil War
324:
242:artillery officer
232:
208:and French coast.
172:asymmetric warfare
168:
62:
45:
6206:Anti-ship weapons
6191:Explosive weapons
6138:, November 1943,
6005:978-1-59114-970-5
5392:. Eaglespeak.us.
5005:on 25 August 2003
4496:"Influence Mines"
4378:978-0-9748167-3-9
4354:Popular Mechanics
4273:978-0-8179-6581-5
4140:. 11 March 2020.
3965:Parillo, Mark P.
3912:, pp. 34–35.
3540:, pp. 44–45.
3358:978-0-262-19582-9
3167:978-981-229-376-3
2689:National arsenals
2327:
2291:military dolphins
2219:Bubble jet effect
2212:Samuel B. Roberts
2085:Thomas C. Kinkaid
2069:Southwest Pacific
1835:Captured Iranian
1778:attacking phase.
1478:in 1885 included
1440:Battle of Jutland
1332:lead–acid battery
1149:Samuel B. Roberts
1100:Samuel B. Roberts
873:Mediterranean Sea
853:Hansestadt Danzig
732:struck them near
644:(1879-1883), the
555:Whitehead torpedo
542:used one to sink
436:Moritz von Jacobi
432:infernal machines
406:John Quincy Adams
302:Cornelius Drebbel
198:International law
57:
16:(Redirected from
6248:
6021:
6019:
6017:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5974:. Archived from
5949:
5929:
5890:
5889:
5871:
5870:
5852:
5851:
5838:
5829:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5786:
5766:
5744:
5713:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5592:
5586:
5583:The Silent World
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5547:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5515:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5381:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5352:
5346:
5336:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5248:
5237:
5229:
5223:
5206:
5193:
5182:Robert Dale Owen
5173:Elphick, Peter.
5171:
5165:
5158:Elphick, Peter.
5156:
5150:
5141:
5135:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5004:
4998:. Archived from
4997:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4920:
4909:
4908:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4709:on 9 August 2010
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4585:. Archived from
4574:
4568:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4459:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4424:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4364:
4358:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4320:. Archived from
4318:"Mines – Hormuz"
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4261:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4229:"Moored-contact"
4224:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4087:on 13 March 2013
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3976:
3970:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3943:
3942:Parillo, p. 201.
3940:
3931:
3930:Parillo, p. 200.
3928:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3779:. Archived from
3778:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3649:. Archived from
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3576:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3490:
3488:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3437:
3435:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3367:
3361:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3331:
3320:
3319:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3119:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3030:McDonald, Wesley
3026:
2764:MK65 Quickstrike
2321:
2022:European Theatre
1689:Oscillating mine
1604:aircraft carrier
1468:controlled mines
1436:Admiral Jellicoe
1289:-drifting mine,
1285:-drifting mine,
1242:Yemeni Civil War
1041:Continuation War
681:Keelung Campaign
677:Battle of Tamsui
485:), to deter the
371:Raid on Boulogne
346:The 19th century
320:David Bushnell’s
58:
21:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6181:
6180:
6175:Wayback Machine
6168:, February 1951
6160:Wayback Machine
6148:Wayback Machine
6136:Popular Science
6130:Wayback Machine
6118:Popular Science
6112:Wayback Machine
6094:Wayback Machine
6082:Wayback Machine
6064:Wayback Machine
6046:Wayback Machine
6029:
6015:
6013:
6006:
5981:
5979:
5978:on 12 July 2006
5972:
5946:
5926:
5910:
5908:Further reading
5905:
5887:
5868:
5849:
5826:
5800:
5798:
5789:
5763:
5722:
5717:
5716:
5710:Wayback Machine
5701:
5697:
5687:
5685:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5661:
5659:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5631:
5629:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5605:
5603:
5602:on 8 March 2012
5594:
5593:
5589:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5533:
5531:
5516:
5507:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5429:
5427:
5426:on 2 April 2009
5414:
5413:
5409:
5399:
5397:
5382:
5375:
5365:
5363:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5337:
5324:
5314:
5312:
5297:
5293:
5283:
5281:
5266:
5262:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5242:. 20 May 2010.
