Coolie - Knowledge

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advances from the planters for salaries, distributing tools, arranging housing and food, and assuming responsibility for discipline, control, and supervision.” (Hu-DeHart). The enganchador had flexibility in the length of the Coolies’ recontract. The Coolie was also able to negotiate their wages and often had the upper hand as the employer had to yield to market forces. “Recontracting terms varied considerably. A batch of recontracts from the period 1863 to 1877 reveals great variation in the terms of the new contracts, diverging not only from the original ones, but from each other. First, most coolies signed up for only one year, at most two years, and some for as few as three and six months – all far short of another eight years. Second, the monthly wages not only varied, but were always greater than the 4 pesos in the original contracts, in some cases significantly greater. Many specified payment in “peso fuerte,” that is, hard currency, not vouchers, which was often used during the eight year original indenture.” (Hu-DeHart).

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and 1859, laws were put into place stating that the ratio of men to women could not exceed 2:1, whereas before it was 3:1. However, there continued to be a severe shortage of women. This gave women a new sense of power when it came to choosing a partner. With a shortage of women, it became the responsibility of the male suitor to provide a hefty dowry to a woman's father, regardless of what caste she came from. Unfortunately, this also put women in a very vulnerable position, especially when alone. Rape was a common occurrence, and there were accounts of women being bound and gagged in their own homes by men. Between 1872 and 1900, it was reported that 87 women were murdered, with 65 of those being married women who were accused of being unfaithful.

2754: 2966:. Coolies were also not informed about the length of the trip or about the island that they would be going to. The workers were paid a pittance for their labour, and were expected to work in often awful and harsh conditions. Although there were no large-scale scandals involving coolie abuse in British colonies, workers often ended up being forced to work, and manipulated in such a way that they became dependent on the plantation owners so that in practice they remained there long after their contracts expired; possibly as little as 10% of the coolies actually returned to their original country of origin. Colonial legislation was also passed to severely limit their freedoms; in Mauritius, a compulsory 57: 1767: 2570:

counterparts. Even after the 1866 reforms, the scale of abuse and conditions of near slavery did not get any better – if anything they deteriorated. In the early 1870s, an increased media exposure of the trade led to a public outcry, and the British, as well as the Chinese government, put pressure on the Portuguese colonial authorities in Macau to bring the trade there to an end; this was ultimately achieved in 1874. By that time, a total of up to half a million Chinese workers had been exported. However, by 1890, there were still newspaper reports of coolie labour being used in Madagascar.

4037: 2440:(Regulation for the Introduction of Chinese Workers to the Island of Cuba) passed in Cuba. This regulation stipulated that the Coolie workers must recontract with their previous employer or another employer or they must leave Cuba at their own expense within 2 months after the end of their contract. Coolies were usually unable to afford to leave Cuba and were forced to recontract. This regulation blurred the distinction between indentured servitude and slavery. It allowed for the Coolies to serve as a source of semi-captive labour given the intentional difficulty of returning home. 2206:, detailing his time spent on West Indian plantations observing the work ethic and behaviours of coolies, and noted that many overseers believed that Asian coolies, much like enslaved Africans, held an affinity for intensive outdoor labour work. The views of overseers towards coolies differed based on ethnicity: Chinese and Japanese coolies were perceived to be harder working, more unified as a labour force, and maintained better hygiene habits in comparison to Indian labourers, who were viewed as being lower in status and treated as children who required constant supervision. 4833: 2951: 2585:. German planters went to great lengths to secure access to their coolie labour supply from China. In 1908, a Chinese commissioner, Lin Shu Fen, reported on the cruel treatment of coolie workers on German plantations in the western Samoan Islands. The trade began largely after the establishment of colonial German Samoa in 1900 and lasted until the arrival of New Zealand forces in 1914. More than 2,000 Chinese coolies were present in the islands in 1914 and most were eventually repatriated by the New Zealand administration. 4065: 2739: 3197: 2524: 2594: 4107: 2393: 2994:, with the Society of Friends. Petitions from Sturge, the Society of Friends, various other humanitarian groups, and from citizens of entire cities were routinely sent to the Colonial Offices. In response to this pressure, the labour export was temporarily stopped in 1839 by the authorities when the scale of the abuses became known, but it was soon renewed due to its growing economic importance. A more rigorous regulatory framework was put into place and 4135: 4121: 4093: 4079: 4051: 3233: 2492:, substantiated horrific conditions of Chinese coolies in Cuba and stated that coolies were slaves in all but name. Researcher Denise Helly believes that despite their slave-like treatment, the free and legal status of the Asian labourers in Cuba separated them from slaves. According to Rodriguez Pastor and Trazegnies Granda, the coolies could challenge their superiors, run away, petition government officials, and rebel. 3156: 4023: 7258: 2922:, the French transported Indian workers to their Pacific colony, Réunion, from as early as 1826. By 1830, over 3,000 labourers had been transported. After this trade was discovered, the French successfully negotiated with the British in 1860 for permission to transport over 6,000 workers annually, on condition that the trade would be suspended if abuses were discovered to be taking place. 3013: 2447:('the islands of Hell') of Peru were treated brutally. 75% of the Chinese coolies in Cuba died before fulfilling their contracts. More than two-thirds of the Chinese coolies who arrived in Peru between 1849 and 1874 died within the contract period. In 1860, it was calculated that of the 4,000 coolies brought to the Chinchas since the trade began, not one had survived. 2338:, was called the 'pig trade' as the living conditions were not dissimilar to that of livestock; on some vessels as many as 40 per cent of the coolies died en route. As many as 500 were crammed into a single ship hold, leaving no room to move. The coolies were also stamped on their backs like livestock. Foreign merchants took advantage of the 2613:, was signed into law by Abraham Lincoln, which prohibited any U.S. citizens and residents from trading in Chinese subjects, known as "coolies". In one aspect, the Anti-Coolie Act was the last of the U.S. slave trade laws, as well as the beginning of the end of slavery; in September of that year, Lincoln would also issue the 3093:

One stark difference between Indian and Chinese coolies was the treatment of women, despite both groups having a severe shortage. Crimes against women (including murder) were far more frequent among Indian coolies. This was simply because there were so few Chinese women. However, it became common for

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Chinese women were scarce in every place where Chinese indentured labourers were brought; the migration was dominated by Chinese men. Up to the 1940s, men made up the vast majority of the Costa Rican Chinese community. Similarly, males made up the majority of the original Chinese community in Mexico,

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The scarcity of Indian women in the Caribbean may not have been completely due to the women's inability to perform the work required of them. Many coolie women saw the chance to leave for the Caribbean as a way to escape abusive husbands, to hide pregnancy, to escape shame, or to simply find a better

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A major difference between the Chinese and Indian coolie trades was that women and children were brought from India, along with men, while Chinese coolies were 99% male. Although there are reports of ships (so called 'coolie ships') for Asian coolies carrying women and children, the great majority of

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were recorded for those working in the mines. Generally, Indian coolies were noted to have higher mortality rates as a whole, and were less likely to be able to return home. Companies would often promise good food, durable clothing, adequate housing, safe passage, and schools. However, these promises

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By the 1820s, many Indians were voluntarily enlisting to go abroad for work, in the hopes of a better life. European merchants and businessmen quickly took advantage of this and began recruiting them for work as a cheap source of labour. British merchants began transporting Indians to colonies around

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Because of these unbearable conditions, Chinese coolies often revolted against their Ko-Hung bosses and foreign company bosses at ports of departure, on ships, and in foreign lands. The coolies were put in the same neighbourhoods as Africans and, since most were unable to return to their homeland or

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Coolies were sold and taken to work in plantations or mines with very bad living and working conditions. The duration of a contract was typically five to eight years, but many coolies did not live out their term of service due to hard labour and mistreatment. Survivors were often forced to remain in

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whose captors sold them to coolie merchants, while others sold themselves to pay off gambling debts. Those who did sign on voluntarily generally had contracts of two to five years. In addition to having their passage paid for, coolies were also paid under twenty cents per day on average. However, in

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Some Chinese coolies managed to avoid racial discrimination laws in Cuba and marry white women. This could be done by being listed as 'white' on their baptism certificates, as the agency that recruited them was meant for settling white people in Cuba. A Chinese coolie in Cuba also mentioned a white

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In the early 1900s, the Chinese communities in Manila, Singapore, Mauritius, New Zealand, Victoria in Australia, the United States, and Victoria in British Columbia in Canada were all male dominated. Though the lack of women became a problem in later years, initially women were not a high priority

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was a common practice among Indian coolies. Between 1845 and 1917, twenty-five per cent of all Indians brought to the Caribbean were women. With women as a severe minority, their morality was questioned and the actions of men as a result of having so few women was blamed on the women. Between 1858

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The voyage itself was often a highly dangerous venture, especially for coolie women. Though some ships had made attempts to prevent assault, rape, and general mistreatment in sailor contracts, these crimes were still common. Even with punishments in place, on ship and land, men who assaulted women

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issued a set of regulations for the trade. The rules provided for each labourer to be personally authorised for transportation by an officer designated by the company, limited the length of service to five years subject to voluntary renewal, made the contractor responsible for returning the worker

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By 1870, labour contractors called enganchadores were used to manage and negotiate the contracts for Chinese Coolies in organised labour squads called Cuadrillas. “The enganchador negotiated all terms of work for his squad and handled all aspects of employment for the workers, including obtaining

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which had been previously worked by enslaved Africans, and similarly brutal treatment could be meted out by plantation overseers in response to real or perceived offences. On some Caribbean plantations, the numbers of coolies present could reach up to six hundred. In 1878, historian W. L. Distant

3620:) means working for a fee, notably instant (cash) payment (and not salaried). It is used in a derogatory or jesting manner to signify biased action or support (e.g. "Kuliyata andanawa" means "Crying for a fee", since in colonial times people would be paid to cry at funerals). Taxis are known as 3077:

indentured coolies. The number of Chinese women as coolies was "very small" while Chinese men were easily taken into the coolie trade. In Cuba, men made up the vast majority of Chinese indentured servants on sugar plantations; in Peru, non-Chinese women married the mostly male Chinese coolies.

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was the center of coolie slavery: it was described as "the only real business" in Macao from 1848 to 1873, generating enormous profits for the Portuguese until it was banned due to pressure from the British government. Between 1851 and 1874 approximately 215,000 Chinese were shipped from Macau

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The contrast in the female-to-male ratio between Indian and Chinese immigrants has been compared by historians. In Sumatra in the Dutch East Indies, just 18,731 Chinese women and 92,985 Chinese men served as coolies on plantations. Chinese women migrated less than Javanese and Indian women as

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declined these conditions, bringing the trade there to an end. Until the trade was finally abolished in 1875, over 150,000 coolies had been sold to Cuba alone, the majority having been shipped from Macau. These labourers endured conditions far worse than those experienced by their Indian

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was instrumental in supplying Chinese coolie labour to South African mines at the request of mine owners, who considered such labour cheaper than native African and white labour. The horrendous conditions suffered by Indian coolie labourers in South Africa led some politicians in the

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would ensure certain protections for Chinese immigrants in the U.S. and emphasise that any Chinese immigration to the U.S. must be free and voluntary, reaffirming that "coolies", being unfree, were unwelcome and prohibited from entering the U.S. In 1875, Congress passed the

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A number of contemporary and modern historians noted the influence of the old form of colonial slavery on the coolie system. The coolie trade, much like the slave trade, was intended to provide a labour force for colonial plantations in the Americas and the Pacific whose

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collecting industry. Australia began importing workers in 1848. These workers were deceived about their terms of employment to a much greater extent than their Indian counterparts, and consequently, there was a much higher level of Chinese emigration during this period.

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in 1833, with other European nations eventually following suit. Labour-intensive work in European colonies, such as those involving plantations and mines, were left without a cheap source of manpower. As a consequence, a large-scale trade of primarily Indian and Chinese

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In practice, however, as many opponents of the system argued, abuse and violence in the coolie trade was rampant. Some of these labourers signed employment contracts based on misleading promises, while others were kidnapped and sold into servitude; some were victims of

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A system of agents was used to infiltrate the rural villages of India and recruit labourers. They would often deceive the credulous workers about the great opportunities that awaited them for their own material betterment abroad. The Indians primarily came from the

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life. The 1883 Indian Immigration Act aimed to stop women from escaping their abusive husbands, which in turn made it much more difficult for women to emigrate, partially because an agent was usually needed to travel to the woman's village to verify her identity.

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at hotel lobbies and railway and bus stations. Nevertheless, the use of such (especially by foreigners) may still be regarded as a slur by some. The phrase 'brown coolie' is a term used for an Indian citizen who is posturing as a representative to a foreign

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and other areas to the south of the country. Indians had faced a great number of social and economic disasters, causing them to be more eager than other groups to leave India. In the last part of the nineteenth century alone, there were 24 famines.

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The trade flourished from 1847 to 1854 without incident, until reports began to surface of the mistreatment of the workers in Cuba and Peru. As the British government had political and legal responsibility for many of the ports involved – including

1555: 2987:, and they were vetted before transportation to ensure that they were suitably healthy and fit to be able to endure the rigours of labour. Children under the age of 15 were not allowed to be transported from their parents under any circumstances. 3398:

of Thailand used this term when referring to the labourers who built the new international airport. He thanked them for their hard work. Reuters, a news source from Bangkok, reported that Thai labour groups were angered by his use of the

2179:, also pressured other nations to abolish their involvement in the Atlantic slave trade. In most European colonies, the importation of Asian labourers began in earnest after the abolition of slavery. However, in some colonies, such as 2330:

in 1806 "in an attempt to establish a settlement of free peasant cultivators and labourers". On many of the voyages, the labourers were transported on the same vessels that had been used to transport African slaves in previous years.

