2364:
2365:
975:, India, and the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka. It has significant speaking populations in Malaysia, Singapore, and among diaspora communities. Tamil has been recognized as a classical language by the Indian government and holds official status in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, and Singapore. The language has seen efforts to purify it by reducing the influence of Sanskrit and other foreign loanwords. Tamil maintains its classical literary tradition while adapting to modern changes in colloquial speech and writing. Its phonology is characterized by a rich set of consonants and vowels, and it has a script that differs from other Indic scripts by its use of visible marks to indicate vowel omission.
1167:
920:
72:
4859:
4790:
6558:
6540:
848:
2366:
2356:
9919:
1457:
9927:
4769:
2316:
1970:
9905:
2632:
1228:
5827:, which sought to remove the accumulated influence of Sanskrit on Tamil. As a result of this, Tamil in formal documents, literature and public speeches has seen a marked decline in the use Sanskrit loan words in the past few decades, under some estimates having fallen from 40 to 50% to about 20%. As a result, the Prakrit and Sanskrit loan words used in modern Tamil are, unlike in some other Dravidian languages, restricted mainly to some spiritual terminology and
2648:
10697:
1397:
15954:
1937:
1182:
13852:
7722:: "Dravidianism, too, lent its support to the contestatory classicist project, motivated principally by the political imperative of countering (Sanskritic) Indian nationalism... It was not until the DMK came to power in 1967 that such demands were fulfilled, and the pure Tamil cause received a boost, although purification efforts are not particularly high on the agenda of either the Dravidian movement or the Dravidianist idiom of tamiḻppaṟṟu."
4813:
3821:
1197:
2551:
10787:
4271:
15966:
11259:
6860:, p. 12: "...the most acceptable periodisation which has so far been suggested for the development of Tamil writing seems to me to be that of A Chidambaranatha Chettiar (1907–1967): 1. Sangam Literature – 200BC to AD 200; 2. Post Sangam literature – AD 200 – AD 600; 3. Early Medieval literature – AD 600 to AD 1200; 4. Later Medieval literature – AD 1200 to AD 1800; 5. Pre-Modern literature – AD 1800 to 1900"
4212:
49:
14099:
877:
4858:
4789:
1504:, which is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century, was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme, the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals, and the transformation of the alveolar
4850:
4781:
1571:
use in Modern Tamil – instead, negation is expressed either morphologically or syntactically. Modern spoken Tamil also shows a number of sound changes, in particular, a tendency to lower high vowels in initial and medial positions, and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic.
1158:
relatively close to the northern parts of India, Kannada also shares some
Sanskrit words, similar to Malayalam. Many of the formerly used words in Tamil have been preserved with little change in Kannada. This shows a relative parallel to Tamil, even as Tamil has undergone some changes in modern ways of speaking.
2173:" meaning "that place". Although Tamil dialects do not differ significantly in their vocabulary, there are a few exceptions. The dialects spoken in Sri Lanka retain many words and grammatical forms that are not in everyday use in India, and use many other words slightly differently. Tamil dialects include
1154:; the two began diverging around the 9th century AD. Although many of the differences between Tamil and Malayalam demonstrate a pre-historic divergence of the western dialect, the process of separation into a distinct language, Malayalam, was not completed until sometime in the 13th or 14th century.
1570:
remains the standard normative grammar for modern literary Tamil, which therefore continues to be based on Middle Tamil of the 13th century rather than on Modern Tamil. Colloquial spoken Tamil, in contrast, shows a number of changes. The negative conjugation of verbs, for example, has fallen out of
5838:
and words derived from Tamil roots to replace loan words from
English and other languages. As of 2019, the language had a listed vocabulary of over 470,000 unique words, including those from old literary sources. In November 2019, the state government issued an order to add 9,000 new words to the
1574:
Contact with
European languages affected written and spoken Tamil. Changes in written Tamil include the use of European-style punctuation and the use of consonant clusters that were not permitted in Middle Tamil. The syntax of written Tamil has also changed, with the introduction of new aspectual
5808:
in the Tamil country. Tamil vocabulary never became quite as heavily
Sanskritised as that of the other Dravidian languages, and unlike in those languages, it was and remains possible to express complex ideas (including in science, art, religion and law) without the use of Sanskrit loan words. In
1157:
Additionally
Kannada is also relatively close to the Tamil language and shares the format of the formal ancient Tamil language. While there are some variations from the Tamil language, Kannada still preserves a lot from its roots. As part of the southern family of Indian languages and situated
2752:
to indicate a 'dead consonant' (a consonant without a vowel). In other Indic scripts, it is generally preferred to use a ligature or a half form to write a syllable or a cluster containing a dead consonant, although writing it with a visible virama is also possible. The Tamil script does not
8716:
The entire problem of the concept of "case" in
Dravidian will be ignored in this paper. In fact, we might posit a great number of "cases" for perhaps any Dravidian language once we departed from the familiar types of paradigms forced upon us by traditional, indigenous and European grammars,
2247:
loanwords, has been influenced by
Malayalam's syntax, and has a distinctive Malayalam accent. Similarly, Tamil spoken in Kanyakumari District has more unique words and phonetic style than Tamil spoken at other parts of Tamil Nadu. The words and phonetics are so different that a person from
4812:
808:
968:, consisting of over 2,000 poems. Tamil script evolved from Tamil Brahmi, and later, the vatteluttu script was used until the current script was standardized. The language has a distinct grammatical structure, with agglutinative morphology that allows for complex word formations.
2333:
2336:
921:
73:
13235:
6342:
mənid̪ə piriʋijinər səgələrum sud̪ən̪d̪irəmaːgəʋeː pirəkːin̺d̺ranər əvərgəɭ məd̪ipːilum uriməigəɭilum səməmaːnəʋərgəɭ əvərgəɭ nijaːjatːəijum mənətt͡ʃaːʈt͡ʃijəijum ijərpəɳbaːgə pet̺rəʋərgəɭ əvərgəɭ oruʋəruɖənoruʋər sagoːdəɾə uɳərʋɨ paːŋgil nəɖən̪d̪ʉkoɭɭəl
2334:
5740:
is found in Modern Tamil, which opposes the use of foreign loanwords. Nonetheless, a number of words used in classical and modern Tamil are loanwords from the languages of neighbouring groups, or with whom the Tamils had trading links, including
9157:": "Nevertheless, even impressionistically speaking, the marked decline in the use of foreign words, especially of Sanskritic origin, in Tamil literary, scholarly, and even bureaucratic circles over the past half century is quite striking."
6332:
Maṉitap piṟaviyiṉar cakalarum cutantiramākavē piṟakkiṉṟaṉar; avarkaḷ matippilum, urimaikaḷilum camamāṉavarkaḷ, avarkaḷ niyāyattaiyum maṉaccāṭciyaiyum iyaṟpaṇpākap peṟṟavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ oruvaruṭaṉoruvar cakōtara uṇarvup pāṅkil naṭantukoḷḷal
2063:, a high register and a low one. Tamil dialects are primarily differentiated from each other by the fact that they have undergone different phonological changes and sound shifts in evolving from Old Tamil. For example, the word for "here"—
6323:மனிதப் பிறவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர்; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும், உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள், அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனச்சாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும்.
8914:"Literature in all Dravidian languages owes a great deal to Sanskrit, the magic wand whose touch raised each of the languages from a level of patois to that of a literary idiom" (Sastri 1955, p. 309); Trautmann, Thomas R. (2006).
1429:
Old Tamil is the period of the Tamil language spanning the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD. The earliest records in Old Tamil are short inscriptions from 300 BC to 700 AD. These inscriptions are written in a variant of the
636:
4804:
5613:. Definiteness and indefiniteness are either indicated by special grammatical devices, such as using the number "one" as an indefinite article, or by the context. In the first person plural, Tamil makes a distinction between
2363:
5704:. Not all Tamil sentences have subjects, verbs, and objects. It is possible to construct grammatically valid and meaningful sentences which lack one or more of the three. For example, a sentence may only have a verb—such as
1688:. Tamil or dialects of it were used widely in the state of Kerala as the major language of administration, literature and common usage until the 12th century AD. Tamil was also used widely in inscriptions found in southern
1444:, an early work on Tamil grammar and poetics, whose oldest layers could be as old as the late 2nd century BC. Many literary works in Old Tamil have also survived. These include a corpus of 2,381 poems collectively known as
1377:
and on trade goods in
Thailand and Egypt. In November 2007, an excavation at Quseir-al-Qadim revealed Egyptian pottery dating back to first century BC with ancient Tamil Brahmi inscriptions. There are a number of apparent
2806:
Apart from the usual numerals, Tamil has numerals for 10, 100 and 1000. Symbols for day, month, year, debit, credit, as above, rupee, and numeral are present as well. Tamil also uses several historical fractional signs.
2772:, and other languages. The traditional system prescribed by classical grammars for writing loan-words, which involves respelling them in accordance with Tamil phonology, remains, but is not always consistently applied.
5366:. Modern grammarians argue that this classification is artificial, and that Tamil usage is best understood if each suffix or combination of suffixes is seen as marking a separate case. Tamil nouns can take one of four
1087:, meaning in origin "the proper process (of speaking)". However, this is deemed unlikely by Southworth due to the contemporary use of the compound 'centamiḻ', which means refined speech in the earliest literature.
5447:
Tamil has three simple tenses—past, present, and future—indicated by the suffixes, as well as a series of perfects indicated by compound suffixes. Mood is implicit in Tamil, and is normally reflected by the same
8717:
especially of the literary languages. It is, for instance, sheer convention based on Tamil grammatical tradition (influenced no doubt by
Sanskrit) that, as a rule, the number of cases in Tamil is given as eight.
4836:
2390:
2332:
6352:
Human beings all-of-them freely {are born}. They rights-in-and dignities-in-and equal-ones. They law-and conscience-and intrinsically possessed-ones. They among-one-another brotherly feeling share-in act
9315:
4857:
2009:
4788:
995:
is mentioned as Tamil, the period when the name "Tamil" came to be applied to the language is unclear, as is the precise etymology of the name. The earliest attested use of the name is found in
12577:
1988:
12442:
1881:
to provide education completely in Tamil language by the Tamils who settled there 200 years ago. Tamil language is available as a course in some local school boards and major universities in
953:
The term "Tamil" has its origins in the ancient Tamil
Sangams, where it was first recorded in the Tholkappiyam around the 2nd century BCE. The language belongs to the southern branch of the
4834:
4811:
2389:
6688:
5195:
are classified as "rational", and all other nouns (animals, objects, abstract nouns) are classified as irrational. The "rational" nouns and pronouns belong to one of three classes (
1767:, which includes Tamil-speaking Hindus as well as Christians and Muslims – including some Tamil-speaking Muslim refugees from Sri Lanka. There are about 100 Tamil Hindu families in
8238:
Members of the committee felt that the pressure was being brought on it because of the compulsions of the Congress and the UPA government to appease its ally, M. Karunanidhi's DMK.
2007:
9873:
1986:
957:
family and shares close ties with Malayalam and Kannada. Despite external influences, Tamil has retained a sense of linguistic purism, especially in formal and literary contexts.
7043:
6359:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other.
5199:)—masculine singular, feminine singular, and rational plural. The "irrational" nouns and pronouns belong to one of two classes: irrational singular and irrational plural. The
4835:
609:
7833:
2391:
8162:
2280:
which most members of that caste traditionally used regardless of where they come from. It is often possible to identify a person's caste by their speech. For example,
11230:
2700:. The vowels and consonants combine to form 216 compound characters, giving a total of 247 characters (12 + 18 + 1 + (12 × 18)). All consonants have an inherent vowel
964:
for early maritime traders, with inscriptions found in places like Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Egypt. The language has a well-documented history with literary works like
8918:. Berkeley: University of California Press. "The author endeavours to demonstrate that the entire Sangam poetic corpus follows the "Kavya" form of Sanskrit poetry" –
7749:. Compiled and edited by Research, Reference and Training Division, Publications Division, New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
2008:
1312:
Scholars categorise the attested history of the language into three periods: Old Tamil (300 BC – AD 700), Middle Tamil (700–1600) and Modern Tamil (1600–present).
2335:
1987:
8113:
12429:
16071:
6369:
1791:
have Tamil origins, but only a small number speak the language. In Reunion where the Tamil language was forbidden to be learnt and used in public space by
2768:, which was used in the Tamil region to write Sanskrit, are sometimes used to represent sounds not native to Tamil, that is, words adopted from Sanskrit,
13210:
10715:
8998:
Pollock, Sheldon (1996). "The Sanskrit Cosmopolis 300–1300: Transculturation, vernacularisation and the question of ideology" in Jan E. M. Houben (ed.),
6631:
5809:
addition, Sanskritisation was actively resisted by a number of authors of the late medieval period, culminating in the 20th century in a movement called
7681:
7412:
9427:
9790:, 3rd and 4th Edition Revised and Enlarged by David Bexell. Evangelical Lutheran Mission Publishing House, Tranquebar; called Tranquebar Dictionary.
8807:
5788:
The strongest effect of purism in Tamil has been on words taken from Sanskrit. During its history, Tamil, along with other Dravidian languages like
15754:
13692:
12782:
12749:
2325:
8251:
5853:
Words of Tamil origin occur in other languages. A notable example of a word in worldwide use with Dravidian (not specifically Tamil) etymology is
14410:
648:
7181:
16066:
13840:
9612:
9137:, transl. from Tamil by E. Sa. Viswanathan, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1988. p. 12: "Since then the movement has been popularly known as the
7457:
14034:
13240:
11294:
8213:
7387:
6694:
5026:, which can lead to long words with many suffixes, which would require several words or a sentence in English. To give an example, the word
13818:
12150:
12101:
10813:
10290:
675:
12887:
8315:
7318:
5834:
In the 20th century, institutions and learned bodies have, with government support, generated technical dictionaries for Tamil containing
15603:
6374:
8668:
8644:
6950:
5785:, and Sinhala. During the modern period, words have also been adapted from European languages, such as Portuguese, French, and English.
1700:
until the 12th century AD. Tamil was used for inscriptions from the 10th through 14th centuries in southern Karnataka districts such as
11235:
10976:
991:, which researched, developed and made amendments in Tamil language. Even though the name of the language which was developed by these
7663:
14452:
11240:
8188:
6598:
9180:
7888:
10823:
10227:
10212:
9971:
5697:. Demonstratives and modifiers precede the noun within the noun phrase. Subordinate clauses precede the verb of the matrix clause.
2272:, a special form of Tamil developed in the 9th and 10th centuries that reflect Vaishnavite religious and spiritual values. Several
614:
6606:, National Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India., p. 155, archived from
13203:
12118:
11245:
8335:
4866:'அவள் அவலளந்தால், இவள் அவலளப்பாள். இவள் அவலளந்தால், அவள் அவலளப்பாள். அவளும் இவளும் அவல் அளக்காவிட்டால், எவள் அவலளப்பாள் ?'
1842:
5685:(SOV). However, word order in Tamil is also flexible, so that surface permutations of the SOV order are possible with different
7841:
3526:
are only found in loanwords and may be considered marginal phonemes, though they are traditionally not seen as fully phonemic.
1530:
to indicate that an action was micro-durative, non-sustained or non-lasting, usually in combination with a time marker such as
6795:
15237:
14493:
12744:
10931:
10808:
10702:
10460:
10455:
10179:
9760:
9726:
9708:
9690:
9670:
9652:
9634:
9601:
9581:
9563:
9539:
9521:
9503:
9469:
9444:
9384:
9366:
9344:
9304:
8777:
8738:
8579:
7258:
6960:
5964:
2288:. These dialects tend to have softer consonants (with consonant deletion also common). These dialects also tend to have many
10663:
9878:
16061:
16006:
15996:
15747:
13685:
12775:
10685:
10647:
8614:
3869:
3491:
885:
is written in a non-Latin script. Tamil text used in this article is transliterated into the Latin script according to the
604:
7122:
Menon, A. G. (2009), "Some observations on the sub-group Tamil-Malayalam: Differential realizations of the cluster * ṉt",
2418:
In addition to its dialects, Tamil exhibits different forms: a classical literary style modelled on the ancient language (
1994:
Oppaari song lamenting death, sung by women during a death ceremony. Here it is the death of a son lamented by the mother.
1512:. In grammar, the most important change was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb
14403:
9393:
Kuiper, F. B. J. (1958), "Two problems of old Tamil phonology I. The old Tamil āytam (with an appendix by K. Zvelebil)",
7855:
4752:
3479:
3321:
3237:
1301:
river basin. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were of the culture associated with the
827:
5602:, although modern grammarians tend to distinguish between them on morphological and syntactical grounds. Tamil has many
16041:
13833:
13196:
8729:
Steever, Sanford B. (2002), "Direct and indirect discourse in Tamil", in Güldemann, Tom; von Roncador, Manfred (eds.),
7431:
6394:
5848:
3879:
1575:
auxiliaries and more complex sentence structures, and with the emergence of a more rigid word order that resembles the
1379:
10270:
8097:
2757:. Instead, plosives are articulated with voice depending on their position in a word, in accordance with the rules of
1912:
and following a political campaign supported by several Tamil associations, Tamil became the first legally recognised
14027:
11287:
11222:
9007:
8986:
8602:
6985:
6480:
4123:
3996:
3884:
2590:
2046:
1874:
1832:
861:
398:
175:
6808:
6786:, p. 6. "one of India's two classical languages, alongside the more widely known Indo-Aryan language Sanskrit".
1913:
16056:
16036:
15991:
15497:
13230:
12094:
10729:
7819:
4240:
3874:
3847:
3243:
660:
8259:
8043:
6809:"Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India"
5330:. Traditional grammarians tried to group the various suffixes into eight cases corresponding to the cases used in
16051:
16046:
16031:
16016:
16011:
15740:
13678:
12768:
11019:
10818:
10803:
10622:
7536:
Rajam, V. S. (1985), "The Duration of an Action-Real or Aspectual? The Evolution of the Present Tense in Tamil",
5972:
3675:
3661:
3277:
2568:
817:
10379:
9909:
6600:
Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India: 50th report (delivered to the Lokh Sabha in 2014)
6571:
1339:
script, and some contained skeletons of Tamil origin. Between 2017 and 2018, 5,820 artifacts have been found in
16026:
14942:
14396:
10019:
9324:
8138:
7343:
4465:
3424:
2572:
2293:
2234:
1321:
7871:
1940:
13826:
12979:
12838:
10926:
10465:
8058:
Language Shift in the Tamil Communities of Malaysia and Singapore: the Paradox of Egalitarian Language Policy
4827:
3307:
2230:
1352:
798:
698:
13848:
9092:
Ramaswamy, S. (1998), "Language of the People in the World of Gods: Ideologies of Tamil before the Nation",
5413:
Tamil verbs are also inflected through the use of suffixes. A typical Tamil verb form will have a number of
2517:
in modern times has led to the emergence of unofficial 'standard' spoken dialects. In India, the 'standard'
759:
716:
16021:
16001:
15507:
14937:
14377:
14020:
13756:
13455:
13425:
12734:
11280:
9964:
4307:
4198:
3746:
3732:
3707:
3693:
3440:
3287:
2446:). These styles shade into each other, forming a stylistic continuum. For example, it is possible to write
1890:
1846:
1637:
1633:
1120:
546:
241:
160:
110:
8056:
5777:, reflecting groups that have influenced the Tamil area at times, and from neighbouring languages such as
3782:
3771:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
2501:. Most contemporary cinema, theatre and popular entertainment on television and radio, for example, is in
2481:
is generally used in formal writing and speech. For instance, it is the language of textbooks, of much of
14318:
13645:
12729:
12087:
10740:
10496:
10255:
8813:
6670:
5682:
3891:
3608:
3594:
3344:
3225:
2382:
1850:
1685:
1677:
1641:
1166:
1008:
594:
536:
170:
165:
134:
8225:
1235:
15944:
14977:
13289:
13177:
12003:
11882:
10961:
10637:
10475:
9358:
6389:
6384:
4165:
3452:
3212:
3187:
1620:
According to a 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, of which 353 were dailies.
1297:, which was most likely spoken around the third millennium BC, possibly in the region around the lower
1175:
9892:
1324:
in India are in Tamil Nadu. Of them, most are in Tamil, with only about 5 percent in other languages.