5235:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5220:Wayback Machine
5207:
5196:
5172:
5168:
5157:
5153:
5142:
5138:
5132:Wayback Machine
5123:
5119:
5112:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5073:
5069:
5059:
5057:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5022:
5018:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4965:
4961:
4951:
4949:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4922:
4921:
4912:
4905:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4850:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4815:. Rusnavy.com.
4807:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4756:
4752:
4742:
4740:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4712:
4710:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4679:on 16 July 2011
4671:
4670:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4623:
4621:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4575:
4571:
4565:Wayback Machine
4556:
4552:
4541:
4539:
4524:
4520:
4509:
4507:
4492:
4488:
4477:
4475:
4460:
4453:
4442:
4440:
4425:
4418:
4407:
4405:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4365:
4361:
4357:, December 1940
4350:Wayback Machine
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4324:on 30 July 2019
4316:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4236:
4235:on 12 July 2012
4225:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3977:
3973:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3946:
3941:
3934:
3929:
3916:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3723:
3721:
3705:
3701:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3653:on 13 July 2010
3647:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3577:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3553:. 25 May 2016.
3549:
3548:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3463:
3459:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3413:
3409:
3396:
3394:
3384:
3368:
3364:
3347:
3343:
3332:
3323:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3120:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3092:. 19 May 2019.
3084:
3083:
3079:
3070:
3068:
3053:
3049:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
2919:
2910:
2854:
2822:
2821:
2767:
2766:
2718:Mark 37 torpedo
2714:
2713:
2696:
2691:
2674:
2629:Allied blockade
2591:
2518:
2428:
2381:
2373:
2320:
2309:Voith-Schneider
2300:
2269:
2267:Countermeasures
2249:
2236:, in which the
2221:
2201:
2188:
2176:Nathaniel Bacon
2139:
2114:In March 1945,
2061:B-24 Liberators
2030:
2018:Royal Air Force
2001:
1965:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1849:alongside. 1987
1829:
1820:
1811:
1795:
1787:Mark 37 torpedo
1775:
1748:
1735:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1682:
1680:Anti-sweep mine
1673:
1665:
1653:
1635:
1612:lithium battery
1546:microprocessors
1499:
1497:Influence mines
1464:
1431:
1414:
1373:
1357:
1351:
1319:
1301:-bottom mines,
1269:
1262:
1213:
1090:
1037:Gulf of Finland
1000:Queen Elizabeth
989:and the liners
977:degaussing coil
844:
822:the sister ship
705:Boxer Rebellion
701:
685:Sino-French War
679:(1884), in the
599:coastal defense
530:electric shocks
444:Gulf of Finland
348:
254:Chinese records
219:
214:
137:
112:high explosives
47:
35:
32:deep sea mining
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6254:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6179:
6178:
6162:
6150:
6132:
6120:, March 1940,
6114:
6102:
6096:
6084:
6072:
6066:
6054:
6048:
6036:
6028:
6027:External links
6025:
6024:
6023:
6004:
5989:
5970:
5955:
5944:
5931:
5924:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5884:
5865:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5830:
5824:
5807:
5787:
5779:Крымская война
5774:
5767:
5761:
5749:Macrae, Stuart
5745:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5695:
5669:
5639:
5613:
5587:
5574:
5542:
5505:
5493:
5463:
5437:
5407:
5373:
5347:
5322:
5311:on 3 July 2009
5291:
5260:
5224:
5194:
5166:
5151:
5136:
5117:
5110:
5092:
5085:
5067:
5041:
5034:
5016:
4984:
4977:
4959:
4929:
4926:. Diane. 1992.
4910:
4903:
4885:
4878:
4860:
4830:
4809:"Rusnavy.com.
4800:
4793:
4775:
4768:
4750:
4720:
4690:
4661:
4631:
4608:Jon Rabiroff.
4600:
4569:
4550:
4518:
4486:
4451:
4429:"World War II"
4416:
4384:
4377:
4359:
4335:
4309:
4279:
4272:
4246:
4216:
4201:. 5 May 2022.
4186:
4155:
4129:
4098:
4072:
4046:
4044:Gilbert, p.v5.
4037:
4035:Gilbert, p. 8.
4025:
3998:
3981:"Mine Warfare"
3971:
3958:
3956:Gilbert, p. 5.
