437:, proclaimed, "Do not mutilate. Do not kill little children or old men or women. Do not cut off the heads of palm trees or burn them. Do not cut down fruit trees. Do not slaughter livestock except for food." Islamic jurists have held that a prisoner should not be killed, as he "cannot be held responsible for mere acts of belligerency". However, the prohibition against killing non-combatants is not necessarily absolute in Islamic Law. For example, in situations where an "enemy retreats inside fortifications and one-to-one combat is not an option", Islamic jurists have been unanimous as to the permissibility on the use of less discriminating weapons such as mangonels (a weapon for catapulting large stones) if required by military necessity but have differed with respect to the use of fire in such cases.
426:, for example) describing the types of weapons that should not be used: "When he fights with his foes in battle, let him not strike with weapons concealed (in wood), nor with (such as are) barbed, poisoned, or the points of which are blazing with fire." There is also the command not to strike a eunuch nor the enemy "who folds his hands in supplication ... Nor one who sleeps, nor one who has lost his coat of mail, nor one who is naked, nor one who is disarmed, nor one who looks on without taking part in the fight."
554:
542:
3687:
1043:. All protected persons shall be treated with the same consideration by parties to the conflict, without distinction based on race, religion, sex or political opinion. Each and every person affected by armed conflict is entitled to his fundamental rights and guarantees, without discrimination. The prohibition against adverse distinction is also considered by the ICRC to form part of customary international law in international and non-international armed conflict.
3675:
871:
657:, the two strains of law began to converge, although provisions focusing on humanity could already be found in the Hague law (i.e. the protection of certain prisoners of war and civilians in occupied territories). The 1977 Additional Protocols, relating to the protection of victims in both international and internal conflict, not only incorporated aspects of both the Law of The Hague and the Law of Geneva, but also important human rights provisions.
740:. It is also prohibited to fire at a person or vehicle bearing a white flag, since that, being considered the flag of truce, indicates an intent to surrender or a desire to communicate. In either case, the persons protected by the Red Cross or the white flag are expected to maintain neutrality, and may not engage in warlike acts themselves; engaging in war activities under a white flag or a red cross is itself a violation of the laws of war.
1154:. Although the modern codification of IHL in the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols is relatively new, and European in name, the core concepts are not new, and laws relating to warfare can be found in all cultures. Indeed, non-Western participants played important roles in the development of this area of law at the global level as early as the 1907 Second Hague Conference, and have continued to do so since.
967:
courts like the ICC, has reinforced the notion that victims of war crimes and other serious breaches of
International Humanitarian Law have a recognized right to seek reparations. These reparations can take various forms, including restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction, and guarantees of non-repetition, aimed at addressing the physical, psychological, and material damage suffered by victims.
1138:) have contributed to expanding the scope of definitions of sexual violence and rape in conflict. They have effectively prosecuted sexual and gender-based crimes committed during armed conflict. There is now well-established jurisprudence on gender-based crimes. Nonetheless, there remains an urgent need to further develop constructions of gender within international humanitarian law.
808:
1030:(wounded, sick and shipwrecked). Civilians are entitled to respect for their physical and mental integrity, their honour, family rights, religious convictions and practices, and their manners and customs. This principle of humane treatment has been affirmed by the ICRC as a norm of customary international law, applicable in both international and non-international armed conflicts.
1002:
and only to target the former. It also provides that civilians lose such protection should they take a direct part in hostilities. The principle of distinction has also been found by the ICRC to be reflected in state practice; it is therefore an established norm of customary international law in both international and non-international armed conflicts.
976:
civilians. A "civilian" is defined as "any person not belonging to the armed forces", including non-nationals and refugees. However, it is accepted that operations may cause civilian casualties. Luis Moreno Ocampo, chief prosecutor of the international criminal court, wrote in 2006: "International humanitarian law and the
1095:
child-rearers. A study of the 42 provisions relating to women within the Geneva
Conventions and the Additional Protocols found that almost half address women who are expectant or nursing mothers. Others have argued that the issue of sexual violence against men in conflict has not yet received the attention it deserves.
1157:
ICRC studies on the Middle East, Somalia, Latin
America, and the Pacific, for example have found that there are traditional and long-standing practices in various cultures that preceded, but are generally consistent with, modern IHL. It is important to respect local and cultural practices that are in
1086:
IHL emphasises, in various provisions in the GCs and APs, the concept of formal equality and non-discrimination. Protections should be provided "without any adverse distinction founded on sex". For example, with regard to female prisoners of war, women are required to receive treatment "as favourable
1072:
2664 (2022). This includes incorporating humanitarian exemptions into EU sanctions regimes, ensuring that aid can reach those in need without legal barriers. This shift has led to the inclusion of comprehensive humanitarian exemptions in new sanctions frameworks for Niger and Sudan, and the amendment
980:
permit belligerents to carry out proportionate attacks against military objectives, even when it is known that some civilian deaths or injuries will occur. A crime occurs if there is an intentional attack directed against civilians (principle of distinction) ... or an attack is launched on a military
936:
are only protected by the laws of war if the "power" which holds them is in a state of armed conflict or war, and until they are found to be an "unlawful combatant". Depending on the circumstances, they may be subject to civilian law or a military tribunal for their acts. In practice, they have often
249:
International humanitarian law is inspired by considerations of humanity and the mitigation of human suffering. It comprises a set of rules, which is established by treaty or custom and that seeks to protect persons and property/objects that are or may be affected by armed conflict, and it limits the
1055:
and from any form of indecent assault. Children under the age of eighteen must not be permitted to take part in hostilities, cannot be evacuated to a foreign country by a country other than theirs, except temporarily due to a compelling threat to their health and safety, and if orphaned or separated
1014:
are established principles in humanitarian law. Under IHL, a belligerent may apply only the amount and kind of force necessary to defeat the enemy. Further, attacks on military objects must not cause loss of civilian life considered excessive in relation to the direct military advantage anticipated.