14832:
14498:
14183:
13766:
13736:
13475:
13334:
13219:
11978:
11453:
11354:
11311:
10642:
10099:
8458:
8441:
7195:
4475:
4283:
4036:
3335:
3298:
3075:
2108:
2042:
1796:
1135:
that, alongside Tamil proper, includes the languages of about 35 ethno-linguistic groups such as the
578:
353:
6914:
6557:
6539:
1094:
defines the word "Tamil" as "sweetness". S. V. Subramanian suggests the meaning "sweet sound", from
14862:
14518:
14323:
13746:
13371:
13280:
12739:
11167:
10881:
10795:
10678:
10480:
10384:
10112:
10064:
10014:
9777:
4999:
4694:
4470:
4286:
4041:
3857:
3640:
3626:
3199:
2198:
1582:
In 1578, Portuguese Christian missionaries published a Tamil prayer book in old Tamil script named
1340:
1294:
1185:
792:
363:
9549:
9154:
8352:
Steever, S. B.; Britto, F. (1988), "Diglossia: A Study of the Theory, with Application to Tamil",
8274:
5030:(போகமுடியாதவர்களுக்காக) means "for the sake of those who cannot go" and consists of the following
2509:, and many politicians use it to bring themselves closer to their audience. The increasing use of
15986:
15925:
15675:
15588:
15319:
15072:
15022:
15002:
14922:
14907:
14842:
14476:
14364:
14287:
13297:
13257:
12008:
11683:
11192:
11127:
11097:
10951:
10936:
10911:
10632:
10606:
10280:
9957:
9682:
Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the present – Vol. 1: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century
9461:
8479:
4745:
4494:
3255:
2561:
1869:, though there was no attested Tamil-speaking population in the state, and was later replaced by
1000:
510:
9794:
Freeman, Rich (February 1998), "Rubies and Coral: The Lapidary Crafting of Language in Kerala",
7994:
7631:
Kandiah, T. (1978), "Standard Language and Socio-Historical Parameters: Standard Lankan Tamil",
1908:
In addition, with the creation in October 2004 of a legal status for classical languages by the
15763:
15703:
15640:
15166:
14827:
14732:
14687:
14627:
14488:
14198:
14193:
14188:
13870:
13701:
13046:
12866:
12791:
12295:
11897:
11646:
11374:
11369:
10946:
10921:
10369:
10174:
7328:
4925:
Much of Tamil grammar is extensively described in the oldest known grammar book for Tamil, the
4437:
4427:
4398:
4302:
4183:
4138:
4128:
3901:
3136:
2000:
558:
553:
281:
89:
15137:
8114:"Canada officially declares pride in its Tamils, passes Bill calling for Tamil Heritage Month"
1609:
which called for removal of all Sanskritic elements from Tamil. It received some support from
1253:
Ujjain/Sātavāhana symbol, crescented six-arch chaitya hill and river with Tamil Brahmi script
15545:
15047:
14927:
14672:
14525:
14419:
14220:
14205:
14158:
13620:
13270:
12892:
12173:
12155:
12053:
11750:
11722:
11629:
11514:
11504:
11407:
11212:
11102:
11067:
11032:
10956:
10876:
10693:
10400:
10107:
10069:
9496:
Essays on Indian History and culture: Felicitation volume in Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali
6715:
5882:
5820:
5701:
5440:
the action named by the verb stem, and the second indicates that the subject of the sentence
4709:
4408:
4403:
4188:
4143:
4031:
3837:
3418:
3397:
3124:
3098:
2206:
2174:
1979:
1491:
1306:
583:
403:
338:
253:
10428:
10423:
10245:
8569:
7922:
1771:
colony in Karachi. They speak impeccable Tamil along with Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi. Many in
1648:. The language is spoken among small minority groups in other states of India which include
15698:
15680:
15422:
15401:
14992:
14682:
14513:
14503:
14267:
14001:
13941:
13856:
13650:
13101:
13004:
12652:
12547:
11887:
11727:
11666:
11364:
11172:
11162:
11122:
11087:
11077:
11072:
10916:
10770:
10222:
10117:
8690:
Zvelebil, K. V. (April–June 1972), "Dravidian Case-Suffixes: Attempt at a Reconstruction",
7970:
5721:
5426:
5367:
4919:
4432:
4233:
4075:
3842:
3148:
2656:
2525:, rather than on any one dialect, but has been significantly influenced by the dialects of
2493:
has been making inroads into areas that have traditionally been considered the province of
2249:
2202:
2060:
1886:
1816:
1808:
1740:
1595:
1479:
1362:
1091:
418:
9000:
The ideology and status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the history of the Sanskrit language
6607:
5203:
is often indicated through suffixes. The plural form for rational nouns may be used as an
1063:" having the connotation of "unfolding sound". Alternatively, he suggests a derivation of
8:
15884:
15650:
15598:
15563:
15396:
15290:
15181:
15027:
14972:
14717:
14572:
14547:
14354:
14143:
13963:
13787:
13521:
13470:
13157:
13079:
13074:
12987:
12962:
12597:
11799:
11794:
11624:
11609:
11549:
11303:
11207:
11187:
11177:
11117:
11052:
11042:
10901:
10858:
10831:
10752:
10671:
10511:
10470:
10306:
9453:
7996:
Amazing Andamans and North-East India: A Panoramic View of States, Societies and Cultures
7946:
4623:
4460:
4343:
4099:
3956:
3270:
3181:
3111:
3070:
2667:
2398:
2297:
1948:
1925:
1909:
1788:
1606:
1128:
1124:
1111:
939:
447:
233:
115:
1873:, in 2010. In Malaysia, 543 primary education government schools are available fully in
15364:
15270:
15112:
15077:
15042:
14897:
14877:
14847:
14587:
14359:
14338:
14227:
14173:
14123:
13741:
12992:
12552:
12512:
12405:
12110:
11860:
11641:
11619:
11614:
11582:
11494:
11197:
11152:
11142:
11047:
10627:
10580:
10207:
9821:
9813:
9410:
9117:
9109:
9037:
8949:
8874:
8707:
8526:
8369:
7644:
7553:
7139:
6895:
6887:
6841:
6766:
6758:
6409:
5811:
5804:
in terms of vocabulary, grammar and literary styles, reflecting the increased trend of
5606:
that act as adverbs indicating the way the object in a given state "says" or "sounds".
5011:
5007:
4899:
4738:
4699:
4338:
4091:
3961:
3936:
3161:
3065:
1917:
1756:
1584:
1527:
1391:
1262:
954:
927:
624:
333:
286:
277:
85:
14592:
783:
776:
15889:
15819:
15615:
15593:
15487:
15386:
15381:
15369:
15359:
15324:
15122:
15087:
14917:
14887:
14757:
14657:
14647:
14508:
14447:
14434:
14308:
14292:
14242:
14210:
14168:
14138:
13985:
13914:
13511:
13465:
13450:
13137:
13132:
13122:
13096:
13091:
13086:
13054:
13014:
12932:
12897:
12828:
12707:
12502:
12487:
12482:
12390:
12290:
12208:
12198:
12183:
12163:
11959:
11760:
11678:
11635:
11604:
11594:
11539:
11524:
11182:
11112:
11107:
11057:
11027:
11009:
10848:
10843:
10418:
10202:
9825:
9756:
9740:
9722:
9704:
9686:
9680:
9666:
9648:
9630:
9597:
9577:
9559:
9535:
9517:
9499:
9483:
9465:
9440:
9421:
9414:
9380:
9362:
9340:
9334:
9320:
9300:
9121:
9041:
9003:
8982:
8878:
8773:
8734:
8598:
8575:
8332:
7896:
7648:
7254:
7187:
7143:
6981:
6956:
6899:
6845:
6770:
6671:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions"
5824:
5737:
5610:
5355:
5019:
4907:
4714:
4704:
4573:
4442:
4261:
4193:
4095:
4063:
4047:
4001:
3469:
3085:
2748:, but the Tamil script is somewhat different in that it nearly always uses a visible
2052:
1838:
1820:
1693:
1610:
1602:
1445:
1140:
1023:
965:
459:
393:
388:
119:
14867:
14707:
9781:
8302:
5728:). The word is included in the translations only to convey the meaning more easily.
4943:, with some modifications. Traditional Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely
823:
15899:
15879:
15859:
15849:
15844:
15834:
15803:
15798:
15777:
15610:
15578:
15573:
15432:
15406:
15391:
15334:
15265:
15107:
15067:
14987:
14982:
14962:
14952:
14912:
14902:
14892:
14837:
14807:
14797:
14752:
14722:
14632:
14597:
14481:
14328:
14277:
14257:
14247:
14215:
14178:
14118:
14068:
13951:
13924:
13919:
13898:
13715:
13127:
13069:
13034:
13024:
13009:
12924:
12662:
12532:
12517:
12497:
12477:
12457:
12375:
12340:
12330:
12249:
12239:
12224:
12203:
12168:
11866:
11839:
11789:
11781:
11755:
11712:
11672:
11656:
11534:
11529:
11509:
11499:
11487:
11359:
11336:
11202:
11147:
11132:
11092:
11037:
10896:
10836:
10776:
10758:
10554:
10285:
9841:
9803:
9591:
9402:
9101:
9029:
8941:
8866:
8699:
8518:
8491:
8407:
8361:
7636:
7545:
7230:
7221:
Panneerselvam, R (1969), "Further light on the bilingual coin of the Sātavāhanas",
7131:
6879:
6831:
6823:
6750:
6439:
5774:
5425:
of the relevant pronoun. The suffixes to indicate tenses and voice are formed from
5323:
5015:
4903:
4629:
4358:
4348:
4051:
4011:
4006:
3931:
3060:
3055:
2777:
2482:
2214:
2167:
in some northern dialects. Even now, in the Coimbatore area, it is common to hear "
1897:
province. Recently, it has been rolled out as a subject of study in schools in the
1889:. Tamil enjoys a special status of protection under Article 6(b), Chapter 1 of the
1870:
1858:
1697:
1526:), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall". In Old Tamil, this verb was used as an
1509:
1407:
1205:
1026:
dated to the 3rd century BC contains a reference to a Tamil script named 'Damili'.
984:
619:
292:
247:
196:
9887:
6774:. "Tamil is one of the two longest-surviving classical languages in India" (p. 7).
1795:
it is now being relearnt by students and adults. Tamil is also spoken by migrants
1448:. These poems are usually dated to between the 1st century BC and 5th century AD.
15904:
15894:
15874:
15869:
15854:
15839:
15829:
15782:
15630:
15620:
15474:
15442:
15437:
15427:
15374:
15312:
15305:
15254:
15097:
15012:
15007:
14947:
14852:
14817:
14812:
14802:
14792:
14747:
14737:
14727:
14667:
14662:
14642:
14637:
14468:
14442:
14333:
14262:
14252:
14237:
14232:
14163:
14153:
14148:
14083:
14058:
13973:
13929:
13563:
13537:
13501:
13480:
13379:
13326:
13313:
13147:
13142:
13064:
13059:
13029:
12997:
12967:
12712:
12677:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12607:
12602:
12592:
12567:
12542:
12537:
12452:
12415:
12410:
12400:
12360:
12350:
12345:
12320:
12305:
12264:
12254:
12229:
12218:
12046:
12023:
11993:
11964:
11954:
11933:
11849:
11826:
11809:
11804:
11734:
11717:
11661:
11651:
11577:
11567:
11519:
11474:
11448:
11422:
11387:
11349:
10999:
10652:
10575:
10516:
10217:
10133:
9868:
9264:
8339:
6399:
5805:
5789:
5778:
5339:
5335:
4689:
4383:
4368:
4363:
4353:
4333:
4226:
4083:
4071:
4067:
4059:
3951:
3387:
3080:
3042:
2785:
2758:
2253:
2210:
1898:
1804:
1800:
1132:
855:
497:
358:
268:
225:
215:
9295:
Annamalai, E.; Steever, S.B. (1998), "Modern Tamil", in Steever, Sanford (ed.),
8622:
8275:"Tradition, Modernity and Impact of Globalization – Whither Will Tamil Go?"
8163:"Five Indian languages reinstated as official subjects in South African schools"
5681:
language. The verb comes at the end of the clause, with a typical word order of
5002:
suffixes, which either change the part of speech of the word or its meaning, or
1588:, thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published. The
15909:
15864:
15583:
15242:
15210:
15205:
15127:
15117:
15102:
15062:
15037:
15032:
15017:
14997:
14967:
14957:
14932:
14882:
14857:
14787:
14782:
14742:
14712:
14652:
14612:
14607:
14602:
14582:
14562:
14542:
14313:
14282:
14133:
14128:
14113:
13875:
13792:
13761:
13635:
13625:
13597:
13526:
13506:
13445:
13440:
13398:
13350:
13342:
13305:
12957:
12833:
12812:
12692:
12682:
12672:
12667:
12642:
12617:
12612:
12527:
12507:
12492:
12472:
12462:
12395:
12380:
12365:
12355:
12325:
12178:
12140:
12069:
12037:
11998:
11938:
11902:
11854:
11834:
11599:
11589:
11443:
11427:
11157:
11137:
11082:
11062:
10966:
10886:
10559:
10326:
9898:
9033:
8834:
8411:
8079:
7806:
7388:"Archaeologists Unearth Ancient Dagger Linked to Enigmatic Indian Civilization"
7235:
6741:
Stein, B. (1977), "Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country",
6404:
6379:
5742:
5347:
4588:
4378:
4373:
4150:
4079:
4055:
4024:
3971:
3946:
3804:
3177:
2801:
2765:
2679:
2675:
2622:
2618:
2301:
1866:
1857:. Tamil is one of the official and national languages of Sri Lanka, along with
1812:
1720:
1701:
1689:
1657:
1246:
1144:
1136:
1042:
914:
465:
453:
432:
272:
210:
147:
99:
66:
10374:
9846:
9701:
Precolonial India in practice: Society, Region and Identity in Medieval Andhra
9553:
9336:
The poems of ancient Tamil : their milieu and their Sanskrit counterparts
8870:
8857:
Ramaswamy, S. (2009), "En/gendering Language: The Poetics of Tamil Identity",
8757:, Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture, pp. 9–11
8495:
7135:
4927:
4514:
2773:
2744:(without a vowel). Many Indic scripts have a similar sign, generically called
1456:
1440:
983:
The earliest extant Tamil literary works and their commentaries celebrate the
15980:
15958:
15660:
15645:
15635:
15460:
15190:
15132:
15092:
15082:
15057:
15052:
14872:
14777:
14767:
14530:
14272:
14088:
13485:
13460:
13358:
13152:
12947:
12702:
12697:
12687:
12657:
12647:
12622:
12557:
12385:
12370:
12300:
12234:
11892:
11844:
11707:
11572:
11402:
10871:
10585:
10549:
10526:
10321:
10149:
10084:
10079:
10034:
10024:
9918:
9863:
9721:, Gonda Indological Studies, Volume X, Groningen: Egbert Forsten Publishing,
9487:
7900:
7191:
5828:
5453:
5387:
5363:
5359:
5351:
5023:
4891:
4885:
4670:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4603:
4593:
4578:
4393:
4388:
4328:
4323:
4087:
3966:
3919:
3852:
3544:
3358:
2781:
2705:
2608:
2285:
2281:
2186:
2182:
2016:
1894:
1590:
1431:
1411:
1366:
1209:
992:
988:
961:
752:
669:
493:
477:
408:
383:
378:
368:
259:
13188:
9936:
9744:
8480:"Standardization or restandardization: The case for 'Standard' Spoken Tamil"
7640:
7251:
Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India
1227:
15970:
15625:
15535:
15249:
15227:
14822:
14692:
12587:
11263:
10866:
10746:
10521:
10501:
10341:
10089:
10039:
10029:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9930:
9205:
7972:
Multilingualism and Second Language Acquisition and Learning in Pondicherry
7476:
Proceedings of the Second International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies
5968:
5694:
5690:
5432:
Tamil has two voices. The first indicates that the subject of the sentence
5422:
5327:
4911:
4719:
4665:
4660:
4635:
4583:
4519:
4216:
4160:
4107:
4103:
3976:
3941:
3906:
2789:
2683:
2663:
2640:
2636:
2604:
2462:, or to use forms associated with one of the other variants while speaking
2347:
2190:
1952:
1944:
1768:
1501:
1468:
1460:
1435:
1403:
1370:
1356:
1336:
1332:
1231:
1171:
996:
931:
517:
487:
442:
54:
9926:
9316:
A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages
8425:
6827:
6545:
6527:
5860:
5812:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5714:
5706:
5663:
5650:
5637:
5624:
5461:
5173:
5165:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4945:
4933:
2714:
2668:
2631:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2475:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2428:
2420:
2168:
2161:
2149:
2141:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2101:
2077:
2065:
1546:
1532:
1514:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1036:
1030:
742:
735:
15732:
15555:
15517:
15512:
15222:
15200:
15195:
15171:
14702:
14697:
14622:
14617:
13880:
13670:
13589:
12952:
12760:
12310:
10275:
10250:
10074:
8932:
Vaidyanathan, S. (1967), "Indo-Aryan Loan Words in the Cīvakacintāmaṇi",
5343:
4613:
4543:
4133:
3588:
3539:
3530:
2373:
2261:
2178:
2136:
1921:
1885:
and the month of January has been declared "Tamil Heritage Month" by the
1732:
1665:
373:
14388:
9904:
9494:
Murthy, Srinivasa; Rao, Surendra; Veluthat, Kesavan; Bari, S.A. (1990),
9084:
7351:
International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management
5950:
5940:
5930:
5920:
5910:
5900:
5890:
5876:
5866:
5855:
5181:
4914:
terminology and scholarly vocabulary is itself Tamil, as opposed to the
2784:
into Latin characters. It uses diacritics to map the much larger set of
2647:
1628:
Tamil is the primary language of the majority of the people residing in
904:
29:
15502:
14677:
12882:
12315:
10989:
10941:
10706:
10506:
10260:
9817:
9406:
9113:
8509:
Fowler, Murray (1954), "The Segmental Phonemes of Sanskritized Tamil",
6891:
6836:
6762:
6550:
6532:
5686:
5678:
5003:
4895:
4876:
4843:ஏழை கிழவன் வாழைப் பழத் தோல் மேல் சருசருக்கி வழுவழுக்கி கீழே விழுந்தான்.
4554:
4155:
3830:
3722:
3549:
3092:
2652:
2614:
2575: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2435:
2410:
2284:
tend to speak a variety of dialects that are all collectively known as
2084:
2028:
1924:, who was a Tamilian himself, in a joint sitting of both houses of the
1629:
1576:
1464:
1396:
1270:
972:
935:
541:
471:
104:
14012:
11272:
9458:
Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D
8981:. Brill's Indological Library, v. 9. Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 16, 18.
8953:
8711:
8530:
8373:
7557:
6657:
2764:
In addition to the standard characters, six characters taken from the
1936:
1902:
1772:
1598:, was one of the earliest dictionaries published in Indian languages.
1181:
15953:
15482:
15295:
15217:
15176:
14073:
13968:
13603:
13265:
12942:
12937:
12907:
12213:
12079:
11557:
10764:
10601:
10359:
10316:
10265:
9994:
8731:
Reported Discourse: A Meeting Ground for Different Linguistic Domains
7323:
6870:
Maloney, C. (1970), "The Beginnings of Civilization in South India",
6577:
5963:
The following is a sample text in literary Tamil of Article 1 of the
5835:
5797:
5769:
from Greek ὥρα). In more modern times, Tamil has imported words from
5614:
5603:
5591:
5204:
4549:
3864:
3820:
3767:
3655:
2691:
2526:
2277:
2265:
2244:
2092:
2056:
1854:
1736:
1728:
1713:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1544:). In Middle Tamil, this usage evolved into a present tense marker –
1497:
1483:
1374:
1302:
1196:
1151:
1004:
886:
769:
726:
708:
690:
642:
630:
155:
139:
10364:
9808:
9643:
Steever, Sanford (1998), "Introduction", in Steever, Sanford (ed.),
9105:
7368:
6883:
6754:
4931:. Modern Tamil writing is largely based on the 13th-century grammar
2550:
1567:
1293:
Tamil, like other Dravidian languages, ultimately descends from the
15540:
15492:
13630:
13568:
12902:
12335:
12244:
11004:
10433:
9610:
Southworth, Franklin C. (1998), "On the Origin of the word tamiz",
9555:
Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970
9254:. 2nd ed. 1989. OED Online. Oxford University Press. 14 August 2009
9066:
Ellis, F. W. (1820), "Note to the introduction" in Campbell, A.D.,
8945:
8703:
8522:
8365:
7549:
6734:
5801:
5712:("completed")—or only a subject and object, without a verb such as
5449:
5331:
5031:
4915:
4598:
4524:
4509:
4499:
2289:
2240:
2096:
1877:. The establishment of Tamil-medium schools has been in process in
1861:. It was once given nominal official status in the Indian state of
1784:
1764:
1752:
1724:
1614:
1400:
1298:
1201:
943:
865:
835:
654:
13236:
Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights
8020:
5163:
Tamil nouns (and pronouns) are classified into two super-classes (
2792:, and thus the alphabets of various languages, including English.
2696:
1845:. It is one of the official languages of the union territories of
868:, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
15232:
14063:
13851:
12522:
12467:
12193:
11344:
10994:
10984:
10786:
10720:
10336:
9949:
8221:
5793:
5782:
5149:
5097:
4504:
2769:
2754:
2530:
2343:
2257:
2218:
2156:
1878:
1862:
1760:
1748:
1681:
1669:
1505:
1382:
dating to before 500 BC, the oldest attestation of the language.
1348:
1282:
1278:
1258:
831:
9435:
Lehmann, Thomas (1998), "Old Tamil", in Steever, Sanford (ed.),
4270:
1327:
In 2004, a number of skeletons were found buried in earthenware
1234:
script in the reverse side of the bilingual silver coin of king
15568:
14044:
13934:
13640:
13558:
13117:
12285:
11562:
10906:
10331:
9882:
9739:, translated by E.Sa. Viswanathan, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi,
5736:
The vocabulary of Tamil is mainly Dravidian. A strong sense of
5595:
5457:
5414:
4995:
4987:
4640:
4618:
4608:
3989:
3812:
2745:
2709:
2534:
1916:
of India. The recognition was announced by the contemporaneous
1882:
1792:
1776:
1755:, along with English, Malay and Mandarin. A large community of
1709:
1705:
1661:
807:
666:
191:
126:
5871:'fragrant fruit'. One suggestion as to the origin of the word
5022:, etc. There is no absolute limit on the length and extent of
1305:
complexes of South India, but it has also been related to the
15329:
13946:
13655:
13516:
13019:
12562:
12188:
12135:
10311:
9464:
vol. 62, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,
8916:
Languages and nations: the Dravidian proof in colonial Madras
8733:, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, p. 105,
7948:
Indentured immigration and social accommodation in La Réunion
6469:
5192:
4991:
3896:
2687:
2485:
and of public speaking and debate. In recent times, however,
2273:
2194:
1744:
1673:
1344:
1320:
About of the approximately 100,000 inscriptions found by the
1274:
599:
48:
14098:
9227:
8309:
3792:, the latter of which is restricted to a few lexical items.
1269:
According to Hindu legend, Tamil or in personification form
610:
Department of Tamil Development and Information (Tamil Nadu)
15339:
13956:
13782:
13751:
13542:
12269:
10531:
10154:
5770:
2626:
1780:
1617:
loanwords by Tamil equivalents, though many others remain.
481:
413:
7730:
7728:
7014:
7012:
3367:
2342:
Literary Tamil in hymn 'Umbartharu' (Hamsadhwani) on lord
1843:
22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India
876:
834:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
9187:. Chennai: Kasturi & Sons. 9 November 2019. p. 2
8770:
The metamorphosis of English: versions of other languages
8139:"Constitutional Court of South Africa – The Constitution"
7072:, International Institute of Tamil Studies, pp. 7–12
6454:
6448:
5590:
Traditional grammars of Tamil do not distinguish between
4820:கொக்கு நெட்ட கொக்கு. நெட்ட கொக்கு இட்ட முட்ட, கட்ட முட்ட.
4797:'குலை குலையாய் வாழைப்பழம், மழையில் அழுகி கீழே விழுந்தது.'