3944:
3932:
3914:
3902:
3876:
3867:
3841:
3832:
3806:
3804:Gilbert, p. 4.
3797:
3765:
3735:
3699:
3684:
3664:
3646:978-0765623287
3645:
3625:
3599:
3592:
3568:
3542:
3530:
3521:
3480:
3457:
3427:
3407:
3382:
3362:
3341:
3321:
3318:. p. 161.
3306:
3297:
3269:
3249:
3242:
3224:
3194:
3185:
3173:
3166:
3146:
3137:
3107:
3077:
3047:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2762:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2709:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2673:
2672:Counter-mining
2670:
2590:
2587:
2517:
2514:
2464:Harvey torpedo
2424:Main article:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2299:
2296:
2268:
2265:
2248:
2245:
2220:
2217:
2200:
2197:
2187:
2184:
2168:Pierre Gibault
2138:
2135:
2121:Fumimaro Konoe
2029:
2026:
2008:, the port of
2000:
1999:United Kingdom
1997:
1982:Ilyushin DB-3s
1964:
1961:
1957:Heinkel He 111
1941:Heinkel He 115
1931:
1928:
1925:Parachute mine
1920:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1794:
1791:
1774:
1771:
1767:homing torpedo
1752:Mark 60 CAPTOR
1747:
1744:
1734:
1731:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1697:Ascending mine
1695:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1652:
1649:
1634:
1631:
1565:powerplant or
1498:
1495:
1463:
1460:
1430:
1427:
1413:
1410:
1372:
1369:
1353:Main article:
1350:
1347:
1318:
1315:
1261:
1258:
1212:
1209:
1089:
1086:
942:fitted with a
924:magnetic field
843:
840:
738:Stepan Makarov
700:
697:
650:Manuel Cuadros
580:David Farragut
507:Russian rubles
495:Immanuel Nobel
440:Immanuel Nobel
434:, designed by
400:and President
386:Pavel Shilling
347:
344:
340:Delaware River
328:David Bushnell
273:Tiangong Kaiwu
236:Imperial China
218:
215:
213:
210:
136:
133:
82:anti-personnel
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6253:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6226:Naval weapons
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6011:
6007:
6001:
5997:
5996:
5990:
5977:
5973:
5971:1-59114-661-5
5967:
5963:
5962:
5956:
5953:
5947:
5945:1-896551-17-3
5941:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5925:0-87021-753-4
5921:
5917:
5912:
5911:
5902:
5900:
5899:public domain
5894:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5880:public domain
5875:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5861:public domain
5856:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5827:
5825:1-901623-72-6
5821:
5817:
5813:
5808:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5762:0-900093-22-6
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5699:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5584:
5578:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5546:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5503:, p. 16.
5502:
5497:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5378:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5344:0-309-51587-4
5341:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5295:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5228:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5121:
5113:
5111:0-275-98419-2
5107:
5103:
5096:
5088:
5086:0-7923-1526-X
5082:
5078:
5071:
5055:
5052:. Anesi.com.
5051:
5045:
5037:
5035:0-275-98419-2
5031:
5027:
5020:
5001:
4994:
4988:
4980:
4978:0-275-98419-2
4974:
4970:
4963:
4947:
4943:
4942:. Appendices"
4941:
4933:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4906:
4904:0-275-95049-2
4900:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4879:0-275-98419-2
4875:
4871:
4864:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4834:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4794:0-7923-1526-X
4790:
4786:
4779:
4771:
4769:0-275-98419-2
4765:
4761:
4754:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4554:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4456:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4421:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4394:"Title Slide"
4388:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4250:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4221:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4102:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4030:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3962:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3911:
3906:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3871:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3836:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3801:
3782:
3775:
3769:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3731:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3703:
3687:
3685:9780823901456
3681:
3677:
3676:
3668:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3629:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3595:
3593:0-8108-4927-5
3589:
3585:
3581:
3580:Kowner, Rotem
3575:
3573:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3539:
3534:
3525:
3518:
3516:
3513:on the 20th.
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3483:
3481:9781409410119
3477:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3430:
3428:9781848322356
3424:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3383:9780275984199
3379:
3375:
3374:
3366:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3338:. p. 80.