561:
The Geneva
Conventions are the result of a process that developed in a number of stages between 1864 and 1949. It focused on the protection of civilians and those who can no longer fight in an armed conflict. As a result of World War II, all four conventions were revised, based on previous revisions
388:
Systematic attempts to limit the savagery of warfare only began to develop in the 19th century. Such concerns were able to build on the changing view of warfare by states influenced by the Age of
Enlightenment. The purpose of warfare was to overcome the enemy state, which could be done by disabling
1001:
protects civilian population and civilian objects from the effects of military operations. It requires parties to an armed conflict to distinguish at all times, and under all circumstances, between combatants and military objectives on the one hand, and civilians and civilian objects on the other;
941:
and execution. The laws of war neither approve nor condemn such acts, which fall outside their scope. Spies may only be punished following a trial; if captured after rejoining their own army, they must be treated as prisoners of war. Suspected terrorists who are captured during an armed conflict,
644:
The Geneva
Conventions of 1949 may be seen, therefore, as the result of a process which began in 1864. Today they have "achieved universal participation with 194 parties". This means that they apply to almost any international armed conflict. The Additional Protocols, however, have yet to achieve
966:
Reparation for victims of serious violations of
International Humanitarian Law acknowledges the suffering endured by individuals and communities and seeks to provide a form of redress for the harms inflicted upon them. The evolving legal landscape, notably through the mechanisms of international
1023:
The principle of humane treatment requires that civilians be treated humanely at all times. Common
Article 3 of the GCs prohibits violence to life and person (including cruel treatment and torture), the taking of hostages, humiliating and degrading treatment, and execution without regular trial
445:
The most important antecedent of IHL is the current
Armistice Agreement and Regularization of War, signed and ratified in 1820 between the authorities of the then Government of Great Colombia and the Chief of the Expeditionary Forces of the Spanish Crown, in the Venezuelan city of Santa Ana de
1165:
Durham cautions that, although traditional practices and IHL legal norms are largely compatible, it is important not to assume perfect alignment. There are areas in which legal norms and cultural practices clash. Violence against women, for example, is frequently legitimized by arguments from
975:
The Fourth Geneva
Convention focuses on the civilian population. The two additional protocols adopted in 1977 extend and strengthen civilian protection in international (AP I) and non-international (AP II) armed conflict: for example, by introducing the prohibition of direct attacks against
1094:
The reality of women's and men's lived experiences of conflict has highlighted some of the gender limitations of IHL. Feminist critics have challenged IHL's focus on male combatants and its relegation of women to the status of victims, and its granting them legitimacy almost exclusively as
389:
the enemy combatants. Thus, "the distinction between combatants and civilians, the requirement that wounded and captured enemy combatants must be treated humanely, and that quarter must be given, some of the pillars of modern humanitarian law, all follow from this principle".
3579:
574:
358:
The two streams take their names from a number of international conferences which drew up treaties relating to war and conflict, in particular the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, and the Geneva Conventions, the first of which was drawn up in 1863. Both deal with
802:
that scatter many small "bomblets", have also killed many. An estimated 98% of the victims are civilian; farmers tilling their fields and children who find these explosives have been common victims. For these reasons, the following conventions have been adopted:
675:(outside of combat) or not taking part in hostilities in a situation of armed conflict, and shall be protected in all circumstances. Excluding from the list of protected persons in international armed conflict are civilians under their own national authority and
690:
Protected persons who are wounded and sick shall be cared for and protected by the party to the conflict which has them in its power. The emblem of the "Red Cross", or of the "Red Crescent", or the "Red Crystal" shall be required to be respected as the sign of
397:
Fritz Munch sums up historical military practice before 1800: "The essential points seem to be these: In battle and in towns taken by force, combatants and non-combatants were killed and property was destroyed or looted." In the 17th century, the Dutch jurist
410:
Even in the midst of the carnage of history, however, there have been frequent expressions and invocation of humanitarian norms for the protection of the victims of armed conflicts: the wounded, the sick and the shipwrecked. These date back to ancient times.
640:(2005): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem. As of June 2007 it had been ratified by seventeen countries and signed but not yet ratified by an additional 68.
1015:
Every feasible precaution must be taken by commanders to avoid civilian casualties. The principle of proportionality has also been found by the ICRC to form part of customary international law in international and non-international armed conflicts.
3539:
883:
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an impartial, neutral, and independent organization whose exclusively humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of war and internal violence and to provide them with
3464:
1308:
1038:
The principle of non-discrimination is a core principle of IHL. Adverse distinction based on race, sex, nationality, religious belief or political opinion is prohibited in the treatment of prisoners of war, civilians, and persons
878:
The ICRC is the only institution explicitly named under international humanitarian law as a controlling authority. The legal mandate of the ICRC stems from the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, as well as from its own Statutes.
1944:
1557:
3474:
793:
International humanitarian law now includes several treaties that outlaw specific weapons. These conventions were created largely because these weapons cause deaths and injuries long after conflicts have ended. Unexploded
2014:
1069:
3559:
1087:
as that granted to men". In addition to claims of formal equality, IHL mandates special protections to women, providing female prisoners of war with separate dormitories from men, for example, and prohibiting sexual
317:
governing all aspects of international armed conflicts. The law is mandatory for nations bound by the appropriate treaties. There are also other customary unwritten rules of war, many of which were explored at the
3444:
634:(1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts. As of 12 January 2007 it had been ratified by 163 countries.