2617:. In another aspect, it was the beginning of Chinese exclusion in the U.S. and the beginning of federal immigration restriction. Within a decade, significant levels of anti-Chinese sentiment had built up, stoked by populists such as 2432:. Mortality was very high; it is estimated that from 1847 to 1859, the average mortality rate for coolies aboard ships to Cuba was 15.2%, and losses among ships to Peru were as high as 40% in the 1850s, and 30.44% from 1860 to 1863. 1843:

The word has had a variety of negative implications. In modern-day English, it is usually regarded as offensive. In India, its country of origin, it is considered a derogatory slur. In many respects it is similar to the Spanish term

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Unlike slavery, coolie labour was (in theory) under contract, consensual, paid, and temporary, with the coolie able to regain complete freedom after their term of service. Regulations were put in place as early as 1837 by the

3870:. The daughter is sent directly from finishing middle school to work on a cruise ship for western tourists, to earn money for her family. Her father referred to himself as a "coolie" who used to carry bags on and off boats. 2507:

integrated into the countries of Peru, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. They adopted cultural traditions from the natives and welcomed non-Chinese to experience and participate in their traditions. Before the

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Debates over coolie labour and slavery was key in shaping the history of Chinese immigrants in the U.S. In February 1862, "An Act to Prohibit the 'Coolie Trade' by American Citizens in American vessels", also known as the

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from India to work in the sugar cane fields. Between 1834 and 1921, around half a million indentured labourers were present on the island. They worked on sugar estates, factories, in transport, and on construction sites.

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was instituted to enable their movements to be easily tracked. Conditions were much worse in the French colonies of Réunion, Guadeloupe, and Martinique, where workers were 'systematically overworked' and abnormally high

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starting in 1829. Slavery was abolished there in 1833, with Mauritian planters receiving two million pounds sterling in compensation for the loss of their slaves. The planters turned to bringing in a large number of

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also made efforts to secure the well-being of their nation's workers, with representatives being sent to relevant governments around the world. Some Western abolitionists saw coolie labour as paving the way towards

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by the invading Chilean army in January 1880. Some 2,000 coolies even joined the Chilean Army in Peru, taking care of the wounded and burying the dead. Others were sent by Chileans to work in the newly conquered

2346:, as well as the resulting political and economic instability, to broker deals for "contracted" workers. Anglophone capitalists referred to the opium trade and captive Chinese labour as "poison and pigs". 3051:

media of the time incited public outrage and led to the official ending of the coolie trade in 1916 by the British government. By that time, tens of thousands of Chinese workers were being used along the

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depicts coolies working as labourers assisting American sailors aboard an American gun boat in 1926 civil war era China. The story, among many parallel story lines, involves an American Navy engineer (

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after their term of indenture elapsed, and today their descendants account for about 40% of the total population. Indian workers were also imported into the Dutch colony of Surinam after the Dutch

3970:, Li, a young private secretary to Mr. Butler, resents being treated like a "schoolboy coolie" by Canadian Dr. MacEwen. The word 'coolie' is also used by Denton when he observes coolies working. 5646:

Simms, TM; Wright, MR; Hernandez, M; Perez, OA; Ramirez, EC; Martinez, E; Herrera, RJ (August 2012). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Haiti and Jamaica: contrasting levels of sex-biased gene flow".

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In 1866, the British, French and Chinese governments agreed to mitigate the abuse by requiring all traders to pay for the return of all workers after their contract ended. The employers in the

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occurred as early as the 17th century. However, in the 19th century, a far more robust system of trade involving coolies occurred, in direct response to the gradual abolition of both the

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is a term for unskilled workers relying on their physical strength for transporting goods. It was previously used to refer to Indian or Chinese labourers, with a pejorative connotation.

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is instead used to refer to people of fully-blooded Indian descent whose ancestors migrated to the British former colonies in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean. This is particularly so in

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during coolie recruitment. Generally, it was believed that women were unwilling to perform the hard outdoor labour. Those willing to perform it were still seen as not as good as men.

2357:. These coolies were obtained via a variety of sources, including some who were entrapped by brokers in Macau through loans for gambling, and others who were kidnapped or coerced. 3722:

In the 1941 Disney film "The Reluctant Dragon", humorist Robert Benchley sees an Asian artist drawing an elephant wearing a conical hat and remarks "Oh, a coolie elephant, huh?"

3832:) expressing distress about the idea of being a coolie in his own country. Also, the gang he directs makes frequent attacks at gangs of working-class Vietnamese Australians. 2990:

The first campaign in England against the coolie trade likened the system of indentured labour to the slavery of the past. The campaign against coolie emigration was led by

2839: 1676: 2171:. Other European nations, especially colonial powers such as France, Spain, and Portugal, soon followed suit, especially as Britain, through several treaties such as 2135:. The British were the first to experiment with coolie labour when, in 1806, two hundred Chinese labourers were transported to the colony of Trinidad to work on the 6368: 3779:), who works at a railway station; the film is famous for the fact that during filming, Bachchan suffered a near-fatal injury during a fight sequence. Additional 5036: 8175: 4777: 2167:

began in the 1820s to fill this need. In 1838, 396 South Asian workers arrived in British Guiana, and such a stream of migrant labour would continue until the

1540: 1071: 5474: 2228:, to gradually and peacefully replace African slave labour without loss of profit. However, other abolitionist groups and individuals – such as the British 2139:

there. The "Trinidad experiment" was not a success, with only twenty to thirty labourers remaining in Trinidad by the 1820s. However, such efforts inspired

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declared that "Asiatic coolieism is a form of human slavery, and is forever prohibited in this State, and all contracts for coolie labour shall be void."

3983:, the setting of the Shanghai International Settlement features descriptions of coolies working as observed by the main character, Jamie ("Jim") Graham. 1161: 802: 7383: 3425:

are those who carry heavy loads for someone. However, the word is not a slur. It refers to Arab day-labourers who migrated to Ethiopia for labour work.

2484:, and used coolies as a transition between slaves and free labour. They were neither free nor slaves. Indentured Chinese servants also laboured in the 2451:

have their wives come to the New World, many married African women. The coolies' interracial relationships and marriages with Africans, Europeans, and

2409:– such ports were immediately closed. Despite these closures, the trade simply shifted to the more accommodating port within the Portuguese enclave of 5972: 5091:

Li, Anshan (2004). "Survival, Adaptation, and Integration: Origins and Development of the Chinese Community in Jamaica". In Wilson, Andrew R. (ed.).

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people to instead believe that Indians murder their women while Chinese women stay alive because, unlike their Indian counterparts, they are chaste.

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Robinson, St. John (2010). "The Chinese of Central America: Diverse Beginnings, Common Achievements". In Look Lai, Walton; Tan, Chee Beng (eds.).

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Helly, "Idéologie et ethnicité"; Rodríguez Pastor, "Hijos del Celeste Imperio"; Trazegnies Granda, "En el país de las colinas de arena", Tomo II

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them carried men. This led to a high rate of Chinese men marrying women of other ethnicities, such as Indian women and mixed-race Creole women.

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However, there were also attempts by the British authorities to regulate and mitigate the worst abuses. Workers were regularly checked up on by

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Despite attempts to restrict the influx of cheap labour from China, beginning in the 1870s Chinese workers helped construct a vast network of

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take care of student union club tasks (usually arranging a party or such activity), they are referred as "kuli" or performing a "kuli duty".

8324: 6533: 4670: 1545: 1395: 7634: 876: 2633:, which prohibited the bringing of any Chinese subjects without their consent in order to hold them for a term of service. In 1882, the 7560: 1622: 374: 7393: 6394: 11116: 8093: 7672: 2653: 824: 6496: 6428: 4941: 3394:(กุลี) still retains its original meaning as manual labourers, but is considered to be offensive. In September 2005, Prime Minister 3130:

To prohibit and prevent unfair discrimination (either on the basis of age, race, sex, disability, language, religion, culture, etc.)

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in western Canada, Chinese settlement was discouraged after completion of the construction. State legislation, such as California's

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Quintana-Murci, L; Harmant, C; Quach, H; Balanovsky, O; Zaporozhchenko, V; Bormans, C; van Helden, PD; Hoal, EG; Behar, DM (2010).

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era, "cu li" or "culi", as a Vietnamese pronunciation for coolie, is still used with the offensive mearning for low-paid labourer.

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fields of Cuba well after the 1884 abolition of slavery in the country. Two scholars of Chinese labour in Cuba, Juan Pastrana and

10600: 8029: 1753: 10242: 10226: 10023: 8485: 4231: 3931:(1954) is a non-fiction account of a group of Australian nurses held captive and used as slave labour by the Japanese in WWII. 3436:

refers to a worker who performs very hard, exacting labour. The word generally has no particular ethnic connotations among the

2554: 859: 277: 2827: 8808: 8788: 8764: 7925: 7550: 7237: 7216: 7195: 7155: 6869: 6842: 6815: 6191: 6135: 6108: 5294: 5265: 5211: 5154: 5100: 4813: 4761: 4681: 4394: 4360: 3897: 3037: 2132: 1437: 1114: 886: 9098: 6399:. Johns Hopkins studies in Atlantic history and culture (illustrated ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 46. 3047:

This system prevailed until the early twentieth century. Increasing focus on the brutalities and abuses of the trade by the

7423: 6755:. McGill-Queen's studies in ethnic history. Vol. 22 (illustrated ed.). McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 348. 4981: 3567:

In the information technology industry, offshore workers are sometimes referred to as coolies because of their lower wages.

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in 1870. In Mauritius, the Indian population is now demographically dominant, with Indian festivals being celebrated as

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Narvaez, Benjamin N. "Chinese Coolies in Cuba and Peru: Race, Labor, and Immigration, 1839–1886." (2010): 1–524. Print.

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was first used in the 16th century by European traders across Asia. By the 18th century, the term referred to migrant

11086: 8503: 8153: 7367: 7174: 7028: 5957: 5885:, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS117756684/TTDA?u=tall85761&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=60955784. Accessed 27 April 2023. 5855: 5129: 5075: 5040: 4993: 4971: 4951: 4520: 4464: 3334: 3316: 3297: 3183: 2847: 1513: 1390: 814: 583: 450: 4783: 3957:, the word 'coolies' is used when describing different groups of people aboard a steamer ship crossing the Pacific. 11171: 8163: 8123: 8034: 6433:. Data paper series. Vol. 2. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Institute of Southeast Asian. p. 204. 3486: 3455: 3269: 2559: 2540: 1644: 854: 839: 785: 470: 460: 455: 284: 140: 9791: 9658: 9362: 6538:. Wiley Blackwell Concise History of the Modern World. Vol. 4 (illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 5701:"Strong maternal Khoisan contribution to the South African coloured population: a case of gender-biased admixture" 4429:. Department of Justice and Constitutional Development, Republic of South Africa. 27 November 2004. Archived from 2753: 1360: 9989: 8222: 7815: 7577: 7565: 7416: 3953: 3889: 3853:) for not paying rent, saying that "you'll be a coolie for life." In the credits, his name is given as "Coolie". 2758: 2657: 2601: 2424:. Their voyages, which are sometimes called the Pacific Passage, were as inhumane and dangerous as the notorious 2140: 1639: 1410: 216: 9818: 9273: 5563:"Influência da aculturação na autopercepção dos idosos quanto à saúde bucal em uma população de origem japonesa" 5316: 11151: 11081: 11076: 10739: 10665: 10014: 8401: 8339: 8227: 7555: 6760: 6438: 6404: 6158: 6083: 6075: 5236: 3254: 2944: 2528: 2220: 1109: 1097: 677: 489: 135: 9403: 7276: 5390: 4632:

Hu-Dehart, Evelyn (1994). "Chinese Coolie Labor in Cuba in the Nineteenth Century: Free Labor of Neoslavery".

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Hu-Dehart, Evelyn (1994). "Chinese Coolie Labor in Cuba in the Nineteenth Century: Free Labor of Neoslavery".

3276: 8237: 8190: 8133: 8018: 7931: 7185: 6987:"Thai Unions Hot under Collar at PM "coolie" Slur." The Star Online. 30 September 2005. Web. 29 January 2011. 6028: 5286: 5257: 1681: 1464: 325: 5448: 2261:

certain regions, roughly a dollar would be taken from coolies every month in order to pay off their debts.

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In modern Indian popular culture, coolies have often been portrayed as working-class heroes or anti-heroes.

