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factors that led to their present state. Humanitarian groups and media outlets often rely on images of refugees that evoke emotional responses and are said to speak for themselves. The refugees in these images, however, are not asked to elaborate on their experiences, and thus, their narratives are all but erased. From the perspective of the international community, "refugee" is a performative status equated with injury, ill health, and poverty. When people no longer display these traits, they are no longer seen as ideal refugees, even if they still fit the legal definition. For this reason, there is a need to improve current humanitarian efforts by acknowledging the "narrative authority, historical agency, and political memory" of refugees alongside their shared humanity. Dehistorizing and depoliticizing refugees can have dire consequences. Rwandan refugees in
Tanzanian camps, for example, were pressured to return to their home country before they believed it was truly safe to do so. Despite the fact that refugees, drawing on their political history and experiences, claimed that Tutsi forces still posed a threat to them in Rwanda, their narrative was overshadowed by the U.N. assurances of safety. When the refugees did return home, reports of reprisals against them, land seizures, disappearances, and incarceration abounded, as they had feared.
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vetted through the resettlement program in the United States between 2001 and 2016, only five were subsequently arrested on terrorism charges; and 17 of the 600,000 Iraqis and
Syrians who arrived in Germany in 2015 were investigated for terrorism. One study found that European jihadists tend to be 'homegrown': over 90% were residents of a European country and 60% had European citizenship. While the statistics do not support the rhetoric, a PEW Research Center survey of ten European countries (Hungary, Poland, Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Greece, UK, France, and Spain) released on 11 July 2016, finds that the majority (ranges from 52% to 76%) of respondents in eight countries (Hungary, Poland, Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Greece, and UK) think refugees increase the likelihood of terrorism in their country. Since 1975, in the U.S., the risk of dying in a terror attack by a refugee is 1 in 3.6 billion per year; whereas, the odds of dying in a motor vehicle crash are 1 in 113, by state sanctioned execution 1 in 111,439, or by dog attack 1 in 114,622.
1986:
and expanded their mandate from just humanitarian emergency relief to including human development and protection of the
Palestinian society. Communication with host countries where UNRWA is operating (Syria, Jordan and Lebanon) is very important as the agency's mandate changes per region. UNRWA's Medium Term Strategy is a report that lists all the issues that the Palestinians are facing and UNRWA's plan to mitigate the severeness of the issues. The report shows that UNRWA focusses mostly on food assistance, health care, education and shelter for Palestinian refugees. UNRWA has succeeded in placing over 700 schools with over 500,000 students, 140 health centers, 113 women community centers, and has awarded over 475,000 loans. UNRWA's funding relies mostly on voluntary donations. Fluctuations in these donations result in constraints in carrying out the mandate.
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1343:
711:
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1795:, is disputed. Additionally, academics have critiqued the lack of a theoretical basis of refugee studies and dominance of policy-oriented research. In response, scholars have attempted to steer the field toward establishing a theoretical groundwork of refugee studies through "situating studies of particular refugee (and other forced migrant) groups in the theories of cognate areas (and major disciplines), an opportunity to use the particular circumstances of refugee situations to illuminate these more general theories and thus participate in the development of social science, rather than leading refugee studies into an intellectual cul-de-sac." Thus, the term
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1086:
994:
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states must not deport genuine refugees. In contrast, the right to non-refoulement allows states to transfer genuine refugees to third party countries with respectable human rights records. The portable procedural model, proposed by political philosopher Andy Lamey, emphasizes the right to non-refoulement by guaranteeing refugees three procedural rights (to a verbal hearing, to legal counsel, and to judicial review of detention decisions) and ensuring those rights in the constitution. This proposal attempts to strike a balance between the interest of national governments and the interests of refugees.
2913:, especially of children, have been documented. In many refugee camps in three war-torn West African countries, Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia, young girls were found to be exchanging sex for money, a handful of fruit, or even a bar of soap. Most of these girls were between 13 and 18 years of age. In most cases, if the girls had been forced to stay, they would have been forced into marriage. They became pregnant around the age of 15 on average. This happened as recently as in 2001. Parents tended to turn a blind eye because sexual exploitation had become a "mechanism of survival" in these camps.
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1615:, the United States and United Kingdom signed a Repatriation Agreement with the USSR. The interpretation of this Agreement resulted in the forcible repatriation of all Soviets regardless of their wishes. When the war ended in May 1945, British and United States civilian authorities ordered their military forces in Europe to deport to the Soviet Union millions of former residents of the USSR, including many persons who had left Russia and established different citizenship decades before. The forced repatriation operations took place from 1945 to 1947.
2102:
the
Republic of Congo to the DRC, 30,000 Angolans returned home from the DRC and Botswana, Ivorian refugees returned from Liberia, Afghans from Pakistan, and Iraqis from Syria. In 2013, the governments of Kenya and Somalia also signed a tripartite agreement facilitating the repatriation of refugees from Somalia. The UNHCR and the IOM offer assistance to refugees who want to return voluntarily to their home countries. Many developed countries also have Assisted Voluntary Return (AVR) programmes for asylum seekers who want to go back or were
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capacity of the existing health system. Political aversion to refugee access into the existing health system may stem from the wider issue of refugee resettlement. One approach to limiting such barriers is to move from a parallel administrative system in which UNHCR refugees may receive better healthcare than host nationals but is unsustainable financially and politically to that of an integrated care where refugee and host nationals receive equal and more improved care all around. In the 1980s, Pakistan attempted to address
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1982:
infrastructure, education, and technology. According to the report, food, shelter, and environmental health are a human's basic needs. United
Nations agency UNRWA (The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East) focuses on addressing these issues to relieve Palestinians from any harm. UNRWA was established as a temporary agency that would carry out a humanitarian response mandate for Palestinian refugees in Gaza, the West Bank, Syria, Jordan and Lebanon.