562:
and on some of the 1907 Hague Conventions, and readopted by the international community in 1949. Later conferences have added provisions prohibiting certain methods of warfare and addressing issues of civil wars.
628:(1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts. As of 12 January 2007 it had been ratified by 167 countries.
402:, widely regarded as the founder or father of public international law, wrote that "wars, for the attainment of their objects, it cannot be denied, must employ force and terror as their most proper agents".
3429:
3326:
418:
said, "You shall not slay them. Would you slay those whom you have taken captive with your sword and with your bow? Set bread and water before them, that they may eat and drink and go to their master."
1120:
2549:
Mitchell, Ryan MartĂnez. "China's participation in the second Hague conference and the concept of equal sovereignty in international law." Asian Journal of International Law 11, no. 2 (2021): 351-371.
777:
or other easily identifiable badge, and the carrying of weapons openly. Impersonating soldiers of the other side by wearing the enemy's uniform is allowed, though fighting in that uniform is unlawful
3439:
242:
that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting persons who are not participating in hostilities and by restricting and regulating the means and methods of warfare available to
1317:
414:
In the Old Testament, the King of Israel prevents the slaying of the captured, following the prophet Elisha's admonition to spare enemy prisoners. In answer to a question from the King,
694:
Protected persons captured by a belligerent must be protected against acts of violence and reprisals. They shall have the right to correspond with their families and to receive relief.
2217:
845:
2963:
3288:
737:
2018:
3549:
3489:
3352:
981:
objective in the knowledge that the incidental civilian injuries would be clearly excessive in relation to the anticipated military advantage (principle of proportionality)."
284:, and subjects warfare to the rule of law by limiting its destructive effect and alleviating human suffering. Serious violations of international humanitarian law are called
2971:
2309:
374:
proper, "determines the rights and duties of belligerents in the conduct of operations and limits the choice of means in doing harm". In particular, it concerns itself with
645:
near-universal acceptance, since the United States and several other significant military powers (like Iran, Israel, India and Pakistan) are currently not parties to them.
2482:
809:
Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects
3179:
2287:
1127:
56:
3358:
2124:
1586:
848:(2000), an amendment to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), which forbids the enlistment of anyone under the age of eighteen for armed conflict; and
3574:
3214:
3454:
830:
The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (1997), also called the
3484:
3396:
3375:
3281:
3006:
1524:
702:
955:
After a conflict has ended, persons who have committed any breach of the laws of war, and especially atrocities, may be held individually accountable for
2242:
449:
It was not until the second half of the 19th century, however, that a more systematic approach was initiated. In the United States, a German immigrant,
250:
rights of parties to a conflict to use methods and means of warfare of their choice. Sources of international law include international agreements (the
1381:
433:
who did not take part in fighting such as women, children, monks and hermits, the aged, blind, and insane" were not to be molested. The first Caliph,
1073:
of existing regimes to incorporate similar exemptions, thereby covering key humanitarian contexts in countries like Lebanon, Myanmar, and Venezuela.
3648:
3174:
1195:
1011:
977:
51:
855:(2008), which prohibits the use of bombs that scatter bomblets, many of which do not explode and remain dangerous long after a conflict has ended.
3519:
3364:
3274:
1166:
culture, and yet is prohibited in IHL and other international law. In such cases, it is important to ensure that IHL is not negatively affected.
1112:
1106:
1102:
3479:
3204:
1186:(1945) Article 2, and some other Articles in the charter, curtails the right of member states to declare war, as does the older and toothless
715:
Parties to a conflict shall at all times distinguish between enemy combatants and protected persons. Attacks shall be directed solely against
3623:
3633:
1992:
596:
3628:
3449:
333:(which governs the conduct of a state towards its people), although the two branches of law are complementary and in some ways overlap.
3385:
3337:
3184:
1131:
773:
It is a violation of the laws of war to engage in combat without meeting certain requirements, among them the wearing of a distinctive
61:
3434:
3380:
3071:
2999:
2930:
1988:
1878:
1374:
865:
495:
2968:
3707:
834:
or the Mine Ban Treaty, which completely bans the stockpiling (except to a limited degree, for training purposes) and use of all
465:. The Lieber Code included the humane treatment of civilian populations in areas of conflict, and also forbade the execution of
3347:
3297:
2959:
204:
3459:
3331:
2881:
2862:
2843:
2824:
2805:
2786:
2767:
2669:
2610:
2078:
2053:
1911:
1886:
1760:
1732:
1704:
1617:
1448:
2916:
2277:
1653:
923:
3566:
3534:
2992:
2640:
2098:
494:, in which he described the horrors he had witnessed. His reports were so shocking that they led to the founding of the
3643:
3544:
3041:
2941:
2120:
2015:"1949 Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field"
1580:
824:
107:
1985:"Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 6 July 1906"
1928:
1541:
3712:
3370:
2740:
2724:
2707:
2688:
2629:
2591:
2572:
1938:
1857:
1832:
1803:
1778:
1684:
1551:
1504:
1267:
811:(1980), which prohibits weapons that produce non-detectable fragments, restricts (but does not eliminate) the use of
1464:
1316:. Charlottesville, VA: The United States Army Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School. 2016. Archived from
2200:
1068:
has made significant changes to its sanctions policy to better safeguard humanitarian efforts, in response to the
2897:
2450:
852:
1966:
1520:
910:
Combatants who break specific provisions of the laws of war lose the protections and status afforded to them as
903:
for violating the laws of war may consist of a specific, deliberate and limited violation of the laws of war in
565:
The first three Geneva Conventions were revised, expanded, and replaced, and the fourth one was added, in 1949.