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In South America, Chinese indentured labourers worked in Peru's silver mines and coastal industries (i.e.,

2249: 1686: 1530: 1400: 1061: 829: 809: 369: 337: 2855: 2803: 56: 11121: 11096: 9494: 8525: 8344: 8185: 8138: 8103: 8072: 7481: 5992: 3936: 3053: 1746: 1696: 1420: 1338: 465: 246: 66: 7342: 7062:"Amitabh Bachchan's Deewar is 40: 9 Things You Didn't Know About the Angry Young Man – NDTV Movies" 6932: 6910: 6218: 6069: 5362: 4579:(9th, American Reprint ed.). Maxwell Sommerville (Philadelphia). 1891. p. 296. Volume VI. 3283: 10470: 8478: 8180: 8044: 8039: 8012: 7902: 7846: 7793: 4070: 3880: 2669: 2233: 2152: 1605: 1457: 1442: 1333: 529: 199: 7624: 5009:

Martha W. McCartney; Lorena S. Walsh; Ywone Edwards-Ingram; Andrew J. Butts; Beresford Callum (2003).

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Erickson, Edgar (June 1934). "The Introduction of East Indian Coolies into the British West Indies".

6249:

Erickson, Edgar (June 1934). "The Introduction of East Indian Coolies into the British West Indies".

5008: 3885: 2799: 2614: 2536: 2473: 2180: 2096: 1701: 1600: 1131: 1119: 709: 682: 187: 8359: 6396:

Indentured labor, Caribbean sugar: Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918

2998:

were imposed for infractions in 1842. In that year, almost 35,000 people were shipped to Mauritius.

2219:

to safeguard these principles of voluntary, contractual work and safe, sanitary transportation. The

1766: 11106: 11010: 8329: 7942: 7771: 7667: 5603:"Identity, Rebellion, and Social Justice Among Chinese Contract Workers in Nineteenth-Century Cuba" 3888:), frequent references are made to the hardworking, underpaid Chinese coolies who helped build the 3815: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3767: 3687:, when his officers are ordered to do manual labour on the bridge, British officer Col. Nicholson ( 3265: 2661: 2597: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1944: 1850:, although both terms are used in some countries with different implications. In the 21st century, 1481: 1350: 903: 692: 177: 78: 8088: 5011:"A Study of the Africans and African Americans on Jamestown Island and at Green Spring, 1619–1803" 2976:

were rarely kept, leading to the higher mortality rate and image of Indian coolies being "dirty".

2489: 357: 9800: 9680: 8792: 8768: 8603: 8263: 8258: 8143: 7716: 7399: 7268: 5919: 4536: 4481: 3701: 3415: 3406:

referred to indentured workers from India. It is no longer an accepted term, and both it and its

3250: 3243: 3169: 2835: 2062:

that literally translates to "bitter strength" but is more commonly understood as "hard labour".

2059: 1825: 1666: 1405: 1355: 1283: 1056: 834: 778: 761: 192: 24: 4685: 2683:(Number 13, 24 July 1938) while telling a story about "two Chinese coolies" arguing in a crowd. 11166: 11101: 10713: 7896: 7439: 7400:

Description of conditions aboard clipper ships transporting coolies from Swatow, China, to Peru

6335:"The Long, Long Trail – Researching soldiers of the British Army in the Great War of 1914-1919" 2879: 2867: 2807: 2695:, sugar, and cotton) from the early 1850s to the mid-1870s; about 100,000 people immigrated as 2621:

with racist slogans – "To an American, death is preferable to life on a par with the Chinese."

2245: 2237: 2176: 2120: 1739: 1708: 1213: 954: 866: 714: 438: 404: 399: 7325: 6859: 6667: 5503:"From Slavery to Freedom: Chinese Coolies on the Sugar Plantations of Nineteenth Century Cuba" 5121: 4961: 11126: 10645: 8471: 8452: 8364: 8299: 8067: 7862: 7835: 7825: 7804: 7732: 7534: 7509: 6832: 6805: 6701: 5763: 5203: 5021: 4148: 3966: 3696: 3490: 2962:

Despite this, conditions on the ships were often extremely crowded, with rampant disease and

2676: 2634: 2460: 2216: 1575: 1430: 1343: 1328: 1010: 998: 744: 729: 514: 289: 211: 182: 5822: 11141: 9898: 9344: 9033: 8638: 8560: 8494: 8421: 8394: 8369: 8319: 8108: 7852: 7798: 7737: 7476: 7403: 6498:

When America First Met China: An Exotic History of Tea, Drugs, and Money in the Age of Sail

6065: 6006: 4183: 3666: 3437: 3134: 3061: 3017: 2931: 2871: 2791: 2696: 2429: 2164: 2124: 1713: 1617: 1580: 1508: 1452: 1321: 1278: 1092: 1022: 697: 477: 379: 263: 170: 3866:(2007) follows the life of a family in China that is relocated due to the flooding of the 8: 10486: 10072: 8699: 8447: 8128: 7984: 7972: 7960: 7936: 7830: 7787: 7629: 7582: 6354: 5931: 5633: 4112: 3628: 3466: 3349: 3021: 2907: 2859: 2843: 2762: 2566: 2307: 2033: 1898: 1870: 1833: 1771: 1201: 1181: 1066: 1051: 920: 891: 881: 771: 719: 687: 484: 342: 310: 305: 258: 115: 7914: 7355: 6175: 5680: 5539: 3210:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

10896: 9918: 8294: 8242: 8061: 7998: 7978: 7954: 7759: 7662: 7592: 7504: 7464: 6583: 6316: 6266: 5777: 5725: 5700: 5609: 4879: 4715: 3803: 3791: 3395: 2939: 2895: 2795: 2708: 2700: 2481: 2353:

overseas, primarily to Cuba and Peru, with some being shipped to Guiana, Suriname, and

2334:

The coolie slave trade run by American captains and local agents, mainly consisting of

2066: 1966: 1447: 1293: 1268: 1258: 1223: 1218: 1186: 1151: 1144: 1085: 1078: 935: 754: 749: 739: 509: 362: 320: 315: 268: 236: 226: 163: 9859: 9615: 7408: 5561:

Hiramatsu, Daniel Afonso; Franco, Laércio Joel; Tomita, Nilce Emy (20 November 2006).

5337: 5200:

The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection

4928:

William Lloyd Garrison and Giuseppe Mazzini: Abolition, Democracy, and Radical Reform.

2980:

and children were rarely punished, leaving women in an even more vulnerable position.

2713: 384: 330: 9996: 9197: 8314: 7965: 7776: 7705: 7331: 7280: 7233: 7212: 7191: 7170: 7151: 7024: 6865: 6838: 6811: 6766: 6756: 6707: 6673: 6639: 6539: 6502: 6468: 6434: 6400: 6320: 6270: 6187: 6154: 6131: 6104: 6079: 5935: 5851: 5781: 5730: 5663: 5584: 5290: 5261: 5232: 5207: 5178: 5150: 5125: 5096: 5071: 4989: 4967: 4947: 4809: 4757: 4722: 4516: 4460: 3979: 3754: 3561: 2967: 2875: 2831: 2815: 2811: 2771: 2625: 2443:

The coolies who worked on the sugar plantations in Cuba and in the guano beds of the

2421: 2373: 2319: 2183:, slavery would not end until 1886, about forty years after coolies were introduced. 2172: 1535: 1253: 1248: 1191: 1176: 1156: 978: 973: 908: 871: 704: 670: 499: 352: 241: 120: 6430:

Chinese Economic Activity in Netherlands India: Selected Translations from the Dutch

5579: 5562: 4235: 3290: 2950: 1832:, the term was adopted for the transportation and employment of Asian labourers via 10761: 10745: 10232: 10102: 10086: 9330: 8652: 8587: 8431: 8304: 8170: 7948: 7868: 7782: 7639: 7614: 7081: 6575: 6308: 6258: 5927: 5769: 5720: 5712: 5655: 5574: 4871: 4398: 4140: 3941: 3776: 3750: 3691:) insists that "I will not have an officer from my battalion working as a coolie." 3609: 3534: 3448: 3368: 3009:, where the Asian population was soon a major component of the island demographic. 2984: 2851: 2630: 2593: 2578: 2509: 2410: 2349: 2311: 2196: 1878: 1725: 1303: 1298: 1288: 1263: 1228: 1196: 1166: 1039: 1027: 1005: 983: 930: 766: 734: 36: 6997: 4369: 3646:

is used as a neutral word to mean "ship worker of Asian origin" by the Greek poet

10996: 10934: 10146: 9592: 8055: 7920: 7765: 7619: 7597: 7570: 7488: 7227: 7206: 7145: 6182: 5978: 5961: 5845: 5687: 5427: 4126: 4098: 3999:

singer Romeo "Mystic" Nermal is about the lifestyle of the traditional "coolie" (

3915: 3746: 3719:) calls Nick, the club owner, "coolie", causing him to slap her across the face. 3671: 3647: 3441: 3033: 2783: 2779: 2729: 2610: 2477: 2444: 2287: 2257: 2086: 1987: 1926: 1810: 1634: 1525: 1520: 1273: 1243: 1238: 961: 925: 724: 642: 347: 93: 10729: 7587: 6790:

Patricia Mohammd, "Gender Negotiations Among Indians in Trinidad, 917-1947," in

6603:

Patricia Mohammd, "Gender Negotiations Among Indians in Trinidad, 917-1947," in

2738: 2054: 10986: 10775: 10755: 10635: 10606: 10579: 10409: 10399: 10262: 10216: 9833: 9807: 9710: 9501: 9161: 8955: 8878: 8846: 8596: 8354: 8273: 8232: 8113: 7908: 7646: 7604: 7312: 7103: 5809: 5716: 4202: 4084: 4000: 3944:, the word 'coolie' is used repeatedly about varying kinds of Asian labourers. 3862: 3841: 3824: 3675: 3639: 3514: 3429: 3360: 3057: 3048: 2995: 2972: 2863: 2823: 2775: 2733: 2680: 2425: 2339: 2303: 2295: 2192: 2159: 2148: 2143:, one of the earliest proponents of coolie labour, to seek out coolies for his 2102: 2021: 1894: 1829: 1718: 1612: 504: 145: 103: 4943:

Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement

3038:

signed a treaty with the United Kingdom on the recruitment of contract workers

11070: 10917: 10809: 10506: 10464: 10393: 10198: 9882: 9865: 9568: 9040: 8941: 8913: 8832: 8743: 8692: 8645: 8157: 7753: 7514: 7284: 6770: 4056: 3996: 3992: 3928: 3920: 3867: 3829: 3730: 3705: 3688: 3498: 3407: 3387: 2991: 2891: 2618: 2532: 2523: 2438:

1860 Reglamento para la introducción de trabajadores chinos a la isla de Cuba

2158:

Social and political pressure led to the abolition of slavery throughout the

2043:

could have originated from the name of a Gujarati aboriginal tribe or caste.

1873:

and meant "day labourer"; starting in the 20th century, the word was used in

1656: 1585: 1032: 1015: 790: 620: 610: 394: 44: 10689: 5847:

The Coolie Trade: The Traffic in Chinese Laborers to Latin America 1847–1874

3733:) befriending a coolie (Mako) working under his command in the engine room. 3708:

that "... his spies are all around us. I can't even trust our own coolies."

10845: 9888: 9422: 9412: 9351: 9241: 9061: 8934: 8823: 8426: 7682: 7677: 7459: 7272: 6529: 6125: 5896: 5773: 5734: 5667: 5588: 4577:

Encyclopædia Britannica, Dictionary, Arts, Sciences, and General Literature

4301: 4268: 4178: 4153: 4042: 4028: 3974: 3961: 3836: 3780: 3758: 3526: 3111: 2963: 2787: 2582: 2335: 2225: 1933: 1890: 1661: 1498: 1474: 1380: 1373: 1104: 632: 605: 568: 546: 433: 150: 130: 108: 98: 88: 83: 73: 9971: 7375: 6885: 5954: 2420:(detention centres) or loading vessels in the ports of departure, as were 2131:

itself, which for centuries had served as the preferred mode of labour in

913: 10723: 10329: 9964: 9766: 9703: 9636: 9547: 9533: 9460: 9296: 8948: 8631: 8406: 8334: 8268: 7519: 6861:

The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba

6568:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

4864:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

4717:

The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba

4595:

The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba

4497: 3948: 3923:, the captain is transporting a group of coolies in the South China Sea. 3762: 3742: 3716: 3575: 3564:, to protect themselves from the sun, is sometimes called a "coolie hat". 3554: 3482: 3175: 3119: 3002: 2943:

after the contract elapsed, and required the vessels to conform to basic

2919: 2456: 2381: 2369: 2168: 1971: 1874: 1855: 1503: 1491: 844: 647: 637: 595: 409: 10386: 7336: 6700:

Isabelle Lausent-Herrera (2010). Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).

6666:

Isabelle Lausent-Herrera (2010). Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).

6632:

Isabelle Lausent-Herrera (2010). Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan (eds.).

2248:, condemned coolie labour but used it to argue against the abolition of 10863: 10817: 10813: 10707: 10542: 10500: 10126: 9939: 9752: 9429: 9392: 9234: 9054: 8920: 8678: 8610: 8278: 7368:"The history of eunuchs, explorers, and Chinese immigration to America" 6587: 6148: 6052:

Fiji's Indian migrants : a history of the end of indenture in 1920

5659: 4883: 3857: 3635:

translates to "industrious", which carries connotations of slavishness.