2968:, and the humanitarian aid directed at refugee relief has very rarely been utilized to fund the acquisition of arms. Although conclusions from case studies of refugee mobilizations raised concerns that humanitarian aid may support rebel groups, more recent empirical evidence does not support the generalizability of these concerns. Support from a refugee-receiving state has rarely been used to enable refugees to mobilize militarily, enabling conflict to spread across borders.
400:
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2639:
1144:
2295:(INA). In other countries, it is often used in different contexts: in everyday usage it refers to a forcibly displaced person who has fled his or her country of origin; in a more specific context it refers to such a person who was, on top of that, granted refugee status in the country the person fled to. Even more exclusive is the Convention refugee status which is given only to persons who fall within the refugee definition of the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol.
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1957:
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attacks that occurred in the previous four years. At the incident level, the 2011 Utøya Norway terror attack by
Breivik demonstrates the impact of this threat perception on a country's risk from domestic terrorism, in particular ethno-nationalist extremism. Breivik portrayed himself as a protector of Norwegian ethnic identity and national security fighting against immigrant criminality, competition and welfare abuse and an Islamic takeover.
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susceptible to malaria infection, which is a significant cause of mortality in children younger than 5. Malaria was the cause of 16% of the deaths in refugee children younger than 5 years of age. Malaria is one of the most commonly reported causes of death in refugees and displaced persons. Since 2014, reports of malaria cases in
Germany had doubled compared to previous years, with the majority of cases found in refugees from Eritrea.
1823:
3135:, the numbers were much lower. There was only 1.4% of refugee students attending schools in Malaysia. This trend is evident across several first settlement countries and carry negative impacts on students once they arrive to their permanent settlement homes, such as the US, and have to navigate a new education system. Some refugees do not have a chance to attend schools in their first settlement countries because they are considered
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3275:, refugees or other migrants. It can also refer to incidents in the country of origin or departure, to large problems whilst on the move or even after arrival in a safe country that involve large groups of displaced persons. At the end of 2020, the UNHCR estimated the number of forcibly displaced people to be about 82.4 million worldwide. Of those, 26.4 million (nearly a third) are refugees while 4.1 million were classified as
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barriers include economic constraints around perceived and actual costs carried by refugees. In addition, refugees must cope with a healthcare workforce unaware of the unique health needs of refugee populations. Perceived legal barriers such as fear that disclosing medical conditions prohibiting reunification of family members and current policies which reduce assistance programs may also limit access to health care services.
2015:
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2426:) and it is subject to the overall efficacy of the country's internal administrative and judicial system as well as the characteristics of the refugee flow to which the country responds. This lack of a procedural direction could create a situation where political and strategic interests override humanitarian considerations in the RSD process. There are also no fixed interpretations of the elements in the
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services. The legal restrictions on access to health care and the administrative barriers in
Germany have been criticized since the 1990s for leading to delayed care, for increasing direct costs and administrative costs of health care, and for shifting the responsibility for care from the less expensive primary care sector to costly treatments for acute conditions in the secondary and tertiary sector.
1978:
include all descendants of
Palestine refugee males, including legally adopted children, regardless of whether they had been granted citizenship elsewhere. This classification process is inconsistent with how all other refugees in the world are classified, including the definition used by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the laws concerning refugees in the United States."
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and ensure that no one profits from violence. Yet this is a very complex issue and every situation is different; conflict is a highly transformative force and the pre-war status-quo can never be reestablished completely, even if that were desirable (it may have caused the conflict in the first place). Therefore, the following are of particular importance to the right to return:
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2857:. Despite inclusive stated policies for refugee access to health care on the international levels, potential barriers to that access include language, cultural preferences, high financial costs, administrative hurdles, and physical distance. Specific barriers and policies related to health service access also emerge based on the host country context. For example,
1944:(IDPs), as well as people in refugee-like and IDP-like situations. The agency is mandated to lead and co-ordinate international action to protect refugees and to resolve refugee problems worldwide. Its primary purpose is to safeguard the rights and well-being of refugees. It strives to ensure that everyone can exercise the right to
2000:
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students in the US were still in a transitional status. Refugee students continue to encounter difficulties throughout their years in schools that can hinder their ability to learn. Furthermore, to provide proper support, educators must consider the experiences of students before they settled the US.