3525:
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
3430:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
3417:
3189:
1151:
1135:
488:, led to more systematic efforts to prevent the suffering of war victims. Dunant wrote a book, which he titled
330:
172:
66:
17:
446:
Trujillo. This treaty was signed under the conflict of Independence, being the first of its kind in the West.
3584:
3061:
2155:
1345:
948:
1109:, which aim to enhance the protection of women and children against sexual violations in armed conflict; and
3209:
3194:
3023:
1378:
71:
2151:
506:
3560:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
3250:
3031:
2565:
International Humanitarian Law: Origins (International Humanitarian Law) (International Humanitarian Law)
255:
3665:
3087:
3015:
2934:
1291:
716:
197:
177:
3240:
2911:
586:
for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea
523:
carried out by impartial humanitarian organizations such as the ICRC. This focus can be found in the
295:) concerns the rules and principles governing the conduct of warfare once armed conflict has begun,
3585:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
2719:(1985). Development and Principles of International Humanitarian Law. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff.
943:
687:
persons as long their state of nationality maintains diplomatic relations with a belligerent power.
611:
589:
367:, which deals with the question of whether certain practices are acceptable during armed conflict.
122:
2243:"Reparation for victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law: New developments"
1098:
Soft-law instruments have been relied on to supplement the protection of women in armed conflict:
509:. It relates to those who are not participating in the conflict, as well as to military personnel
3554:
3342:
3098:
2466:
2185:
1187:
654:
604:
578:
546:
520:
516:
499:
322:. IHL operates on a strict division between rules applicable in international armed conflict and
117:
1984:
3465:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
3255:
3230:
3123:
1088:
918:, but must still be "treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the
1423:
3391:
2926:
919:
500:
Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field
490:
190:
942:
without having participated in the hostilities, may be detained only in accordance with the
3469:
3321:
3199:
3056:
2979:
477:
827:, and requires the warring parties to clear unexploded ordnance at the end of hostilities;
571:
for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field
8:
3618:
3266:
3156:
3103:
3066:
1147:
1052:
835:
747:
485:
302:
1482:
1207:
As of December 2012, 109 states have ratified this convention or some of its provisions.
573:
was adopted in 1864. It was significantly revised and replaced by the 1906 version, the
3638:
3140:
3135:
3108:
3046:
1821:
1285:
915:
820:
536:
524:
498:(ICRC) in 1863, and the convening of a conference in Geneva in 1864, which drew up the
462:
281:
251:
112:
3475:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
2170:
3051:
2877:
2858:
2839:
2820:
2801:
2782:
2763:
2736:
2720:
2703:
2684:
2665:
2625:
2606:
2587:
2568:
2074:
2049:
1934:
1907:
1882:
1853:
1828:
1799:
1774:
1680:
1613:
1547:
1500:
1444:
1419:
1273:
1263:
1190:
of 1928 for those nations who ratified it, but used against Germany and Japan in the
1159:
998:
666:
272:
239:
3470:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
1700:
234:
3580:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
3169:
3118:
2836:
Constraints on the Waging of War: An Introduction to International Humanitarian Law
1582:
Constraints on the waging of war: An introduction to international humanitarian law
1411:
1191:
911:
319:
46:
3440:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
1769:
Singh, Nagendra (1985). "Armed conflicts and humanitarian laws of ancient India".
1753:
1726:
1115:, which aims to improve the participation of women in post-conflict peacebuilding.
3679:
3524:
3235:
3036:
2975:
2282:
2204:
1764:
1528:
1519:
The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at Harvard University,
1438:
1400:"Towards a Single Definition of Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law"
1385:
684:
676:
267:
1647:
1065:
1026:
671:
553:
450:
430:
2929:, an updated version of customary international humanitarian law study by the
1415:
708:
Parties to a conflict do not have an unlimited choice of methods and means of
541:
3701:
3327:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
2984:
2644:
2094:
1771:
Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles
1399:
1277:
831:
799:
297:
277:
165:
347:
Modern international humanitarian law is made up of two historical streams:
3076:
1121:
Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
914:, but only after facing a "competent tribunal". At that point, they become
798:
have caused up to 7,000 deaths a year; unexploded bombs, particularly from
637:
481:
399:
362:
351:
The law of The Hague, referred to in the past as the law of war proper; and
142:
137:
2042:
The International Committee of the Red Cross: A Neutral Humanitarian Actor
1773:. By Swinarski, C. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. pp. 531–536.
1146:
IHL has generally not been subject to the same debates and criticisms of "
984:
The provisions and principles of IHL which seek to protect civilians are:
2716:
1158:
line with IHL. Relying on these links and on local practices can help to
816:
680:
648:
631:
621:
There are three additional amendment protocols to the Geneva Convention:
473:
454:
371:
342:
314:
263:
132:
3674:
970:
3691:
2197:
1262:. Corn, Geoffrey S. New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. 2012.
1183:
1162:
of and adherence to IHL principles among local groups and communities.
956:
952:
have committed themselves not to use torture on anyone for any reason.
900:
838:
795:
728:
Well-known examples of such rules include the prohibition on attacking
625:
458:
285:
270:, and individuals engaged in warfare, in relation to each other and to
243:
160:
127:
2662:
Application of International Humanitarian Law to United Nations Forces
946:, and are entitled to a regular trial. Countries that have signed the
588:
was adopted in 1906. It was significantly revised and replaced by the
329:
International humanitarian law is traditionally seen as distinct from
3145:
2045:
1123:(CEDAW), these can enhance interpretation and implementation of IHL.