3337:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3317:
3316:Robert Fulton
3310:
3301:
3293:
3287:
3272:
3270:0-309-06798-7
3266:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3243:1-85170-267-9
3239:
3235:
3228:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3150:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2924:Bomb disposal
2922:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2857:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2686:
2684:
2683:Grand Harbour
2680:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:(such as the
2660:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2576:Umm Qasr Port
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2476:During WWII,
2474:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2379:Mine sweeping
2376:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2278:
2273:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2226:shaped charge
2216:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2205:fragmentation
2199:Direct damage
2196:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2180:Civitavecchia
2177:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:liberty ships
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:PBY Catalinas
2062:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2034:
2028:United States
2025:
2023:
2020:(RAF) in the
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:Junkers Ju 88
1950:
1949:Dornier Do 18
1946:
1945:Heinkel He 59
1942:
1938:
1926:
1916:
1913:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:torpedo tubes
1889:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1847:landing craft
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1663:Unusual mines
1660:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:self-destruct
1620:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:BAE Stonefish
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1550:magnetometers
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:range of the
1520:
1516:
1508:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:Robert Fulton
1469:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1426:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1382:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1328:sulfuric acid
1323:
1317:Contact mines
1314:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:-underwater,
1272:
1266:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1211:Post Cold War
1208:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1157:shipping lane
1155:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1132:Iran–Iraq War
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1002:
1001:
995:
994:
988:
987:
982:
978:
973:
971:
965:
963:
958:
949:
945:
941:
936:
932:
930:
925:
921:
916:
915:
909:
901:
896:
892:
890:
884:
880:
878:
877:Caribbean Sea
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
854:
848:
839:
837:
836:
830:
829:
823:
819:
815:
814:
808:
807:hospital ship
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
784:
782:
781:nitroglycerin
777:
775:
770:
768:
767:
762:
761:
756:
752:
751:
747:
743:
742:Japanese Navy
739:
735:
731:
730:
729:Petropavlovsk
725:
720:
718:
717:Allied forces
714:
710:
706:
696:
694:
690:
689:Liu Mingchuan
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
666:
661:
660:
655:
651:
647:
646:Peruvian Navy
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
578:
574:
570:
569:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
547:
541:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:Robert Fulton
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:galvanic cell
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:
418:
417:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
375:Robert Fulton
372:
365:
361:
357:
356:Potomac River
352:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
321:
317:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
283:
282:Song Yingxing
279:
275:
274:
269:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
237:
230:
229:
223:
209:
207:
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199:
195:
192:
186:
184:
179:
177:
173:
164:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
100:
98:
93:
91:
90:depth charges
87:
83:
80:. Similar to
79:
75:
74:surface ships
71:
67:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6165:
6139:
6135:
6121:
6117:
6014:. Retrieved
5994:
5980:. Retrieved
5976:the original
5960:
5951:
5935:
5915:
5896:
5892:
5877:
5873:
5858:
5854:
5834:
5815:
5811:
5799:. Retrieved
5782:
5778:
5770:
5752:
5735:(2): 95–99.