2666:
fell out of use, Tamil was written using a script called
1613:. This led to the replacement of a significant number of
1328:
9020:
Trautmann, Thomas R. (1999), "Hullabaloo About Telugu",
8333:
Writing and Diglossic: A Case Study of Tamil Radio Plays
8099:
Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada on Thai Pongal
6952:
The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India
5643:(our) that include the addressee and exclusive pronouns
2533:. In Sri Lanka, the standard is based on the dialect of
1751:. Tamil is used as one of the languages of education in
12072:(no surviving native speakers and no spoken descendant)
9181:"By govt. order: 9,000 words to enter Tamil vocabulary"
8473:
8471:
7820:
UN Chronicle – National Identity and Minority Languages
7725:
7266:
7009:
5472:; (அழிந்துக்கொண்டிருந்தேன்); "(I) was being destroyed".
4983:. Of these, the last two are mostly applied in poetry.
2635:
Historical evolution of Tamil writing from the earlier
2019:'s short story 'Pon Nagaram' (showing a few loanwords).
1359:
inscriptions was claimed to be dated to around 580 BC.
1003:, inscribed around a similar time period (150 BCE), by
9375:
Kesavapany, K.; Mani, A; Ramasamy, Palanisamy (2008),
9374:
8398:
Zvelebil, K. (1966), "Some features of Ceylon Tamil",
8295:
7794:
7124:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
5763:"skiff" from Chinese san-pan) and Greek (for example,
2372:
Literary Tamil pronunciation. Reading an excerpt from
1605:
emerged in the early 20th century, culminating in the
999:, which is dated as early as late 2nd century BC. The
16:
Dravidian language native to South India and Sri Lanka
15942:
9493:
9141:
or the Pure Tamil movement among the Tamil scholars."
8722:
8561:
7770:
7458:"An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil"
7344:"A Study About Archaeological Survey in Adichanallur"
7161:
6481:
6370:
List of countries where Tamil is an official language
5417:, which show person, number, mood, tense, and voice.
1680:
in India and in certain regions of Sri Lanka such as
9753:
Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature
9534:, Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society,
8468:
7682:"Delay, howlers in Tamil Lexicon embarrass scholars"
6466:
6457:
6445:
1558:) – which combined the old aspect and time markers.
421:
9379:, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
9170:, Sarvodaya Ilakkiya Pannai. (translated) pp. 241–2
8683:
8607:
7938:
6978:
Coromandel : a personal history of South India
6472:
6463:
6451:
6442:
5452:which mark tense categories. Tamil verbs also mark
4910:and other grammatical categories. Tamil's standard
9572:Shapiro, Michael C.; Schiffman, Harold F. (1983),
8790:
8788:
8660:
7914:
7633:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
7327:, Chennai, India, 22 November 2005, archived from
7301:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7293:
6650:
5971:; the second is romanized Tamil; the third is the
9834:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9477:
8902:
8636:
8080:"Myanmar's Tamils seek to protect their identity"
7704:
7702:
7618:
7606:
7511:
7449:
7373:Government of Tamil Nadu Department of Archeology
6656:Republic of Singapore Independence Act 1965 (
5421:Person and number are indicated by suffixing the
2268:in the 11th century, retain many features of the
1853:. Tamil is also one of the official languages of
1841:of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and one of the
1373:written in Brahmi script have been discovered in
15978:
9571:
9377:Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia
9294:
8794:
8385:
7834:"Strangers to Their Roots and Those Around Them"
7661:
7582:
7570:
6944:
6942:
6940:
2397:Literary Tamil pronunciation in song written by
1127:, a family of around 26 languages native to the
661:Malaysian Tamil Language Standardisation Council
8785:
8593:Ramanujam, A. K.; Dharwadker, V. (eds.) (2000)
8266:
8243:
7831:
7290:
7115:
2307:
9613:International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics
7809:. Indianmalaysian.com. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
7699:
7109:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
5394:(வழி) meaning "way" can take these to produce
5322:Suffixes are used to perform the functions of
5191:, which literally means "gender"). Humans and
4939:which restated and clarified the rules of the
2252:is easily identifiable by their spoken Tamil.
2059:: there are two separate registers varying by
16072:Languages attested from the 1st millennium BC
15748:
14404:
14028:
13834:
13686:
13218:
13204:
12776:
12095:
11288:
10679:
9965:
9941:
9719:Kavya in South India: Old Tamil Cankam Poetry
9532:A Reference Grammar of Classical Tamil Poetry
9426:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
8800:
8772:, New York: Bergin & Garvey, p. 61,
8351:
8013:
7800:
7220:
7058:(Online edition at the University of Chicago)
6937:
5468:Verb inflection is shown below using example
4746:
4234:
2708:. This inherent vowel is removed by adding a
2036:
1438:. The earliest long text in Old Tamil is the
1029:Southworth suggests that the name comes from
11319:
9558:, Berkeley: University of California Press,
9352:
9339:, Berkeley: University of California Press,
8931:
8890:
8746:
8316:"Sanskrit to be declared classical language"
8205:
7734:
7082:
5598:, including both of them under the category
2401:, 'Senthamizh naadennum pothinile' (1900s ).
2217:in Karnataka has been heavily influenced by
1281:, revered as the Tamil God, along with sage
676:Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America
11986:
9734:
9678:
9319:, New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corp.,
9082:Ramaswamy's analysis of one such text, the
8465:. London: Basil Blackwell, Ltd. pp. 205 ff.
8249:
8189:"For these islanders, a reunion with Tamil"
7968:
7067:
7001:Jain, Sagarmal (1998). "Jain Literature ".
6912:
6863:
6375:List of languages by first written accounts
5657:
5644:
5631:
5618:
3786:
3775:
3751:
3737:
3712:
3698:
3680:
3666:
3645:
3631:
3613:
3599:
3495:
3483:
3456:
3444:
3428:
3401:
3370:
3349:
3326:
3312:
3291:
3259:
3247:
3229:
3216:
3203:
3191:
3166:
3152:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3102:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2735:
2721:
2292:loanwords. Tamil in Sri Lanka incorporates
1553:
1539:
1521:
1131:. It is also classified as being part of a
898:
38:
15762:
15755:
15741:
14411:
14397:
14035:
14021:
13841:
13827:
13700:
13693:
13679:
13211:
13197:
12790:
12783:
12769:
12102:
12088:
11295:
11281:
10686:
10672:
9972:
9958:
9624:
9609:
9244:
8971:
8908:
8859:Comparative Studies in Society and History
8272:
7284:
7018:
6796:Definitive Editions of Ancient Tamil Works
6658:No. 9 of 1965, 1985 Rev. Ed.
5720:("That my house"). Tamil does not have a
4753:
4739:
4241:
4227:
1623:
1335:. Some of these urns contained writing in
806:
47:
14418:
9845:
9807:
9596:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
9589:
9547:
9452:
9150:
9091:
9019:
8959:
8856:
8767:
8477:
7719:
7708:
7487:
7455:
7405:
7272:
7234:
7208:
7179:
7167:
6915:"Palani excavation triggers fresh debate"
6851:
6835:
5386:which are functionally equivalent to the
5187:)—which include a total of five classes (
4894:grammar, where suffixes are used to mark
2591:Learn how and when to remove this message
2001:Pudumaipithan's short story 'Pon Nagaram'
1893:and is taught as a subject in schools in
938:. It is one of the two longest-surviving
11335:
10228:Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition
9872:) is being considered for deletion. See
9750:
9511:
9312:
9285:
9054:
8965:
8934:Journal of the American Oriental Society
8692:Journal of the American Oriental Society
8689:
8666:
8642:
8567:
8459:Diglossia as a Sociolinguistic Situation
8397:
8186:
7782:
7679:
7538:Journal of the American Oriental Society
7468:
7426:
7424:
7155:
7149:
7070:Heritage of Tamils; Language and Grammar
7030:
6948:
6931:
6857:
5819:(meaning "pure Tamil movement"), led by
5444:the action referred to by the verb stem.
5276:
5228:
5219:
5212:
5006:suffixes, which mark categories such as
2720:, to the consonantal sign. For example,
2646:
2630:
1935:
1723:descended from colonial-era migrants in
1455:
1395:
1226:
1195:
1180:
1165:
615:International Institute of Tamil Studies
14433:
14042:
11302:
9793:
9679:Tharu, Susie; Lalita, K., eds. (1991),
9660:
9642:
9434:
9299:, London: Routledge, pp. 100–128,
9222:
9220:
9218:
8752:
8728:
8434:
8187:Srivatsa, Sharath S. (8 January 2017),
8072:
7992:
7822:. United Nations, accessed 28 Jan 2021.
7630:
7594:
7341:
7305:
7048:, Madras: University of Madras, 1924–36
6869:
6806:
6783:
6576:, Tamil Nadu Government, archived from
5724:(a linking verb equivalent to the word
2795:
2426:), a modern literary and formal style (
2326:Thiruppugazh – Umbartharu – Hamsadhwani
2075:(the classic variety)—has evolved into
2055:situation of Tamil is characterised by
1369:for early maritime traders from India.
1150:The closest major relative of Tamil is
828:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
15979:
12109:
9716:
9698:
9392:
8919:
8595:The collected essays of A.K. Ramanujam
8508:
8214:"Classic case of politics of language"
7758:
7523:
7499:
7248:
6906:
6512:
5865:from a Dravidian predecessor of Tamil
5456:, through the addition of the hearsay
2383:Bharathi's 'Senthamil nadu ennum' song
2224:
1343:. These were sent to Beta Analytic in
1204:Tamil Brahmi inscription in Mangulam,
15736:
15238:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
14392:
14016:
13822:
13674:
13192:
12764:
12083:
11276:
10667:
10180:World Classical Tamil Conference 2010
9953:
9940:
9831:
9703:, New York: Oxford University Press,
9529:
9439:, London: Routledge, pp. 75–99,
8555:
8543:
8211:
7944:
7889:"For Tamil cuisine, away in Pakistan"
7535:
7456:Mahadevan, Iravatham (24 June 2010),
7421:
7121:
6975:
6969:
6740:
6523:
6521:
5965:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
5110:
4994:are attached. Most Tamil affixes are
2776:is an international standard for the
1288:
1057:meaning "self" or "one's self", and "
913:
65:
9647:, London: Routledge, pp. 1–39,
9627:Linguistic archaeology of South Asia
9332:
9215:
9002:. E. J. Brill, Leiden. pp. 209–217.
7951:, University of California, Berkeley
7927:, University of California, Berkeley
7924:Overview of the South Asian Diaspora
7886:
7795:Kesavapany, Mani & Ramasamy 2008
7414:Scroll.in – News. Politics. Culture.
7000:
6980:. London: Little, Brown. p. 9.
6913:Subramaniam, T.S. (29 August 2011),
2573:adding citations to reliable sources
2544:
2260:dialects, spoken by groups of Tamil
1355:(AMS) dating. One sample containing
1191:
987:for the organization of long-termed
605:Central Institute of Classical Tamil
11568:Arabi Malayalam (Mappila Malayalam)
9593:A Reference Grammar of Spoken Tamil
9068:A grammar of the Teloogoo language.
8597:, Oxford University Press, p. 111.
8303:"India sets up classical languages"
7920:
7864:
7854:Sunny, Sanjesh (21 September 2010)
7848:
7825:
7747:India 2001: A Reference Annual 2001
7385:
7335:
5278:Example: the Tamil words for "doer"
4805:(பேச்சுத் தமிழில்) ந-கரம், ட-கரம்.
2376:'s book 'Arivuk kadhaigal' (1900s).
1273:(Mother Tamil) was created by Lord
1041:"self-speak", or "our own speech".
13:
11236:Cities in Tamil Nadu by population
9979:
9770:
9574:Language and society in South Asia
9228:"Oxford English Dictionary Online"
8423:Thiru. Mu (1978). Kovintācāriyar,
8379:
8212:Dutta, Sujan (28 September 2004),
8044:Punjabi edges out Tamil in Haryana
7993:Sunwani, Vijay K (February 2007),
7664:"Tamil saw its first book in 1578"
7319:"Students get glimpse of heritage"
6638:. Department of Official Languages
6518:
6395:Tamil Loanwords in other languages
5849:Tamil loanwords in other languages
5390:in English. For example, the word
5084:
5071:
4875:Problems playing these files? See
4767:
2753:differentiate voiced and unvoiced
2409:Problems playing these files? See
2314:
2027:Problems playing these files? See
1968:
1875:Tamil as the medium of instruction
1380:Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew
14:
16083:
11241:Towns in Tamil Nadu by population
10741:Srivilliputhur Andal temple tower
10643:Ancient manuscript digitalisation
9876:to help reach a consensus. ›
9855:
9353:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003),
9070:Madras: College Press, pp. 29–30.
7832:Shahbazi, Ammar (20 March 2012),
7662:Karthik Madhavan (20 June 2010),
7253:, Routledge Curzon, p. 235,
6681:
6564:
5207:, gender-neutral, singular form.
4124:Religion in ancient Tamil country
3745:
3731:
3706:
3692:
3674:
3660:
3639:
3625:
3607:
3593:
3490:
3478:
3451:
3439:
3423:
3396:
3343:
3334:
3320:
3306:
3297:
3286:
3276:
3254:
3242:
3236:
3224:
3211:
3198:
3186:
3160:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3110:
3097:
2540:
2047:Indian Tamil dialect of Sri Lanka
1833:States of India by Tamil speakers
1105:
971:Tamil is predominantly spoken in
15964:
15952:
15498:Malay trade and creole languages
14097:
13850:
13231:Pan South African Language Board
11257:
10785:
10695:
9925:
9917:
9903:
9625:Southworth, Franklin C. (2005),
9478:Meenakshisundaran, T.P. (1965),
9257:
9206:"Origin and Meaning of Anaconda"
9199:
9173:
9166:Meenakshisundaram, T. P. (1982)
9160:
9144:
9127:
9073:
9060:
9048:
9013:
8992:
8925:
8896:
8884:
8850:
8827:
8761:
8587:
8549:
8537:
8502:
8463:The Handbook of Sociolinguistics
8448:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
8440:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2013)
8273:Thirumalai, MS (November 2004),
8250:Viswanathan, S. (October 2004),
8022:Department of Official Languages
7969:Ramamoorthy, L (February 2004),
6573:Official languages of Tamil Nadu
6556:
6538:
6438:
5145:
5067:
4855:
4832:
4809:
4786:
4269:
4210:
3848:Sources of ancient Tamil history
3819:
2549:
2387:
2361:
2357:Sivagnanam's 'Arivuk kadhaigal'.
2330:
2005:
1984:
1951:, Tamil Nadu dated to the early
1315:
875:
846:
637:Department of Official Languages
14453:comparison with British English
13804:Recognized as a "link" language
11246:Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu
10623:Standardisation of Tamil script
9832:Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil",
9663:The Tamil auxiliary verb system
9278:
8451:
8417:
8391:
8345:
8325:
8180:
8155:
8131:
8106:
8090:
8049:
8042:Bharadwaj, Ajay (7 March 2010)
8036:
7986:
7962:
7887:Paul, Sumit (3 November 2018).
7880:
7812:
7788:
7776:
7764:
7752:
7740:
7713:
7673:
7655:
7624:
7612:
7600:
7588:
7576:
7564:
7529:
7517:
7505:
7493:
7481:
7379:
7361:
7311:
7278:
7242:
7214:
7202:
7173:
7101:
7088:
7076:
7061:
7036:
7024:
7003:Aspects of Jainology: Volume VI
6994:
6925:
6800:
6789:
6777:
6708:
6431:
5973:International Phonetic Alphabet
5475:
5209:
5141:pōka muṭi āt a var kaḷ ukku āka
5138:போக முடி ஆத் அ வர் கள் உக்கு ஆக
2694:and one special character, the
2560:needs additional citations for
2239:The dialect of the district of
1980:Colloquial Tamil 'Oppaari song'
1941:Jambai Tamil Brahmi inscription
1826:
1561:
1451:
1331:dating from at least 696 BC in
13241:Department of Arts and Culture
11231:Districts in Tamil Nadu by HDI
9357:, Cambridge Language Surveys,
8809:Tamil is a head-final language
8768:Swiderski, Richard M. (1996),
8143:www.constitutionalcourt.org.za
7432:"Tamil Brahmi script in Egypt"
6663:
6624:
6591:
6506:
6422:
5958:
5429:, which are added to the stem.
5406:(உவ்வழி) "the medial way" and
4730:Portal:Dravidian civilizations
4466:History of Dravidian languages
2235:Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil
2127:means place) is the source of
1322:Archaeological Survey of India
1:
16067:Subject–object–verb languages
12750:Scheduled languages in states
9908:The dictionary definition of
9899:Tamil language and literature
9861:
9737:A History of Tamil Literature
9590:Schiffman, Harold F. (1999),
9252:The Oxford English Dictionary
9135:A History of Tamil Literature
8979:Tamil love poetry and poetics
8977:Takahashi, Takanobu. (1995).
8461:", in Florian Coulmas (ed.),
7680:Kolappan, B. (22 June 2014),
7111:, Elsevier, 2010, p. 297
6499:
5955:'rice porridge' or 'gruel').
5881:'having killed an elephant'.
5731:
5158:
2786:Brahmic consonants and vowels
2454:with a vocabulary drawn from
2231:Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil
1956:
1865:, purportedly as a rebuff to
1719:There are currently sizeable
1472:
1415:
1410:, Tamil Nadu, dated to Tamil
1353:Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
1239:
1213:
1208:, Tamil Nadu, dated to Tamil
947:
213:: 79 million (2011–2019)
13757:Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole
9933:travel guide from Wikivoyage
9796:The Journal of Asian Studies
9783:Tamil and English Dictionary
9514:Hinduism in modern Indonesia
9094:The Journal of Asian Studies
8795:Annamalai & Steever 1998
8615:"Five fold grammar of Tamil"
8386:Annamalai & Steever 1998
7872:Osama's shadow on Sri Lanka?
7583:Annamalai & Steever 1998
7571:Shapiro & Schiffman 1983
7417:, scroll.in, 6 February 2015
6872:The Journal of Asian Studies
6743:The Journal of Asian Studies
6415:
5842:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5239:
4308:Ancient history of Sri Lanka
4199:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism
3036:
2639:near the top to the current
2308:Spoken and literary variants
1891:Constitution of South Africa
1577:syntactic argument structure
1385:
1285:, brought it to the people.
978:
7:
16062:Official languages of India
16007:Languages of Andhra Pradesh
15997:Classical Language in India
14319:Cannanore Portuguese creole
14302:Other languages and creoles
13776:Formerly spoken and extinct
10497:Megalithic graffiti symbols
10256:Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam
9922:Tamil language at Wikibooks
9548:Ramaswamy, Sumathy (1997),
9480:A History of Tamil Language
9210:Online Etymology Dictionary
9168:A History of Tamil Language
9085:
8457:Schiffman, Harold (1997). "
8426:
6693:, LINGUAMON, archived from
6632:"Official Languages Policy"
6363:
6306:
6292:
6278:
6264:
6250:
6236:
6222:
6208:
6194:
6180:
6166:
6152:
6138:
6124:
6110:
6096:
6082:
6068:
6054:
6040:
6026:
6006:
5984:
5975:; the fourth is the gloss.
5951:
5941:
5931:
5921:
5911:
5901:
5891:
5877:
5867:
5861:
5813:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5715:
5707:
5664:
5651:
5638:
5625:
5462:
5182:
5174:
5166:
4978:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4946:
4934:
3892:Chronology of Tamil history
2715:
2669:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2476:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2429:
2421:
2169:
2162:
2150:
2142:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2102:
2078:
2066:
1931:
1851:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1678:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1547:
1533:
1515:
1371:Tamil language inscriptions
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1037:
1031:
905:
135:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
30:
10:
16088:
10962:Kaveri River water dispute
10638:Printing in Tamil language
9788:Malabar-English Dictionary
9786:. based on J.P. Fabricius
9409:(inactive 29 March 2024),
9359:Cambridge University Press
9313:Caldwell, Robert (1974) ,
9034:10.1177/026272809901900104
8619:University of Pennsylvania
8478:Schiffman, Harold (1998),
8412:10.1163/000000066790086440
7236:10.1163/000000069790078428
6677:, South African Government
6390:Tamil population by nation
6385:Tamil population by cities
5846:
4918:that is standard for most
4883:
4166:Christianity in Tamil Nadu
3795:
3040:
2799:
2612:
2602:
2228:
2040:
2037:Region-specific variations
1899:French overseas department
1830:
1721:Tamil-speaking populations
1489:
1389:
1365:states that Tamil was the
1176:Government Museum, Chennai
1161:
1109:
16042:Languages of South Africa
15918:
15812:
15791:
15770:
15716:
15691:
15668:
15659:
15604:comparison with Malaysian
15554:
15528:
15473:
15453:
15415:
15350:
15283:
15159:
15150:
14766:
14571:
14555:
14541:
14467:
14426:
14373:
14347:
14301:
14106:
14095:
14051:
13994:
13907:
13891:
13863:
13801:
13775:
13767:Sri Lankan sign languages
13729:
13708:
13613:
13588:
13581:
13551:
13494:
13433:
13418:
13391:
13370:
13325:
13288:
13279:
13256:
13249:
13226:
13220:Languages of South Africa
13178:Singaporean Sign Language
13170:
13110:
13045:
12978:
12923:
12916:
12875:
12856:
12821:
12805:
12798:
12725:
12576:
12441:
12428:
12278:
12149:
12128:
12117:
12063:
12036:
12019:
11977:
11947:
11926:
11919:
11875:
11825:
11818:
11780:
11773:
11743:
11700:
11548:
11473:
11464:
11436:
11415:
11396:
11326:
11310:
11254:
11221:
11018:
10975:
10857:
10794:
10783:
10728:
10713:
10615:
10594:
10568:
10540:
10489:
10446:
10409:
10393:
10350:
10299:
10236:
10195:
10188:
10167:
10142:
10126:
10098:
10057:
10050:
9987:
9947:
9942:Links to related articles
9847:10.1017/S0025100304001549
9735:Varadarajan, Mu. (1988),
9661:Steever, Sanford (2005),
9512:Ramstedt, Martin (2004),
9482:, Poona: Deccan College,
9232:Oxford English Dictionary
8871:10.1017/S0010417500018673
8755:A Grammar of Modern Tamil
8670:Classes of nouns in Tamil
8667:Caldwell, Robert (1875),
8646:Classes of nouns in Tamil
8643:Caldwell, Robert (1875),
8496:10.1017/S0047404598003030
8431:Lifco, Madras, pp. 26–39.