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The category of "refugee" tends to have a universalizing effect on those classified as such. It draws upon the common humanity of a mass of people in order to inspire public empathy, but doing so can have the unintended consequence of silencing refugee stories and erasing the political and historical
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had health insurance coverage compared to a little more than half of non-Iraqi immigrants in a
Dearborn, Michigan, study. However, greater barriers existed around transportation, language and successful stress coping mechanisms for refugees versus other immigrants, in addition, refugees noted greater
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The refugee camps were built near rivers or irrigation sites had higher malaria prevalence than refugee camps built on dry lands. The location of the camps lent themselves to better breeding grounds for mosquitoes, and thus a higher likelihood of malaria transmission. Children aged 1â15 were the most
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In a study for the United Kingdom, refugees were found to be 4 percentage points more likely to report a mental health problem compared to the non-immigrant population. This contrasts with the results for other immigrant groups, which were less likely to report a mental health problem compared to the
2298:
To receive refugee status, a person must have applied for asylum, making themâwhile waiting for a decisionâan asylum seeker. However, a displaced person otherwise legally entitled to refugee status may never apply for asylum, or may not be allowed to apply in the country they fled to and thus may not
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The residency status in the host country whilst under temporary UNHCR protection is very uncertain as refugees are only granted temporary visas that have to be regularly renewed. Rather than only safeguarding the rights and basic well-being of refugees in the camps or in urban settings on a temporary
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or sometimes also other migrants. It is usually designed to offer acute and temporary accommodation and services and any more permanent facilities and structures often banned. People may stay in these camps for many years, receiving emergency food, education and medical aid until it is safe enough to
1707:
According to the report of the U.S. Committee for Refugees (1995), 10 to 15 percent of 7.5 million Azerbaijani population were refugees or displaced people. Most of them were 228,840 refugee people of Azerbaijan who fled from Armenia in 1988 as a result of deportation policy of Armenia against ethnic
1357:
On 31 December 1938 both the Nansen Office and High Commission were dissolved and replaced by the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees under the Protection of the League. This coincided with the flight of 500,000 Spanish Republicans, soldiers as well as civilians, to France after their defeat
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Refugee populations consist of people who are terrified and are away from familiar surroundings. There can be instances of exploitation at the hands of enforcement officials, citizens of the host country, and even United Nations peacekeepers. Instances of human rights violations, child labor, mental
2880:
Providing access to healthcare for refugees through integration into the current health systems of host countries may also be difficult when operating in a resource limited setting. In this context, barriers to healthcare access may include political aversion in the host country and already strained
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were analyzed, providing results for 6,743 adult refugees from seven countries. In the larger studies, 9% were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder and 5% with major depression, with evidence of much psychiatric co-morbidity. Five surveys of 260 refugee children from three countries yielded
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has found that aid programmes need to move from short-term models of assistance (such as food or cash handouts) to more sustainable long-term programmes that help refugees become more self-reliant. This can involve tackling difficult legal and economic environments, by improving social services, job
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have the right to be reunited if a family member with permanent right of residency applies for the reunification and can prove the people on the application were a family unit before arrival and wish to live as a family unit since separation. If application is successful this enables the rest of the
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that best describes the asylum seeker's reasons to flee. Once the decision was made the asylum seeker receives either Convention refugee status or a complementary form of protection, and can stay in the countryâor is refused asylum, and then often has to leave. Only after the state, territory or the
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Voluntary return of refugees into their country of origin, in safety and dignity, is based on their free will and their informed decision. In the last couple of years parts of or even whole refugee populations were able to return to their home countries: e.g. 120,000 Congolese refugees returned from
1985:
The responsibilities for the assistance for protection for Palestinian refugees and human development were originally left to the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine (UNCCP). This agency failed to function, which led the agency to stop working. UNRWA took over these responsibilities
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passed minimum standards as part of its definition of refugee, underlined by article 2 (c) of Directive No. 2004/83/EC, essentially reproducing the narrow definition of refugee offered by the UN 1951 Convention. Nevertheless, by virtue of articles 2 (e) and 15 of the same Directive, persons who have
840:
or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable
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students from an array of factors such as: rejection by peers, low self-esteem, antisocial behavior, negative perceptions of their academic ability, and lack of support from school staff and parents. Because refugees come from various regions globally with their own cultural, religious, linguistic,
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One potential argument for limiting refugee access to healthcare is associated with costs with states desire to decrease health expenditure burdens. However, Germany found that restricting refugee access led to an increase actual expenditures relative to refugees which had full access to healthcare
2852:
Access to services depends on many factors, including whether a refugee has received official status, is situated within a refugee camp, or is in the process of third country resettlement. The UNHCR recommends integrating access to primary care and emergency health services with the host country in
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and other diseases. Displacement of a people can create favorable conditions for disease transmission. Refugee camps are typically heavily populated with poor sanitary conditions. The removal of vegetation for space, building materials or firewood also deprives mosquitoes of their natural habitats,
1968:
Unlike other refugee groups, the UN created a specific entity called the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) in the aftermath of the war in 1948, which led to a serious refugee crisis in the Arab region, and was responsible for the displacement of 700,000 Palestinian refugees.
1780:
defined refugee studies as "a comprehensive, historical, interdisciplinary and comparative perspective which focuses on the consistencies and patterns in the refugee experience." Following its publishing, the field saw a rapid increase in academic interest and scholarly inquiry, which has continued
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All students need some form of support to help them overcome obstacles and challenges they may face in their lives, especially refugee children who may experience frequent disruptions. There are a few ways in which schools can help refugee students overcome obstacles to attain success in their new
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of out-groups for domestic societal problems, fears and ethno-nationalist sentiment is not new. In the 1890s, the influx of Eastern European Jewish refugees to London coupled with the rise of anarchism in the city led to a confluence of threat-perception and fear of the refugee out-group. Populist
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healthcare access through the creation of Basic Health Units inside the camps. Funding cuts closed many of these programs, forcing refugees to seek healthcare from the local government. In response to a protracted refugee situation in the West Nile district, Ugandan officials with UNHCR created an
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In Canada, barriers to healthcare access include the lack of adequately trained physicians, complex medical conditions of some refugees and the bureaucracy of medical coverage. There are also individual barriers to access such as language and transportation barriers, institutional barriers such as
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The World Health Organization recommends that all people in areas that are endemic for malaria use long-lasting insecticide nets. A cohort study found that within refugee camps in Pakistan, insecticide treated bed nets were very useful in reducing malaria cases. A single treatment of the nets with
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Even in a supposedly "post-conflict" environment, it is not a simple process for refugees to return home. The UN Pinheiro Principles are guided by the idea that people not only have the right to return home, but also the right to the same property. It seeks to return to the pre-conflict status quo
2086:
Local integration is aiming at providing the refugee with the permanent right to stay in the country of asylum, including, in some situations, as a naturalized citizen. It follows the formal granting of refugee status by the country of asylum. It is difficult to quantify the number of refugees who
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of 1935. On 4 July 1936 an agreement was signed under League auspices that defined a refugee coming from Germany as "any person who was settled in that country, who does not possess any nationality other than German nationality, and in respect of whom it is established that in law or in fact he or
884:
Every person who, owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his country of origin or nationality, is compelled to leave his place of habitual residence in order to seek refuge in another place outside his
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In addition, because of the differences in language and culture, students are often placed in lower classes due to their lack of English proficiency. Students can also be made to repeat classes because of their lack of English proficiency, even if they have mastered the content of the class. When
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students from Somalia in a Chicago school questioned whether schools were equipped to provide them with a quality education that met the needs of the pupils. The students were not aware of how to use pencils, which caused them to break the tips requiring frequent sharpening. Teachers may even see
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In the PEW survey previously referenced, 50% of respondents believe that refugees are a burden due to job and social benefit competition. When Sweden received over 160,000 asylum seekers in 2015, it was accompanied by 50 attacks against asylum-seekers, which was more than four times the number of
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on 15 December 1946, specified the agency's field of operations. Controversially, this defined "persons of German ethnic origin" who had been expelled, or were to be expelled from their countries of birth into the postwar Germany, as individuals who would "not be the concern of the Organization."