5732:
5728:
5698:
5686:. Retrieved
5672:
5660:. Retrieved
5656:the original
5652:Mine History
5651:
5642:
5630:. Retrieved
5625:
5616:
5604:. Retrieved
5600:the original
5590:
5582:
5577:
5565:. Retrieved
5561:the original
5554:
5545:
5532:. Retrieved
5523:
5496:
5484:. Retrieved
5480:the original
5475:
5466:
5454:. Retrieved
5440:
5428:. Retrieved
5424:the original
5420:Minesweeping
5419:
5410:
5398:. Retrieved
5389:
5364:. Retrieved
5356:"Degaussing"
5350:
5313:. Retrieved
5309:the original
5304:
5294:
5282:. Retrieved
5273:
5263:
5251:. Retrieved
5239:
5227:
5210:
5190:Adriatic Sea
5185:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5160:
5154:
5145:
5139:
5120:
5101:
5095:
5076:
5070:
5058:. Retrieved
5044:
5025:
5019:
5007:. Retrieved
5000:the original
4987:
4968:
4962:
4950:. Retrieved
4939:
4932:
4923:
4894:
4888:
4869:
4863:
4851:. Retrieved
4840:
4833:
4821:. Retrieved
4810:
4803:
4784:
4778:
4759:
4753:
4741:. Retrieved
4732:
4723:
4711:. Retrieved
4707:the original
4702:
4693:
4681:. Retrieved
4677:the original
4652:. Retrieved
4643:
4634:
4622:. Retrieved
4613:
4603:
4591:. Retrieved
4587:the original
4582:
4572:
4553:
4540:. Retrieved
4531:
4521:
4508:. Retrieved
4499:
4489:
4476:. Retrieved
4467:
4441:. Retrieved
4432:
4406:. Retrieved
4397:
4387:
4368:
4362:
4352:
4338:
4326:. Retrieved
4322:the original
4312:
4300:. Retrieved
4291:
4282:
4257:
4249:
4237:. Retrieved
4233:the original
4207:. Retrieved
4198:
4189:
4177:. Retrieved
4168:
4158:
4146:. Retrieved
4132:
4120:. Retrieved
4109:
4101:
4089:. Retrieved
4085:the original
4075:
4063:. Retrieved
4049:
4040:
4016:. Retrieved
4012:the original
4001:
3989:. Retrieved
3974:
3966:
3961:
3910:Wingate 2004
3905:
3893:. Retrieved
3879:
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3844:
3835:
3823:. Retrieved
3809:
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3781:the original
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3752:the original
3747:
3738:
3729:
3722:. Retrieved
3709:
3702:
3689:. Retrieved
3674:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3651:the original
3635:
3628:
3616:. Retrieved
3602:
3583:
3561:11 September
3559:. Retrieved
3545:
3533:
3524:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3485:. Retrieved
3470:
3460:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3432:. Retrieved
3417:
3410:
3402:
3395:. Retrieved
3372:
3365:
3349:
3344:
3335:
3315:
3309:
3300:
3274:. Retrieved
3259:
3252:
3233:
3227:
3215:. Retrieved
3206:
3197:
3188:
3156:
3149:
3140:
3127:
3123:
3098:. Retrieved
3089:
3080:
3069:, retrieved
3060:
3050:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3004:George Gosse
2973:Shock factor
2930:
2911:
2874:computerised
2863:
2859:
2855:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2789:
2788:
2763:
2761:
2723:
2722:
2710:
2708:
2697:
2675:
2663:
2656:
2651:Sperrbrecher
2650:
2647:Sperrbrecher
2646:
2643:Sperrbrecher
2642:
2639:World War II
2634:Sperrbrecher
2632:
2607:
2600:ROVs of the
2589:Mine running
2580:
2564:Persian Gulf
2553:
2540:
2529:
2524:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2487:Minensuch(e)
2486:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2453:
2449:
2433:minesweepers
2429:
2426:Minesweeping
2412:
2397:minesweeping
2374:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2331:
2329:
2301:
2282:
2254:
2250:
2247:Shock effect
2239:
2231:
2222:
2211:
2202:
2192:shock factor
2189:
2175:
2167:
2160:Kriegsmarine
2158:
2152:
2140:
2113:
2097:
2089:
2077:Yangon River
2059:
2055:Curtis LeMay
2047:home islands
2043:
2002:
1980:, including
1966:
1963:Soviet Union
1933:
1909:
1879:
1875:
1864:
1859:Persian Gulf
1840:
1821:
1812:
1796:
1793:Nuclear mine
1780:
1776:
1756:computerised
1749:
1746:Torpedo mine
1736:
1724:
1705:Homing mines
1700:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1671:Bouquet mine
1666:
1658:
1654:
1651:Bottom mines
1636:
1633:Moored mines
1600:
1591:computerised
1584:
1539:
1512:
1484:
1465:
1449:
1445:
1432:
1423:
1395:
1386:
1358:
1349:Limpet mines
1343:
1336:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1309:-rising mine
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:-submarine.