3530: 3506: 3502: 3257: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3122:

terms, such as 'coolie' (koelie). The main objectives of the Act were:

3116:

Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000

3028:

Starting in 1879, many Indians were transported to Fiji to work on the

2911: 2887: 2883: 2668:

of 1850 and 1852, would target Chinese immigrants in the U.S. The 1879

2392: 2354: 2343: 2326:. The first shipment of Chinese labourers was to the British colony of 2241: 2136: 1651: 948: 652: 519: 7290:

Please help integrate this content into the body of the article using

2899: 2746: 10889: 10509: 10439: 10363: 10210: 10156: 10048: 9324: 8899: 8852: 8713: 8532: 8309: 7873: 7129:(1983 Reprint ed.). London: Penguin Travel Library. p. 152. 6752:

Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838–1900

4008: 3772: 3542: 3522: 3518: 3078: 3029: 2926: 2819: 2725: 2517: 2485: 2417: 2377: 2283: 2282:. However, many Chinese labourers worked in British colonies such as 2188: 1918: 1914: 1863: 1814: 896: 561: 423: 6579: 6369:"Journey of the 'coolie' women in the history of the British empire" 5990:

Bonilla, Heraclio. 1978. The National and Colonial Problem in Peru.

5698: 4875: 3383:

is a term for manual labourers, with somewhat negative connotations.

3232: 2342:

negotiated between the Qing government and Western powers after the

2151:

in the hopes of replacing his Afro-Caribbean labour force after the

2114: 578: 11037: 10629: 9912: 9843: 9586: 9378: 9289: 8706: 8553: 8539: 8389: 6334: 6312: 6262: 5897:"How Chinese Migrant Workers Resisted Coconut Colonialism in Samoa" 5283:

Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution

5254:

Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution

4914:

Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation

4899:

Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation

4656:

Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation

4325:

Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation

3846: 3678:) in a testy exchange that he is not one of his "coolie" patients. 3546: 3510: 3470: 3376: 3006: 2955: 2704: 2380:, and demand became particularly strong in Peru for workers in the 2327: 2323: 2074: 1906: 1486: 1044: 988: 940: 600: 445: 300: 206: 11051: 11030: 11024: 10950: 10833: 10826: 10791: 10623: 10552: 10421: 10256: 10186: 10096: 10003: 9957: 9282: 9017: 9007: 8927: 8862: 8782: 8747: 8624: 7991: 7529: 7524: 6501:(illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 291. 4988:. SUNY series in global modernity. SUNY Press. pp. 101–102. 3850: 3737: 3704:

mentions his team's temporarily hired Chinese workers, saying of

3494: 3474: 2745:

festival for the indentured Indian workers, on the French colony

2291: 2128: 1938: 1910: 1859: 1469: 551: 231: 48: 7187:

Coolies of Capitalism: Assam Tea and the Making of Coolie Labour

6235:. The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. 2010. 5451:. The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. 2010. 5064:

The Chinese in the West Indies: a documentary history, 1806–1995

2416:

Many coolies were first deceived or kidnapped, and then kept in

2006:, meaning "day-labourer", which is probably associated with the 1885:", which refers to people of mixed African and Indian ancestry. 1862:, Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Americas, particularly in the 11045: 10979: 10927: 10798: 10536: 10356: 10322: 10297: 10066: 9773: 9759: 9738: 9717: 9696: 9609: 9561: 9540: 9454: 9310: 9168: 9147: 9068: 9023: 8987: 8973: 8885: 8868: 8839: 8733: 8685: 8666: 8617: 8463: 8416: 4930:

Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2013.

4424:"Press Statement: Public awareness campaign on Equality Courts" 4265:"COOLIE | Meaning & Definition for UK English | Lexico.com" 4168: 4004: 3902: 3478: 3462: 2577:

was also applied to Chinese workers recruited for contracts on

2513: 2397: 2365: 2361: 2315: 2299: 1902: 1882: 1171: 993: 556: 418: 253: 221: 20: 8040:

Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)

3849:) criticises the labourer/retired-in-disguise kung fu master ( 2020:), meaning "slave". The Urdu word is thought to come from the 10971: 10960: 10910: 10879: 10784: 10659: 10593: 10527: 10476: 10446: 10336: 10304: 10112: 10030: 9827: 9745: 9731: 9724: 9554: 9303: 9112: 9001: 8906: 8892: 8802: 8739: 8670: 8659: 8546: 8518: 8411: 7346: 6940: 6427:

M. R. Fernando (1992). M. R. Fernando; David Bulbeck (eds.).

5428:"History of Indian and Chinese Coolies and their Descendants" 4480:

Burrow, T. (Thomas); Emeneau, M. B. (Murray Barnson) (1984).

4173: 4158: 3067: 2742: 2692: 2649: 2641: 2400:, where many Chinese labourers were shipped to foreign lands. 2385: 1983: 428: 414: 389: 6064: 2866:. The Dutch shipped workers to labour on the plantations on 10872: 10852: 10682: 10616: 10570: 10140: 9227: 9140: 9126: 9084: 7066: 6150:

Coolitude : an anthology of the Indian labour diaspora

5746: 5744: 5175:

Alcohol and Opium in the Old West: Use, Abuse and Influence

4163: 3828:(1992) shows a white power skinhead named Hando (played by 3538: 2406: 2279: 2275: 2073:

as dock labourers who would unload Dutch merchant ships at

2007: 1922: 1846: 295: 125: 3901:, the word "coolie" is used to refer to certain low class 3133:

To prevent hate speech (e.g. calling people names such as

2036:

family, with the exception of the North Dravidian branch.

10944: 10675: 10652: 10559: 10279: 10272: 9780: 9385: 9371: 8567: 6738:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 216–217. 5645: 4344: 3012: 2252:, claiming the latter was more "humane" than the former. 6699: 6665: 6631: 6607:, ed. Nicola Foote (New York: Routledge, 2013), 192-194. 5741: 5226: 4916:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 30. 4658:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University press. p. 14. 4340:"A History Of Indentured Labor Gives 'Coolie' Its Sting" 4327:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 16. 3020:

carry out riveting work at the Central Workshops of the

1982:

It is generally understood that the term comes from the

7438: 6621:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 26–28. 6288:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 51–56. 4368:. Centre for Civil Society (CCS), India. Archived from 3001:

In 1844, the trade was expanded to the colonies in the

7045:

Deewaar: the fiction of film and the fact of politics.

6535:

A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present

6355:

http://guyanachronicle.com/2009/05/05/the-coolie-ships

4205:

was a company director before becoming U.S. President.

2274:

Workers from China were mainly transported to work in

2080: 11016:

usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized

5924:

The Problem of Immigration in a Slaveholding Republic

5560: 2637:

barred the entry of any Chinese labourer to the U.S.

1881:

at railway stations. The term differs from the word "

6794:, ed. Nicola Foote (New York: Routledge, 2013), 193. 6467:(reprint, revised ed.). Routledge. p. 21. 6225: 6103:. Lautoka, Fiji: Fiji Institute of Applied Studies. 4721:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 6. 4018: 3414:, are considered extremely derogatory for people of 2360:

In 1847, two ships from Cuba transported workers to

1426:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

6964:"'Brown' is out of my comfort zone: Karisma Kapoor" 5285:. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis: 5256:. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis: 4597:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 6. 4459:(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 4232:"Coolie Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster" 3654: 2535:to encourage foreign settlement of the colonies of 10838:(sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups) 7343:"Hum Coolie - dedicated to the "coolies" of India" 6933:"Hum Coolie - dedicated to the "coolies" of India" 4901:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. p. 18. 4714: 4298:"Coolie Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com" 3557:descent and is considered an offensive pejorative. 3553:was used loosely to refer to anyone of Indian and 2648:. These levees made thousands of acres of fertile 2364:to work in the sugar cane fields from the port of 6101:Girmitiyas : the origins of the Fiji Indians 2376:in 1842. The trade soon spread to other ports in 2115:Abolition of slavery and rise of the coolie trade 11068: 6207:. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 25. 5758: 5756: 5034: 4827: 4825: 4747: 4745: 4226: 4224: 4222: 2652:available for agricultural production. Although 1817:, typically those of Indian or Chinese descent. 1541:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 6566:Distant, W.L. (1874). "Eastern Coolie LAbour". 6528: 6460: 6392: 6146: 5920:"The Antislavery Origins of Immigration Policy" 4662: 2318:), as well as in the Dutch colonies within the 7880:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden 7811:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885) 7104:"Up the Yangtze (Trailer) by Yung Chang – NFB" 6748: 6703:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean 6669:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean 6635:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean 6494: 6426: 5231:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 31–32. 5118:The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean 4862:Distant, W.L (1874). "Eastern Coolie Labour". 4668: 4569: 4511:Stearns, Peter N, ed. (2008). "Coolie Trade". 3753:), who turns to a life of crime and becomes a 2203:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2109: 8479: 7821:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885 7424: 5812:, The Rise of Herbert Hoover (New York, 1932) 5753: 4822: 4742: 4671:"Chronology of Filipinos in America Pre-1989" 4588: 4586: 4479: 4219: 2501: 2467: 2209: 2032:, meaning "wages", is present throughout the 1747: 7208:History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago 5824:Indian South Africans:Coolie commission 1872 5803: 4831: 4515:. New York (N.Y.): Oxford University Press. 2436:servitude beyond the contracted period. The 2001: 1546:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 11157:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States 11092:History of immigration to the United States 7332:Personal Life of a Chinese Coolie 1868–1899 7225: 6068:and Kate Fortune, ed. (2000). "Girmitiya". 4803: 4513:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World 3601:) refers to back-breaking, repetitive work. 3586: 3184:Learn how and when to remove these messages 1995: 8486: 8472: 7431: 7417: 7229:Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary 7226:Yule, Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1995). 6807:Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora 6672:. Brill ebook titles. BRILL. p. 116. 6071:The Pacific Islands : an encyclopedia 4583: 4418: 4416: 3068:Sex ratios and intermarriage among coolies 2925:The British began to transport Indians to 2106:considers it "disparaging and offensive". 2015: 1754: 1740: 7673:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees 7037: 7018: 6706:. Brill ebook titles. BRILL. p. 68. 6638:. Brill ebook titles. BRILL. p. 69. 6030:The Chinese American Experience:1857–1892 5894: 5724: 5578: 5500: 5460: 5458: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 4631: 4612: 4454: 4362:Licensing and Livelihood: Railway Coolies 4358: 3367:is now commonly used to refer to luggage 3335:Learn how and when to remove this message 3317:Learn how and when to remove this message 2499:Once they had fulfilled their contracts, 2240:– were highly critical of coolie labour. 7337:Chinese Coolie treated worse than slaves 7204: 6864:. Temple University Press. p. 158. 6298: 6248: 6147:Carter, Marina; Torabully, Khal (2002). 5441: 5339:American Involvement in the Coolie Trade 5197: 5168: 5166: 5115: 5095:. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 44. 5061: 4963:Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology 4939: 4712: 4455:Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2015). "Coolie". 4395:"Malema under fire over slur on Indians" 3694:In the racially controversial 1932 film 3560:In many English-speaking countries, the 3011: 2949: 2752: 2737: 2592: 2522: 2466:In Spanish, coolies were referred to as 2391: 2234:British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 2119:The importation of Asian labourers into 1869:The word originated in the 17th-century 1765: 1551:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1416:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1396:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 9616:Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians 7164: 7143: 6834:Chinese Cubans: A Transnational History 6733: 6616: 6565: 6283: 6202: 6049: 5984: 5843: 5765:Significance of Chinese Coolies to Cuba 5280: 5251: 5068:The Press University of the West Indies 4959: 4861: 4649: 4647: 4560: 4554: 4510: 4413: 3775:film about a coolie, Iqbal Aslam Khan ( 3118:. Section 10 covers the prohibition of 2588: 2269: 2039:It is also thought that the Hindi word 16:Offensive term for a labourer from Asia 11069: 7372:University of Arkansas Daily Headlines 7353: 7147:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture 6736:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture 6619:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture 6286:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture 6205:Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture 5966: 5455: 5405: 5149:. Duke University Press. p. 194. 4982:"Emergency Signals from the Shipwreck" 4756:. Duke University Press. p. 196. 4337: 3995:song titled "Coolie Bai Dance" by the 3749:about a dockyard coolie, Vijay Verma ( 3090:and they often married Mexican women. 2555:Chinese Engineering and Mining Company 1840:formerly worked by enslaved Africans. 11112:Personal care and service occupations 8467: 7926:Soviet deportations of Chinese people 7412: 7183: 6830: 6599: 6597: 6366: 6244: 6242: 5917: 5901:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 5895:Droessler, Holger (15 October 2022). 5496: 5494: 5274: 5172: 5163: 5147:The Intimacies of the Four Continents 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4708: 4706: 4682:University of California, Los Angeles 4608: 4606: 4604: 1438:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1115:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 7320:Coolies: The Story of Indian Slavery 7251: 6221:. Caribbean Repeating Islands. 2009. 5981:The Chinese in California, 1850–1879 5877:"London, Tuesday, August 12, 1890." 5522:Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th edition 5245: 5144: 4979: 4911: 4896: 4751: 4653: 4644: 4338:Gandhi, Lakshmi (25 November 2013). 4322: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 3757:smuggler, inspired by the real-life 3255:adding citations to reliable sources 3226: 3190: 3149: 2761:singing and dancing on an estate in 2455:, formed some of the modern world's 1630:Slave marriages in the United States 1234:Human trafficking in the Middle East 9416:(to Japan-affiliated Korean people) 8030:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 6961: 6857: 6831:López, Kathleen M. (10 June 2013). 6803: 6464:Chinese Coolie Emigration to Canada 6098: 5636:. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 9 May 2012. 5191: 5037:"Indian Slaves in Colonial America" 4592: 4483:A Dravidian etymological dictionary 3005:, including Jamaica, Trinidad, and 2686: 2656:contributed to the building of the 2236:, along with American abolitionist 2081:Classification as an offensive term 2016: 969:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 13: 9495:American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD) 8007:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians 7858:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886 7842:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka 7169:. Brown, Son & Ferguson, Ltd. 7137: 6594: 6239: 5932:10.1093/oso/9780197580080.003.0006 5491: 5090: 4986:Toward Filipino Self-Determination 4848: 4703: 4601: 2954:Newly arrived Indian labourers in 2699:workers. They participated in the 2646:Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta 2264: 2153:abolition of slavery there in 1833 1828:. In the 19th century, during the 1623:last survivors of American slavery 14: 11183: 7396:, Aapravasi ghat 2 November 2007. 7247: 7124: 6911:"coolie | Indonesian translation" 5392:Chinese Indentured Labour in Peru 5227:Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999). 4754:The Four Intimacies of Continents 4316: 4283: 4267:. 3 February 2022. Archived from 4250: 3856:The documentary film directed by 3578:song, "The Rickety Rickshaw Man". 3165:This section has multiple issues. 2719: 2133:European colonies in the Americas 2100:states it is "dated, offensive". 2028:("hire" or "hireling"). The word 1948:(1983), and several films titled 584:Field slaves in the United States 451:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 11117:Stereotypes of the working class 11002:Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia 8493: 8164:Artificial Intelligence Cold War 8124:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests 8035:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma 7354:Varupi, Jain (1 February 2004). 7256: 7167:The Coolie Ships and Oil Sailers 7118: 7096: 7074: 7054: 7012: 6990: 6981: 6955: 6925: 6921:from the original on 3 May 2022. 6903: 6878: 6851: 6824: 6797: 6784: 6367:Wajid, Sara (19 November 2013). 6219:"St. Lucia's Indian Arrival Day" 5039:. India Currents. Archived from 5035:Francis C.Assisi (16 May 2007). 4779:Coolie Trade in the 19th Century 4359:Gaurav, Kumar; Singhal, Mayank. 4300:. 4 January 2023. Archived from 4234:. 4 January 2023. Archived from 4133: 4119: 4105: 4091: 4077: 4063: 4049: 4035: 4021: 3655:In art, entertainment, and media 3487:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3440:, but it is a racial slur among 3231: 3195: 3154: 2840:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2660:in the United States and of the 2531:, a legal order approved by the 461:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 456:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 285:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 55: 9990:Cheese-eating surrender monkeys 7816:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 7374:. 25 March 2003. Archived from 7205:Williams, Eric Eustace (1962). 6886:"Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring" 6837:. UNC Press Books. p. 91. 6742: 6727: 6693: 6659: 6625: 6610: 6559: 6522: 6488: 6454: 6420: 6386: 6360: 6348: 6327: 6292: 6277: 6211: 6196: 6167: 6140: 6117: 6092: 6058: 6043: 6021: 5999: 5948: 5911: 5888: 5871: 5837: 5815: 5794: 5692: 5674: 5639: 5627: 5595: 5580:10.1590/S0102-311X2006001100018 5554: 5538:. Taste of Peru. Archived from 5528: 5524:. Adam and Charles Black. 1877. 5513: 5383: 5355: 5330: 5303: 5220: 5138: 5109: 5084: 5055: 5002: 4933: 4920: 4905: 4890: 4797: 4770: 4625: 4541:Wiktionary, the free dictionary 4529: 4504: 4490: 4473: 4196: 3954:Around the World in Eighty Days 3890:first transcontinental railroad 3562:conical hat worn by many Asians 3454:In Finland, when freshmen of a 3242:needs additional citations for 3173:or discuss these issues on the 3102:female master in a deposition. 2759:Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian 2703:, looting and burning down the 2658:first transcontinental railroad 2602:first transcontinental railroad 2562:to question the coolie system. 2244:advocates, particularly in the 2195:. Coolies frequently worked on 2191:were in high demand across the 1411:Committee of Experts on Slavery 962:East, Southeast, and South Asia 10587:Jewish-American princess (JAP) 9118:non-Spanish speaking Hispanics 8402:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees 6998:"Straattaalwoorden: Definitie" 4634:Contributions in Black Studies 4615:Contributions in Black Studies 4500:. Online Etymology Dictionary. 4448: 4387: 4352: 4331: 3725:The Oscar-nominated 1966 film 3612:term for manual labour. Also, 3105: 2529:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 2048: 1110:Slave raiding in Easter Island 1: 10492:eastern and central europeans 9866:English-speaking Welsh people 8191:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest 8154:China–United States trade war 8019:Internment of Chinese-Indians 7932:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 6301:The Journal of Modern History 6251:The Journal of Modern History 6233:"Indian indentured labourers" 6186:. New Delhi: Vani Prakashan. 6130:. The University of Chicago. 5918:Kenny, Kevin (25 July 2023). 5287:University of Minnesota Press 5258:University of Minnesota Press 4946:. NYU Press. pp. 21–22. 4808:. Hansib Publishing, London. 4678:Anderson School of Management 4212: 3873: 3442:Surinamese of Indian heritage 3145: 2547: 2372:opened to the British by the 8196:Boycotts of Chinese products 8119:2013 Tiananmen Square attack 8051:1969 race riots of Singapore 8025:1964 race riots in Singapore 7712:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639) 7083:Kung Fu Hustle (2004) - IMDb 6792:The Caribbean History Reader 6605:The Caribbean History Reader 5177:. McFarland. p. 82,85. 5093:The Chinese in the Caribbean 4457:Oxford Dictionary of English 3684:The Bridge on the River Kwai 2920:British colonial authorities 2918:Without permission from the 2707:where they worked after the 2679:used the term in one of his 2516:had Latin America's largest 2217:British authorities in India 1977: 1964:). A new Tamil movie titled 1936:celebrating coolies include 1770:Indian labourers in British 1401:Temporary Slavery Commission 1062:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 7: 10897:Fresh off the boat / F.O.B. 9153:Central and South Americans 8186:2021 Solomon Islands unrest 8176:COVID-19 pandemic incidents 8073:May 1998 riots of Indonesia 7394:Commemoration of indentured 7285:Knowledge's Manual of Style 6858:Yun, Lisa (22 April 2008). 6076:University of Hawai'i Press 5844:Meagher, Arnold J. (2008). 5312:Asia-Canada:Chinese Coolies 4561:Kämpfer, Engelbert (1727). 4014: 3937:A Nomad of the Time Streams 3110:In 2000, the parliament of 2110:History of the coolie trade 1974:is set to release in 2025. 1826:Indian indentured labourers 1421:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 466:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 10: 11188: 8181:2021 Atlanta spa shootings 8045:13 May incident (Malaysia) 8013:Chinese Confession Program 7903:Vancouver anti-Asian riots 7847:Chinese head tax in Canada 7794:San Francisco riot of 1877 7051:, No. 38, June 1993:26–32. 6173:Praveen Kumar Jha (2019). 6128:: The Odyssey of Indenture 5717:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.014 5501:Hu-DeHart, Evelyn (2017). 5198:Driscoll, Mark W. (2020). 4940:Gonzalez, Joaquin (2009). 4071:Trinidad and Tobago portal 3934:In the 1982 fiction novel 3886:season 3, episode 1 (2013) 3402:In South Africa, the term 3032:plantations. Many of them 2940:British East India Company 2723: 2670:Constitution of California 2368:, one of the five Chinese 2210:Debates over coolie labour 1854:is generally considered a 1606:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1443:Anti-Slavery International 1208:North Africa and West Asia 18: 11147:Economic history of India 10862: 10808: 10774: 10699: 10569: 10526: 10456: 10431: 10373: 10346: 10314: 10289: 10173: 10058: 10040: 10013: 9981: 9949: 9931: 9817: 9790: 9688: 9679: 9650: 9628: 9578: 9525: 9486: 9477: 9446: 9402: 9361: 9272: 9205: 9196: 9189: 8965: 8822: 8723: 8586: 8577: 8510: 8501: 8440: 8382: 8287: 8251: 8215: 8208: 8149:2015 Aksu colliery attack 8099:2008 Kunming bus bombings 8081: 7889: 7746: 7725: 7698: 7691: 7655: 7543: 7497: 7470:The Unparalleled Invasion 7447: 7356:"A burdensome livelihood" 7211:. London: Andre Deutsch. 