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for one million refugees who refused to be repatriated. Even two years after the end of War, some 850,000 people still lived in DP camps across Western Europe. After the establishment of Israel in 1948, Israel accepted more than 650,000 Jewish refugees by 1950. By 1953, over 250,000 refugees were
967:
means "a dynamic, longâterm process in which a newcomer becomes a full and equal participant in the receiving society... Compared to the general construct of settlement, refugee integration has a greater focus on social, cultural and structural dimensions. This process includes the acquisition of
960:
refers to "the process of basic adjustment to life â often in the early stages of transition to the new country â including securing access to housing, education, healthcare, documentation and legal rights employment is sometimes included in this process, but the focus is generally on shortâterm
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Cross-national empirical verification, or rejection, of populist suspicion and fear of refugees' threat to national security and terror-related activities is relatively scarce. Case studies suggest that the threat of an Islamist refugee Trojan House is highly exaggerated. Of the 800,000 refugees
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Historically, refugee populations have often been portrayed as a security threat. In the U.S and Europe, there has been much focus on the narrative that terrorists maintain networks amongst transnational, refugee, and migrant populations. This fear has been exaggerated into a modern-day Islamist
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of 11% for post-traumatic stress disorder. According to this study, refugees resettled in Western countries could be about ten times more likely to have PTSD than age-matched general populations in those countries. Worldwide, tens of thousands of refugees and former refugees resettled in Western
2520:
Non-refoulement is the right not to be returned to a place of persecution and is the foundation for international refugee law, as outlined in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. The right to non-refoulement is distinct from the right to asylum. To respect the right to asylum,
2344:
An asylum seeker is a displaced person or immigrant who has formally sought the protection of the state they fled to as well as the right to remain in this country and who is waiting for a decision on this formal application. An asylum seeker may have applied for Convention refugee status or for
2997:, states often resort to anti-refugee violence in response to terrorist attacks or security crises. The study notes that there is evidence to suggest that "the repression of refugees is more consistent with a scapegoating mechanism than the actual ties and involvement of refugees in terrorism."
2578:
Once refugees or asylum seekers have found a safe place and protection of a state or territory outside their territory of origin they are discouraged from leaving again and seeking protection in another country. If they do move onward into a second country of asylum this movement is also called
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that has agreed to admit them as refugees. This can be for permanent settlement or limited to a certain number of years. It is the third durable solution and it can only be considered once the two other solutions have proved impossible. The UNHCR has traditionally seen resettlement as the least
1981:
Another refugee wave started in 1967 after the Six-day-War, where mostly Palestinians living in Gaza and the West Bank were victims of displacement. According to the United Nations, Palestinian refugees struggle with access to health care, food, clean water, sanitation, environmental health and
1977:
The population of Palestinian refugees continues to grow due to multiple UNRWA reclassifications of what is considered to be a refugee. "In 1965, UNRWA changed the eligibility requirements to be a Palestinian refugee to include third-generation descendants, and in 1982, it extended it again, to
3023:
Integrating refugees into the workforce is one of the most important steps to overall integration of this particular migrant group. Many refugees are unemployed, under-employed, under-paid and work in the informal economy, if not receiving public assistance. Refugees encounter many barriers in
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in 26 countries around the world, and this period saw the highest number of refugees ever recorded Refugee children experience traumatic events in their lives that can affect their learning capabilities, even after they have resettled in first or second settlement countries. Educators such as
2876:
Within Australia, officially designated refugees who qualify for temporary protection and offshore humanitarian refugees are eligible for health assessments, interventions and access to health insurance schemes and trauma-related counseling services. Despite being eligible to access services,
974:
is understood to be "a process in which refugees engage in economic activities (employment or selfâemployment) which are commensurate with individuals' professional goals and previous qualifications and experience, and provide adequate economic security and prospects for career advancement."
934:
In 1965, UNRWA changed the eligibility requirements to be a Palestinian refugee to include third-generation descendants, and in 1982, it extended it again, to include all descendants of Palestine refugee males, including legally adopted children, regardless of whether they had been granted
1772:. Although significant contributions had been made before, the latter half of the 20th century saw the establishment of institutions dedicated to the study of refugees, such as the Association for the Study of the World Refugee Problem, which was closely followed by the founding of the
1734:(UN), which itself had been founded in 1945, with a mandate to largely finish the UNRRA's work of repatriating or resettling European refugees. It was dissolved in 1952 after resettling about one million refugees. The definition of a refugee at this time was an individual with either a
3225:
schools have the resources and are able to provide separate classes for refugee students to develop their English skills, it can take the average refugee students only three months to catch up with their peers. This was the case with Somali refugees at some primary schools in Nairobi.
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settled and integrated in their first country of asylum and only the number of naturalisations can give an indication. In 2014 Tanzania granted citizenship to 162,000 refugees from Burundi and in 1982 to 32,000 Rwandan refugees. Mexico naturalised 6,200 Guatemalan refugees in 2001.
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Displacement is a long lasting reality for most refugees. Two-thirds of all refugees around the world have been displaced for over three years, which is known as being in 'protracted displacement'. 50% of refugeesâaround 10 million peopleâhave been displaced for over ten years.