1278:
1274:
1270:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1214:
1198:
1176:
1171:
1161:
1154:Persian Gulf
1148:
1140:
1136:Persian Gulf
1129:
1117:World War II
1114:
1099:
1088:Cold War era
1083:
1079:
1064:
1060:
1052:minesweepers
1045:
1032:Ruotsinsalmi
1030:
1009:
1006:The cruiser
1005:
999:
992:
985:
976:
974:
966:
953:
943:
913:
908:Shoeburyness
905:
899:
885:
881:
861:World War II
858:
852:
842:World War II
834:
827:
817:
812:
796:
785:
778:
771:
765:
759:
749:
728:
721:
702:
674:
663:
657:
639:
631:Ottoman Navy
624:
596:
577:Rear Admiral
567:
559:
545:
539:H. L. Hunley
538:
534:spar torpedo
526:torpedo fish
515:
491:Fyodor Litke
471:black powder
460:
456:minesweeping
451:
431:
427:
422:
415:
383:
368:
362:, sketch by
325:
295:
277:
271:
257:
247:
240:Ming dynasty
233:
226:
196:
191:trade routes
187:
180:
176:World War II
169:
138:
124:Minesweeping
109:
101:
94:
65:
63:
36:
6216:Naval mines
5982:31 December
5843:Attribution
5801:19 February
5783:Crimean War
5688:5 September
5662:31 December
5632:31 December
5606:31 December
5567:31 December
5534:31 December
5486:31 December
5456:31 December
5430:31 December
5400:31 December
5009:31 December
4743:31 December
4713:31 December
4683:31 December
4644:man.fas.org
4593:31 December
4542:31 December
4510:31 December
4478:31 December
4464:"Mechanism"
4443:31 December
4408:31 December
4239:31 December
4199:India Today
4122:31 December
3991:31 December
3724:19 February
3691:19 February
3276:31 December
3207:BBC History
3124:Proceedings
3100:18 November
3034:Proceedings
2947:Minesweeper
2890:aerodynamic
2866:BAE Systems
2704:MK60 CAPTOR
2625:World War I
2615:during the
2602:German Navy
2572:booby traps
2566:during the
2544:minehunters
2536:German Navy
2530:Frankenthal
2516:Minehunting
2408:Minesweeper
2257:shock-front
1827:Mine laying
1773:Mobile mine
1733:Rocket mine
1715:CAPTOR mine
1640:area denial
1563:gas turbine
1554:hydrophones
1542:transistors
1355:Limpet mine
1215:During the
1130:During the
1039:during the
799:World War I
755:Port Arthur
734:Port Arthur
711:before the
703:During the
675:During the
640:During the
616:Fort Totten
594:, Alabama.
573:Yazoo River
463:Jacobi mine
448:Crimean War
446:during the
394:Samuel Colt
364:Alfred Waud
249:Huolongjing
228:Huolongjing
135:Description
128:minesweeper
18:Aerial mine
6185:Categories
5501:Smith 1966
5390:EagleSpeak
5253:27 January
5184:, renamed
4328:26 October
4302:26 October
3825:16 January
3790:10 October
3717:. p.
3618:15 October
3538:Tarle 1944
3493:On 9 June
3487:31 January
3434:31 January
3397:31 January
3011:References
2929:HMHS
2900:explosive
2883:and water
2852:Royal Navy
2773:fitted to
2610:Farragut's
2525:Pinguin B3
2418:Utah Beach
2322:(See also
2286:degaussing
2006:Elbe River
1990:Lend-Lease
1974:Baltic Sea
1923:See also:
1837:mine layer
1818:Dummy mine
1608:oil tanker
1567:cavitation
1529:, passive
1125:Korean War
1109:Dubai, UAE
993:Queen Mary
970:degaussing
962:Suez Canal
929:milligauss
831:, and the
811:HMHS
713:Dagu forts
586:in 1864, "
551:Royal Navy
546:Housatonic
524:after the
402:John Tyler
392:. In 1842
291:land mines
268:Qi Jiguang
266:. General
141:minelayers
86:land mines
84:and other
78:submarines
66:naval mine
5816:1939–1972
5741:0043-0374
5366:1 October
5178:, p. 108.
5163:, p. 309.