8338:28 September 2007 at the
8025:, Government of Sri Lanka
7870:Raman, B. (15 July 2002)
7136:10.1017/S0041977X00021285
7068:Subramanian, S.V (1980),
6722:. Oxford University Press
5757:), Chinese (for example,
5672:
5658:
5645:
5632:
5619:
5179:), and the "irrational" (
4986:Tamil words consist of a
4476:Elamo-Dravidian languages
4284:Indus Valley Civilisation
4037:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora
3787:
3776:
3752:
3738:
3713:
3699:
3681:
3667:
3646:
3632:
3614:
3600:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3496:
3484:
3457:
3445:
3429:
3402:
3371:
3350:
3327:
3313:
3292:
3260:
3248:
3230:
3217:
3204:
3192:
3167:
3153:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3103:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2736:
2722:
2043:Sri Lankan Tamil dialects
1554:
1540:
1522:
1406:inscription in Mangulam,
1045:suggests an etymology of
899:
814:
805:
791:
767:
750:
739: – Modern Tamil
724:
706:
688:
683:
593:
566:
530:Official language in
528:
523:
507:
429:
347:
326:
222:
204:
185:
95:
81:
61:
46:
39:
37:
28:
23:
15723:Nearly extinct languages
14324:Cochin Portuguese creole
10385:Tamil Lexicon dictionary
10065:Bangalore Tamil dialects
9874:templates for discussion
9778:Fabricius, Johann Philip
9751:Zvelebil, Kamil (1992),
9699:Talbot, Cynthia (2001),
9333:Hart, George L. (1975),
9290:, Nauka Publishing House
8753:Lehmann, Thomas (1989),
8568:Zvelebil, Kamil (1973),
7818:Ghazali, Kamila (2010).
7342:Christy, Agatha (2019).
6949:Zvelebil, Kamil (1973).
5967:. The first line is the
5800:etc., was influenced by
5677:Tamil is a consistently
5028:pōkamuṭiyātavarkaḷukkāka
4998:. Tamil suffixes can be
4695:Tulu Nadu state movement
4471:Proto-Dravidian language
4287:Keezhadi excavation site
4042:Malaysian Tamil diaspora
3858:Keezhadi excavation site
2778:transliteration of Tamil
2199:Batticaloa Tamil dialect
2083:in the Kongu dialect of
1636:, (in India) and in the
1295:Proto-Dravidian language
1236:Vashishtiputra Sātakarni
1186:Keezhadi excavation site
53:The word "Tamil" in the
16057:Languages of Tamil Nadu
16037:Languages of Puducherry
15992:Agglutinative languages
15926:Mauritian Sign Language
15676:Malaysian Sign Language
14365:Languages of South Asia
10633:Simplified Tamil script
10281:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
9893:Encyclopædia Britannica
9717:Tieken, Herman (2001),
9645:The Dravidian Languages
9550:"Laboring for language"
9462:Harvard Oriental Series
9437:The Dravidian Languages
9355:The Dravidian Languages
9297:The Dravidian Languages
9286:Andronov, M.S. (1970),
8252:"Recognising a classic"
8224:, India, archived from
7876:The Hindu Business Line
7856:Tamil Hindus in Karachi
7641:10.1515/ijsl.1978.16.59
6976:Allen, Charles (2017).
4690:Kannada language rights
4495:Dravidian folk religion
2674:amongst others such as
1743:, Indonesia, Thailand,
1624:Geographic distribution
1001:Hathigumpha inscription
930:natively spoken by the
866:question marks or boxes
16052:Languages of Sri Lanka
16047:Languages of Singapore
16032:Languages of Mauritius
16017:Languages of Karnataka
16012:Languages of Indonesia
15764:Languages of Mauritius
15704:Selangor Sign Language
14823:Bruneian/Kedayan Malay
14628:Kelantan-Pattani Malay
13702:Languages of Sri Lanka
12792:Languages of Singapore
10814:Deputy chief ministers
10370:Purapporul Venbamaalai
10175:World Tamil Conference
8903:Meenakshisundaran 1965
7945:Ghasarian, Christian,
7619:Meenakshisundaran 1965
7607:Meenakshisundaran 1965
7512:Meenakshisundaran 1965
7249:Yandel, Keith (2000),
7094:Perumal, A. K. (2005)
6807:Abraham, S.A. (2003),
6303:
6289:
6275:
6261:
6247:
6233:
6219:
6205:
6191:
6177:
6163:
6149:
6135:
6121:
6107:
6093:
6079:
6065:
6051:
6037:
6023:
6001:
5979:
5895:meaning 'rolled up'),
5410:(எவ்வழி) "which way".
5214:peyarccol (Name-words)
4777:Tamil tongue twisters.
4772:
4438:Dravidian architecture
4428:Dravidian civilization
4303:History of South India
4184:Politics of Tamil Nadu
4139:Hinduism in Tamil Nadu
4129:Religion in Tamil Nadu
2659:
2644:
2319:
1973:
1963:
1487:
1426:
1266:
1224:
1188:
1178:
854:This article contains
816:This article contains
746: – Old Tamil
649:Tamil Language Council
176:North-Western Province
16027:Languages of Malaysia
14943:Kota Marudu Talantang
14673:Negeri Sembilan Malay
14420:Languages of Malaysia
13892:Semiofficial language
13807:a liturgical language
13621:Tsotsitaal and Camtho
12156:Constitution of India
12054:Proto-South Dravidian
10401:Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai
10070:Central Tamil dialect
10020:Proto-South Dravidian
9665:, London: Routledge,
9516:, London: Routledge,
9498:, New Delhi: Mittal,
9155:Laboring for language
7180:Nagaswamy, N (1995),
7098:(Tamil), pp. 302–318.
6828:10.1353/asi.2003.0031
6184:mənətt͡ʃaːʈt͡ʃijəijum
5945:'bundled logs'), and
5821:Parithimaar Kalaignar
5702:null-subject language
5427:grammatical particles
5402:(அவ்வழி) "that way",
5398:(இவ்வழி) "this way",
5316:Those ones which did
4990:to which one or more
4771:
4710:Dravidian nationalism
4189:Dravidian nationalism
4144:Hinduism in Sri Lanka
4032:Indian Tamil diaspora
3838:History of Tamil Nadu
2650:
2634:
2318:
2207:Negombo Tamil dialect
2175:Central Tamil dialect
2109:dialects of Sri Lanka
1972:
1939:
1492:Middle Tamil language
1459:
1399:
1307:Harappan civilization
1230:
1199:
1184:
1169:
1133:Tamil language family
1090:The Tamil Lexicon of
942:in India, along with
15792:Vernacular languages
15699:Penang Sign Language
15681:Manually Coded Malay
14052:Non-tribal languages
14002:Arabic Sign Language
13857:Languages of Bahrain
13810:a dialect of Sinhala
13421:unofficial languages
12857:Indigenous languages
10819:Legislative Assembly
10466:Indo-Aryan languages
10291:Tamil Ganaptya texts
10223:List of Sangam poets
10168:Global organizations
9576:, Dordrecht: Foris,
9454:Mahadevan, Iravatham
9395:Indo-Iranian Journal
8816:on 19 September 2003
8574:, BRILL, p. 4,
8571:The Smile of Murugan
8400:Indo-Iranian Journal
8305:. 17 September 2004.
8262:on 26 September 2007
8061:, Ccat.sas.upenn.edu
7392:Smithsonian Magazine
7223:Indo-Iranian Journal
7186:, Brahad Prakashan,
6636:languagesdept.gov.lk
6072:sud̪ən̪d̪irəmaːgəʋeː
5609:Tamil does not have
4920:Indo-Aryan languages
4433:South Indian culture
4100:Tamil New Zealanders
4076:Tamil South Africans
3843:History of Sri Lanka
2796:Numerals and symbols
2657:palm leaf manuscript
2569:improve this article
2250:Kanyakumari district
2203:Jaffna Tamil dialect
2061:socioeconomic status
1887:Parliament of Canada
1809:United Arab Emirates
1596:University of Madras
1480:Brahadeeswara temple
1092:University of Madras
16022:Languages of Kerala
16002:Dravidian languages
15813:Immigrant languages
15182:Malaysian Cantonese
14938:Klias River Kadazan
14355:Dravidian languages
13788:Ceylon Creole Dutch
12917:Immigrant languages
12578:100,000 – 1 million
11304:Dravidian languages
10471:Dravidian languages
10271:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
9288:Dravidian Languages
9022:South Asia Research
8484:Language in Society
8002:, Language in India
7975:, Language in India
7860:Pakistan Hindu Post
7838:The News (Pakistan)
6716:"Tamil, n. and adj"
6697:on 2 September 2015
5883:Examples in English
5814:taṉit tamiḻ iyakkam
5689:effects. Tamil has
5683:subject–object–verb
5669:(our) that do not.
5551:transitivity marker
4461:Dravidian languages
4316:Dravidian dynasties
4264:culture and history
4256:Part of a series on
3533:
3470:Lateral approximant
3049:
2730:(with the inherent
2399:Subramanya Bharathi
2270:Vaishnava paribasai
2243:in Kerala has many
2225:Loanword variations
2091:in the dialects of
2015:Audio recording of
1949:Villupuram district
1910:Government of India
1789:Trinidad and Tobago
1759:speakers exists in
1607:Pure Tamil Movement
1601:A strong strain of
1594:, published by the
1129:Indian subcontinent
1125:Dravidian languages
1112:Dravidian languages
1011:, also refers to a
1007:, the Jain king of
940:classical languages
780: Modern Tamil
568:Recognised minority
448:Tamil-Brahmi script
116:Puducherry district
109:Union territory of
15771:Official languages
15529:Mixed & Others
15271:Malaysian Mandarin
14360:Languages of India
14339:Suriyani Malayalam
13908:Minority languages
13742:Sri Lankan English
13709:Official languages
13300:(Sesotho sa Leboa)
12730:Linguistic history
12111:Languages of India
11583:Suriyani Malayalam
10628:Tanittamil Iyakkam
10581:Tamil onomatopoeia
10208:Tamil books of Law
9685:, Feminist Press,
9530:Rajam, VS (1992),
9407:10.1007/BF00162818
9139:tanittamil iyakkam
8905:, pp. 169–193
8322:. 28 October 2005.
8228:on 3 February 2013
7921:McMahon, Suzanne,
7771:Murthy et al. 1990
7621:, pp. 122–123
7526:, pp. 213–215
7514:, pp. 132–133
7438:, 21 November 2007
7287:, pp. 249–250
7211:, pp. 199–205
7021:, pp. 129–132
6816:Asian Perspectives
6580:on 21 October 2012
6428:protected language
6410:Language geography
5751:"sago" from Malay
5470:aḻintukkoṇṭiruntēṉ
5171:)—the "rational" (
4773:
4700:Telugu Desam Party
3529:
3047:
2660:
2645:
2320:
2209:in Sri Lanka; and
2193:, Kumari Tamil in
2155:in the dialect of
2135:in the dialect of
1974:
1964:
1918:President of India
1914:Classical language
1585:Thambiran Vanakkam
1488:
1427:
1392:Old Tamil language
1289:Historical origins
1267:
1225:
1189:
1179:
955:Dravidian language
928:Dravidian language
625:World Tamil Sangam
218:: 8 million (2011)
15940:
15939:
15934:
15933:
15730:
15729:
15720:Extinct languages
15712:
15711:
15469:
15468:
15146:
15145:
14978:Mainstream Kenyah
14463:
14462:
14386:
14385:
14010:
14009:
13864:Official language
13816:
13815:
13668:
13667:
13664:
13663:
13577:
13576:
13426:1996 constitution
13414:
13413:
13410:
13409:
13335:Southern Ndebele
13186:
13185:
13166:
13165:
12852:
12851:
12758:
12757:
12721:
12720:
12424:
12423:
12077:
12076:
12070:extinct languages
12032:
12031:
12004:Kumarbhag Paharia
11973:
11972:
11915:
11914:
11911:
11910:
11769:
11768:
11696:
11695:
11692:
11691:
11383:
11382:
11270:
11269:
10952:Sexual minorities
10937:Radio on Internet
10824:Political parties
10661:
10660:
10648:Formation of CICT
10442:
10441:
10419:Asthana Kolahalam
10203:Sangam literature
10163:
10162:
9780:(1933 and 1972),
9762:978-90-04-09365-2
9755:, Leiden: Brill,
9728:978-90-6980-134-6
9710:978-0-19-513661-6
9692:978-1-55861-027-9
9672:978-0-415-34672-6
9654:978-0-415-10023-6
9636:978-0-415-33323-8
9603:978-0-521-64074-9
9583:978-90-70176-55-6
9565:978-0-585-10600-7
9541:978-0-87169-199-6
9523:978-0-7007-1533-6
9505:978-81-7099-211-0
9471:978-0-674-01227-1
9446:978-0-415-10023-6
9386:978-981-230-799-6
9368:978-0-521-77111-5
9346:978-0-520-02672-8
9306:978-0-415-10023-6
8891:Krishnamurti 2003
8779:978-0-89789-468-5
8740:978-90-272-2958-8
8581:978-90-04-03591-1
8388:, pp. 100–28
8342:. ciil-ebooks.net
8331:Arokianathan, S.
8279:Language in India
8102:, 13 January 2017
7773:, pp. 85–106
7735:Krishnamurti 2003
7260:978-0-7007-1101-7
7096:Manorama Yearbook
7083:Krishnamurti 2003
6962:978-90-04-03591-1
6554:(27th ed., 2024)
6536:(27th ed., 2024)
6243:among-one-another
5915:'pepper water'),
5825:Maraimalai Adigal
5738:linguistic purism
5588:
5587:
5334:. These were the
5320:
5319:
4867:
4860:
4844:
4837:
4821:
4814:
4798:
4791:
4763:
4762:
4715:Dravidian parties
4705:Tamil nationalism
4574:Dravidian peoples
4443:Dravidian studies
4251:
4250:
4194:Tamil Nationalism
4096:Tamil Seychellois
4064:Tamil Indonesians
4048:Tamil Australians
4002:Sri Lankan Tamils
3764:
3763:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3509:
3508:
3048:Tamil consonants
3034:
3033:
2946:
2945:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2473:In modern times,
2392:
2367:
2337:
2147:is the source of
2010:
1989:
1926:Indian Parliament
1839:official language
1611:Dravidian parties
1603:linguistic purism
1496:The evolution of
1465:Vatteluttu script
1446:Sangam literature
1192:Legendary origins
1024:Samavayanga Sutra
1017:Tamil confederacy
966:Sangam literature
946:, attested since
862:rendering support
842:
841:
824:rendering support
820:phonetic symbols.
595:Regulated by
472:Kolezhuthu script
460:Vatteluttu script
161:Northern Province
152:
144:
131:
123:
120:Karaikal district
16079:
15969:
15968:
15967:
15957:
15956:
15948:
15804:Rodriguan creole
15799:Mauritian Creole
15757:
15750:
15743:
15734:
15733:
15666:
15665:
15266:Mandarin Chinese
15157:
15156:
14753:Terengganu Malay
14553:
14552:
14431:
14430:
14413:
14406:
14399:
14390:
14389:
14184:Attapady Kurumba
14107:Tribal languages
14101:
14037:
14030:
14023:
14014:
14013:
13855:
13854:
13843:
13836:
13829:
13820:
13819:
13747:Sri Lankan Malay
13737:Sri Lankan Tamil
13695:
13688:
13681:
13672:
13671:
13646:SA Sign Language
13586:
13585:
13476:Northern Ndebele
13431:
13430:
13423:mentioned in the
13286:
13285:
13254:
13253:
13213:
13206:
13199:
13190:
13189:
12921:
12920:
12876:Creole languages
12863:Johor-Riau Malay
12803:
12802:
12785:
12778:
12771:
12762:
12761:
12439:
12438:
12279:State-level only
12126:
12125:
12104:
12097:
12090:
12081:
12080:
11984:
11983:
11924:
11923:
11823:
11822:
11778:
11777:
11471:
11470:
11454:Attapady Kurumba
11355:Maundadan Chetti
11333:
11332:
11324:
11323:
11317:
11316:
11297:
11290:
11283:
11274:
11273:
11264:India portal
11262:
11261:
11260:
10789:
10777:Cirrochroa Thais
10700:
10699:
10698:
10688:
10681:
10674:
10665:
10664:
10555:Tamil honorifics
10286:Vinayagar Agaval
10251:Kampa Irāmāyaṉam
10213:Five Great Epics
10193:
10192:
10055:
10054:
9974:
9967:
9960:
9951:
9950:
9938:
9937:
9929:
9921:
9907:
9850:
9849:
9828:
9811:
9765:
9747:
9731:
9713:
9695:
9675:
9657:
9639:
9621:
9606:
9586:
9568:
9544:
9526:
9508:
9490:
9474:
9449:
9431:
9425:
9417:
9389:
9371:
9349:
9329:
9309:
9291:
9272:
9271:
9261:
9255:
9248:
9242:
9241:
9240:
9238:
9224:
9213:
9203:
9197:
9196:
9194:
9192:
9177:
9171:
9164:
9158:
9148:
9142:
9133:Varadarajan, M.
9131:
9125:
9124:
9088:
9077:
9071:
9064:
9058:
9052:
9046:
9044:
9017:
9011:
8996:
8990:
8975:
8969:
8968:, pp. 87–88
8963:
8957:
8956:
8929:
8923:
8912:
8906:
8900:
8894:
8888:
8882:
8881:
8854:
8848:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8831:
8825:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8812:, archived from
8804:
8798:
8792:
8783:
8782:
8765:
8759:
8758:
8750:
8744:
8743:
8726:
8720:
8719:
8687:
8681:
8680:
8679:
8677:
8664:
8658:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8640:
8634:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8621:, archived from
8611:
8605:
8591:
8585:
8584:
8565:
8559:
8553:
8547:
8541:
8535:
8533:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8475:
8466:
8455:
8449:
8442:"Tamil dialects"
8438:
8432:
8429:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8395:
8389:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8349:
8343:
8329:
8323:
8313:
8307:
8306:
8299:
8293:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8270:
8264:
8263:
8258:, archived from
8247:
8241:
8240:
8235:
8233:
8209:
8203:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8184:
8178:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8159:
8153:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8120:, 8 October 2016
8110:
8104:
8103:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8076:
8070:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8053:
8047:
8040:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8017:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8001:
7990:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7966:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7918:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7884:
7878:
7868:
7862:
7852:
7846:
7845:
7840:, archived from
7829:
7823:
7816:
7810:
7804:
7798:
7792:
7786:
7780:
7774:
7768:
7762:
7761:, pp. 27–37
7756:
7750:
7744:
7738:
7732:
7723:
7717:
7711:
7706:
7697:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7659:
7653:
7651:
7628:
7622:
7616:
7610:
7604:
7598:
7597:, pp. 107–8
7592:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7560:
7533:
7527:
7521:
7515:
7509:
7503:
7497:
7491:
7490:, pp. 90–95
7485:
7479:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7464:, Chennai, India
7453:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7428:
7419:
7418:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7386:Gershon, Livia.
7383:
7377:
7376:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7348:
7339:
7333:
7332:
7315:
7309:
7308:, pp. 75–76
7303:
7288:
7282:
7276:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7218:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7194:, archived from
7177:
7171:
7165:
7159:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7105:
7099:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7065:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7040:
7034:
7033:, p. ix–xvi
7028:
7022:
7016:
7007:
7006:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6946:
6935:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6921:, Chennai, India
6910:
6904:
6902:
6867:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6839:
6813:
6804:
6798:
6793:
6787:
6781:
6775:
6773:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6690:School languages
6685:
6679:
6678:
6667:
6661:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6612:
6605:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6543:
6542:
6525:
6516:
6515:, pp. 27–37
6510:
6493:
6488:
6484:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6435:
6429:
6426:
6240:oruʋəruɖənoruʋər
6237:oruvaruṭaṉoruvar
6181:maṉaccāṭciyaiyum
6178:மனச்சாட்சியையும்
6131:dignities-in-and
6086:pirəkːin̺d̺ranər
5954:
5944:
5934:
5924:
5914:
5904:
5894:
5880:
5870:
5864:
5816:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5718:
5710:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5476:
5465:
5438:is the object of
5210:
5185:
5177:
5169:
5151:
5147:
5112:
5099:
5086:
5073:
5069:
4981:
4973:
4965:
4957:
4949:
4937:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4770:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4273:
4253:
4252:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4217:Tamil portal
4215:
4214:
4213:
4092:Tamil Pakistanis
4084:Tamil Mauritians
4012:Singapore Tamils
4007:Malaysian Tamils
3823:
3800:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3374:
3373:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3338:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3050:
3046:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2810:
2809:
2739:
2738:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2704:, as with other
2672:
2596:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2553:
2545:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:Tamil literature
2479:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2434:), and a modern
2432:
2424:
2394:
2393:
2369:
2368:
2339:
2338:
2317:
2264:who migrated to
2215:Sankethi dialect
2172:
2165:
2153:
2145:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2105:
2081:
2069:
2053:socio-linguistic
2012:
2011:
1991:
1990:
1971:
1961:
1958:
1928:on 6 June 2004.