1790:
The emergence of refugee studies as a distinct field of study has been criticized by scholars due to terminological difficulty. Since no universally accepted definition for the term "refugee" exists, the academic respectability of the policy-based definition, as outlined in the
1134:
of 1912â1913 caused 800,000 people to leave their homes. Various groups of people were officially designated refugees beginning in World War I. However, when the First World War began, there were no rules in international law specifically dealing with the situation of refugees.
3181:
One school in NYC has found a method that works for them to help refugee students succeed. This school creates support for language and literacies, which promotes students using English and their native languages to complete projects. Furthermore, they have a learning centered
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are obliged to issue travel documents (i.e. "Convention Travel Document") to refugees lawfully residing in their territory. It is a valid travel document in place of a passport, however, it cannot be used to travel to the country of origin, i.e. from where the refugee fled.
1298:
led to such a very large increase in the number of refugees from Germany that in 1933 the League created a high commission for refugees coming from Germany. Besides other measures by the Nazis which created fear and flight, Jews were stripped of German citizenship by the
1750:
This excluded from its purview a group that exceeded in number all the other European displaced persons put together. Also, because of disagreements between the Western allies and the Soviet Union, the IRO only worked in areas controlled by Western armies of occupation.
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citizenship elsewhere. This classification process is inconsistent with how all other refugees in the world are classified, including the definition used by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the laws concerning refugees in the United States.
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and 500,000 Muslims in Greece) most of whom were forcibly repatriated and denaturalized from homelands of centuries or millennia (and guaranteed the nationality of the destination country) by a treaty promoted and overseen by the international community as part of the
2437:
However, in 2013, the UNHCR conducted them in more than 50 countries and co-conducted them parallel to or jointly with governments in another 20 countries, which made it the second largest RSD body in the world The UNHCR follows a set of guidelines described in the
1319:
on 1 March 1939 stood at almost 150,000. Between 1933 and 1939, about 200,000 Jews fleeing Nazism were able to find refuge in France, while at least 55,000 Jews were able to find refuge in Palestine before the British authorities closed that destination in 1939.
2737:. These long-term mental problems can severely impede the functionality of the person in everyday situations; it makes matters even worse for displaced persons who are confronted with a new environment and challenging situations. They are also at high risk for
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3130:
Statistics found that in places such as Uganda and Kenya, there were gaps in refugee students attending schools. It found that 80% of refugees in Uganda were attending schools, whereas only 46% of students were attending schools in Kenya. Furthermore, for
897:
persons who have fled their country because their lives, safety or freedom have been threatened by generalized violence, foreign aggression, internal conflicts, massive violation of human rights or other circumstances which have seriously disturbed public
3318:'s mandate there were 21.3 million refugees worldwide. The overall forced displacement worldwide has reached a total of 65.3 million displaced persons at the end of 2015, while it was 59.5 million 12 months earlier. One in every 113 people globally is an
2793:
School of Medicine demonstrated that twenty percent of Sudanese refugee minors living in the United States had a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. They were also more likely to have worse scores on all the Child Health Questionnaire subscales.
3091:
Aside from students, teachers and school staff also face their own obstacles in working with refugee students. They have concerns about their ability to meet the mental, physical, emotional, and educational needs of students. One study of newly arrived
3383:'s mandate were in low and middle-income countries that themselves are close to situations of conflict. Refugees have historically tended to flee to nearby countries with ethnic kin populations and a history of accepting other co-ethnic refugees. The
910:
who are outside their country of nationality or habitual residence and unable to return there owing to serious and indiscriminate threats to life, physical integrity or freedom resulting from generalized violence or events seriously disturbing public
3045:
come from many different backgrounds, and their reasons for resettlement are even more diverse. The number of refugee children has continued to increase as conflicts interrupt communities at a global scale. In 2014 alone, there were approximately 32
2959:
Little empirical evidence supports concerns that refugees commit crimes at higher rates than natives, and some evidence suggests they may even commit crime at lower rates than natives. Very rarely, refugees have been used and recruited as refugee
2984:
In Europe, fear of immigration, Islamification and job and welfare benefits competition has fueled an increase in violence. Immigrants are perceived as a threat to ethno-nationalist identity and increase concerns over criminality and insecurity.
3220:
It is important to understand the cultural differences amongst newly arrived refugees and school culture, such as that of the U.S. This can be seen as problematic because of the frequent disruptions that it can create in a classroom setting.
2062:
Not all refugees who are supported by the UNHCR live in refugee camps. A significant number, more than half, live in urban settings, such as the ~60,000 Iraqi refugees in Damascus (Syria), and the ~30,000 Sudanese refugees in Cairo (Egypt).
2364:
do not need to apply for asylum on arrival in the third countries as they already went through the UNHCR refugee status determination process whilst being in the first country of asylum and this is usually accepted by the third countries.
3024:
receiving countries in finding and sustaining employment commensurate with their experience and expertise. A systemic barrier that is situated across multiple levels (i.e. institutional, organizational and individual levels) is coined "
1973:
The United Nations defines Palestinian refugees as "persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948, and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict."
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2832:
leading them to more closely interact with humans. In the 1970s, Afghanese refugees that were relocated to Pakistan were going from a country with an effective malaria control strategy, to a country with a less effective system.
924:. The same form of protection is foreseen for displaced people who, without being refugees, are nevertheless exposed, if returned to their countries of origin, to death penalty, torture or other inhuman or degrading treatments.
3352:(2.7 million), who had been the largest refugee group for three decades. Somalis were the third largest group with one million. The countries hosting the largest number of refugees according to UNHCR were Turkey (2.5 million),
946:
is defined as "an organized process of selection, transfer and arrival of individuals to another country. This definition is restrictive, as it does not account for the increasing prevalence of unmanaged migration processes."