987:
933:
929:
870:
812:
733:
729:
484:, a Genevese businessman who had worked with wounded soldiers at the
423:
323:
89:
3686:
2172:
Basic rules of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols
301:
pertains to the justification for resorting to war and includes the
3445:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
3113:
2483:"Humanitarian action: EU introduces further exception to sanctions"
1632:
Fritz Munch, "History of the Laws of War", in: R. Bernhardt (ed.),
904:
453:, drew up a code of conduct in 1863, which came to be known as the
434:
259:
2485:(Press release). Council of the European Union. February 19, 2024.
1827:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 211.
1353:
1056:
from their families, must be maintained and receive an education.
846:
Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
2964:
Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights
2758:
Clapham, Andrew; Gaeta, Paola; Haeck, Tom; Priddy, Alice (2014).
1440:
International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law
938:
782:
778:
774:
766:
709:
698:
2855:
The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War
1877:. Sarajevo: Faculty of Islamic Studies, University in Sarajevo,
1823:
Islamic political ethics: civil society, pluralism, and conflict
1578:
1119:
Read together with other legal mechanisms, in particular the UN
3130:
2622:
The humanitarians: the International Committee of the Red Cross
1967:"The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols"
415:
381:
establishes rules relating to the means and methods of warfare;
3490:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
3353:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
2603:
The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law. Second Edition
3309:
2584:
Humanitarian Law (The Library of Essays in International Law)
762:
the prohibition on deliberately attacking non-combatants; and
615:
relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War
336:
2152:"The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law: Protected Persons"
1930:
Development and Principles of International Humanitarian Law
1679:. Vol. 2. Amsterdam: North-Holland. pp. 933–936.
859:
466:
3296:
2947:
2760:
The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict
2562:
1465:"What is the difference between IHL and human rights law?"
1128:
International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia
3180:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2874:
International Humanitarian Law: Theory, Practice, Context
1469:
International Humanitarian Law: Answers to Your Questions
1225:
It has, as of December 2012, been ratified by 150 states.
960:
229:
57:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
3359:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
2955:
1260:
The law of armed conflict : an operational approach
1126:
In addition, international criminal tribunals (like the
3215:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
2757:
2641:"International Legal Framework for Humanitarian Action"
2472: 9 December 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
2660:
Mendis, Chinthaka (2007). Jayawardena, Hemamal (ed.).
2371:
2369:
2367:
1652:. Translated by Campbell, A. C. Book 3, Chapter 1:VI.
649:
Historical convergence between IHL and the laws of war
280:. It is designed to balance humanitarian concerns and
3663:
3455:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
3371:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
2944:" — short video (4:43 in length) from the ICRC
2522:
Gardam and Jarvis, cited in Durham and O'Bryne, 2010.
1340:
1338:
971:
Key provisions and principles applicable to civilians
440:
3550:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
3485:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
3376:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
2795:
2069:
Greenwood, Christopher (2008). Fleck, Dieter (ed.).
1902:
Greenwood, Christopher (2008). Fleck, Dieter (ed.).
1798:. New York City: Lawbook Exchange. pp. 103–04.
1608:
Greenwood, Christopher (2008). Fleck, Dieter (ed.).
703:
cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment
2581:
2441:
GCIV, Arts 24, 27; API, Arts 76-78; APII, Art 4(3).
2364:
2071:
The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts
1904:
The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts
1610:
The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts
655:
1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions
603:. It was significantly revised and replaced by the
557:
Progression of Geneva Conventions from 1864 to 1949
3604:
3170:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
2700:Humanitarian law and the protection of war victims
2619:
1820:
1497:Humanitarian law and the protection of war victims
1335:
1033:
988:IHL provisions and principles protecting civilians
2659:
2039:
1579:Kalshoven, Frits; Liesbeth Zegveld (March 2001).
262:. It defines the conduct and responsibilities of
3699:
3649:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
3200:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
3175:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
2833:
2796:Crowe, Jonathan; Weston-Scheuber, Kylie (2013).
2073:. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 27–28.
1018:
1005:
405:
52:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3365:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
2392:
2390:
2278:"Cited in an article in The Guardian newspaper"
1543:Development and Principles of International Law
3480:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
3014:
2969:Research Guide: International Humanitarian Law
2817:The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law
1875:Islamic Law and International Humanitarian Law
505:The Law of Geneva is directly inspired by the
384:and examines the issue of military objectives.
3624:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
3282:
3000:
2624:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2600:
599:relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War
472:At the same time, the involvement during the
198:
3634:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
3520:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
2834:Kalshoven, Frits; Zegveld, Liesbeth (2011).
2798:Principles of International Humanitarian Law
2776:
2733:International Dimensions of Humanitarian Law
2730:
2513:GCIV, Art27; API, Art 76(2); APII, Art 4(2).
2387:
2310:"Overview of international humanitarian law"
1612:. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 20.
1234:By December 2012, 77 states had ratified it.
894:
510:
3629:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
3450:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
1906:. Oxford University Press USA. p. 22.
1436:
992:
743:These examples of the laws of war address:
360:
228:, is the law that regulates the conduct of
3386:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
3338:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
3289:
3275:
3185:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3007:
2993:
1872:
1546:. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 2.