1757:Pakistani Tamils
1686:the hill country
1557:
1556:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1477:
1474:
1467:in stone during
1463:inscriptions in
1424:
1420:
1417:
1408:Madurai district
1244:
1241:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1206:Madurai district
1200:Explanation for
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1040:
1034:
1013:Tamira Samghatta
949:
925:
924:
923:
917:
915:[t̪amiɻ]
912:
908:
902:
901:
879:
850:
849:
810:
801:
787: Old Tamil
786:
779:
762:
745:
738:
729:
720:
719:
711:
702:
701:
693:
620:Tamil University
570:language in
513:
435:
423:
228:
197:Sri Lankan Moors
171:Central Province
166:Eastern Province
150:
142:
129:
113:
77:
76:
75:
69:
67:[t̪amiɻ]
51:
42:
41:
33:
21:
20:
16087:
16086:
16082:
16081:
16080:
16078:
16077:
16076:
15977:
15976:
15975:
15965:
15963:
15951:
15943:
15941:
15936:
15935:
15930:
15914:
15808:
15787:
15766:
15761:
15731:
15726:
15708:
15687:
15655:
15550:
15524:
15465:
15449:
15411:
15352:
15346:
15306:Malaysian Tamil
15279:
15152:
15142:
14863:Eastern Kadazan
14843:Coastal Kadazan
14769:
14762:
14574:
14567:
14546:
14537:
14459:
14422:
14417:
14387:
14382:
14369:
14343:
14334:Judeo-Malayalam
14297:
14102:
14093:
14059:Arabi Malayalam
14047:
14041:
14011:
14006:
13990:
13903:
13887:
13859:
13849:
13847:
13817:
13812:
13797:
13771:
13725:
13704:
13699:
13669:
13660:
13609:
13573:
13547:
13490:
13424:
13422:
13420:
13406:
13387:
13366:
13321:
13306:Southern Sotho
13298:Northern Sotho
13275:
13245:
13222:
13217:
13187:
13182:
13162:
13106:
13041:
12974:
12912:
12871:
12848:
12817:
12794:
12789:
12759:
12754:
12740:Multilingualism
12717:
12579:
12572:
12444:
12433:
12431:
12420:
12274:
12154:
12145:
12120:
12113:
12108:
12078:
12073:
12059:
12047:Proto-Dravidian
12038:Proto-languages
12028:
12015:
11969:
11943:
11907:
11871:
11814:
11765:
11739:
11688:
11578:Judeo-Malayalam
11544:
11466:
11460:
11432:
11411:
11392:
11379:
11328:
11306:
11301:
11271:
11266:
11258:
11256:
11250:
11217:
11168:Tiruchirappalli
11014:
11000:Tiruchirappalli
10971:
10932:Protected areas
10853:
10809:Chief ministers
10790:
10781:
10731:
10724:
10709:
10696:
10694:
10692:
10662:
10657:
10653:Project Madurai
10611:
10595:Transliteration
10590:
10576:Tamil phonology
10564:
10542:
10536:
10517:Pallava grantha
10485:
10449:other languages
10448:
10438:
10412:natural science
10411:
10410:Mathematics and
10405:
10389:
10352:
10346:
10295:
10238:
10232:
10218:Ponniyin Selvan
10184:
10159:
10138:
10134:Malaysian Tamil
10127:Southeast Asian
10122:
10094:
10046:
10015:Proto-Dravidian
9983:
9978:
9943:
9877:
9858:
9853:
9809:10.2307/2659023
9773:
9771:Further reading
9768:
9763:
9729:
9711:
9693:
9673:
9655:
9637:
9604:
9584:
9566:
9542:
9524:
9506:
9472:
9447:
9419:
9418:
9387:
9369:
9347:
9327:
9307:
9281:
9276:
9275:
9263:
9262:
9258:
9249:
9245:
9236:
9234:
9226:
9225:
9216:
9204:
9200:
9190:
9188:
9179:
9178:
9174:
9165:
9161:
9149:
9145:
9132:
9128:
9106:10.2307/2659024
9078:
9074:
9065:
9061:
9053:
9049:
9018:
9014:
8997:
8993:
8976:
8972:
8964:
8960:
8930:
8926:
8913:
8909:
8901:
8897:
8889:
8885:
8855:
8851:
8842:
8840:
8833:
8832:
8828:
8819:
8817:
8806:
8805:
8801:
8793:
8786:
8780:
8766:
8762:
8751:
8747:
8741:
8727:
8723:
8688:
8684:
8675:
8673:
8665:
8661:
8652:
8650:
8641:
8637:
8628:
8626:
8613:
8612:
8608:
8592:
8588:
8582:
8566:
8562:
8554:
8550:
8542:
8538:
8507:
8503:
8476:
8469:
8456:
8452:
8439:
8435:
8427:Vāḻaiyaṭi vāḻai
8422:
8418:
8396:
8392:
8384:
8380:
8350:
8346:
8340:Wayback Machine
8330:
8326:
8314:
8310:
8301:
8300:
8296:
8287:
8285:
8271:
8267:
8248:
8244:
8231:
8229:
8210:
8206:
8197:
8195:
8185:
8181:
8172:
8170:
8169:, 21 March 2014
8161:
8160:
8156:
8147:
8145:
8137:
8136:
8132:
8123:
8121:
8118:The News Minute
8112:
8111:
8107:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8086:. 6 March 2014.
8078:
8077:
8073:
8064:
8062:
8055:
8054:
8050:
8041:
8037:
8028:
8026:
8019:
8018:
8014:
8005:
8003:
7999:
7991:
7987:
7978:
7976:
7967:
7963:
7954:
7952:
7943:
7939:
7930:
7928:
7919:
7915:
7905:
7903:
7885:
7881:
7869:
7865:
7853:
7849:
7844:on 17 June 2013
7830:
7826:
7817:
7813:
7805:
7801:
7793:
7789:
7781:
7777:
7769:
7765:
7757:
7753:
7745:
7741:
7733:
7726:
7718:
7714:
7707:
7700:
7691:
7689:
7678:
7674:
7660:
7656:
7629:
7625:
7617:
7613:
7605:
7601:
7593:
7589:
7581:
7577:
7569:
7565:
7534:
7530:
7522:
7518:
7510:
7506:
7498:
7494:
7486:
7482:
7473:
7469:
7454:
7450:
7441:
7439:
7430:
7429:
7422:
7411:
7410:
7406:
7396:
7394:
7384:
7380:
7367:
7366:
7362:
7346:
7340:
7336:
7317:
7316:
7312:
7304:
7291:
7285:Southworth 2005
7283:
7279:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7247:
7243:
7229:(11): 281–288,
7219:
7215:
7207:
7203:
7198:on 20 July 2011
7178:
7174:
7166:
7162:
7154:
7150:
7120:
7116:
7107:
7106:
7102:
7093:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7066:
7062:
7051:
7049:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7029:
7025:
7019:Southworth 1998
7017:
7010:
6999:
6995:
6988:
6974:
6970:
6963:
6947:
6938:
6930:
6926:
6911:
6907:
6884:10.2307/2943246
6868:
6864:
6856:
6852:
6811:
6805:
6801:
6794:
6790:
6782:
6778:
6755:10.2307/2053325
6739:
6735:
6725:
6723:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6700:
6698:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6655:
6651:
6641:
6639:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6592:
6583:
6581:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6555:
6544:
6537:
6526:
6519:
6511:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6496:
6486:
6482:
6462:
6441:
6437:
6436:
6432:
6427:
6423:
6418:
6400:Tamil Shorthand
6366:
6361:
6315:
6301:
6296:nəɖən̪d̪ʉkoɭɭəl
6287:
6273:
6259:
6245:
6231:
6217:
6215:possessed-ones.
6203:
6189:
6175:
6161:
6147:
6142:səməmaːnəʋərgəɭ
6139:camamāṉavarkaḷ,
6133:
6119:
6105:
6091:
6077:
6069:cutantiramākavē
6063:
6049:
6035:
6021:
5999:
5961:
5859:, via Sanskrit
5851:
5845:
5806:Sanskritisation
5734:
5675:
5583:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5315:
5309:That which did
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5234:
5225:
5161:
5156:
5136:
5125:
5114:
5101:
5088:
5075:
5058:
5047:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4856:
4853:
4851:ல-கரம், ள-கரம்.
4847:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4833:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4810:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4787:
4784:
4782:ல-கரம், ழ-கரம்.
4778:
4774:
4768:
4759:
4725:
4724:
4685:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4568:
4560:
4559:
4539:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4489:
4481:
4480:
4456:
4448:
4447:
4423:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4312:
4298:
4290:
4289:
4281:
4247:
4211:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4179:
4171:
4170:
4119:
4111:
4110:
4072:Tamil Americans
4068:Tamil Canadians
4046:
4027:
4017:
4016:
3992:
3982:
3981:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3833:
3798:
3076:Alveolo-palatal
3045:
3043:Tamil phonology
3039:
2804:
2798:
2759:Tamil phonology
2686:consists of 12
2629:
2611:
2603:Main articles:
2597:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2566:
2554:
2543:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2340:
2331:
2328:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2304:, and English.
2276:have their own
2237:
2227:
2211:Malaysian Tamil
2049:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1959:
1934:
1835:
1829:
1626:
1564:
1494:
1475:
1454:
1422:
1418:
1394:
1388:
1318:
1291:
1242:
1220:
1216:
1194:
1164:
1143:languages (see
1119:belongs to the
1114:
1108:
981:
919:
918:
910:
892:
891:
890:
880:
871:
870:
869:
860:Without proper
851:
847:
822:Without proper
797:
782:
781:
775:
758:
755:
741:
740:
734:
733:
725:
715:
714:
707:
697:
696:
689:
589:
588:
571:
569:
531:
524:Official status
514:
509:
503:
436:
431:
343:
329:
322:
229:
226:Language family
224:
214:
207:
206:Native speakers
71:
70:
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
16085:
16075:
16074:
16069:
16064:
16059:
16054:
16049:
16044:
16039:
16034:
16029:
16024:
16019:
16014:
16009:
16004:
15999:
15994:
15989:
15987:Tamil language
15974:
15973:
15961:
15938:
15937:
15932:
15931:
15929:
15928:
15922:
15920:
15919:Sign languages
15916:
15915:
15913:
15912:
15907:
15902:
15897:
15892:
15887:
15882:
15877:
15872:
15867:
15862:
15857:
15852:
15847:
15842:
15837:
15832:
15827:
15822:
15816:
15814:
15810:
15809:
15807:
15806:
15801:
15795:
15793:
15789:
15788:
15786:
15785:
15780:
15774:
15772:
15768:
15767:
15760:
15759:
15752:
15745:
15737:
15728:
15727:
15725:
15724:
15721:
15717:
15714:
15713:
15710:
15709:
15707:
15706:
15701:
15695:
15693:
15689:
15688:
15686:
15685:
15684:
15683:
15672:
15670:
15663:
15657:
15656:
15654:
15653:
15648:
15643:
15638:
15633:
15628:
15623:
15618:
15613:
15608:
15607:
15606:
15596:
15591:
15586:
15581:
15576:
15571:
15566:
15560:
15558:
15552:
15551:
15549:
15548:
15543:
15538:
15532:
15530:
15526:
15525:
15523:
15522:
15521:
15520:
15515:
15510:
15505:
15495:
15490:
15485:
15479:
15477:
15471:
15470:
15467:
15466:
15464:
15463:
15457:
15455:
15451:
15450:
15448:
15447:
15446:
15445:
15440:
15435:
15430:
15419:
15417:
15413:
15412:
15410:
15409:
15404:
15399:
15394:
15389:
15384:
15379:
15378:
15377:
15367:
15362:
15356:
15354:
15348:
15347:
15345:
15344:
15343:
15342:
15337:
15332:
15327:
15317:
15316:
15315:
15310:
15309:
15308:
15298:
15287:
15285:
15281:
15280:
15278:
15277:
15276:
15275:
15274:
15273:
15263:
15262:
15261:
15260:
15259:
15258:
15257:
15247:
15246:
15245:
15243:Penang Hokkien
15240:
15225:
15220:
15215:
15214:
15213:
15208:
15193:
15188:
15187:
15186:
15185:
15184:
15163:
15161:
15154:
15148:
15147:
15144:
15143:
15141:
15140:
15135:
15130:
15125:
15120:
15115:
15110:
15105:
15100:
15095:
15090:
15085:
15080:
15075:
15073:Selungai Murut
15070:
15065:
15060:
15055:
15050:
15045:
15040:
15035:
15030:
15025:
15023:Punan Bah-Biau
15020:
15015:
15010:
15005:
15003:Nonukan Tidong
15000:
14995:
14990:
14985:
14980:
14975:
14970:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14950:
14945:
14940:
14935:
14930:
14925:
14923:Keningau Murut
14920:
14915:
14910:
14905:
14900:
14895:
14890:
14885:
14880:
14875:
14870:
14865:
14860:
14855:
14850:
14845:
14840:
14835:
14830:
14825:
14820:
14815:
14810:
14805:
14800:
14795:
14790:
14785:
14780:
14774:
14772:
14764:
14763:
14761:
14760:
14755:
14750:
14745:
14740:
14735:
14730:
14725:
14720:
14715:
14710:
14705:
14700:
14695:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14675:
14670:
14665:
14660:
14655:
14650:
14645:
14640:
14635:
14630:
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14590:
14585:
14579:
14577:
14569:
14568:
14566:
14565:
14559:
14557:
14550:
14539:
14538:
14536:
14535:
14534:
14533:
14523:
14522:
14521:
14516:
14511:
14506:
14501:
14496:
14486:
14485:
14484:
14473:
14471:
14465:
14464:
14461:
14460:
14458:
14457:
14456:
14455:
14445:
14439:
14437:
14428:
14424:
14423:
14416:
14415:
14408:
14401:
14393:
14384:
14383:
14381:
14380:
14374:
14371:
14370:
14368:
14367:
14362:
14357:
14351:
14349:
14348:Related topics
14345:
14344:
14342:
14341:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14311:
14305:
14303:
14299:
14298:
14296:
14295:
14290:
14288:Wayanad Chetti
14285:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14265:
14260:
14255:
14250:
14245:
14240:
14235:
14230:
14225:
14224:
14223:
14213:
14208:
14203:
14202:
14201:
14196:
14191:
14186:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14161:
14156:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14110:
14108:
14104:
14103:
14096:
14094:
14092:
14091:
14086:
14081:
14076:
14071:
14066:
14061:
14055:
14053:
14049:
14048:
14040:
14039:
14032:
14025:
14017:
14008:
14007:
14005:
14004:
13998:
13996:
13995:Sign languages
13992:
13991:
13989:
13988:
13983:
13982:
13981:
13976:
13971:
13961:
13960:
13959:
13954:
13949:
13939:
13938:
13937:
13932:
13927:
13922:
13911:
13909:
13905:
13904:
13902:
13901:
13895:
13893:
13889:
13888:
13886:
13885:
13884:
13883:
13878:
13867:
13865:
13861:
13860:
13846:
13845:
13838:
13831:
13823:
13814:
13813:
13802:
13799:
13798:
13796:
13795:
13790:
13785:
13779:
13777:
13773:
13772:
13770:
13769:
13764:
13759:
13754:
13749:
13744:
13739:
13733:
13731:
13727:
13726:
13724:
13723:
13718:
13712:
13710:
13706:
13705:
13698:
13697:
13690:
13683:
13675:
13666:
13665:
13662:
13661:
13659:
13658:
13653:
13648:
13643:
13638:
13636:Pretoria Sotho
13633:
13628:
13626:Oorlams Creole
13623:
13617:
13615:
13611:
13610:
13608:
13607:
13600:
13594:
13592:
13583:
13579:
13578:
13575:
13574:
13572:
13571:
13566:
13561:
13555:
13553:
13549:
13548:
13546:
13545:
13540:
13535:
13530:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13509:
13504:
13498:
13496:
13492:
13491:
13489:
13488:
13483:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13453:
13448:
13443:
13437:
13435:
13428:
13416:
13415:
13412:
13411:
13408:
13407:
13405:
13404:
13395:
13393:
13389:
13388:
13386:
13385:
13376:
13374:
13368:
13367:
13365:
13364:
13356:
13348:
13340:
13331:
13329:
13323:
13322:
13320:
13319:
13311:
13303:
13294:
13292:
13283:
13281:Southern Bantu
13277:
13276:
13274:
13273:
13268:
13262:
13260:
13251:
13247:
13246:
13244:
13243:
13238:
13233:
13227:
13224:
13223:
13216:
13215:
13208:
13201:
13193:
13184:
13183:
13181:
13180:
13174:
13172:
13171:Sign languages
13168:
13167:
13164:
13163:
13161:
13160:
13155:
13150:
13145:
13140:
13135:
13130:
13125:
13120:
13114:
13112:
13108:
13107:
13105:
13104:
13099:
13094:
13089:
13084:
13083:
13082:
13077:
13072:
13062:
13057:
13051:
13049:
13043:
13042:
13040:
13039:
13038:
13037:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13017:
13012:
13002:
13001:
13000:
12995:
12984:
12982:
12976:
12975:
12973:
12972:
12971:
12970:
12965:
12960:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12929:
12927:
12918:
12914:
12913:
12911:
12910:
12905:
12900:
12895:
12890:
12885:
12879:
12877:
12873:
12872:
12870:
12869:
12864:
12860:
12858:
12854:
12853:
12850:
12849:
12847:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12825:
12823:
12819:
12818:
12816:
12815:
12809:
12807:
12800:
12799:Main languages
12796:
12795:
12788:
12787:
12780:
12773:
12765:
12756:
12755:
12753:
12752:
12747:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12726:
12723:
12722:
12719:
12718:
12716:
12715:
12710:
12705:
12700:
12695:
12690:
12685:
12680:
12675:
12670:
12665:
12660:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12584:
12582:
12574:
12573:
12571:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12535:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12515:
12510:
12505:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12449:
12447:
12443:Over 1 million
12436:
12426:
12425:
12422:
12421:
12419:
12418:
12413:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12393:
12388:
12383:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12328:
12323:
12318:
12313:
12308:
12303:
12298:
12293:
12288:
12282:
12280:
12276:
12275:
12273:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12242:
12237:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12160:
12158:
12147:
12146:
12144:
12143:
12138:
12132:
12130:
12123:
12115:
12114:
12107:
12106:
12099:
12092:
12084:
12075:
12074:
12064:
12061:
12060:
12058:
12057:
12050:
12042:
12040:
12034:
12033:
12030:
12029:
12027:
12026:
12020:
12017:
12016:
12014:
12013:
12012:
12011:
12009:Sauria Paharia
12006:
11996:
11990:
11988:
11981:
11975:
11974:
11971:
11970:
11968:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11951:
11949:
11945:
11944:
11942:
11941:
11936:
11930:
11928:
11921:
11917:
11916:
11913:
11912:
11909:
11908:
11906:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11879:
11877:
11873:
11872:
11870:
11869:
11864:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11831:
11829:
11820:
11816:
11815:
11813:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11786:
11784:
11775:
11771:
11770:
11767:
11766:
11764:
11763:
11758:
11753:
11747:
11745:
11741:
11740:
11738:
11737:
11732:
11731:
11730:
11725:
11715:
11710:
11704:
11702:
11698:
11697:
11694:
11693:
11690:
11689:
11687:
11686:
11684:Wayanad Chetti
11681:
11676:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11586:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11554:
11552:
11546:
11545:
11543:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11491:
11490:
11479:
11477:
11468:
11462:
11461:
11459:
11458:
11457:
11456:
11446:
11440:
11438:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11430:
11425:
11419:
11417:
11413:
11412:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11398:
11394:
11393:
11391:
11390:
11384:
11381:
11380:
11378:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11347:
11341:
11339:
11330:
11321:
11314:
11308:
11307:
11300:
11299:
11292:
11285:
11277:
11268:
11267:
11255:
11252:
11251:
11249:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11227:
11225:
11219:
11218:
11216:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11193:Tiruvannamalai
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11130:
11128:Ramanathapuram
11125:
11120:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11098:Mayiladuthurai
11095:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11035:
11030:
11024:
11022:
11016:
11015:
11013:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10981:
10979:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10863:
10861:
10855:
10854:
10852:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10840:
10839:
10834:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10800:
10798:
10792:
10791:
10784:
10782:
10780:
10779:
10773:
10767:
10761:
10755:
10749:
10743:
10736:
10734:
10726:
10725:
10714:
10711:
10710:
10691:
10690:
10683:
10676:
10668:
10659:
10658:
10656:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10619:
10617:
10613:
10612:
10610:
10609:
10604:
10598:
10596:
10592:
10591:
10589:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10572:
10570:
10566:
10565:
10563:
10562:
10560:Tamil numerals
10557:
10552:
10546:
10544:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10493:
10491:
10487:
10486:
10484:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10452:
10450:
10444:
10443:
10440:
10439:
10437:
10436:
10431:
10429:Kaṇita Tīpikai
10426:
10424:Kaṇakkatikāram
10421:
10415:
10413:
10407:
10406:
10404:
10403:
10397:
10395:
10391:
10390:
10388:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10356:
10354:
10348:
10347:
10345:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10303:
10301:
10297:
10296:
10294:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10242:
10240:
10234:
10233:
10231:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10199:
10197:
10190:
10186:
10185:
10183:
10182:
10177:
10171:
10169:
10165:
10164:
10161:
10160:
10158:
10157:
10152:
10146:
10144:
10140:
10139:
10137:
10136:
10130:
10128:
10124:
10123:
10121:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10104:
10102:
10096:
10095:
10093:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10061:
10059:
10052:
10048:
10047:
10045:
10044:
10043:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9991:
9989:
9985:
9984:
9981:Tamil language
9977:
9976:
9969:
9962:
9954:
9948:
9945:
9944:
9935:
9934:
9931:Tamil language
9923:
9915:
9911:Tamil language
9901:
9896:
9888:Tamil language
9885:
9879:Tamil language
9857:
9856:External links
9854:
9852:
9851:
9840:(1): 111–116,
9829:
9791:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9766:
9761:
9748:
9732:
9727:
9714:
9709:
9696:
9691:
9676:
9671:
9658:
9653:
9640:
9635:
9622:
9607:
9602:
9587:
9582:
9569:
9564:
9545:
9540:
9527:
9522:
9509:
9504:
9491:
9475:
9470:
9450:
9445:
9432:
9401:(3): 191–224,
9390:
9385:
9372:
9367:
9350:
9345:
9330:
9325:
9310:
9305:
9292:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9256:
9243:
9214:
9198:
9172:
9159:
9151:Ramaswamy 1997
9143:
9126:
9086:Tamiḻ viṭututu
9072:
9059:
9047:
9012:
8991:
8970:
8958:
8946:10.2307/597587
8940:(4): 430–434,
8924:
8907:
8895:
8893:, p. 480.