930:
The agency defines Palestinian refugees as âpersons whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948, and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict.â
1730:, which was shut down in 1947. While the handover was originally planned to take place at the beginning of 1947, it did not occur until July 1947. The International Refugee Organization was a temporary organization of the
2679:. Protracted displacement leads to skills to atrophy, leading qualifications and experiences to be outdated and incompatible to the changing working environments of receiving countries by the time refugees resettle.
2163:, because they have not left their country. As the nature of war has changed in the last few decades, with more and more internal conflicts replacing interstate wars, the number of IDPs has increased significantly.
2048:
return to their country of origin. There, refugees are at risk of disease, child soldier and terrorist recruitment, and physical and sexual violence. There are estimated to be 700 refugee camp locations worldwide.
9336:
2151:(IDPs) and people in IDP-like situations. These are civilians who have been forced to flee their homes, but who have not reached a neighboring country. IDPs do not fit the legal definition of a refugee under the
784:
in England and Scotland. The word meant "one seeking asylum", until around 1916, when it evolved to mean "one fleeing home", applied in this instance to civilians in Flanders heading west to escape fighting in
1812:
1201:
and Turkish refugees. In all of these cases, a refugee was defined as a person in a group for which the League of Nations had approved a mandate, as opposed to a person to whom a general definition applied.
968:
legal rights, mastering the language and culture, reaching safety and stability, developing social connections and establishing the means and markers of integration, such as employment, housing and health."
2303:
1129:
emigrated in the period 1881â1920). Between the Crimean War of 1853â56 and World War I, at least 2.5 million Muslims arrived in the Ottoman Empire as refugees, primarily from Russia and the Balkans. The
3104:
Not all students adjust the same way to their new setting. One student may take only three months, while others may take four years. One study found that even in their fourth year of schooling, Lao and
2992:
Contrary to popular concerns that refugees cause crime, a more empirically grounded concern is that refugees are at high risk of being targets of anti-refugee violence. According to a 2018 study in the
2617:
has occurred annually on 20 June since 2000 by a special United Nations General Assembly Resolution. 20 June had previously been commemorated as "African Refugee Day" in a number of African countries.
2947:
and other forms of sexual exploitation... In recent weeks, online searches for Ukrainian women and keywords like escorts, porn or sex have shot up dramatically in European countries, according to the
2399:
To receive refugee status, a displaced person must go through a Refugee Status Determination (RSD) process, which is conducted by the government of the country of asylum or the UNHCR, and is based on
2873:
medical conditions. The study also found that refugees had higher healthcare utilization rate (92.1%) as compared to the US overall population (84.8%) and immigrants (58.6%) in the study population.
4168:"La vraye et entière histoire des troubles et guerres civiles advenues de nostre temps, tant en France qu'en Flandres & pays circonvoisins, depuis l'an mil cinq cens soixante, jusques à prÊsent"
9253:
Sundquist, K; Johansson, LM; DeMarinis, V; Johansson, SE; Sundquist, J (2005). "Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity: symptoms in a random sample of female Bosnian refugees".
3228:
The histories of refugee students are often hidden from educators, resulting in cultural misunderstandings. However, when teachers, school staff, and peers help refugee students develop a positive
4302:
Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina; Nguyen, Duc Cuong; Nardon, Luciara (2020). "Unveiling the Canvas Ceiling: A Multidisciplinary Literature Review of Refugee Employment and Workforce Integration".
1400:, including parts of Europe and China. By the end of the War, Europe had more than 40 million refugees. UNRRA was involved in returning over seven million refugees, then commonly referred to as
3186:, which promotes the idea that there are multiple entry points to engage the students in learning. Both strategies have helped refugee students succeed during their transition into US schools.
873:
5957:
3200:. With the support of educators and the school community, education can help rebuild the academic, social, and emotional well-being of refugee students who have suffered from past and present
6448:
3310:
In 2006, there were 8.4 million UNHCR registered refugees worldwide, the lowest number since 1980. At the end of 2015, there were 16.1 million refugees worldwide. When adding the 5.2 million
1799:
in the context of refugee studies can be referred to as "legal or descriptive rubric", encompassing socioeconomic backgrounds, personal histories, psychological analyses, and spiritualities.
8126:
3097:
refugee students as different from other immigrant groups, as was the case with the Bantu pupils. Teachers may sometimes feel that their work is made harder because of the pressures to meet
2624:. Refugee Week is a nationwide festival designed to promote understanding and to celebrate the cultural contributions of refugees, and features many events such as music, dance and theatre.
1101:
The term "refugee" sometimes applies to people who might fit the definition outlined by the 1951 Convention, were it applied retroactively. There are many candidates. For example, after the
7136:
McGowan, Lee (3 July 2014). "Right-Wing Violence in Germany: Assessing the Objectives, Personalities and Terror Trail of the National Socialist Underground and the State's Response to It".
6620:
1417:
After the Soviet armed forces captured eastern Poland from the Germans in 1944, the Soviets unilaterally declared a new frontier between the Soviet Union and Poland approximately at the
1365:
4010:
6843:
2306:
as agreed in the 1951 Refugee convention. Not all countries have signed and ratified this convention and some countries do not have a legal procedure for dealing with asylum seekers.
1517:
1264:. The Nansen Office was plagued by problems of financing, an increase in refugee numbers, and a lack of co-operation from some member states, which led to mixed success overall.
5666:
3000:
In 2018, US president Donald Trump made some comments about refugees and immigrants in Sweden; he stated that the high numbers of crimes are because of refugees and immigrants.
2672:
2972:
terrorism Trojan Horse in which terrorists hide among refugees and penetrate host countries. 'Muslim-refugee-as-an-enemy-within' rhetoric is relatively new, but the underlying
4428:
1476:. Since the spring of 1945, the Poles had been forcefully expelling the remaining German population in these provinces. When the Allies met in Potsdam on 17 July 1945 at the
7599:
Mendenhall, M.; Bartlett, L.; Ghaffar-Kucher, A. (2016). ""If You Need Help, They are Always There for us": Education for Refugees in an International High School in NYC".