1070:United Nations Security Council resolution
1024:against non-combatants, including persons
697:No protected person shall be subjected to
337:The law of Geneva and the law of The Hague
205:
191:
62:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3311:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
3205:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
2948:Treaties, States Parties and Commentaries
2678:
2531:Lewis, cited in Durham and O'Bryne, 2010.
2068:
1927:Pictet, Jean Simon (September 30, 1985).
1901:
1852:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. pp. 8–13.
1847:
1674:
1607:
1216:By late 2012, 160 states had ratified it.
3540:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
2931:International Committee of the Red Cross
2175:(2nd ed.). Geneva: ICRC. p. 1.
2168:
1989:International Committee of the Red Cross
1879:International Committee of the Red Cross
1793:
1677:Encyclopedia of Public International Law
1634:Encyclopedia of Public International Law
869:
866:International Committee of the Red Cross
860:International Committee of the Red Cross
552:
540:
496:International Committee of the Red Cross
422:In ancient India there are records (the
2567:. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y: Transnational Pub.
2334:AP I, Arts 48, 51-52, 57; AP II, 13-16.
2146:
2144:
2142:
1645:
1397:
1379:What is international humanitarian law?
354:The law of Geneva, or humanitarian law.
3700:
3348:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
3298:International human rights instruments
2960:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
2871:
2777:Crawford, Emily; Pert, Alison (2020).
2697:
1995:from the original on February 22, 2014
1947:from the original on February 26, 2014
1926:
1818:
1560:from the original on February 26, 2014
1539:
1494:
3603:
3506:
3460:Convention on the Rights of the Child
3415:
3414:
3397:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
3332:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3308:
3270:
2988:
2852:
2814:
2683:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing.
2563:Carey, John; Dunlap, William (2003).
2247:International Review of the Red Cross
1768:
1636:Volume IV (2000), pp. 1386–1388.
1404:International Review of the Red Cross
1046:
922:", because they are still covered by
819:, prohibits attacking civilians with
660:
530:
258:, general principles of nations, and
2468:General issues relating to sanctions
2198:http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/full/195
2139:
2127:from the original on October 8, 2007
1589:from the original on October 8, 2007
1499:. Leyden: Sijthoff. pp. 16–17.
1303:
1301:
1103:UN Security Council Resolutions 1888
765:the prohibition of certain inhumane
392:
23:Law of war to protect non-combatants
3567:American Convention on Human Rights
2290:from the original on August 7, 2017
2040:David P. Forsythe (June 17, 2007).
1656:from the original on April 30, 2009
1051:Women must be protected from rape,
476:of a number of such individuals as
13:
3545:European Convention on Nationality
2751:
2664:. USA: Zeilan Press. p. 108.
2638:
2101:from the original on July 18, 2013
1707:from the original on July 10, 2011
1076:
1059:
788:
756:the treatment of prisoners of war;
515:. It provides the legal basis for
441:Codification of humanitarian norms
14:
3724:
3535:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
2891:
2222:United States Department of State
1796:War And Peace in the Law of Islam
1735:from the original on May 30, 2009
1298:
3685:
3673:
3507:
2933:(ICRC), originally published by
2605:. Oxford University Press, USA.
2121:"Kalshoven+Zegveld (2001) p. 34"
1398:Stewart, James (June 30, 2003).
1134:) and mixed tribunals (like the
920:rights of fair and regular trial
313:comprise the two strands of the
2876:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
2543:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2475:
2451:United Nations Security Council
2444:
2435:
2432:Common article 3, GCIV, Art 27.
2426:
2417:
2414:GCIV, Art 13, common Article 3.
2408:
2399:
2378:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2302:
2270:
2261:
2235:
2210:
2191:
2179:
2162:
2113:
2087:
2062:
2033:
2007:
1977:
1959:
1933:. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 2.
1920:
1895:
1866:
1841:
1812:
1787:
1747:
1719:
1693:
1668:
1639:
1626:
1601:
1572:
1533:
1513:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1176:
1034:Principle of non-discrimination
853:Convention on Cluster Munitions
3708:International humanitarian law
3607:International humanitarian law
3246:International humanitarian law
3190:Special Court for Sierra Leone
2903:International humanitarian law
2857:. Cambridge University Press.
2838:. Cambridge University Press.
2781:. Cambridge University Press.
2779:International Humanitarian Law
2681:International Humanitarian Law
1850:International Humanitarian Law
1488:
1475:
1457:
1430:
1391:
1368:
1310:Law of Armed Conflict Deskbook
1252:
1136:Special Court for Sierra Leone
331:international human rights law
218:International humanitarian law
173:International human rights law
67:International Court of Justice
32:International humanitarian law
18:International human rights law
1:
3575:to Prevent and Punish Torture
2643:. GSDRC/ DFiD. Archived from
1241:
1019:Principle of humane treatment
1006:Necessity and proportionality
949:UN Convention Against Torture
406:Humanitarian norms in history
378:the definition of combatants;
370:The Law of The Hague, or the
3210:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
3195:International Criminal Court
2942:Rules of war (in a nutshell)
2917:Resources in other libraries
2582:Gardam, Judith Gail (1999).
1585:. Geneva: ICRC. p. 40.
1246:
759:the avoidance of atrocities;
72:International Criminal Court
7:
3251:International speech crimes
3032:Customary international law
2819:. Oxford University Press.
2800:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
2762:. Oxford University Press.
2679:McCoubrey, Hilaire (1999).
2620:Forsythe, David P. (2005).
1848:McCoubrey, Hilaire (1999).
1649:On the Law of War and Peace
1443:. Oxford University Press.