7190:. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. 7144:Bahadur, Gaiutra (2013). 7019:Καββαδίας, Νίκος (2010). 6810:. Routledge. p. 96. 6734:Bahadur, Gaiutra (2014). 6617:Bahadur, Gaiutra (2014). 6284:Bahadur, Gaiutra (2014). 6203:Gaiutra, Bahadur (2014). 6050:Gillion, Kenneth (1962). 5977:27 September 2007 at the 5883:The Times Digital Archive 5681:DNA study from ancestry24 5567:Cadernos de Saúde Pública 5363:"Chinese Coolies in Cuba" 5062:Look Lai, Walton (1998). 4980:Juan, E. San Jr. (2009). 4960:Jackson, Yo, ed. (2006). 3447:In Vietnamese, since the 3204:This section needs to be 2615:Emancipation Proclamation 2598:Chinese immigrant workers 2472:('Asian colonists'). The 2200:wrote an article for the 2097:Oxford English Dictionary 2053: 2002: 1996: 1702:Emancipation Proclamation 1374:Opposition and resistance 1132:Sex trafficking in Europe 1120:Blackbirding in Polynesia 683:Trans-Saharan slave trade 11087:Chinese-American history 9507:westernized South Asians 8134:April 2014 Ürümqi attack 7943:Second Sino-Japanese War 7772:Chinese massacre of 1871 7668:Asiatic Exclusion League 6962:PTI (23 February 2023). 6461:Perisa Campbell (2012). 6393:Walton Look Lai (1993). 6123:Gaiutra Bahadur (2014). 6074:(. ed.). Honolulu: 6054:. Melbourne: Oxford U.P. 6008:Coolie (Asian labourers) 5881:, 12 August 1890, p. 7. 5634:CIA – The World Factbook 5467:Slave Trade:Coolie Trade 4836:. University of Colorado 4189: 3986: 3908: 3659: 3137:, koelies, hotnot, etc.) 2675:In 1938, U.S. President 2662:Canadian Pacific Railway 2094:as "usually offensive". 2058:) is an instance of 1482:Compensated emancipation 693:Indian Ocean slave trade 11172:Asian-Australian issues 9261:westernized East Asians 9219:westernized East Asians 8604:Black American princess 8264:Ita Martadinata Haryono 8144:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 8094:Abacus Bank prosecution 7717:Sangley Massacre (1662) 7232:. Wordsworth Editions. 7165:Lubbock, Basil (1981). 6804:Tan, Chee-Beng (2013). 6749:Brian L. Moore (1995). 6495:Eric Jay Dolin (2012). 6181:18 January 2022 at the 5960:29 October 2006 at the 5686:2 December 2012 at the 5229:Macau: A Cultural Janus 3715:, the character Tanya ( 3702:Sir Denis Nayland Smith 2666:Foreign Miners' Tax Act 2177:Treaty of Paris of 1814 2060:phono-semantic matching 1406:1926 Slavery Convention 1162:Germany in World War II 779:North and South America 301:Contract of manumission 25:Coolie (disambiguation) 11132:Anti–South Asian slurs 10714:Indigenous Australians 8139:May 2014 Ürümqi attack 8104:July 2009 Ürümqi riots 7897:White Australia policy 7440:Anti-Chinese sentiment 7000:. Straattaalwoorden.nl 5955:University of Arkansas 5774:10.1353/jaas.2001.0022 5173:Agnew, Jeremy (2013). 4912:Jung, Moon Ho (2006). 4897:Jung, Moon Ho (2006). 4654:Jung, Moon Ho (2006). 4323:Jung, Moon Ho (2006). 3913:In the 1899 novelette 3783:about coolies include 3674:) reminds Dr. Sigman ( 3143: 3140:To prevent harassment. 3025: 2959: 2766: 2750: 2605: 2543: 2502: 2474:Spanish colony of Cuba 2468: 2401: 2246:Southern United States 2238:William Lloyd Garrison 1775: 887:British Virgin Islands 439:Circassian slave trade 405:Safavid imperial harem 400:Ottoman Imperial Harem 23:. For other uses, see 19:For the landform, see 11152:19th century in China 11137:Anti–East Asian slurs 11082:Asian-American issues 11077:Anti-Indian sentiment 11031:non-Jewish boy or man 10646:Rootless cosmopolitan 8453:Hong Kong nationalism 8089:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots 8068:1997 Banjarmasin riot 7863:Hells Canyon Massacre 7836:Rock Springs massacre 7826:Issaquah riot of 1885 7805:Chinese Exclusion Act 7733:1740 Batavia massacre 7535:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 7510:Andrew Jackson Bryant 7184:Varma, Nitin (2016). 6099:Lal, Brij V. (2004). 5281:Simpson, Tim (2023). 5252:Simpson, Tim (2023). 5204:Duke University Press 5022:National Park Service 4966:. SAGE. p. 216. 4806:New System of Slavery 4149:Coolie-Begar movement 3697:The Mask of Fu Manchu 3517:, other parts of the 3491:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3124: 3015: 2953: 2882:shipped labourers to 2848:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2770:the world, including 2756: 2741: 2677:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2635:Chinese Exclusion Act 2596: 2526: 2490:Juan Pérez de la Riva 2395: 1913:, other parts of the 1769: 1126:Europe and North Asia 1086:Australia and Oceania 786:Pre-Columbian America 358:Slave raid of Suðuroy 290:Slavery in al-Andalus 212:Black Sea slave trade 141:21st-century jihadism 9919:Scottish Highlanders 9850:Welsh-speaking elite 8900:Hillbilly / Hilljack 8855:of European descent) 8109:2011 Kashgar attacks 7853:Seattle riot of 1886 7799:New Zealand head tax 7738:1782 Saigon massacre 7477:Japanese nationalism 7404:George Francis Train 7326:"Labour and longing" 7150:. Hurst Publishers. 6915:Cambridge Dictionary 6890:kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id 6078:. pp. 110–111. 5542:on 27 September 2013 4804:Hugh Tinker (1993). 4669:Eloisa Gomez Borah. 4563:The History of Japan 4184:List of ethnic slurs 4007:and the rest of the 3771:(1983) is an Indian 3741:(1975) is an Indian 3667:The Left Hand of God 3456:technical university 3251:improve this article 3062:Chinese Labour Corps 3018:Chinese Labour Corps 2932:indentured labourers 2872:Netherlands Antilles 2589:In the United States 2461:Asian Latin American 2430:Atlantic slave trade 2396:Illustration of the 2270:In European colonies 2230:Anti-Slavery Society 2165:indentured labourers 2125:Atlantic slave trade 2090:classifies the term 1834:employment contracts 1830:British colonial era 1581:Indentured servitude 1509:Underground Railroad 1309:United Arab Emirates 698:Zanzibar slave trade 665:By country or region 478:Atlantic slave trade 380:Ma malakat aymanukum 264:Venetian slave trade 11162:Class-related slurs 9336:westernized Chinese 8448:Chinese imperialism 8129:2014 Kunming attack 7985:Home Office 213/926 7973:Sook Ching massacre 7961:Japanese war crimes 7937:Wanpaoshan Incident 7831:Tacoma riot of 1885 7788:Trout Creek Outrage 7384:"A necessary exile" 7378:on 29 October 2006. 7349:on 5 December 2022. 5648:Am J Phys Anthropol 5615:on 20 February 2012 5480:on 13 December 2013 5145:Lowe, Lisa (2015). 5043:on 27 November 2012 5018:Historic Jamestowne 4752:Lowe, Lisa (2015). 4113:South Africa portal 3467:Trinidad and Tobago 3127:To promote equality 3022:Royal Tank Regiment 2908:Indo-Gangetic Plain 2860:British West Indies 2828:Trinidad and Tobago 2763:Trinidad and Tobago 2567:British West Indies 2482:took place in Haiti 2480:such as those that 2308:Trinidad and Tobago 1899:Trinidad and Tobago 1871:Indian subcontinent 1772:Trinidad and Tobago 1667:Slave Route Project 798:Americas indigenous 688:Red Sea slave trade 678:Contemporary Africa 541:Topics and practice 311:Crimean slave trade 306:Bukhara slave trade 259:Genoese slave trade 136:Contemporary Africa 116:Forced prostitution 11122:History of slavery 11097:Agricultural labor 9247:Chinese and Korean 8783:Redskin/Red Indian 8062:Cambodian genocide 7999:Mergosono massacre 7979:Changkiao massacre 7955:Nanshitou Massacre 7760:Lambing Flat riots 7663:Anti-Chinese Union 7593:Racism in Malaysia 7505:Adriaan Valckenier 7465:Chinese emigration 7070:. 22 January 2015. 6943:on 5 December 2022 6153:. London: Anthem. 5993:Past & Present 5660:10.1002/ajpa.22090 5509:– via JSTOR. 5370:The New York Times 4926:Dal Lago, Enrico. 4832:Evelyn Hu-DeHart. 4593:Yun, Lisa (2008). 4271:on 3 February 2022 3895:In the 2018 drama 3670:, Father Carmody ( 3396:Thaksin Shinawatra 3026: 2960: 2896:French West Indies 2894:, the rest of the 2858:, the rest of the 2767: 2751: 2701:War of the Pacific 2606: 2560:British Parliament 2544: 2453:Indigenous peoples 2402: 2221:Chinese government 2141:Sir John Gladstone 2034:Dravidian language 1813:used for low-wage 1776: 1448:Blockade of Africa 755:Somali slave trade 671:Sub-Saharan Africa 363:Turkish Abductions 321:Khivan slave trade 316:Khazar slave trade 269:Balkan slave trade 227:Prague slave trade 11064: 11063: 10522: 10521: 10217:Northern Italians 9675: 9674: 9646: 9645: 9593:Northeast Indians 9473: 9472: 9185: 9184: 8461: 8460: 8395:Chinaman's chance 8378: 8377: 8345:Mi Gao Huang Chen 8315:Franklin Feng Tao 8204: 8203: 7966:Three Alls Policy 7777:Pigtail Ordinance 7706:Sangley Rebellion 7318:BBC documentary: 7309: 7308: 7292:in-text citations 7239:978-1-85326-363-7 7218:978-1-61759-010-8 7197:978-3-11-046115-2 7157:978-1-84904-277-2 7043:Virdi, Jyotika. " 6871:978-1-59213-583-7 6844:978-1-4696-0714-6 6817:978-0-415-60056-9 6192:978-93-88684-04-0 6136:978-0-226-21138-1 6110:978-0-8248-2265-1 5705:Am. J. Hum. Genet 5573:(11): 2441–2448. 5296:978-1-5179-0031-1 5267:978-1-5179-0031-1 5213:978-1-4780-1121-7 5156:978-0-8223-7564-7 5120:. Brill. p. 5102:978-1-55876-315-9 4815:978-1-870518-18-5 4786:on 6 October 2013 4763:978-0-8223-7564-7 4713:Lisa Yun (2008). 4401:. 20 October 2011 4304:on 4 January 2023 4238:on 4 January 2023 3980:Empire of the Sun 3755:Bombay underworld 3711:In the 1934 film 3681:In the 1957 film 3664:In the 1955 film 3533:, other parts of 3345: 3344: 3337: 3327: 3326: 3319: 3301: 3225: 3224: 3188: 3042:national holidays 2985:health inspectors 2876:Dutch East Indies 2816:Southern Rhodesia 2812:Northern Rhodesia 2626:Burlingame Treaty 2579:cacao plantations 2503:colonos asiáticos 2469:colonos asiáticos 2374:Treaty of Nanking 2320:Dutch East Indies 2197:slave plantations 2173:Strangford Treaty 2145:sugar plantations 2121:European colonies 2067:Engelbert Kämpfer 2046:The Chinese word 1875:British Raj India 1838:sugar plantations 1764: 1763: 1714:Freedmen's Bureau 1536:Third Servile War 1531:International law 1098:Human trafficking 860:Human trafficking 535:Thirteen colonies 353:Sack of Baltimore 121:Human trafficking 11179: 11057: 11056: 11052:non-Jewish woman 11041: 11035: 11020: 11019: 11006: 11005: 10992: 10991: 10975: 10969: 10956: 10955: 10940: 10939: 10923: 10922: 10906: 10905: 10892: 10885: 10884: 10855: 10848: 10841: 10840: 10829: 10801: 10794: 10787: 10767: 10766: 10762:Pacific Islander 10751: 10750: 10746:Pacific Islander 10735: 10734: 10719: 10718: 10692: 10685: 10678: 10671: 10670: 10655: 10648: 10641: 10640: 10619: 10612: 10611: 10596: 10589: 10582: 10562: 10555: 10548: 10547: 10515: 10514: 10496: 10495: 10482: 10481: 10449: 10442: 10424: 10417: 10416: 10405: 10404: 10389: 10382: 10366: 10359: 10339: 10332: 10325: 10307: 10300: 10282: 10275: 10268: 10267: 10252: 10251: 10238: 10237: 10222: 10221: 10206: 10201: 10194: 10189: 10182: 10166: 10165: 10162:Anglophile Irish 10152: 10151: 10136: 10135: 10132:Anglophile Irish 10122: 10121: 10118:Irish Travellers 10108: 10107: 10103:Irish Travellers 10092: 10091: 10087:Irish Protestant 10078: 10077: 10051: 10033: 10026: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9974: 9967: 9960: 9942: 9924: 9923: 9908: 9907: 9894: 9893: 9878: 9871: 9870: 9855: 9854: 9839: 9838: 9810: 9803: 9783: 9776: 9769: 9762: 9755: 9748: 9741: 9734: 9727: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9699: 9686: 9685: 9668: 9661: 9651:Southeast Asians 9639: 9621: 9620: 9605: 9598: 9597: 9571: 9564: 9557: 9550: 9543: 9536: 9518: 9511: 9510: 9497: 9484: 9483: 9466: 9465: 9439: 9438: 9425: 9418: 9417: 9395: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9354: 9347: 9340: 9339: 9320: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9265: 9264: 9251: 9250: 9237: 9230: 9223: 9222: 9203: 9202: 9194: 9193: 9178: 9177: 9164: 9157: 9156: 9143: 9136: 9135: 9122: 9121: 9108: 9107: 9094: 9093: 9080: 9079: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9049: 9036: 9029: 9028: 9013: 9012: 8997: 8996: 8983: 8982: 8958: 8951: 8944: 8937: 8930: 8923: 8916: 8909: 8902: 8895: 8888: 8881: 8874: 8873: 8858: 8857: 8842: 8835: 8815: 8814: 8798: 8797: 8778: 8777: 8754: 8752: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8674: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8599: 8584: 8583: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8521: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8465: 8464: 8432:Sick man of Asia 8422:Locust/Wongchung 8340:Leung Chi-cheung 8213: 8212: 8171:China Initiative 7949:Nanking Massacre 7915:Torreón massacre 7869:Scott Act (1888) 7783:Page Act of 1875 7696: 7695: 7640:China Initiative 7433: 7426: 7419: 7410: 7409: 7379: 7363: 7350: 7345:. Archived from 7304: 7301: 7295: 7260: 7259: 7252: 7243: 7222: 7201: 7180: 7161: 7131: 7130: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7058: 7052: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7023:. Athens: ΑΓΡΑ. 7016: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6994: 6988: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6939:. Archived from 6929: 6923: 6922: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6801: 6795: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6614: 6608: 6601: 6592: 6591: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6246: 6237: 6236: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6200: 6194: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6144: 6138: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6003: 5997: 5988: 5982: 5970: 5964: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5892: 5886: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5760: 5751: 5748: 5739: 5738: 5728: 5696: 5690: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5614: 5608:. Archived from 5607: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5582: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5479: 5473:, archived from 5472: 5462: 5453: 5452: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5424: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5367: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5344: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5315:, archived from 5307: 5301: 5300: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5170: 5161: 5160: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5015: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4977: 4957: 4937: 4931: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4859: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4829: 4820: 4819: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4782:, archived from 4774: 4768: 4767: 4749: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4720: 4710: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4690: 4684:. Archived from 4675: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4610: 4599: 4598: 4590: 4581: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4436:on 11 March 2012 4435: 4428: 4420: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4375:on 11 April 2015 4374: 4367: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4294: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4261: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4228: 4206: 4200: 4143: 4141:Singapore portal 4138: 4137: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4115: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4073: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4059: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4045: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4024: 3942:Michael Moorcock 3777:Amitabh Bachchan 3751:Amitabh Bachchan 3727:The Sand Pebbles 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3535:Southeast Africa 3449:French Indochina 3340: 3333: 3322: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3259: 3235: 3227: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3180: 3158: 3157: 3150: 2996:severe penalties 2945:health standards 2910:, but also from 2852:British Honduras 2687:In South America 2552: 2551: 1902–1910 2549: 2510:Cuban Revolution 2505: 2471: 2350:Portuguese Macao 2340:unequal treaties 2312:British Honduras 2250:American slavery 2057: 2050: 2019: 2018: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1998: 1756: 1749: 1742: 1726:Emancipation Day 1559: 1526:Slave Trade Acts 217:Byzantine Empire 59: 32: 31: 11187: 11186: 11182: 11181: 11180: 11178: 11177: 11176: 11107:Labor relations 11067: 11066: 11065: 11060: 11048: 11044: 11027: 11023: 11013: 11009: 10999: 10995: 10982: 10978: 10963: 10959: 10947: 10943: 10930: 10926: 10913: 10909: 10899: 10895: 10888: 10875: 10871: 10858: 10851: 10844: 10836: 10832: 10825: 10804: 10797: 10790: 10783: 10770: 10758: 10754: 10742: 10738: 10726: 10722: 10710: 10706: 10695: 10688: 10683:Zhyd / Zhydovka 10681: 10674: 10662: 10658: 10651: 10644: 10626: 10622: 10615: 10603: 10599: 10592: 10585: 10578: 10565: 10558: 10551: 10539: 10535: 10518: 10503: 10499: 10489: 10485: 10467: 10463: 10452: 10445: 10438: 10427: 10420: 10412: 10408: 10396: 10392: 10385: 10380: 10369: 10362: 10355: 10342: 10335: 10328: 10321: 10310: 10303: 10296: 10285: 10278: 10271: 10259: 10255: 10245: 10241: 10229: 10225: 10213: 10209: 10204: 10197: 10192: 10185: 10180: 10169: 10159: 10155: 10147:Irish Catholics 10143: 10139: 10129: 10125: 10115: 10111: 10099: 10095: 10083: 10081: 10069: 10065: 10054: 10047: 10036: 10029: 10022: 10009: 10002: 9995: 9988: 9977: 9970: 9963: 9956: 9945: 9938: 9927: 9915: 9911: 9901: 9897: 9885: 9881: 9874: 9862: 9860:Dic Siôn Dafydd 9858: 9846: 9842: 9830: 9826: 9813: 9806: 9799: 9786: 9779: 9772: 9765: 9758: 9751: 9744: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9716: 9709: 9702: 9695: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9642: 9635: 9624: 9612: 9608: 9601: 9589: 9585: 9574: 9567: 9560: 9553: 9546: 9539: 9532: 9521: 9514: 9504: 9500: 9493: 9469: 9457: 9453: 9442: 9432: 9428: 9421: 9415: 9411: 9398: 9391: 9384: 9377: 9370: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9327: 9323: 9316: 9309: 9302: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9268: 9258: 9254: 9244: 9240: 9233: 9226: 9216: 9212: 9181: 9171: 9167: 9160: 9150: 9146: 9139: 9129: 9125: 9115: 9111: 9101: 9097: 9087: 9083: 9071: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9043: 9039: 9032: 9020: 9016: 9004: 9000: 8990: 8986: 8976: 8972: 8961: 8954: 8947: 8940: 8933: 8926: 8919: 8912: 8905: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8877: 8865: 8861: 8849: 8845: 8838: 8831: 8818: 8809:Native American 8805: 8801: 8789:Native American 8785: 8781: 8773:American Indian 8765:Native American 8761: 8757: 8736: 8732: 8719: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8693:Queen / Queenie 8691: 8684: 8677: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8595: 8579: 8578:North and South 8573: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8506: 8497: 8492: 8462: 8457: 8436: 8374: 8283: 8247: 8200: 8077: 8056:Malari incident 7921:1918 Kudus riot 7885: 7766:Anti-Coolie Act 7742: 7721: 7687: 7651: 7598:Ketuanan Melayu 7571:Racism in Japan 7539: 7493: 7489:De-Sinicization 7443: 7437: 7390:(29 April 2007) 7382:Ramya Sivaraj, 7366: 7341: 7305: 7299: 7296: 7289: 7283:discouraged by 7261: 7257: 7250: 7240: 7219: 7198: 7177: 7158: 7140: 7138:Further reading 7135: 7134: 7125:Welch, Denton. 