3083:
The experiences children go through during times of armed conflict can impede their ability to learn in an educational setting. Schools experience drop-outs of refugee and
7520:
Birman, D., & Tran, N. (2015). The Academic Engagement of Newly Arriving Somali Bantu Students in a U.S. Elementary School. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
8277:
1701:
1661:
captured by the Germans, 3.5 million had died while in German captivity by the end of the war. The survivors on their return to the USSR were treated as traitors (see
8516:
4263:
8064:
3113:
In their first settlement countries, refugee students may encounter negative experiences with education that they can carry with them post settlement. For example:
1768:, the study of their causes and implications has emerged as a legitimate interdisciplinary area of research, and began to rise by mid to late 20th century, after
8095:
7766:
2939:, "there has been a skyrocketing increase in all forms of illegal trafficking of women and girls in the region â and also boys â including forced sex and labor,
1727:
1393:
8191:
6496:
8661:"Subsidized Sales of Insecticide-Treated Nets in Afghan Refugee Camps Demonstrate the Feasibility of a Transition from Humanitarian Aid Towards Sustainability"
2910:
9927:
6478:
6032:
McMurray, J; Breward, K; Breward, M; Alder, R; Arya, N (2014). "Integrated Primary Care Improves Access to Healthcare for Newly Arrived Refugees in Canada".
3098:
2853:
as equitable a manner as possible. Prioritized services include areas of maternal and child health, immunizations, tuberculosis screening and treatment, and
2460:, and international legal instruments. If the entity granting refugee status is a state that has signed the 1951 Refugee Convention then the refugee has the
7461:
Dryden-Peterson, S. (2015). The Educational Experiences of Refugee Children in Countries of First Asylum (Rep.). Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
2948:
8741:
2865:
bureaucratic burdens and lack of entitlement knowledge, and systems level barriers such as conflicting policies, racism and physician workforce shortage.
1499:. Article XII ordered that the remaining German populations in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary be transferred west in an "orderly and humane" manner.
7332:
6336:"Effect of restricting access to health care on health expenditures among asylum-seekers and refugees: a quasi-experimental study in Germany, 1994â2013"
5493:"Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees"
1126:
5516:
3101:
for testing. With refugee children falling behind or struggling to catch up, it can overwhelm teachers and administrators, further leading to anger.
1446:
366:
6456:
2786:
of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and psychological distress than Swedish-born women. For depression the odds ratio was 9.50 among Bosnian women.
2498:
Have competing claims with others, including the state and its foreign or local business partners (as in Aceh, Angola, Colombia, Liberia and Sudan).
9105:
Rowland, M; Rab, MA; Freeman, T; Durrani, N; Rehman, N (2002). "Afghan refugees and the temporal and spatial distribution of malaria in Pakistan".
8880:
4075:
1175:(1917â1921), most of them aristocrats fleeing the Communist government. It is estimated that about 800,000 Russian refugees became stateless when
3379:
Children were 51% of refugees in 2015 and most of them were separated from their parents or travelling alone. In 2015, 86% of the refugees under
1593:
1549:
1267:
However, the Nansen Office managed to lead fourteen nations to ratify the 1933 Refugee Convention, an early, and relatively modest, attempt at a
718:
3232:, it can help buffer the negative effects refugees' experiences have on them, such as poor academic performance, isolation, and discrimination.
3143:. In other cases, such as Burundians in Tanzania, refugees can get more access to education while in displacement than in their home countries.
9245:
9203:
9004:
8089:, Geneva, Switzerland: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Communications and Public Information Service, 1967
5725:
Lembcke H, Buchmuller T, Leyendecker B (2020). "Refugee mother-child dyads' hair cortisol, post-traumatic stress, and affectionate parenting".
1237:, who had begun to enter the country in large numbers beginning in the 1890s. Most European refugees (principally Jews and Slavs) fleeing the
8956:
6945:
Milton, Daniel; Spencer, Megan; Findley, Michael (1 November 2013). "Radicalism of the Hopeless: Refugee Flows and Transnational Terrorism".
6532:
2566:
1901:
1808:
1792:
1773:
1511:
1206:
903:
829:
700:
6862:
2771:, and working. The participants were 1,000 children aged 12 to 16 years from governmental, private, and United Nations Relief Work Agency
2506:
will likely lose the indefinite leave to remain in this country if they return to their country of origin or the country of first asylum.
1503:
1488:
10655:
10530:
6514:
2156:
1638:
1245:
were barred from going to the United States until after World War II, when Congress enacted the temporary Displaced Persons Act in 1948.
846:
6550:
1545:
1011:
The idea that a person who sought sanctuary in a holy place could not be harmed without inviting divine retribution was familiar to the
10540:
8601:
Kazmi, JH; Pandit, K (2001). "Disease and dislocation: the impact of refugee movements on the geography of malaria in NWFP, Pakistan".
4845:
4436:
2854:
9308:
2935:
said: "We have some indications on online services that the demand for Ukrainian women for sexual purposes has gone up." According to
2760:, or pieces of it, again and again. Depression is also characteristic for PTSD-patients and may also occur without accompanying PTSD.
10798:
8968:
8146:
5663:
3399:
3333:
3088:
and home practices, the new school culture can conflict with the home culture, causing tension between the student and their family.
2928:
2072:
basis the UNHCR's ultimate goal is to find one of the three durable solutions for refugees: integration, repatriation, resettlement.
7808:
2861:, an often recommended malaria treatment is not currently licensed for use in Germany and must be ordered from outside the country.