723:
717:legitimate military targets
256:customary international law
224:), also referred to as the
10:
3729:
3571:Inter-American Convention
3435:Convention against Torture
3072:Convention Against Torture
3016:International criminal law
2935:Cambridge University Press
2555:
1873:al-Dawoody, Ahmed (2020).
1819:Hashmi, Sohail H. (2002).
1675:Bernhardt, Rudolf (1992).
1437:Ben-Naftali, Orna (2011).
1152:international human rights
1141:
863:
534:
340:
178:International criminal law
15:
3614:
3599:
3515:
3502:
3425:
3410:
3317:
3304:
3241:Joint criminal enterprise
3223:
3154:
3085:
3022:
2912:Resources in your library
1471:. ICRC. October 30, 2015.
1416:10.1017/S1560775500115196
895:Violations and punishment
653:With the adoption of the
429:Islamic law states that "
3713:Human rights instruments
3161:(in order of foundation)
2156:Médecins Sans Frontières
1794:Khadduri, Majid (2006).
1483:IHL and human rights law
1169:
993:Principle of distinction
753:acceptance of surrender;
612:Fourth Geneva Convention
590:Second Geneva Convention
123:Fourth Geneva Convention
16:Not to be confused with
3343:Declaration of Montreal
3099:Crimes against humanity
2974:April 12, 2017, at the
2962:, an initiative of the
2872:ThĂĽrer, Daniel (2011).
2853:Solis, Gary D. (2021).
2218:"Foreign Press Centers"
1485:". ICRC. June 27, 2016.
937:have been subjected to
605:Third Geneva Convention
579:First Geneva Convention
547:First Geneva Convention
521:humanitarian assistance
324:internal armed conflict
118:Third Geneva Convention
3256:Universal jurisdiction
3231:Command responsibility
3124:Incitement to genocide
3062:United Nations Charter
2950:database from the ICRC
2927:Customary IHL Database
2815:Fleck, Dieter (2021).
2601:Fleck, Dieter (2008).
2470: S/RES/2664 (2022)
1646:Grotius, Hugo (1814).
1290:: CS1 maint: others (
1089:violence against women
1081:
892:
875:
825:blinding laser weapons
781:, as is the taking of
584:The Geneva Convention
569:The Geneva Convention
558:
550:
511:
361:
226:laws of armed conflict
3392:Yogyakarta Principles
2731:UNESCO Staff (1997).
2698:Pictet, Jean (1975).
2352:AP I, Arts 35, 51(5).
1540:Pictet, Jean (1985).
1521:"Brief Primer on IHL"
1495:Pictet, Jean (1975).
1346:"Topic Guide Archive"
881:
873:
556:
544:
507:principle of humanity
491:A Memory of Solferino
238:). It is a branch of
3322:Brazilian Resolution
3157:International courts
3057:Nuremberg principles
2980:Peace Palace Library
2735:. Berlin: Springer.
2702:. Leyden: Sijthoff.
2375:ICRC, 2005b, vol. 1.
2021:on February 21, 2014
1356:on November 27, 2021
617:was adopted in 1949.
478:Florence Nightingale
152:Related areas of law
38:Courts and Tribunals
3619:Genocide Convention
3104:Crime of aggression
3067:Genocide Convention
2586:. Ashgate Pub Ltd.
2495:GCIII, Arts 14, 16.
2343:ICRC, 2005b, vol 1.
1188:Kellogg–Briand Pact
1148:cultural relativism
1053:forced prostitution
959:through process of
916:unlawful combatants
748:declarations of war
679:citizens living in
601:was adopted in 1929
486:Battle of Solferino
303:crime of aggression
3639:Geneva Conventions
3109:Crime of apartheid
3047:Geneva Conventions
2361:AP 1, Arts 57, 58.
2207:Articles 30 and 31
2203:2012-09-11 at the
1763:2009-05-30 at the
1701:"II Kings 6:21-23"
1527:2010-04-19 at the
1384:2007-03-20 at the
1047:Women and children
876:
874:Emblem of the ICRC
821:incendiary weapons
661:Basic rules of IHL
597:Geneva Convention
559:
551:
537:Geneva Conventions
531:Geneva Conventions
525:Geneva Conventions
463:American Civil War
282:military necessity
276:, usually meaning
252:Geneva Conventions
113:Geneva Conventions
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3644:Hague Conventions
3595:
3594:
3498:
3497:
3418:International law
3406:
3405:
3264:
3263:
3090:international law
3052:Nuremberg Charter
3042:Hague Conventions
2898:Library resources
2883:978-90-04-17910-3
2864:978-1-108-83163-5
2845:978-1-139-49969-9
2826:978-0-19-258719-0
2807:978-1-78100-273-5
2788:978-1-108-57514-0
2769:978-0-19-955969-5
2671:978-0-9793624-3-9
2612:978-0-19-923250-5
2540:See Barrow, 2010.
2423:Common Article 3.
2286:. July 20, 2014.
2169:de Preux (1988).
2080:978-0-19-923250-5
2055:978-0-415-34151-6
1913:978-0-19-923250-5
1888:978-9958-622-86-1
1619:978-0-19-923250-5
1450:978-0-19-100160-4
1323:on March 22, 2023
1160:promote awareness
997:The principle of
899:During conflict,
667:Protected persons
393:The law of Geneva
273:protected persons
240:international law
215:
214:
108:Hague Conventions
3720:
3690:
3689:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3601:
3600:
3504:
3503:
3412:
3411:
3381:Paris Principles
3306:
3305:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3268:
3267:
3224:Related concepts
3162:
3119:Genocidal intent
3009:
3002:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2956:Official website
2887:
2868:
2849:
2830:
2811:
2792:
2773:
2746:
2713:
2694:
2675:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2647:on July 18, 2013
2635:
2616:
2597:
2578:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2496:
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2486:
2479:
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2439:
2433:
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2424:
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2415:
2412:
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2335:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2274:
2268:
2267:AP I, Art 50(1).