8883:
8849:
8826:
8799:
8784:
8778:
8760:
8745:
8739:
8721:
8704:10.2307/600654
8698:(2): 272–276,
8682:
8659:
8635:
8625:on 9 June 2007
8606:
8586:
8580:
8560:
8548:
8536:
8523:10.2307/410134
8517:(3): 360–367,
8501:
8490:(3): 359–385,
8467:
8450:
8446:Tamil language
8433:
8416:
8390:
8378:
8366:10.2307/414796
8360:(1): 152–155,
8344:
8324:
8308:
8294:
8265:
8242:
8204:
8179:
8167:Jagranjosh.com
8154:
8130:
8105:
8089:
8071:
8048:
8035:
8012:
7985:
7961:
7937:
7913:
7879:
7863:
7847:
7824:
7811:
7799:
7787:
7775:
7763:
7751:
7739:
7724:
7720:Ramaswamy 1997
7712:
7709:Ramaswamy 1997
7698:
7672:
7654:
7623:
7611:
7599:
7587:
7575:
7563:
7561:at pp. 284–285
7550:10.2307/601707
7544:(2): 277–291,
7528:
7516:
7504:
7492:
7488:Mahadevan 2003
7480:
7467:
7448:
7420:
7404:
7378:
7360:
7334:
7331:on 18 May 2006
7310:
7289:
7277:
7273:Ramaswamy 1997
7265:
7259:
7241:
7213:
7209:Mahadevan 2003
7201:
7172:
7168:Mahadevan 2003
7160:
7148:
7114:
7100:
7087:
7075:
7060:
7035:
7023:
7008:
6993:
6986:
6968:
6961:
6936:
6924:
6905:
6878:(3): 603–616,
6862:
6850:
6799:
6788:
6776:
6733:
6707:
6680:
6662:
6649:
6623:
6613:on 8 July 2016
6590:
6563:
6517:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6430:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6407:
6405:Geolinguistics
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6380:Tamil keyboard
6377:
6372:
6365:
6362:
6302:
6288:
6274:
6260:
6246:
6234:ஒருவருடனொருவர்
6232:
6218:
6204:
6190:
6187:conscience-and
6176:
6170:nijaːjatːəijum
6162:
6148:
6134:
6120:
6106:
6092:
6083:piṟakkiṉṟaṉar;
6080:பிறக்கின்றனர்;
6078:
6064:
6050:
6036:
6022:
6000:
5978:
5977:
5960:
5957:
5847:Main article:
5844:
5841:
5829:abstract nouns
5733:
5730:
5708:muṭintuviṭṭatu
5674:
5671:
5586:
5585:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5474:
5473:
5445:
5430:
5388:demonstratives
5318:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5281:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5237:
5236:
5227:
5217:
5216:
5160:
5157:
5144:go accomplish
5126:
5115:
5102:
5089:
5076:
5059:
5048:
5037:
5036:
4912:metalinguistic
4890:Tamil employs
4884:Main article:
4872:
4864:
4854:
4849:
4848:
4841:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4818:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4795:
4785:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4399:Aryacakravarti
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4266:
4265:
4258:
4257:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4151:Tamil Buddhism
4148:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4080:Myanmar Tamils
4060:Tamil Italians
4056:British Tamils
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4025:Tamil diaspora
4023:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3947:Numeral system
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3902:Tamil Kingdoms
3899:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3797:
3794:
3766:Tamil has two
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3743:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3704:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3672:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3637:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3605:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3488:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3449:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3340:
3331:
3317:
3303:
3284:
3282:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3252:
3234:
3222:
3208:
3196:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3157:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3107:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3041:Main article:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2802:Tamil numerals
2800:Main article:
2797:
2794:
2766:Grantha script
2682:. The current
2623:Pallava script
2619:Grantha script
2599:
2598:
2557:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2541:Writing system
2539:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2341:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2282:Tamil Brahmins
2226:
2223:
2111:. Old Tamil's
2038:
2035:
2024:
2014:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1933:
1930:
1828:
1825:
1813:United Kingdom
1797:from Sri Lanka
1690:Andhra Pradesh
1658:Andhra Pradesh
1625:
1622:
1563:
1560:
1490:Main article:
1453:
1450:
1390:Main article:
1387:
1384:
1317:
1314:
1290:
1287:
1261:legend in the
1257:Bust of king;
1193:
1190:
1170:Findings from
1163:
1160:
1145:SIL Ethnologue
1123:branch of the
1110:Main article:
1107:
1106:Classification
1104:
1098:– "sweet" and
1043:Kamil Zvelebil
985:Pandiyan Kings
980:
977:
960:Tamil was the
881:
874:
873:
872:
864:, you may see
852:
845:
844:
843:
840:
839:
826:, you may see
812:
811:
803:
802:
795:
789:
788:
773:
765:
764:
756:
751:
748:
747:
730:
722:
721:
712:
704:
703:
694:
686:
685:
684:Language codes
681:
680:
679:
678:
664:
663:
652:
651:
640:
639:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
597:
591:
590:
587:
586:
581:
575:
574:
572:
567:
564:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
550:
549:
544:
532:
529:
526:
525:
521:
520:
515:
508:
505:
504:
502:
501:
491:
485:
475:
469:
466:Pallava script
463:
457:
454:Grantha script
451:
445:
439:
437:
433:Writing system
430:
427:
426:
425:
424:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
349:
345:
344:
342:
341:
332:
330:
327:
324:
323:
321:
320:
319:
318:
317:
316:
315:
314:
313:
312:
311:
310:
309:
308:
307:
306:
305:
304:
303:
302:
301:
300:
232:
230:
223:
220:
219:
208:
205:
202:
201:
200:
199:
194:
187:
183:
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:
173:
168:
163:
153:
148:Andhra Pradesh
145:
137:
132:
124:
107:
100:Southern India
97:
93:
92:
83:
82:Native to
79:
78:
63:
59:
58:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16084:
16073:
16070:
16068:
16065:
16063:
16060:
16058:
16055:
16053:
16050:
16048:
16045:
16043:
16040:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16030:
16028:
16025:
16023:
16020:
16018:
16015:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16000:
15998:
15995:
15993:
15990:
15988:
15985:
15984:
15982:
15972:
15962:
15960:
15955:
15950:
15949:
15946:
15927:
15924:
15923:
15921:
15917:
15911:
15908:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15896:
15893:
15891:
15888:
15886:
15883:
15881:
15878:
15876:
15873:
15871:
15868:
15866:
15863:
15861:
15858:
15856:
15853:
15851:
15848:
15846:
15843:
15841:
15838:
15836:
15833:
15831:
15828:
15826:
15823:
15821:
15818:
15817:
15815:
15811:
15805:
15802:
15800:
15797:
15796:
15794:
15790:
15784:
15781:
15779:
15776:
15775:
15773:
15769:
15765:
15758:
15753:
15751:
15746:
15744:
15739:
15738:
15735:
15722:
15719:
15718:
15715:
15705:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15696:
15694:
15690:
15682:
15679:
15678:
15677:
15674:
15673:
15671:
15667:
15664:
15662:
15658:
15652:
15649:
15647:
15644:
15642:
15639:
15637:
15634:
15632:
15629:
15627:
15624:
15622:
15619:
15617:
15614:
15612:
15609:
15605:
15602:
15601:
15600:
15597:
15595:
15592:
15590:
15589:East Timorese
15587:
15585:
15582:
15580:
15577:
15575:
15572:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15562:
15561:
15559:
15557:
15553:
15547:
15544:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15533:
15531:
15527:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15500:
15499:
15496:
15494:
15491:
15489:
15486:
15484:
15481:
15480:
15478:
15476:
15472:
15462:
15459:
15458:
15456:
15452:
15444:
15441:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15431:
15429:
15426:
15425:
15424:
15421:
15420:
15418:
15414:
15408:
15405:
15403:
15400:
15398:
15395:
15393:
15390:
15388:
15385:
15383:
15380:
15376:
15373:
15372:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15358:
15357:
15355:
15349:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15322:
15321:
15320:Indo-European
15318:
15314:
15311:
15307:
15304:
15303:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15293:
15292:
15289:
15288:
15286:
15282:
15272:
15269:
15268:
15267:
15264:
15256:
15253:
15252:
15251:
15248:
15244:
15241:
15239:
15236:
15235:
15234:
15231:
15230:
15229:
15226:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15212:
15209:
15207:
15204:
15203:
15202:
15199:
15198:
15197:
15194:
15192:
15189:
15183:
15180:
15179:
15178:
15175:
15174:
15173:
15170:
15169:
15168:
15165:
15164:
15162:
15158:
15155:
15149:
15139:
15136:
15134:
15131:
15129:
15126:
15124:
15121:
15119:
15116:
15114:
15111:
15109:
15106:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15081:
15079:
15076:
15074:
15071:
15069:
15066:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15058:Sarawak Malay
15056:
15054:
15051:
15049:
15046:
15044:
15041:
15039:
15036:
15034:
15031:
15029:
15026:
15024:
15021:
15019:
15016:
15014:
15011:
15009:
15006:
15004:
15001:
14999:
14996:
14994:
14991:
14989:
14986:
14984:
14981:
14979:
14976:
14974:
14971:
14969:
14966:
14964:
14961:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14949:
14946:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14934:
14931:
14929:
14926:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14916:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14844:
14841:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14828:Brunei Bisaya
14826:
14824:
14821:
14819:
14816:
14814:
14811:
14809:
14806:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14784:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14775:
14773:
14771:
14765:
14759:
14756:
14754:
14751:
14749:
14746:
14744:
14741:
14739:
14736:
14734:
14733:Southern Thai
14731:
14729:
14726:
14724:
14721:
14719:
14716:
14714:
14711:
14709:
14706:
14704:
14701:
14699:
14696:
14694:
14691:
14689:
14688:Orang Seletar
14686:
14684:
14681:
14679:
14676:
14674:
14671:
14669:
14666:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14641:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14580:
14578:
14576:
14570:
14564:
14561:
14560:
14558:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14544:
14540:
14532:
14529:
14528:
14527:
14524:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14494:North Bornean
14492:
14491:
14490:
14487:
14483:
14480:
14479:
14478:
14477:Austroasiatic
14475:
14474:
14472:
14470:
14466:
14454:
14451:
14450:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14440:
14438:
14436:
14432:
14429:
14425:
14421:
14414:
14409:
14407:
14402:
14400:
14395:
14394:
14391:
14379:
14376:
14375:
14372:
14366:
14363:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14352:
14350:
14346:
14340:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14306:
14304:
14300:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14264:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14236:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14222:
14219:
14218:
14217:
14214:
14212:
14209:
14207:
14204:
14200:
14199:Mullu Kurumba
14197:
14195:
14194:Jennu Kurumba
14192:
14190:
14189:Betta Kurumba
14187:
14185:
14182:
14181:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14111:
14109:
14105:
14100:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14056:
14054:
14050:
14046:
14043:Languages of
14038:
14033:
14031:
14026:
14024:
14019:
14018:
14015:
14003:
14000:
13999:
13997:
13993:
13987:
13984:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13966:
13965:
13962:
13958:
13955:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13945:
13944:
13943:
13940:
13936:
13933:
13931:
13928:
13926:
13923:
13921:
13918:
13917:
13916:
13913:
13912:
13910:
13906:
13900:
13897:
13896:
13894:
13890:
13882:
13879:
13877:
13874:
13873:
13872:
13869:
13868:
13866:
13862:
13858:
13853:
13844:
13839:
13837:
13832:
13830:
13825:
13824:
13821:
13811:
13808:
13805:
13800:
13794:
13791:
13789:
13786:
13784:
13781:
13780:
13778:
13774:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13734:
13732:
13728:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13713:
13711:
13707:
13703:
13696:
13691:
13689:
13684:
13682:
13677:
13676:
13673:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13647:
13644:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13618:
13616:
13612:
13606:
13605:
13601:
13599:
13596:
13595:
13593:
13591:
13587:
13584:
13580:
13570:
13567:
13565:
13562:
13560:
13557:
13556:
13554:
13550:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13499:
13497:
13493:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13438:
13436:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13417:
13403:
13402:
13397:
13396:
13394:
13390:
13384:
13383:
13378:
13377:
13375:
13373:
13369:
13363:
13362:
13357:
13355:
13354:
13349:
13347:
13346:
13341:
13339:
13338:
13333:
13332:
13330:
13328:
13324:
13318:
13317:
13312:
13310:
13309:
13304:
13302:
13301:
13296:
13295:
13293:
13291:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13278:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13263:
13261:
13259:
13258:West Germanic
13255:
13252:
13248:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13228:
13225:
13221:
13214:
13209:
13207:
13202:
13200:
13195:
13194:
13191:
13179:
13176:
13175:
13173:
13169:
13159:
13156:
13154:
13151:
13149:
13146:
13144:
13141:
13139:
13136:
13134:
13131:
13129:
13126:
13124:
13121:
13119:
13116:
13115:
13113:
13109:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13088:
13085:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13067:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13052:
13050:
13048:
13044:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13016:
13013:
13011:
13008:
13007:
13006:
13003:
12999:
12996:
12994:
12991:
12990:
12989:
12986:
12985:
12983:
12981:
12977:
12969:
12966:
12964:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12935:
12934:
12931:
12930:
12928:
12926:
12922:
12919:
12915:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12880:
12878:
12874:
12868:
12867:Orang Seletar
12865:
12862:
12861:
12859:
12855:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12827:
12826:
12824:
12820:
12814:
12811:
12810:
12808:
12804:
12801:
12797:
12793:
12786:
12781:
12779:
12774:
12772:
12767:
12766:
12763:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12727:
12724:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12585:
12583:
12581:
12575:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12450:
12448:
12446:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12427:
12417:
12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12352:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12296:Chhattisgarhi
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12283:
12281:
12277:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12161:
12159:
12157:
12152:
12148:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12134:
12133:
12131:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12116:
12112:
12105:
12100:
12098:
12093:
12091:
12086:
12085:
12082:
12071:
12067:
12062:
12056:
12055:
12051:
12049:
12048:
12044:
12043:
12041:
12039:
12035:
12025:
12022:
12021:
12018:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12001:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11991:
11989:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11976:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11952:
11950:
11946:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11931:
11929:
11925:
11922:
11918:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11880:
11878:
11874:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11862:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11832:
11830:
11828:
11824:
11821:
11817:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11787:
11785:
11783:
11779:
11776:
11774:South-Central
11772:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11748:
11746:
11742:
11736:
11733:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11720:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11705:
11703:
11699:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11674:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11647:Mullu Kurumba
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11637:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11560:
11559:
11556:
11555:
11553:
11551:
11547:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11489:
11486:
11485:
11484:
11481:
11480:
11478:
11476:
11472:
11469:
11463:
11455:
11452:
11451:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11441:
11439:
11435:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11420:
11418:
11414:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11395:
11389:
11386:
11385:
11376:
11375:Jennu Kurumba
11373:
11371:
11370:Betta Kurumba
11368:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11343:
11342:
11340:
11338:
11334:
11331:
11325:
11322:
11320:Tamil–Kannada
11318:
11315:
11313:
11309:
11305:
11298:
11293:
11291:
11286:
11284:
11279:
11278:
11275:
11265:
11253:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11228:
11226:
11224:
11220:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11025:
11023:
11021:
11017:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10982:
10980:
10978:
10974:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10942:Highest point
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10864:
10862:
10860:
10856:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10829:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10801:
10799:
10797:
10793:
10788:
10778:
10774:
10772:
10768:
10766:
10762:
10760:
10759:Gloriosa lily
10756:
10754:
10750:
10748:
10744:
10742:
10738:
10737:
10735:
10733:
10727:
10723:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10708:
10704:
10689:
10684:
10682:
10677:
10675:
10670:
10669:
10666:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10620:
10618:
10614:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10599:
10597:
10593:
10587:
10586:Tamil prosody
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10573:
10571:
10567:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10550:Tamil grammar
10548:
10547:
10545:
10539:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10527:Tamil Braille
10525:
10523:
10522:Modern script
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10494:
10492:
10488:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10453:
10451:
10445:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10416:
10414:
10408:
10402:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10392:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10357:
10355:
10349:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10304:
10302:
10298:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10243:
10241:
10235:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10200:
10198:
10194:
10191:
10187:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10172:
10170:
10166:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10150:Brahmin Tamil
10148:
10147:
10145:
10141:
10135:
10132:
10131:
10129:
10125:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10105:
10103:
10101:
10097:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10085:Madurai Tamil
10083:
10081:
10080:Madras Bashai
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10056:
10053:
10049:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10035:Second Sangam
10033:
10031:
10028:
10027:
10026:
10025:Tamil Sangams
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9992:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9975:
9970:
9968:
9963:
9961:
9956:
9955:
9952:
9946:
9939:
9932:
9928:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9914:at Wiktionary
9913:
9912:
9906:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9894:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9880:
9875:
9871:
9870:
9865:
9860:
9859:
9848:
9843:
9839:
9835:
9830:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9801:
9797:
9792:
9789:
9785:
9784:
9779:
9776:
9775:
9764:
9758:
9754:
9749:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9733:
9730:
9724:
9720:
9715:
9712:
9706:
9702:
9697:
9694:
9688:
9684:
9683:
9677:
9674:
9668:
9664:
9659:
9656:
9650:
9646:
9641:
9638:
9632:
9629:, Routledge,
9628:
9623:
9619:
9615:
9614:
9608:
9605:
9599:
9595:
9594:
9588:
9585:
9579:
9575:
9570:
9567:
9561:
9557:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9543:
9537:
9533:
9528:
9525:
9519:
9515:
9510:
9507:
9501:
9497:
9492:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9476:
9473:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9448:
9442:
9438:
9433:
9429:
9423:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9391:
9388:
9382:
9378:
9373:
9370:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9351:
9348:
9342:
9338:
9337:
9331:
9328:
9322:
9318:
9317:
9311:
9308:
9302:
9298:
9293:
9289:
9284:
9283:
9270:
9266:
9260:
9253:
9250:"curry, n.",
9247:
9233:
9229:
9223:
9221:
9219:
9211:
9207:
9202:
9186:
9182:
9176:
9169:
9163:
9156:
9152:
9147:
9140:
9136:
9130:
9123:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9107:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9089:
9087:
9081:
9076:
9069:
9063:
9056:
9055:Caldwell 1974
9051:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9016:
9009:
9008:90-04-10613-8
9005:
9001:
8995:
8988:
8987:90-04-10042-3
8984:
8980:
8974:
8967:
8966:Caldwell 1974
8962:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8928:
8922:, p. 18.
8921:
8917:
8911:
8904:
8899:
8892:
8887:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8853:
8838:
8837:
8830:
8815:
8811:
8810:
8803:
8797:, p. 109
8796:
8791:
8789:
8781:
8775:
8771:
8764:
8756:
8749:
8742:
8736:
8732:
8725:
8718:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8686:
8672:
8671:
8663:
8648:
8647:
8639:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8610:
8604:
8603:0-19-563937-5
8600:
8596:
8590:
8583:
8577:
8573:
8572:
8564:
8557:
8552:
8545:
8540:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8505:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8474:
8472:
8464:
8460:
8454:
8447:
8443:
8437:
8430:
8428:
8420:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8394:
8387:
8382:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8348:
8341:
8337:
8334:
8328:
8321:
8317:
8312:
8304:
8298:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8269:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8246:
8239:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8218:The Telegraph
8215:
8208:
8194:
8190:
8183:
8168:
8164:
8158:
8144:
8140:
8134:
8119:
8115:
8109:
8101:
8100:
8093:
8085:
8081:
8075:
8060:
8059:
8052:
8045:
8039:
8024:
8023:
8016:
7998:
7997:
7989:
7974:
7973:
7965:
7950:
7949:
7941:
7926:
7925:
7917:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7883:
7877:
7873:
7867:
7861:
7857:
7851:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7828:
7821:
7815:
7808:
7807:Tamil Schools
7803:
7796:
7791:
7785:, p. 243
7784:
7783:Ramstedt 2004
7779:
7772:
7767:
7760:
7755:
7748:
7743:
7737:, p. 480
7736:
7731:
7729:
7721:
7716:
7710:
7705:
7703:
7687:
7683:
7676:
7669:
7665:
7658:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7627:
7620:
7615:
7609:, p. 125
7608:
7603:
7596:
7591:
7585:, p. 100
7584:
7579:
7572:
7567:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7532:
7525:
7520:
7513:
7508:
7502:, p. 194
7501:
7496:
7489:
7484:
7477:
7471:
7463:
7459:
7452:
7437:
7433:
7427:
7425:
7416:
7415:
7408:
7393:
7389:
7382:
7374:
7370:
7364:
7356:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7330:
7326:
7325:
7320:
7314:
7307:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7286:
7281:
7275:, p. 87.
7274:
7269:
7262:
7256:
7252:
7245:
7237:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7217:
7210:
7205:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7184:
7176:
7169:
7164:
7157:
7156:Andronov 1970
7152:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7118:
7110:
7104:
7097:
7091:
7084:
7079:
7071:
7064:
7047:
7046:
7045:Tamil lexicon
7039:
7032:
7031:Zvelebil 1992
7027:
7020:
7015:
7013:
7004:
6997:
6989:
6987:9781408705391
6983:
6979:
6972:
6964:
6958:
6954:
6953:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6933:
6932:Zvelebil 1992
6928:
6920:
6916:
6909:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6866:
6859:
6858:Zvelebil 1992
6854:
6847:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6810:
6803:
6797:
6792:
6785:
6780:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6737:
6721:
6717:
6711:
6696:
6692:
6691:
6684:
6676:
6672:
6666:
6659:
6653:
6637:
6633:
6627:
6609:
6602:
6601:
6594:
6579:
6575:
6574:
6567:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6547:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6522:
6514:
6509:
6505:
6491:
6490:
6477:
6434:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6293:naṭantukoḷḷal
6291:
6290:நடந்துகொள்ளல்
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6202:
6201:intrinsically
6199:
6196:
6193:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6167:niyāyattaiyum
6165:
6164:நியாயத்தையும்
6160:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6132:
6129:
6128:uriməigəɭilum
6126:
6125:urimaikaḷilum
6123:
6118:
6117:rights-in-and
6115:
6112:
6109:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6066:சுதந்திரமாகவே
6062:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5982:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5956:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5912:miḷaku taṇṇīr
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5875:is the Tamil
5874:
5869:
5863:
5858:
5857:
5850:
5840:
5837:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5717:
5711:
5709:
5703:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5691:postpositions
5688:
5684:
5680:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5655:
5653:
5642:
5640:
5629:
5627:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5582:first person,
5580:
5579:person marker
5573:
5566:
5565:aspect marker
5559:
5558:aspect marker
5554:intransitive
5552:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5454:evidentiality
5451:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5328:postpositions
5325:
5314:
5307:
5302:They who did
5300:
5299:ceytavar(kaḷ)
5293:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5238:
5235:(irrational)
5233:
5232:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5170:
5168:
5155:
5153:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5079:
5074:
5065:
5062:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5024:agglutination
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4950:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4892:agglutinative
4887:
4886:Tamil grammar
4880:
4878:
4852:
4829:
4806:
4783:
4756:
4751:
4749:
4744:
4742:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4636:Cholanaikkans
4634:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Brahui people
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4564:
4563:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4484:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4410:
4409:Eastern Ganga
4407:
4405:
4404:Western Ganga
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4088:Tamil Germans
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4052:French Tamils
4049:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:Indian Tamils
3995:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3853:Sangam period
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3793:
3791:
3780:
3769:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3323:
3318:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3214:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3163:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:Indic scripts
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2707:
2706:Indic scripts
2703:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2609:Tamil braille
2606:
2595:
2592:
2584:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2558:This section
2556:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2400:
2384:
2375:
2358:
2349:
2345:
2327:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:Brahmin Tamil
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:in Malaysia.