4654:31 August
4110:Princeton
3758:12 August
3392:1556-4924
3336:Trafalgar
3286:cite book
3016:Citations
2952:Minelayer
2942:Land mine
2931:Britannic
2894:parachute
2870:Stonefish
2757:P-3 Orion
2411:USS
2365:inductors
2333:degaussed
2210:USS
1978:Black Sea
1571:propeller
1544:and then
1533:or water
1507:Luftwaffe
1277:-bottom,
1232:USS
1227:Princeton
1225:USS
1187:Nicaragua
1147:USS
1098:USS
1067:Hiroshima
1008:HMS
998:RMS
991:RMS
986:Ark Royal
984:HMS
912:HMS
889:Churchill
875:, in the
833:RMS
818:Britannic
813:Britannic
794:onshore.
792:casemates
746:minelayer
709:Hai River
665:Covadonga
566:USS
544:USS
518:torpedoes
499:collusion
483:Kronstadt
479:Alexander
442:, in the
421:HMS
414:HMS
410:Kronstadt
379:fireships
369:The 1804
336:gunpowder
326:American
312:in 1627.
217:Early use
206:North Sea
120:gunpowder
105:time fuze
70:explosive
6171:Archived
6156:Archived
6144:Archived
6126:Archived
6108:Archived
6090:Archived
6078:Archived
6060:Archived
6042:Archived
6016:27 April
6010:Archived
5795:Archived
5751:(1971).
5706:Archived
5682:Archived
5528:Archived
5450:Archived
5394:Archived
5360:Archived
5315:22 March
5284:25 April
5278:Archived
5244:Archived
5240:BBC News
5216:Archived
5186:Kalliopi
5128:Archived
5054:Archived
4946:Archived
4847:Archived
4817:Archived
4737:Archived
4648:Archived
4618:Archived
4561:Archived
4536:Archived
4504:Archived
4472:Archived
4437:Archived
4402:Archived
4346:Archived
4296:Archived
4203:Archived
4173:Archived
4148:12 March
4142:Archived
4116:Archived
4112:(CG 59)"
4059:Archived
3985:Archived
3889:Archived
3854:Archived
3819:Archived
3657:24 April
3612:Archived
3582:(2006).
3555:Archived
3468:(1990).
3314:Philip.
3211:Archived
3134:: 58–62.
3094:Archived
3090:BBC News
3065:archived
2917:See also
2885:pressure
2881:magnetic
2694:US mines
2568:Iraq War
2460:paravane
2445:howitzer
2437:trawlers
2338:depermed
2092:Haiphong
2071:and the
1976:and the
1842:Iran Ajr
1616:mu-metal
1561:(e.g. a
1535:pressure
1531:acoustic
1527:magnetic
1515:detonate
1390:littoral
1217:Gulf War
1105:dry dock
1077:by 90%.
1075:Yokohama
948:Ismailia
900:Double-L
511:Lisy Nos
426:and HMS
145:aircraft
5952:Tripoli
5814:Belfast
5793:. BBC.
5720:Sources
5176:Liberty
5161:Liberty
4940:Peleliu
4843:(2001)"
4614:Stripes
4179:8 April
4169:Reuters
3895:10 July
3515:Vulture
3507:D'Assas
3503:Firefly
3446:Firefly
3217:5 March
3071:8 March
2902:warhead
2664:Seehund
2623:during
2598:Seehund
2534:of the
2456:oropesa
2395:tows a
2240:Cheonan
2172:Kythira
1930:Germany
1912:lanyard
1867:U-boats
1721:in 1989
1523:warhead
1365:mollusk
1234:Tripoli
1195:Contras
1191:Sandino
1164:Red Sea
1020:Dunkirk
1010:Belfast
981:carrier
950:, Egypt
859:During
835:Olympic
828:Titanic
824:of the
797:During
766:Yashima
760:Hatsuse
683:of the
670:Chancay
438:and by
428:Firefly
423:Vulture
287:Jiao Yu
244:Jiao Yu
212:History
157:torpedo
149:warhead
97:harbour
6002:
5968:
5942:
5922:
5891:
5872:
5853:
5822:
5759:
5739:
5342:
5108:
5083:
5060:7 July
5032:
4975:
4952:24 May
4901:
4876:
4853:7 July
4823:7 July
4791:
4766:
4624:7 July
4375:
4270:
4209:18 May
4091:7 July
4065:7 July
4018:7 July
3860:9 July
3682:
3643:
3590:
3511:Seskar
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