7123: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7102: 7101: 7097: 7088: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7075: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7042: 7038: 7031: 7017: 7013: 7003: 7001: 6996: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6960: 6956: 6946: 6944: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6872: 6856: 6852: 6845: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6802: 6798: 6789: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6763: 6747: 6743: 6732: 6728: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6698: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6630: 6626: 6615: 6611: 6602: 6595: 6580:10.2307/2841301 6564: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6530:Teresa A. Meade 6527: 6523: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6493: 6489: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6459: 6455: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6391: 6387: 6377: 6375: 6365: 6361: 6357:Guyan Chronicle 6353: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6297: 6293: 6282: 6278: 6247: 6240: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6201: 6197: 6183:Wayback Machine 6172: 6168: 6161: 6145: 6141: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6063: 6059: 6048: 6044: 6035: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6013: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5989: 5985: 5979:Wayback Machine 5971: 5967: 5962:Wayback Machine 5953: 5949: 5942: 5916: 5912: 5893: 5889: 5876: 5872: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5842: 5838: 5829: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5786: 5784: 5762: 5761: 5754: 5749: 5742: 5697: 5693: 5688:Wayback Machine 5679: 5675: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5536:"Taste of Peru" 5534: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5499: 5492: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5449:"Forced Labour" 5447: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5406: 5397: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5375: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5322: 5320: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5033: 5026: 5024: 5013: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4978: 4974: 4958: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4925: 4921: 4910: 4906: 4895: 4891: 4876:10.2307/2841301 4860: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4802: 4798: 4789: 4787: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4750: 4743: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4711: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4673: 4667: 4663: 4652: 4645: 4630: 4626: 4611: 4602: 4591: 4584: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4559: 4555: 4546: 4544: 4543:, 27 March 2024 4535: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4509: 4505: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4336: 4332: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4296: 4295: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4127:Malaysia portal 4125: 4120: 4118: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4099:Suriname portal 4097: 4092: 4090: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4003:) villagers in 3989: 3911: 3876: 3672:Humphrey Bogart 3662: 3657: 3648:Nikos Kavvadias 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3574:appears in the 3341: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3260: 3258: 3248: 3236: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3200: 3196: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3108: 3070: 3016:Members of the 2973:mortality rates 2780:New South Wales 2749:(19th century). 2736: 2730:Indian diaspora 2722: 2709:capture of Lima 2689: 2654:Chinese workers 2611:Anti-Coolie Act 2591: 2550: 2478:slave uprisings 2445:Chincha Islands 2288:New South Wales 2272: 2267: 2265:Chinese coolies 2212: 2169:First World War 2117: 2112: 2087:Merriam-Webster 2083: 1980: 1927:Malay Peninsula 1895:Eastern African 1811:pejorative term 1760: 1731: 1730: 1635:Slave narrative 1591:Fugitive slaves 1571: 1563: 1562: 1553: 1521:Slave rebellion 1376: 1366: 1365: 1324: 1314: 1313: 1136:United Kingdom 1072:Yankee princess 666: 658: 657: 385:Avret Pazarları 331:Avret Pazarları 200:Medieval Europe 166: 156: 155: 94:Forced marriage 69: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11185: 11175: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11058: 11042: 11021: 11007: 10993: 10976: 10957: 10941: 10924: 10907: 10893: 10886: 10868: 10866: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10856: 10849: 10842: 10830: 10822: 10820: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10802: 10795: 10788: 10780: 10778: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10768: 10752: 10736: 10720: 10703: 10701: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10693: 10686: 10679: 10672: 10656: 10649: 10642: 10620: 10613: 10607:Ashkenazi Jews 10597: 10590: 10583: 10575: 10573: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10563: 10556: 10549: 10532: 10530: 10524: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10517: 10516: 10497: 10483: 10460: 10458: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10450: 10443: 10435: 10433: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10425: 10418: 10406: 10390: 10383: 10377: 10375: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10367: 10360: 10352: 10350: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10340: 10333: 10326: 10318: 10316: 10312: 10311: 10309: 10308: 10301: 10293: 10291: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10283: 10276: 10269: 10263:South Italians 10253: 10239: 10223: 10207: 10202: 10195: 10190: 10183: 10177: 10175: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10167: 10153: 10137: 10123: 10109: 10093: 10079: 10062: 10060: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10052: 10044: 10042: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10034: 10027: 10019: 10017: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10007: 10000: 9993: 9985: 9983: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9975: 9968: 9961: 9953: 9951: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9943: 9935: 9933: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9925: 9909: 9895: 9879: 9872: 9856: 9840: 9834:English people 9823: 9821: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9808:Turco-Albanian 9804: 9796: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9784: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9721: 9714: 9707: 9700: 9692: 9690: 9683: 9677: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9669: 9662: 9654: 9652: 9648: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9640: 9632: 9630: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9622: 9606: 9599: 9582: 9580: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9529: 9527: 9526:Bengali Hindus 9523: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9512: 9498: 9490: 9488: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9467: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9440: 9426: 9419: 9408: 9406: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9396: 9389: 9382: 9375: 9367: 9365: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9348: 9341: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9278: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9266: 9252: 9238: 9231: 9224: 9209: 9207: 9200: 9191: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9179: 9165: 9158: 9144: 9137: 9123: 9109: 9095: 9081: 9075:Newfoundlander 9065: 9058: 9051: 9037: 9030: 9014: 8998: 8984: 8969: 8967: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8959: 8952: 8945: 8938: 8931: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8903: 8896: 8889: 8882: 8875: 8859: 8843: 8836: 8828: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8799: 8779: 8755: 8729: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8689: 8682: 8675: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8614: 8607: 8600: 8597:Alligator bait 8592: 8590: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8522: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8491: 8490: 8483: 8476: 8468: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8455: 8450: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8386: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8355:Teoh Beng Hock 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8330:Jiansheng Chen 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8274:Velma Demerson 8271: 8266: 8261: 8255: 8253: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8223:Chae Chan Ping 8219: 8217: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8114:Wolf Amendment 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8048: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7952: 7940: 7934: 7929: 7923: 7918: 7912: 7909:Beipu uprising 7906: 7900: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7866: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7844: 7839: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7780: 7774: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7702: 7700: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7659: 7657: 7656:By institution 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7486: 7485: 7484: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7457: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7436: 7435: 7428: 7421: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7397: 7391: 7380: 7364: 7360:India Together 7351: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7323: 7315: 7307: 7306: 7273:external links 7264: 7262: 7255: 7249: 7248:External links 7246: 7245: 7244: 7238: 7223: 7217: 7202: 7196: 7181: 7175: 7162: 7156: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7117: 7106:. Films.nfb.ca 7095: 7073: 7053: 7036: 7029: 7011: 6989: 6980: 6954: 6937:hum-coolie.com 6924: 6902: 6877: 6870: 6850: 6843: 6823: 6816: 6796: 6783: 6761: 6741: 6726: 6713:978-9004182134 6712: 6692: 6679:978-9004182134 6678: 6658: 6645:978-9004182134 6644: 6624: 6609: 6593: 6558: 6545:978-1444358117 6544: 6521: 6508:978-0871404336 6507: 6487: 6474:978-1136261527 6473: 6453: 6439: 6419: 6405: 6385: 6359: 6347: 6326: 6313:10.1086/236112 6291: 6276: 6263:10.1086/236112 6238: 6224: 6210: 6195: 6166: 6159: 6139: 6116: 6109: 6091: 6084: 6057: 6042: 6020: 5998: 5983: 5965: 5947: 5941:978-0197580080 5940: 5910: 5887: 5870: 5856: 5836: 5814: 5810:Walter Liggett 5802: 5793: 5752: 5740: 5691: 5673: 5638: 5626: 5594: 5553: 5527: 5512: 5507:Labour History 5490: 5454: 5440: 5404: 5382: 5372:, 16 July 1876 5354: 5329: 5302: 5295: 5273: 5266: 5244: 5237: 5219: 5212: 5190: 5184:978-0786476299 5183: 5162: 5155: 5137: 5130: 5108: 5101: 5083: 5076: 5054: 5001: 4994: 4972: 4952: 4932: 4919: 4904: 4889: 4847: 4834:"Coolie Labor" 4821: 4814: 4796: 4769: 4762: 4741: 4728:978-1592135837 4727: 4702: 4691:on 25 May 2012 4661: 4643: 4624: 4600: 4582: 4568: 4553: 4528: 4521: 4503: 4489: 4486:. p. 173. 4472: 4465: 4447: 4412: 4386: 4351: 4330: 4315: 4282: 4249: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4203:Herbert Hoover 4194: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4130: 4116: 4102: 4088: 4085:Jamaica portal 4074: 4060: 4046: 4032: 4016: 4013: 4001:Indo-Caribbean 3988: 3985: 3977:'s 1984 novel 3964:'s 1943 novel 3951:'s 1873 novel 3910: 3907: 3881:Hell on Wheels 3875: 3872: 3863:Up the Yangtze 3842:Kung Fu Hustle 3825:Romper Stomper 3676:E. G. Marshall 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3636: 3625: 3604:In Sri Lanka, 3602: 3581:In Hungarian, 3579: 3568: 3565: 3558: 3515:Virgin Islands 3459: 3452: 3445: 3426: 3419: 3400: 3384: 3373: 3359:In India, the 3357: 3343: 3342: 3325: 3324: 3239: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3222: 3203: 3201: 3194: 3189: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3131: 3128: 3107: 3104: 3069: 3066: 3049:sensationalist 2864:British Malaya 2824:British Guiana 2734:Colonial India 2721: 2720:Indian coolies 2718: 2714:nitrate fields 2688: 2685: 2681:fireside chats 2590: 2587: 2426:Middle Passage 2422:African slaves 2304:British Malaya 2296:British Guiana 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2211: 2208: 2193:Atlantic World 2160:British Empire 2149:British Guiana 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2103:Dictionary.com 2082: 2079: 1979: 1976: 1858:for Asians in 1781:(also spelled 1774:; around 1890s 1762: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1751: 1744: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1613:List of slaves 1610: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1484: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1331: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1157:Dutch Republic 1154: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1003: 1002: 1001: 996: 991: 981: 976: 971: 965: 964: 958: 957: 952: 945: 944: 943: 938: 928: 923: 918: 917: 916: 906: 901: 900: 899: 894: 889: 884: 874: 869: 864: 863: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 807: 806: 805: 795: 794: 793: 782: 781: 775: 774: 769: 764: 759: 758: 757: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 701: 700: 690: 685: 680: 674: 673: 667: 664: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 629: 628: 624: 623: 618: 616:Child soldiers 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 592: 591: 581: 576: 571: 566: 565: 564: 559: 554: 543: 542: 538: 537: 532: 527: 525:Spanish Empire 522: 517: 512: 507: 505:Middle Passage 502: 497: 492: 487: 481: 480: 474: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 442: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 367: 366: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 335: 334: 333: 326:Ottoman Empire 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 287: 281: 280: 274: 273: 272: 271: 261: 256: 251: 250: 249: 244: 239: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 203: 202: 196: 195: 190: 185: 180: 174: 173: 167: 162: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153: 148: 146:Sexual slavery 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 112: 111: 106: 104:Child marriage 101: 91: 86: 81: 79:Child soldiers 76: 70: 65: 64: 61: 60: 52: 51: 41: 40: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11184: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11167:English words 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11102:Labor history 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11054: 