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:Madurai Tamil
2184:
2183:Madras Bashai
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2032:
2030:
2018:
2017:Pudumaipithan
2002:
1981:
1960: 400 BC
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:KwaZulu-Natal
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:Tamil is the
1834:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:United States
1802:
1799:and India in
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:districts of
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:provinces of
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1591:Tamil Lexicon
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:of English.
1578:
1572:
1569:
1559:
1551:
1549:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1528:aspect marker
1519:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1432:Brahmi script
1423: 200 AD
1419: 400 BC
1413:
1412:Sangam period
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:lingua franca
1364:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1316:Brahmi script
1313:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243: AD 160
1237:
1233:
1229:
1221: 200 AD
1217: 400 BC
1211:
1210:Sangam period
1207:
1203:
1198:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
993:Tamil Sangams
990:
989:Tamil Sangams
986:
976:
974:
969:
967:
963:
962:lingua franca
958:
956:
951:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
916:
907:
896:
888:
884:
878:
867:
863:
859:
857:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
819:
813:
809:
804:
800:
796:
794:
790:
785:
778:
774:
772:
771:
766:
761:
757:
754:
753:Linguist List
749:
744:
737:
731:
728:
723:
718:
713:
710:
705:
700:
695:
692:
687:
682:
677:
674:
673:
672:
671:
670:United States
668:
662:
659:
658:
657:
656:
650:
647:
646:
645:
644:
638:
635:
634:
633:
632:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
601:
598:
596:
592:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
573:
565:
560:
557:
555:
552:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
534:
533:
527:
522:
519:
516:
512:
506:
499:
495:
494:Tamil Braille
492:
489:
486:
483:
479:
478:Arabic script
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
438:
434:
428:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
350:
346:
340:
337:
336:
335:
331:
325:
299:
296:
295:
294:
290:
289:
288:
285:
284:
283:
279:
276:
275:
274:
270:
266:
265:
263:
262:
261:
257:
256:
255:
251:
250:
249:
245:
244:
243:
240:
239:
237:
236:
235:
231:
227:
221:
217:
212:
209:
203:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
188:
184:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
157:
154:
149:
146:
141:
138:
136:
133:
128:
125:
121:
117:
112:
108:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
74:
68:
64:
62:Pronunciation
60:
56:
50:
45:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
15824:
15508:Chetty Malay
15300:
15250:Chaoshan Min
15228:Southern Min
15167:Sino-Tibetan
15048:Sabah Bisaya
14928:Kinabatangan
14833:Bukar–Sadong
14693:Pahang Malay
14489:Austronesian
14221:Mala Malasar
14206:Malapandaram
14078:
13978:
13809:
13806:
13803:
13720:
13602:
13532:
13529:(historical)
13400:
13381:
13360:
13352:
13344:
13337:(isiNdebele)
13336:
13315:
13307:
13299:
13290:Sotho–Tswana
12893:Chitty Malay
12888:Bazaar Malay
12843:
12259:
12151:8th schedule
12065:
12052:
12045:
11987:Kurukh-Malto
11948:Parji–Gadaba
11927:Kolami-Naiki
11859:
11751:Cholanaikkan
11723:Korra Koraga
11671:
11634:
11630:Malankuravan
11550:Malayalamoid
11515:Malapandaram
11505:Mala Malasar
11482:
11213:Virudhunagar
11103:Nagapattinam
11068:Kallakurichi
11033:Chengalpattu
10977:Major cities
10891:
10753:Emerald dove
10747:Nilgiri tahr
10719:
10502:Tamil-Brahmi
10380:Caturakarāti
10353:dictionaries
10351:Grammars and
10246:Cīrappurānam
10090:Nellai Tamil
10040:Third Sangam
10030:First Sangam
10010:Manipravalam
10005:Modern Tamil
10000:Middle Tamil
9980:
9910:
9891:
9867:
9837:
9833:
9802:(1): 38–65,
9799:
9795:
9787:
9782:
9752:
9736:
9718:
9700:
9681:
9662:
9644:
9626:
9620:(1): 129–132
9617:
9611:
9592:
9573:
9554:
9531:
9513:
9495:
9479:
9457:
9436:
9398:
9394:
9376:
9354:
9335:
9314:
9296:
9287:
9279:Bibliography
9268:
9259:
9251:
9246:
9235:, retrieved
9231:
9209:
9201:
9189:. Retrieved
9184:
9175:
9167:
9162:
9146:
9138:
9134:
9129:
9100:(1): 66–92,
9097:
9093:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9067:
9062:
9057:, p. 50
9050:
9028:(1): 53–70,
9025:
9021:
9015:
8999:
8994:
8978:
8973:
8961:
8937:
8933:
8927:
8915:
8910:
8898:
8886:
8862:
8858:
8852:
8843:13 September
8841:, retrieved
8836:WALS – Tamil
8835:
8829:
8818:, retrieved
8814:the original
8808:
8802:
8769:
8763:
8754:
8748:
8730:
8724:
8715:
8695:
8691:
8685:
8674:, retrieved
8669:
8662:
8651:, retrieved
8645:
8638:
8627:, retrieved
8623:the original
8618:
8609:
8594:
8589:
8570:
8563:
8551:
8539:
8514:
8510:
8504:
8487:
8483:
8462:
8453:
8445:
8436:
8424:
8419:
8403:
8399:
8393:
8381:
8357:
8353:
8347:
8327:
8319:
8311:
8297:
8286:, retrieved
8282:
8278:
8268:
8260:the original
8255:
8245:
8237:
8230:, retrieved
8226:the original
8217:
8207:
8196:, retrieved
8192:
8182:
8171:, retrieved
8166:
8157:
8146:, retrieved
8142:
8133:
8122:, retrieved
8117:
8108:
8098:
8092:
8083:
8074:
8065:13 September
8063:, retrieved
8057:
8051:
8038:
8029:13 September
8027:, retrieved
8021:
8015:
8004:, retrieved
7995:
7988:
7977:, retrieved
7971:
7964:
7953:, retrieved
7947:
7940:
7929:, retrieved
7923:
7916:
7904:. Retrieved
7892:
7882:
7875:
7866:
7859:
7850:
7842:the original
7837:
7827:
7814:
7802:
7797:, p. 60
7790:
7778:
7766:
7754:
7746:
7742:
7715:
7690:, retrieved
7685:
7675:
7667:
7657:
7652:at pp. 65–69
7632:
7626:
7614:
7602:
7595:Steever 2005
7590:
7578:
7566:
7541:
7537:
7531:
7519:
7507:
7495:
7483:
7475:
7470:
7461:
7451:
7440:, retrieved
7435:
7413:
7407:
7395:. Retrieved
7391:
7381:
7372:
7363:
7354:
7350:
7337:
7329:the original
7322:
7313:
7306:Lehmann 1998
7280:
7268:
7250:
7244:
7226:
7222:
7216:
7204:
7196:the original
7182:
7175:
7163:
7158:, p. 21
7151:
7127:
7123:
7117:
7108:
7103:
7095:
7090:
7085:, p. 19
7078:
7069:
7063:
7050:, retrieved
7044:
7038:
7026:
7002:
6996:
6977:
6971:
6951:
6927:
6918:
6908:
6875:
6871:
6865:
6853:
6819:
6815:
6802:
6791:
6784:Steever 1998
6779:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6724:. Retrieved
6719:
6710:
6699:, retrieved
6695:the original
6689:
6683:
6674:
6665:
6652:
6640:. Retrieved
6635:
6626:
6615:, retrieved
6608:the original
6599:
6593:
6582:, retrieved
6578:the original
6572:
6566:
6549:
6531:
6528:Modern Tamil
6508:
6433:
6424:
6356:
6355:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6298:
6295:
6284:
6281:
6270:
6267:
6256:
6253:
6242:
6239:
6228:
6225:
6214:
6212:pet̺rəʋərgəɭ
6211:
6209:peṟṟavarkaḷ.
6206:பெற்றவர்கள்.
6200:
6198:ijərpəɳbaːgə
6197:
6195:iyaṟpaṇpākap
6192:இயற்பண்பாகப்
6186:
6183:
6172:
6169:
6158:
6155:
6144:
6141:
6136:சமமானவர்கள்,
6130:
6127:
6122:உரிமைகளிலும்
6116:
6113:
6108:மதிப்பிலும்,
6102:
6099:
6088:
6085:
6074:
6071:
6060:
6057:
6046:
6043:
6032:
6029:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6002:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5969:Tamil script
5962:
5946:
5936:
5926:
5916:
5907:mulligatawny
5906:
5896:
5886:
5872:
5854:
5852:
5839:vocabulary.
5833:
5810:
5787:
5735:
5725:
5713:
5705:
5699:
5695:prepositions
5693:rather than
5676:
5662:
5649:
5636:
5623:
5608:
5599:
5589:
5578:
5572:tense marker
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5469:
5460:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5423:oblique case
5412:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5356:instrumental
5321:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5295:She who did
5291:
5284:
5277:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5230:
5229:
5221:
5220:
5213:
5200:
5196:
5188:
5180:
5172:
5164:
5162:
5154:
5148:.IMPRS PTCP
5143:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5027:
5004:inflectional
5000:derivational
4988:lexical root
4985:
4976:
4968:
4960:
4952:
4944:
4940:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4889:
4874:
4720:Dravida Nadu
4584:Gondi people
4315:
4161:Tamil Muslim
4108:Dutch Tamils
4104:Swiss Tamils
3962:Architecture
3926:
3907:Tamilization
3785:
3774:
3765:
3750:
3736:
3711:
3697:
3679:
3665:
3644:
3630:
3612:
3598:
3531:Monophthongs
3510:
2805:
2790:Latin script
2763:
2749:
2741:
2731:
2727:
2713:
2701:
2695:
2684:Tamil script
2664:Tamil Brahmi
2661:
2651:
2641:Tamil script
2637:Tamil Brahmi
2605:Tamil script
2587:
2578:
2567:Please help
2562:verification
2559:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2427:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2348:Thiruppugazh
2269:
2262:Vaishnavites
2238:
2191:Nellai Tamil
2160:
2148:
2140:
2139:, Old Tamil
2128:
2120:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2050:
2026:
1953:Tamil Sangam
1945:Tirukkoyilur
1907:
1836:
1827:Legal status
1817:South Africa
1769:Madrasi Para
1741:South Africa
1718:
1627:
1619:
1600:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1562:Modern Tamil
1545:
1531:
1513:
1502:Middle Tamil
1495:
1486:, Tamil Nadu
1461:Middle Tamil
1452:Middle Tamil
1439:
1436:Tamil-Brahmi
1428:
1404:Tamil Brahmi
1361:
1357:Tamil-Brahmi
1337:Tamil Brahmi
1333:Adichanallur
1326:
1319:
1311:
1292:
1268:
1254:
1250:
1232:Tamil Brahmi
1172:Adichanallur
1156:
1149:
1116:
1115:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1012:
997:Tholkappiyam
982:
970:
959:
952:
932:Tamil people
894:
893:
882:
853:
815:
793:Linguasphere
768:
665:
653:
641:
629:
579:South Africa
518:Signed Tamil
511:Signed forms
488:Latin script
474:(historical)
468:(historical)
462:(historical)
456:(historical)
450:(historical)
443:Tamil script
339:Middle Tamil
297:
55:Tamil script
18:
15518:Sabah Malay
15513:Cocos Malay
15402:Minangkabau
15353:archipelago
15223:Pu-Xian Min
15201:Eastern Min
15151:Significant
14993:Murik Kayan
14703:Reman Malay
14698:Perak Malay
14683:Orang Kanaq
14623:Kedah Malay
14618:Judeo-Malay
14499:Kayan–Murik
14268:Thachanadan
13651:Angloromani
13590:LGBTQ slang
13401:(Tshivenḓa)
13102:Minangkabau
12129:Union-level
11728:Mudu Koraga
11701:Tulu-Koraga
11667:Thachanadan
11365:Alu Kurumba
11173:Tirunelveli
11163:Thoothukudi
11123:Pudukkottai
11088:Krishnagiri
11078:Kanyakumari
11073:Kanchipuram
10828:Raj Bhavan
10775:Butterfly:
10375:Tolkāppiyam
10276:Thiruppugal
10075:Kongu Tamil
9862:‹ The
9269:academic.ru
9191:29 December
8920:Tieken 2001
8839:, Wals.info
8556:Keane (2004
8544:Keane (2004
8288:17 November
8046:. DNA India
7759:Talbot 2001
7692:25 December
7573:, p. 2
7524:Kuiper 1958
7500:Kuiper 1958
7183:Roman Karur
6934:, p. x
6837:10125/17189
6749:(1): 7–26,
6513:Talbot 2001
6145:equal-ones.
6114:məd̪ipːilum
6111:matippilum,
6061:all-of-them
6044:piriʋijinər
6041:piṟaviyiṉar
5959:Sample text
5942:kaṭṭu maram
5716:atu eṉ vīṭu
5700:Tamil is a
5575:past tense
5568:continuous
5561:continuous
5288:He who did
5258:Collective
5226:(rational)
4941:Tolkāppiyam
4928:Tolkāppiyam
4544:South India
4344:Rashtrakuta
4134:Tamil Hindu
3870:Agriculture
3419:Approximant
2458:caṅkattamiḻ
2422:sankattamiḻ
2374:Ma. Po. Si.
2350:(c. 1400s).
2179:Kongu Tamil
2137:Tirunelveli
1922:Abdul Kalam
1733:Philippines
1666:Maharashtra
1476: 1000
1441:Tolkāppiyam
1102:– "sound".
830:instead of
328:Early forms
264:Tamil–Irula
15981:Categories
15885:Portuguese
15651:Vietnamese
15641:Sri Lankan
15599:Indonesian
15556:Immigrants
15503:Baba Malay
15423:Philippine
15416:Philippine
15397:Mandailing
15351:Indonesian
15138:Umaʼ Lasan
15028:Punan Batu
14973:Lun Bawang
14718:Semaq Beri
14573:Peninsular
14556:Nationwide
14548:Indigenous
14519:Sama–Bajaw
14514:Philippine
14504:Land Dayak
14144:Kanikkaran
13942:Indo Aryan
13522:Portuguese
13471:Nhlangwini
13434:Indigenous
13419:Recognised
13382:(Xitsonga)
13372:Tswa–Ronga
13353:(isiXhosa)
13316:(Setswana)
13158:Vietnamese
13075:Mandailing
13047:Indonesian
13005:Indo-Aryan
12883:Baba Malay
12745:Endangered
12548:Rajasthani
12432:unofficial
12391:Rajbangshi
12316:Kamatapuri
12221:(Manipuri)
11800:Mukha-Dora
11795:Manna-Dora
11625:Malamuthan
11610:Kanikkaran
11208:Viluppuram
11188:Tiruvallur
11178:Tirupathur
11118:Perambalur
11053:Dharmapuri
11043:Coimbatore
10990:Coimbatore
10897:Literature
10882:Government
10844:High Court
10796:Governance
10707:Tamil Nadu
10512:Vatteluttu
10239:literature
10237:Devotional
10189:Literature
10143:Sociolects
10113:Batticaloa
10100:Sri Lankan
9326:8170690382
8865:(4): 683,
8534:at p. 360.
8406:(2): 113,
7474:Rabin, C.
7397:29 January
7357:: 158–169.
7052:26 October
6822:(2): 207,
6726:24 January
6720:OED Online
6675:www.gov.za
6551:Ethnologue
6533:Ethnologue
6500:References
6357:Article 1:
6038:பிறவியினர்
5878:anaikkonda
5868:nārttaṅkāy
5836:neologisms
5732:Vocabulary
5679:head-final
5604:ideophones
5592:adjectives
5340:accusative
5336:nominative
5269:palaviṉpāl
5159:Morphology
5056:accomplish
4896:noun class
4877:media help
4630:Giraavarus
4589:Kannadigas
4555:South Asia
4339:Satavahana
4156:Tamil Jain
3937:Philosophy
3932:Literature
3768:diphthongs
2780:and other
2692:consonants
2670:vaṭṭeḻuttu
2653:Tirukkuṟaḷ
2615:Vatteluttu
2613:See also:
2521:koṭuntamiḻ
2513:koṭuntamiḻ
2505:koṭuntamiḻ
2489:koṭuntamiḻ
2466:koṭuntamiḻ
2442:koṭuntamiḻ
2436:colloquial
2411:media help
2298:Portuguese
2294:loan words
2278:sociolects
2229:See also:
2085:Coimbatore
2041:See also:
2029:media help
1847:Puducherry
1831:See also:
1634:Puducherry
1630:Tamil Nadu
1421: – c.
1271:Tamil Thāi
1219: – c.
973:Tamil Nadu
936:South Asia
911:pronounced
856:Indic text
547:Puducherry
542:Tamil Nadu
490:(informal)
389:Tiruneveli
242:Southern I
111:Puducherry
105:Tamil Nadu
15692:By states
15546:Esperanto
15483:Chavacano
15296:Malayalam
15291:Dravidian
15218:Hainanese
15177:Cantonese
15113:Tombonuwo
15078:Sembakung
14898:Kalabakan
14848:Daro-Matu
14588:Cheq Wong
14526:Tai-Kadai
14443:Malaysian
14228:Malavedan
14174:Kunduvadi
14124:Eravallan
14074:Malayalam
13969:Malayalam
13964:Dravidian
13604:IsiNgqumo
13552:Religious
13361:(isiZulu)
13345:(siSwati)
13308:(Sesotho)
13266:Afrikaans
13087:Baweanese
13060:Banjarese
12993:Malayalam
12988:Dravidian
12943:Hainanese
12938:Cantonese
12908:Singdarin
12735:Classical
12553:Surjapuri
12513:Khandeshi
12483:Dhundhari
12434:languages
12406:Sikkimese
12214:Malayalam
12121:languages
12068:indicate
11876:Konda-Kui
11861:Nagarchal
11819:Gondi-Kui
11642:Malavedan
11620:Kurichiya
11615:Kunduvadi
11558:Malayalam
11495:Eravallan
11467:Malayalam
11397:Toda-Kota
11337:Kannadoid
11198:Tiruvarur
11153:Thanjavur
11143:Sivaganga
11048:Cuddalore
11020:Districts
10967:State Day
10912:Education
10804:Governors
10771:Palm tree
10765:Jackfruit
10569:Phonology
10541:Lexis and
10507:Koleḻuttu
10447:Tamil and
10360:Agattiyam
10317:Iraichchi
10266:Tirumurai
10261:Tēmpāvaṉi
9995:Old Tamil
9826:162294036
9488:246076230
9415:161402102
9185:The Hindu
9122:162469583
9042:144334963
8879:145729544
8649:, Trübner
8558::114–115)
8320:The Hindu
8256:The Hindu
8193:The Hindu
8006:16 August
7979:16 August
7955:8 January
7901:0971-751X
7893:The Hindu
7688:, Chennai
7686:The Hindu
7668:The Hindu
7649:143499414
7462:The Hindu
7442:5 January
7436:The Hindu
7369:"KEELADI"
7324:The Hindu
7192:191007985
7144:131480876
6955:. BRILL.
6919:The Hindu
6903:at p. 610
6900:162291987
6846:153420843
6771:144599197
6546:Old Tamil
6416:Footnotes
6337:urupːurai
6327:Uṟuppurai
6318:உறுப்புரை
6304:வேண்டும்.
6257:brotherly
6254:sagoːdəɾə
6089:are born.
6058:səgələrum
6055:cakalarum
5991:urupːurai
5986:Uṟuppurai
5981:உறுப்புரை
5937:catamaran
5843:Influence
5798:Malayalam
5748:cavvarici
5687:pragmatic
5617:pronouns
5615:inclusive
5584:singular
5450:morphemes
5434:undergoes
5348:sociative
5222:uyartiṇai
5205:honorific
5175:uyartiṇai
5152:PL to for
5032:morphemes
4632:(Extinct)
4626:(Extinct)
4599:Malayalis
4550:Sri Lanka
4546:(Dravida)
4262:Dravidian
3880:Education
3865:Tamilakam
3271:Fricative
3182:Affricate
3071:Retroflex
3037:Phonology
2849:thousand
2774:ISO 15919
2712:called a
2643:at bottom
2581:June 2023
2527:Thanjavur
2266:Karnataka
2245:Malayalam
2093:Thanjavur
2057:diglossia
1855:Singapore
1821:Australia
1737:Mauritius
1729:Singapore
1714:Bengaluru
1654:Telangana
1650:Karnataka
1646:Sri Lanka
1498:Old Tamil
1484:Thanjavur
1386:Old Tamil
1375:Sri Lanka
1303:Neolithic
1152:Malayalam
1005:Kharavela
979:Etymology
950:300 BCE.
889:standard.