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2214:
2208:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2148:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2017:. Archived from
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1973:. March 8, 2016.
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1826:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1755:The Laws of Manu
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1728:The Laws of Manu
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1697:
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1672:
1666:
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1492:
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1461:
1455:
1454:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1395:
1389:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1352:. Archived from
1342:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1315:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1256:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1180:
924:GC IV, Article 5
912:prisoners of war
890:
577:, and later the
514:
366:
320:Nuremberg trials
207:
200:
193:
47:Nuremberg trials
28:
27:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3684:
3672:
3664:
3662:
3653:
3610:
3591:
3511:
3494:
3421:
3402:
3313:
3300:
3295:
3265:
3260:
3236:Superior orders
3219:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3150:
3092:
3089:
3081:
3037:Peremptory norm
3018:
3013:
2976:Wayback Machine
2923:
2922:
2921:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2884:
2865:
2846:
2827:
2808:
2789:
2770:
2754:
2752:Further reading
2749:
2743:
2710:
2691:
2672:
2650:
2648:
2632:
2613:
2594:
2575:
2558:
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2548:
2544:
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2530:
2526:
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2508:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:API, Art 75(1).
2395:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2283:TheGuardian.com
2276:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2249:. June 16, 2022
2241:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2205:Wayback Machine
2196:
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2008:
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1978:
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2393:
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2384:GCIV, Art 27.
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2358:
2349:
2340:
2331:
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2311:
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2289:
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1269:9781454806905
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1198:respectively.
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908:
906:
902:
885:
880:
872:
867:
854:
850:
847:
843:
840:
837:
833:
832:Ottawa Treaty
829:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:
804:
801:
800:cluster bombs
797:
786:
784:
780:
776:
768:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
745:
744:
741:
739:
736:displaying a
735:
731:
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711:
707:
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696:
693:
689:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:
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623:
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613:
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365:
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344:
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316:
312:
311:jus ad bellum
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298:jus ad bellum
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30:
29:
26:
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3606:
3605:
3509:Regional law
3508:
3416:
3310:
3245:
3077:Rome Statute
2902:
2873:
2854:
2835:
2816:
2797:
2778:
2759:
2732:
2717:Pictet, Jean
2699:
2680:
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2645:the original
2621:
2602:
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2545:
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2339:
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2318:. Retrieved
2313:
2304:
2294:December 11,
2292:. Retrieved
2281:
2272:
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2251:. Retrieved
2246:
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2221:
2212:
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2164:
2129:. Retrieved
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2089:
2070:
2064:
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2035:
2023:. Retrieved
2019:the original
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1979:
1970:
1961:
1951:November 11,
1949:. Retrieved
1929:
1922:
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1727:
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1648:
1641:
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1581:
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1564:November 11,
1562:. Retrieved
1542:
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1354:the original
1349:
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1318:the original
1309:
1259:
1254:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1196:Tokyo Trials
1178:
1164:
1156:
1145:
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1711:February 5,
1660:February 4,
1410:: 313–350.
1107:1889 (2009)
999:distinction
884:assistance.
817:booby-traps
691:protection.
681:belligerent
632:Protocol II
474:Crimean War
461:during the
455:Lieber Code
372:laws of war
343:Laws of War
315:laws of war
291:While IHL (
264:belligerent
133:Protocol II
3702:Categories
3141:Starvation
2455:Resolution
2320:August 27,
2227:August 27,
1731:. VII.90.
1360:August 27,
1242:References
1184:UN Charter
1150:" as have
957:war crimes
934:terrorists
901:punishment
839:land mines
796:land mines
734:ambulances
669:are those
626:Protocol I
517:protection
459:Union Army
457:, for the
286:war crimes
244:combatants
161:Law of war
128:Protocol I
90:War crimes
81:Violations
3531:European
3146:War crime
2253:March 31,
2131:March 10,
2095:"{title}"
2046:Routledge
2025:August 7,
1767:See also
1757:VII.91-92
1593:March 10,
1286:cite book
1278:779607396
1247:Citations
1192:Nuremberg
738:red cross
266:nations,
3680:Politics
3399:(UNDROP)
3367:(UNDRIP)
3114:Genocide
2972:Archived
2288:Archived
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1999:July 20,
1993:Archived
1945:Archived
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905:reprisal
887:—
783:hostages
724:Examples
607:of 1949.
592:of 1949.
581:of 1949.
549:of 1864.
435:Abu Bakr
260:case law
99:Treaties
3666:Portals
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3355:(DEDAW)
3024:Sources
2958:of the
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2105:May 13,
1424:1946414
1142:Culture
939:torture
779:perfidy
775:uniform
767:weapons
730:doctors
710:warfare
699:torture
677:neutral
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416:Elisha
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1350:GSDRC
1321:(PDF)
1314:(PDF)
1170:Notes
944:GC IV
930:Spies
813:mines
2878:ISBN
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2840:ISBN
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2653:2013
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2463:9214
2459:2664
2322:2019
2296:2016
2255:2024
2229:2019
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2107:2013
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2001:2013
1971:ICRC
1953:2016
1935:ISBN
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1566:2016
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1420:SSRN
1375:ICRC
1362:2019
1329:2019
1292:link
1274:OCLC
1264:ISBN
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1130:and
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1064:The
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309:and
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