11053: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11033: 11032: 11026: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10994: 10989: 10988: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10967: 10962: 10958: 10953: 10952: 10946: 10942: 10937: 10936: 10929: 10925: 10920: 10919: 10912: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10894: 10891: 10887: 10882: 10881: 10874: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10861: 10854: 10850: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10828: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10800: 10796: 10793: 10789: 10786: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10773: 10764: 10763: 10757: 10753: 10748: 10747: 10741: 10737: 10732: 10731: 10725: 10721: 10716: 10715: 10709: 10705: 10704: 10702: 10698: 10691: 10687: 10684: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10668: 10667: 10661: 10657: 10654: 10650: 10647: 10643: 10638: 10637: 10632: 10631: 10625: 10621: 10618: 10614: 10609: 10608: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10591: 10588: 10584: 10581: 10580:Christ killer 10577: 10576: 10574: 10572: 10568: 10561: 10557: 10554: 10550: 10545: 10544: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10529: 10525: 10512: 10511: 10508: 10502: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10484: 10479: 10478: 10473: 10472: 10466: 10465:Bulgarophiles 10462: 10461: 10459: 10455: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10437: 10436: 10434: 10430: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10401: 10395: 10391: 10388: 10384: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10372: 10365: 10361: 10358: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10349: 10345: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10327: 10324: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10313: 10306: 10302: 10299: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10288: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10270: 10265: 10264: 10258: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10243:Sheep shagger 10240: 10235: 10234: 10228: 10224: 10219: 10218: 10212: 10208: 10203: 10200: 10196: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10172: 10163: 10158: 10154: 10149: 10148: 10142: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10110: 10105: 10104: 10098: 10094: 10089: 10088: 10080: 10075: 10074: 10068: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10057: 10050: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10039: 10032: 10028: 10025: 10021: 10020: 10018: 10016: 10012: 10005: 10001: 9998: 9994: 9991: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9980: 9973: 9969: 9966: 9962: 9959: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9948: 9941: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9921: 9920: 9914: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9896: 9891: 9890: 9884: 9883:Sheep shagger 9880: 9877: 9873: 9868: 9867: 9861: 9857: 9852: 9851: 9845: 9841: 9836: 9835: 9829: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9809: 9805: 9802: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9789: 9782: 9778: 9775: 9771: 9768: 9764: 9761: 9757: 9754: 9750: 9747: 9743: 9740: 9736: 9733: 9729: 9726: 9722: 9719: 9715: 9712: 9708: 9705: 9701: 9698: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9678: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9649: 9638: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9627: 9618: 9617: 9611: 9607: 9604: 9600: 9595: 9594: 9588: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9577: 9570: 9566: 9563: 9559: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9545: 9542: 9538: 9535: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9517: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9499: 9496: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9476: 9463: 9462: 9456: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9445: 9436: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9414: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9394: 9390: 9387: 9383: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9360: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9337: 9333: 9332: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9308: 9305: 9301: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9271: 9262: 9257: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9239: 9236: 9232: 9229: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9192: 9188: 9175: 9170: 9169:Yank / Yankee 9166: 9163: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9145: 9142: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9082: 9077: 9076: 9070: 9066: 9063: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9026: 9025: 9019: 9015: 9010: 9009: 9003: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8964: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8946: 8943: 8942:Trailer trash 8939: 8936: 8932: 8929: 8925: 8922: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8880: 8876: 8871: 8870: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8854: 8848: 8844: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8821: 8812: 8810: 8804: 8800: 8795: 8794: 8793:First Nations 8790: 8784: 8780: 8775: 8774: 8770: 8769:First Nations 8766: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8735: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8683: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8657: 8654: 8650: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8636: 8633: 8629: 8626: 8622: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8608: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8582: 8576: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8558: 8555: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8526:Black Diamond 8523: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8500: 8496: 8489: 8484: 8482: 8477: 8475: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8250: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8228:Fong Yue Ting 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8158:Trump tariffs 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8020: 8017: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7971: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928:(1920s–1930s) 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7754:Buckland Riot 7752: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7635:United States 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7515:Denis Kearney 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7498:By persecutor 7496: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7434: 7429: 7427: 7422: 7420: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7321: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7303: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7281:related pages 7278: 7274: 7270: 7265:This section 7263: 7254: 7253: 7241: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7189: 7188: 7182: 7178: 7176:9780851741116 7172: 7168: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7149: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7128: 7127:Maiden Voyage 7121: 7105: 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5186: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5167: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5133: 5131:9789004182134 5127: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5104: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5079: 5077:976-640-021-0 5073: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5042: 5038: 5023: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4997: 4995:9781438427379 4991: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4973:9781412909488 4969: 4965: 4964: 4955: 4953:9780814732977 4949: 4945: 4944: 4936: 4929: 4923: 4915: 4908: 4900: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4835: 4828: 4826: 4817: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4773: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4746: 4730: 4724: 4719: 4718: 4709: 4707: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4657: 4650: 4648: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4596: 4589: 4587: 4578: 4572: 4564: 4557: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4524: 4522:9780195341126 4518: 4514: 4507: 4499: 4493: 4485: 4484: 4476: 4468: 4466:9780191727665 4462: 4458: 4451: 4432: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4371: 4364: 4363: 4355: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4334: 4326: 4319: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4218: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4131: 4128: 4117: 4114: 4103: 4100: 4089: 4086: 4075: 4072: 4061: 4058: 4057:Guyana portal 4047: 4044: 4033: 4030: 4019: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3997:Indo-Guyanese 3994: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3967:Maiden Voyage 3963: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3929:Betty Jeffrey 3926: 3925:White Coolies 3922: 3921:Joseph Conrad 3918: 3917: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3871: 3869: 3868:Yangtze River 3865: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3831: 3830:Russell Crowe 3827: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3731:Steve McQueen 3728: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3706:Dr. Fu Manchu 3703: 3700: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3689:Alec Guinness 3686: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499:French Guiana 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3421:In Ethiopia, 3420: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3339: 3336: 3321: 3318: 3310: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3268: – 3267: 3263: 3262:Find sources: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3240:This section 3238: 3234: 3229: 3228: 3219: 3207: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3152: 3151: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3074: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3058:allied forces 3055: 3054:Western Front 3050: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3034:chose to stay 3031: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2992:Joseph Sturge 2988: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2938:In 1837, the 2936: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2892:French Guiana 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2624:In 1868, the 2622: 2620: 2619:Denis Kearney 2616: 2612: 2603: 2600:building the 2599: 2595: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2556: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533:Spanish Crown 2530: 2525: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2464: 2463:populations. 2462: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2262: 2259: 2258:clan violence 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2044: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2009: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1952:(released in 1951: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1773: 1768: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1657:Slave catcher 1655: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1586:Forced labour 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1431:Abolitionists 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1382: 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970: 967: 966: 963: 960: 959: 956: 953: 950: 946: 942: 939: 937: 934: 933: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 915: 912: 911: 910: 907: 905: 904:Latin America 902: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 861: 858: 856: 855:interregional 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 840:prison labour 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 812: 811: 810:United States 808: 804: 801: 800: 799: 796: 792: 789: 788: 787: 784: 783: 780: 777: 776: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 756: 753: 752: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 699: 696: 695: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 672: 669: 668: 662: 661: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 626: 625: 622: 621:White slavery 619: 617: 614: 612: 611:Slave raiding 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 590: 587: 586: 585: 582: 580: 579:Corvée labour 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 548: 545: 544: 540: 539: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 479: 476: 475: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 395:Abbasid harem 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 371: 368: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 340: 339: 338:Barbary Coast 336: 332: 329: 328: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 279: 276: 275: 270: 267: 266: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 160: 159: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 68: 63: 62: 58: 54: 53: 50: 46: 45:Forced labour 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 26: 22: 11127:Coolie trade 11050: 11029: 11015: 11001: 10997:Reffo / Balt 10984: 10966:non-believer 10965: 10949: 10932: 10915: 10901: 10877: 10837: 10760: 10744: 10728: 10712: 10664: 10634: 10628: 10605: 10541: 10505: 10491: 10475: 10469: 10413: 10397: 10261: 10247: 10231: 10215: 10161: 10145: 10131: 10117: 10101: 10085: 10071: 9917: 9904:Welsh people 9903: 9889:Welsh people 9887: 9864: 9848: 9832: 9614: 9602: 9591: 9515: 9506: 9479:South Asians 9459: 9435:also Chinese 9434: 9423:Gaoli bangzi 9413:Ban-jjokbari 9335: 9329: 9317: 9260: 9246: 9218: 9173: 9152: 9131: 9117: 9103: 9089: 9073: 9045: 9022: 9006: 8992: 8978: 8935:Swamp Yankee 8867: 8850: 8807: 8787: 8763: 8759:Indian/Injun 8738: 8504:by ethnicity 8495:Ethnic slurs 8288:21st century 8259:Vincent Chin 8252:20th century 8238:Wong Kim Ark 8216:19th century 8082:21st century 7995:(1945–1947) 7990: 7945:(1937-1945) 7890:20th century 7747:19th century 7726:18th century 7699:17th century 7683:Uyoku dantai 7678:Tsagaan Khas 7610:Nazi Germany 7460:Yellow Peril 7454: 7442:(Sinophobia) 7387: 7376:the original 7371: 7359: 7347:the original 7328:by Vinay Lal 7319: 7313:Hill Coolies 7297: 7267:may contain 7266: 7228: 7207: 7186: 7166: 7146: 7126: 7120: 7108:. Retrieved 7098: 7087:, retrieved 7082: 7076: 7065: 7056: 7048: 7039: 7020: 7014: 7002:. Retrieved 6992: 6983: 6971:. Retrieved 6967: 6957: 6945:. Retrieved 6941:the original 6936: 6927: 6914: 6905: 6893:. Retrieved 6889: 6880: 6860: 6853: 6833: 6826: 6806: 6799: 6791: 6786: 6774:. Retrieved 6751: 6744: 6735: 6729: 6717:. Retrieved 6702: 6695: 6683:. Retrieved 6668: 6661: 6649:. Retrieved 6634: 6627: 6618: 6612: 6604: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6549:. Retrieved 6534: 6524: 6512:. Retrieved 6497: 6490: 6478:. Retrieved 6463: 6456: 6444:. Retrieved 6429: 6422: 6410:. Retrieved 6395: 6388: 6376:. Retrieved 6373:the Guardian 6372: 6362: 6350: 6338:. Retrieved 6329: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6285: 6279: 6254: 6250: 6227: 6213: 6204: 6198: 6176:Coolie Lines 6174: 6169: 6149: 6142: 6126:Coolie Woman 6124: 6119: 6100: 6094: 6070: 6060: 6051: 6045: 6034:, retrieved 6029: 6023: 6012:, retrieved 6007: 6001: 5991: 5986: 5968: 5950: 5923: 5913: 5904: 5900: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5861:. Retrieved 5850:. Arnold J. 5846: 5839: 5828:, retrieved 5823: 5817: 5805: 5796: 5785:, retrieved 5764: 5708: 5704: 5694: 5676: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5629: 5617:. Retrieved 5610:the original 5597: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5544:. Retrieved 5540:the original 5530: 5521: 5515: 5506: 5482:, retrieved 5475:the original 5466: 5443: 5431:. Retrieved 5396:, retrieved 5391: 5385: 5374:, retrieved 5369: 5357: 5346:, retrieved 5338: 5332: 5321:, retrieved 5317:the original 5311: 5305: 5282: 5276: 5253: 5247: 5228: 5222: 5199: 5193: 5174: 5146: 5140: 5117: 5111: 5092: 5086: 5063: 5057: 5045:. Retrieved 5041:the original 5025:. Retrieved 5017: 5004: 4985: 4962: 4942: 4935: 4927: 4922: 4913: 4907: 4898: 4892: 4867: 4863: 4838:. Retrieved 4805: 4799: 4788:, retrieved 4784:the original 4778: 4772: 4753: 4732:. Retrieved 4716: 4693:. Retrieved 4686:the original 4677: 4664: 4655: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4618: 4614: 4594: 4576: 4571: 4562: 4556: 4545:, retrieved 4540: 4531: 4512: 4506: 4492: 4482: 4475: 4456: 4450: 4438:. Retrieved 4431:the original 4403:. Retrieved 4389: 4377:. Retrieved 4370:the original 4361: 4354: 4343: 4333: 4324: 4318: 4306:. Retrieved 4302:the original 4273:. Retrieved 4269:the original 4240:. Retrieved 4236:the original 4198: 4154:Blackbirding 4043:China portal 4029:India portal 3990: 3978: 3975:J.G. 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