887:ISO 15919
770:Glottolog
763:Old Tamil
727:ISO 639-3
709:ISO 639-2
691:ISO 639-1
643:Singapore
631:Sri Lanka
559:Singapore
554:Sri Lanka
359:Malesiyat
334:Old Tamil
282:Malayalam
234:Dravidian
186:Ethnicity
156:Sri Lanka
140:Karnataka
90:Sri Lanka
15890:Japanese
15820:Bhojpuri
15631:Nepalese
15616:Japanese
15594:Filipino
15541:Tanglish
15493:Manglish
15488:Kristang
15387:Javanese
15382:Buginese
15370:Madurese
15360:Acehnese
15325:Gujarati
15153:minority
15123:Tringgus
15088:Serudung
14918:Kendayan
14888:Jangkang
14770:Malaysia
14658:Mah Meri
14648:Kristang
14575:Malaysia
14469:Families
14435:Official
14378:Category
14309:Aranadan
14293:Yerukala
14243:Muthuvan
14211:Malaryan
14169:Kumbaran
14139:Kalanadi
13986:Armenian
13631:Fanagalo
13569:Sanskrit
13512:Gujarati
13250:Official
13138:Japanese
13133:Filipino
13123:Armenian
13097:Javanese
13092:Buginese
13055:Acehnese
13015:Gujarati
12903:Singlish
12898:Kristang
12839:Mandarin
12822:Official
12806:National
12708:Tangkhul
12580:speakers
12503:Haryanvi
12488:Garhwali
12445:speakers
12336:Kokborok
12291:Bhojpuri
12245:Sanskrit
12209:Maithili
12199:Kashmiri
12184:Gujarati
12164:Assamese
12119:Official
11960:Kondekor
11782:Teluguic
11761:Kumbaran
11679:Vishavan
11636:Malaryan
11605:Kalanadi
11595:Eranadan
11540:Yerukala
11525:Muthuvan
11488:Sankethi
11475:Tamiloid
11465:Tamil -
11329:- Badaga
11327:Kannada
11183:Tiruppur
11113:Nilgiris
11108:Namakkal
11058:Dindigul
11028:Ariyalur
11005:Tiruppur
10947:Wildlife
10922:Politics
10892:Language
10757:Flower:
10745:Animal:
10434:Yerambam
10196:Classics
10051:Dialects
9864:template
9745:20170197
9456:(2003),
9422:citation
9265:"congee"
9237:14 April
9045:at p. 64
8511:Language
8354:Language
8336:Archived
8232:20 April
8198:6 August
8173:6 August
8148:5 August
8124:6 August
8084:BBC News
7931:23 April
7478:, p. 438
6701:26 March
6364:See also
6285:share-in
6276:பாங்கில்
6262:உணர்வுப்
6251:cakōtara
5922:paṟaiyar
5885:include
5873:anaconda
5802:Sanskrit
5611:articles
5547:destroy
5415:suffixes
5368:prefixes
5364:ablative
5360:locative
5352:genitive
5332:Sanskrit
5313:ceytavai
5292:ceytavaḷ
5285:ceytavaṉ
5262:oṉṟaṉpāl
5255:palarpāl
4996:suffixes
4916:Sanskrit
4684:Politics
4525:Charvaka
4510:Buddhism
4500:Hinduism
4488:Religion
4455:Language
4359:Kakatiya
4349:Chalukya
4178:Politics
4118:Religion
3972:Calendar
3952:Medicine
3927:Language
3885:Industry
3805:a series
3803:Part of
3066:Alveolar
2972:numeral
2966:as above
2755:plosives
2497:centamiḻ
2477:centamiḻ
2450:centamiḻ
2430:centamiḻ
2290:Sanskrit
2241:Palakkad
2107:in some
2097:Palakkad
2073:Centamil
1932:Dialects
1849:and the
1785:Suriname
1765:Pakistan
1753:Malaysia
1725:Malaysia
1694:Chittoor
1638:Northern
1615:Sanskrit
1401:Mangulam
1363:John Guy
1341:Keezhadi
1299:Godavari
1202:Mangulam
1141:Yerukula
1121:southern
944:Sanskrit
836:Help:IPA
799:49-EBE-a
784:oldt1248
777:tami1289
655:Malaysia
584:Malaysia
394:Sankethi
364:Bunagurr
348:Dialects
287:Tamiloid
238:Southern
15945:Portals
15900:Russian
15880:Chinese
15860:Italian
15850:Spanish
15845:Punjabi
15835:English
15778:English
15611:Persian
15579:Burmese
15574:Bengali
15564:African
15475:Creoles
15433:Maranao
15392:Kerinci
15335:Punjabi
15255:Teochew
15233:Hokkien
15160:Chinese
15108:Timugon
15068:Sekapan
14988:Momogun
14983:Melanau
14963:Lengilu
14953:Lahanan
14913:Kelabit
14903:Kanowit
14893:Kajaman
14838:Bukitan
14808:Bintulu
14798:Berawan
14723:Semelai
14633:Kenaboi
14598:Jah Hut
14543:Natives
14509:Malayic
14448:English
14329:English
14278:Ullatan
14258:Pathiya
14248:Paliyan
14216:Malasar
14179:Kurumba
14119:Bellari
14069:Konkani
14064:Kannada
13952:Punjabi
13925:Balochi
13920:Persian
13915:Iranian
13899:English
13876:Bahrani
13716:Sinhala
13495:Foreign
13451:Khoisan
13380:Tsonga
13314:Tswana
13271:English
13128:Burmese
13070:Angkola
13035:Sinhala
13025:Punjabi
13010:Bengali
12968:Teochew
12963:Hokkien
12958:Hokchew
12953:Henghwa
12933:Sinitic
12925:Chinese
12829:English
12663:Ladakhi
12568:Varhadi
12533:Marwari
12523:Lambadi
12518:Kumaoni
12498:Harauti
12478:Bundeli
12468:Bajjika
12458:Bagheli
12376:Mundari
12341:Kurmali
12331:Khortha
12250:Santali
12240:Punjabi
12225:Marathi
12204:Konkani
12194:Kannada
12169:Bengali
12141:English
12066:Italics
11920:Central
11867:Pardhan
11840:Khirwar
11790:Chenchu
11756:Kakkala
11713:Bellari
11673:Ullatan
11657:Pathiya
11535:Pattapu
11530:Paliyan
11510:Malasar
11500:Kaikadi
11360:Sholaga
11345:Kannada
11203:Vellore
11148:Tenkasi
11133:Ranipet
11093:Madurai
11038:Chennai
10995:Madurai
10985:Chennai
10957:Tourism
10927:Temples
10887:History
10877:Economy
10872:Cuisine
10832:Chennai
10763:Fruit:
10732:symbols
10721:Chennai
10716:Capital
10543:grammar
10490:Scripts
10461:Sinhala
10456:English
10394:History
10337:Ullurai
10108:Negombo
9988:History
9866:below (
9818:2659023
9114:2659024
8222:Kolkata
7906:12 July
6892:2943246
6763:2053325
6347:Section
6343:veːɳɖum
6333:vēṇṭum.
6310:veːɳɖum
6307:vēṇṭum.
6282:paːŋgil
6271:feeling
6265:uṇarvup
6226:əvərgəɭ
6223:Avarkaḷ
6220:அவர்கள்
6173:law-and
6156:əvərgəɭ
6153:avarkaḷ
6150:அவர்கள்
6100:əvərgəɭ
6097:avarkaḷ
6094:அவர்கள்
6052:சகலரும்
6030:mənid̪ə
6027:Maṉitap
5996:Section
5892:curuṭṭu
5887:cheroot
5862:nāraṅga
5794:Kannada
5783:Kannada
5775:Marathi
5646:நாங்கள்
5600:uriccol
5596:adverbs
5442:directs
5408:evvazhi
5404:uvvazhi
5400:avvazhi
5396:ivvazhi
5306:ceytatu
5251:Female
5231:aḵṟiṇai
5193:deities
5183:akṟiṇai
4992:affixes
4906:, verb
4828:ழ-கரம்.
4671:Koragas
4666:Soligas
4656:Paniyas
4651:Kurukhs
4646:Kodavas
4614:Tuluvas
4604:Telugus
4594:Kodavas
4538:Regions
4520:Ājīvika
4515:Śramaṇa
4505:Jainism
4422:Culture
4384:Aravidu
4369:Sangama
4364:Hoysala
4354:Pallava
4334:Pandyan
4297:History
3967:Cuisine
3920:Culture
3875:Economy
3831:History
3796:Grammar
3545:Central
3086:Glottal
2846:hundred
2770:Prakrit
2680:Pallava
2676:Grantha
2531:Madurai
2344:Ganesha
2258:Mandyam
2219:Kannada
2170:akkaṭṭa
2159:, and
2157:Madurai
2151:iṅkuṭṭu
2143:iṅkiṭṭu
2119:(where
2099:, and
1903:Réunion
1879:Myanmar
1871:Punjabi
1863:Haryana
1859:Sinhala
1773:Réunion
1761:Karachi
1749:Vietnam
1698:Nellore
1682:Colombo
1670:Gujarat
1642:Eastern
1508:into a
1506:plosive
1471:period
1434:called
1349:Florida
1283:Agastya
1279:Murugan
1259:Prakrit
1174:in the
1162:History
1051:, with
1032:tam-miḻ
1009:Kalinga
926:) is a
832:Unicode
732:Either:
498:Bharati
419:Malabar
409:Brahmin
404:Central
384:Madurai
379:Chennai
369:Iyengar
293:Paliyan
248:Kannada
151:(south)
143:(south)
15959:Tamils
15905:Danish
15895:Romani
15875:Arabic
15870:Hebrew
15855:German
15840:French
15830:Telugu
15783:French
15621:Korean
15569:Arabic
15454:Others
15438:Molbog
15428:Iranun
15375:Bawean
15365:Banjar
15313:Telugu
15284:Indian
15211:Fuzhou
15206:Fuqing
15098:Sungai
15043:Sa'ban
15013:Paluan
15008:Okolod
14948:Kuijau
14878:Ida'an
14853:Dumpas
14818:Bookan
14813:Bonggi
14803:Biatah
14793:Belait
14748:Temuan
14738:Temiar
14728:Semnam
14668:Mintil
14663:Minriq
14643:Kintaq
14638:Kensiu
14593:Duanoʼ
14482:Aslian
14263:Ravula
14253:Paniya
14238:Muduga
14233:Mannan
14164:Kudiya
14154:Koraga
14149:Kodava
14084:Telugu
14045:Kerala
13974:Telugu
13935:Pashto
13930:Achomi
13871:Arabic
13793:Rodiya
13730:Others
13641:Scamto
13564:Hebrew
13559:Arabic
13538:Telugu
13502:German
13481:Phuthi
13399:Venda
13351:Xhosa
13343:Swazi
13148:Nepali
13143:Korean
13118:Arabic
13030:Sindhi
12998:Telugu
12980:Indian
12713:Thadou
12678:Mising
12638:Konyak
12633:Kolami
12628:Kodava
12623:Khotta
12608:Dimasa
12603:Badaga
12593:Angami
12543:Nimadi
12538:Mewari
12508:Kangri
12453:Awadhi
12416:Tamang
12411:Sunwar
12401:Sherpa
12381:Newari
12361:Magahi
12351:Lepcha
12346:Kurukh
12321:Kharia
12306:Gurung
12286:Angika
12265:Telugu
12255:Sindhi
12230:Nepali
12219:Meitei
12153:to the
12024:Brahui
11994:Kurukh
11965:Ollari
11955:Duruwa
11934:Kolami
11850:Madiya
11810:Waddar
11805:Telugu
11744:Others
11735:Kudiya
11718:Koraga
11662:Ravula
11652:Paniya
11563:Jeseri
11520:Mannan
11449:Muduga
11423:Kodava
11416:Kodagu
11388:Badaga
11350:Holiya
10917:Sports
10907:People
10867:Cinema
10859:Topics
10849:Police
10769:Tree:
10751:Bird:
10739:Seal:
10730:State
10701:
10616:Events
10481:Korean
10365:Nannūl
10332:Thinai
10300:Poetry
10118:Jaffna
10058:Indian
9883:Curlie
9869:Curlie
9824:
9816:
9759:
9743:
9725:
9707:
9689:
9669:
9651:
9633:
9600:
9580:
9562:
9538:
9520:
9502:
9486:
9468:
9443:
9413:
9383:
9365:
9343:
9323:
9303:
9120:
9112:
9040:
9006:
8985:
8954:597587
8952:
8877:
8820:1 June
8776:
8737:
8712:600654
8710:
8676:1 June
8653:1 June
8629:1 June
8601:
8578:
8531:410134
8529:
8374:414796
8372:
7899:
7647:
7635:(16),
7558:601707
7556:
7257:
7190:
7142:
7130:: 87,
6984:
6959:
6898:
6890:
6844:
6769:
6761:
6660:), s7.
6642:20 May
6617:8 June
6340:ond̺rʉ
6279:pāṅkil
6268:uɳərʋɨ
6075:freely
6047:beings
6024:மனிதப்
6013:ond̺rʉ
5949:(from
5947:congee
5939:(from
5929:(from
5919:(from
5917:pariah
5909:(from
5902:māṅgāy
5899:(from
5856:orange
5790:Telugu
5779:Telugu
5760:campān
5745:(e.g.
5722:copula
5673:Syntax
5656:(we),
5652:nāṅkaḷ
5639:namatu
5630:(we),
5490:கொண்டு
5458:clitic
5382:, and
5362:, and
5344:dative
5248:peṇpāl
5012:number
5008:person
4947:eḻuttu
4935:Naṉṉūl
4902:, and
4900:number
4641:Khonds
4619:Irulas
4609:Tamils
4567:People
4379:Tuluva
4374:Saluva
4280:Origin
3990:People
3977:Cinema
3942:Script
3813:Tamils
3061:Dental
3056:Labial
2963:credit
2746:virama
2734:) and
2710:tittle
2688:vowels
2662:After
2625:, and
2535:Jaffna
2438:form (
2274:castes
2254:Hebbar
2163:iṅkaṭe
2131:iṅkane
1883:Canada
1867:Punjab
1819:, and
1811:, the
1807:, the
1803:, the
1801:Canada
1793:France
1787:, and
1777:Guyana
1747:, and
1710:Mandya
1706:Mysore
1662:Kerala
1568:Nannūl
1510:rhotic
1478:AD at
1351:, for
1265:script
1263:Brahmi
1247:Deccan
1084:tak-iḻ
1081:< *
1078:tav-iḻ
1075:< *
1072:tam-iḻ
1048:tam-iḻ
1038:tam-iḻ
667:Canada
399:Estate
291:Tamil–
269:Kodava
267:Tamil–
258:Tamil–
252:Tamil–
246:Tamil–
192:Tamils
130:(east)
127:Kerala
118:, and
96:Region
15971:India
15910:Dutch
15865:Hindi
15825:Tamil
15661:Signs
15584:Khmer
15536:Rojak
15443:Suluk
15330:Hindi
15301:Tamil
15191:Hakka
15128:Tutoh
15118:Tring
15103:Tagol
15063:Sebop
15038:Remun
15033:Penan
15018:Papar
14998:Narom
14968:Lotud
14958:Lelak
14933:Kiput
14908:Kayan
14883:Jagoi
14868:Ganaʼ
14858:Dusun
14788:Bajau
14783:Bahau
14758:Wila'
14743:Temoq
14713:Semai
14708:Sabüm
14653:Lanoh
14613:Jedek
14608:Jakun
14603:Jahai
14583:Batek
14563:Malay
14545:&
14314:Beary
14283:Urali
14134:Kadar
14129:Irula
14114:Allar
14079:Tamil
13979:Tamil
13947:Hindi
13762:Vedda
13721:Tamil
13656:Kaaps
13614:Other
13598:Gayle
13582:Other
13533:Tamil
13527:Malay
13517:Hindi
13507:Greek
13441:Bhaca
13392:Venda
13359:Zulu
13327:Nguni
13111:Other
13065:Batak
13020:Hindi
12948:Hakka
12844:Tamil
12834:Malay
12813:Malay
12693:Rabha
12683:Nishi
12673:Malto
12668:Lotha
12643:Korku
12618:Karbi
12613:Halbi
12563:Wagdi
12528:Malvi
12493:Gondi
12473:Bhili
12463:Bagri
12430:Major
12396:Sadri
12366:Magar
12356:Limbu
12326:Khasi
12260:Tamil
12189:Hindi
12179:Dogri
12136:Hindi
11999:Malto
11979:North
11939:Naiki
11903:Pengo
11898:Manda
11883:Konda
11855:Muria
11835:Gondi
11827:Gondi
11600:Kadar
11590:Allar
11573:Byari
11483:Tamil
11444:Irula
11437:Irula
11428:Urali
11312:South
11223:Lists
11158:Theni
11138:Salem
11083:Karur
11063:Erode
11010:Salem
10902:Music
10703:State
10476:Malay
10327:Puram
10312:Venpa
10307:Kural
9822:S2CID
9814:JSTOR
9411:S2CID
9118:S2CID
9110:JSTOR
9090:, in
9038:S2CID
8950:JSTOR
8875:S2CID
8708:JSTOR
8546::111)
8527:JSTOR
8370:JSTOR
8000:(PDF)
7645:S2CID
7554:JSTOR
7347:(PDF)
7140:S2CID
6896:S2CID
6888:JSTOR
6842:S2CID
6812:(PDF)
6767:S2CID
6759:JSTOR
6611:(PDF)
6604:(PDF)
6584:1 May
6485:-il,
6353:must.
6313:must.
6248:சகோதர
6033:Human
5952:kañji
5927:curry
5897:mango
5743:Malay
5665:ematu
5522:koṇṭu
5392:vazhi
5324:cases
5272:Many
5244:Male
5241:āṇpāl
5167:tiṇai
5117:உக்கு
5072:IMPRS
5020:tense
4971:yāppu
4963:poruḷ
4908:tense
4661:Malar
4624:Nagas
4394:Reddy
4389:Nayak
4329:Chera
4324:Chola
3957:Music
3897:Eelam
3783:/aʊ̯/
3772:/aɪ̯/
3589:Close
3577:short
3567:short
3557:short
3540:Front
3388:Trill
3093:Nasal
3081:Velar
2969:rupee
2960:debit
2954:month
2837:eight
2834:seven
2822:three
2750:puḷḷi
2716:puḷḷi
2697:āytam
2690:, 18
2346:from
2302:Dutch
2296:from
2195:India
2115:iṅkaṇ
2103:iṅkai
1955:age (
1943:near
1745:Burma
1702:Kolar
1674:Delhi
1555:கின்ற
1548:kiṉṟa
1500:into
1469:Chola
1345:Miami
1275:Shiva
1245:) of
1137:Irula
1117:Tamil
1069:<
1066:tamiḻ
1035:>
906:Tamiḻ
900:தமிழ்
895:Tamil
883:Tamil
600:India
537:India
374:Kongu
354:Eelam
298:Tamil
278:Tamil
273:Urali
86:India
40:தமிழ்
31:Tamiḻ
24:Tamil
15669:Main
15646:Thai
15636:Urdu
15461:Cham
15407:Rawa
15340:Urdu
15133:Ukit
15093:Sian
15083:Seru
15053:Sama
14873:Iban
14778:Abai
14768:East
14427:Main
14273:Toda
14159:Kota
14089:Tulu
13957:Urdu
13881:Gulf
13783:Arwi
13752:Pali
13543:Urdu
13466:Nama
13461:Lozi
13456:Lala
13446:Khoe
13153:Thai
13080:Toba
12703:Sora
12698:Sema
12688:Phom
12658:Kuvi
12648:Koya
12558:Tulu
12371:Mizo
12301:Garo
12270:Urdu
12235:Odia
12174:Bodo
11893:Kuvi
11845:Koya
11708:Tulu
11408:Kota
11403:Toda
10837:Ooty
10607:Moḻi
10532:Arwi
10322:Akam
10155:Arwi
9757:ISBN
9741:OCLC
9723:ISBN
9705:ISBN
9687:ISBN
9667:ISBN
9649:ISBN
9631:ISBN
9598:ISBN
9578:ISBN
9560:ISBN
9536:ISBN
9518:ISBN
9500:ISBN
9484:OCLC
9466:ISBN
9441:ISBN
9428:link
9381:ISBN
9363:ISBN
9341:ISBN
9321:ISBN
9301:ISBN
9239:2007
9193:2019
9004:ISBN
8983:ISBN
8845:2012
8822:2007
8774:ISBN
8735:ISBN
8678:2007
8655:2007
8631:2007
8599:ISBN
8576:ISBN
8290:2007
8234:2007
8200:2017
8175:2017
8150:2017
8126:2017
8067:2012
8031:2012
8008:2007
7981:2007
7957:2010
7933:2008
7908:2019
7897:ISSN
7694:2014
7444:2015
7399:2022
7255:ISBN
7188:OCLC
7054:2022
6982:ISBN
6957:ISBN
6728:2023
6703:2016
6644:2021
6619:2017
6586:2007
6487:TAHM
6229:They
6159:They
6103:They
5932:kaṟi
5823:and
5773:and
5771:Urdu
5754:sāgu
5659:எமது
5633:நமது
5620:நாம்
5594:and
5544:root
5500:ந்த்
5485:ந்து
5265:One
5150:NMLZ
5120:ukku
5098:NMLZ
5085:PTCP
5053:muṭi
5050:முடி
5042:pōka
5016:mood
4904:case
3781:and
3723:Open
3582:long
3572:long
3562:long
3550:Back
3522:and
3178:Stop
2957:year
2840:nine
2828:five
2825:four
2813:zero
2678:and
2627:Arwi
2607:and
2529:and
2256:and
2233:and
2095:and
2089:inga
2079:iṅkū
2067:iṅku
2051:The
2045:and
1781:Fiji
1712:and
1696:and
1684:and
1640:and
1566:The
1523:கில்
1329:urns
1255:Obv:
1251:Rev:
1139:and
1022:The
482:Arwi
414:Arwi
260:Toda
254:Kota
88:and
15626:Lao
15196:Min
15172:Yue
14678:Mos
14531:Tai
13486:Tuu
12653:Kui
12588:Adi
12386:Rai
11888:Kui
10705:of
10602:ISO
10342:Ulā
9890:at
9881:at
9842:doi
9804:doi
9403:doi
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9102:doi
9080:See
9030:doi
8942:doi
8867:doi
8700:doi
8519:doi
8492:doi
8444:in
8408:doi
8362:doi
7637:doi
7546:doi
7542:105
7231:doi
7132:doi
6880:doi
6832:hdl
6824:doi
6751:doi
6548:at
6530:at
6483:TAM
6299:act
5935:),
5925:),
5905:),
5766:ora
5626:nām
5527:iru
5517:ntu
5512:aḻi
5505:ஏன்
5495:இரு
5480:அழி
5436:or
5326:or
5201:pāl
5197:pāl
5189:pāl
5146:NEG
5134:for
5131:āka
5107:kaḷ
5104:கள்
5094:var
5091:வர்
5068:NEG
5061:ஆத்
5039:போக
4979:aṇi
4955:col
3656:Mid
3524:/ɕ/
3520:/ʂ/
3516:/z/
3512:/f/
3359:Tap
3244:t͡ʃ
3238:t͡ɕ
3218:ற்ற
3213:tːr
2951:day
2843:ten
2831:six
2819:two
2816:one
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1947:in
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760:oty
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717:tam
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12311:Ho
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