1441:
according to the Yalta Conference, which stipulated the continued existence of the German Reich as a whole, which would include its
9696:
6090:
6034:
3193:
2040:
1496:
1249:
8424:
8192:"Problem of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers Who Move in an Irregular Manner from a Country in Which They Had Already Found Protection"
2924:
aims to facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible mobility of people through planned and well-managed migration policies.
2701:
10647:
10585:
9290:
8327:
3929:
3247:
2587:). UNHCR support in the second country may be less than in the first country and they can even be returned to the first country.
2535:
2292:
1697:
1589:
691:
of origin and who cannot or is unwilling to return there due to well-founded fear of persecution. Such a person may be called an
2782:
refugee women had symptoms of PTSD three or four years after their arrival in Sweden. These women also had significantly higher
2125:
preferable of the "durable solutions" to refugee situations. However, in April 2000 the then UN High Commissioner for Refugees,
10627:
9958:
9604:
7476:
Mcbrien, J. L. (2005). "Educational Needs and Barriers for Refugee Students in the United States: A Review of the Literature".
6902:
Michael Collyer (1 March 2005). "Secret agents: Anarchists, Islamists and responses to politically active refugees in London".
3849:
2373:
1948:
and find safe refuge in another state or territory and to offer "durable solutions" to refugees and refugee hosting countries.
1929:
4371:"The Punishment of War Crimes Committed against Prisoners of War, Deportees and Refugees during and after the First World War"
1932:(UNRWA). UNHCR also provides protection and assistance to other categories of displaced persons: asylum seekers, refugees who
58:(29.6 million under the mandate of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and 5.9 million under UNRWA's mandate
10622:
8799:
8713:
8484:
8457:
7236:
7074:
Wike, Richard, Bruce Stokes, and Katie Simmons. "Europeans fear wave of refugees will mean more terrorism, fewer jobs."
6640:
4122:
2120:
Third country resettlement involves the assisted transfer of refugees from the country in which they have sought asylum to a
1689:
1442:
1385:
670:
359:
9020:
8374:"The "lost boys of Sudan": functional and behavioral health of unaccompanied refugee minors re-settled in the United States"
6304:
Rowley, EA; Burnham, GM; Drabe, RM (2006). "Evaluating integrated healthcare for refugees and hosts in an African context".
2358:
receive refugee status. This carries certain rights and obligations, according to the legislation of the receiving country.
2349:. Asylum is thus a category that includes different forms of protection. Which form of protection is offered depends on the
10632:
8520:
7744:
3406:. Over 8.2 million refugees fleeing Ukraine have been recorded across Europe, while an estimated 8 million others had been
1342:
920:
fled a war-caused generalized violence are, at certain conditions, eligible for a complementary form of protection, called
8265:
2546:
Family reunification (which can also be a form of resettlement) is a recognized reason for immigration in many countries.
10665:
8307:
772:
in 1540. The word appeared in the English language when French Huguenots fled to Britain in large numbers after the 1685
710:
6988:
Messari, N.; Klaauw, J. van der (1 December 2010). "Counter-Terrorism Measures and Refugee Protection in North Africa".
2414:
After challenging Queen Jezebel, Elijah takes refuge in a cave until the voice of God calls him in this 1860 woodcut by
10813:
10793:
10772:
4618:
3071:
1723:
1005:
4786:
4102:
3177:
Providing extensive support and designing curriculum for students to read, write, and speak in their native languages.
2920:
to threaten political enemies or neighbouring countries. It is for this reason amongst others that the United Nations
2890:
population and Ugandan citizens. Local nationals now access health care in facilities initially created for refugees.
10777:
10660:
10503:
8861:
5448:
5048:
2827:
Refugees are often more susceptible to illness for several reasons, including a lack of immunity to local strains of
2495:
People settled on the land know it is not theirs but have nowhere else to go (as in Colombia, Rwanda and Timor-Leste)
1936:
but still need help rebuilding their lives, local civilian communities directly affected by large refugee movements,
1904:(UNHCR) was established on 14 December 1950. It protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the
1862:
890:
5007:
4018:
1445:
as of 31 December 1937. This did not impact on Poland's eastern border, and Stalin refused to be removed from these
1125:
that swept Eastern Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries prompted mass Jewish emigration (more than 2 million
521:
10525:
7536:
5637:
2167:
Comparison between the number of refugees and IDPs who are supported by the UNHCR between 1998 and 2014, and 2022.
2019:
1167:
as its head. Nansen and the commission were charged with assisting the approximately 1,500,000 people who fled the
781:
623:
352:
9032:
8944:
5611:
4904:
2721:
Refugees typically report poorer levels of health, compared to other immigrants and the non-immigrant population.
9509:
7182:
Wiggen, Mette (1 December 2012). "Rethinking Anti-Immigration Rhetoric after the Oslo and Utøya Terror Attacks".
5586:
5077:
4270:
3611:
3403:
3189:
Various websites contain resources that can help school staff better learn to work with refugee students such as
3047:
2921:
2757:
1746:
1658:
764:, "a taking refuge, place to flee back to". In Western history, the term was first applied to French Protestant
151:
7025:"Homegrown terrorism and transformative learning: an interdisciplinary approach to understanding radicalization"
10515:
9223:
8752:
5526:
3884:
2730:
2683:
2346:
1844:
1430:
9464:
Schaeffer, P (2010), 'Refugees: On the economics of political migration.' International Migration 48(1): 1â22.
9454:
8920:
8900:
5519:
3322:
or a refugee. In 2015, the total number of displaced people worldwide, including refugees, asylum seekers and
2631:, the World Day of Migrants and Refugees is celebrated in January each year, since instituted in 1914 by Pope
2129:, stated "Resettlement can no longer be seen as the least-preferred durable solution; in many cases it is the
1252:(Nansen Office) was established as a successor agency to the commission. Its most notable achievement was the
1229:. The Immigration Act of 1924 was aimed at further restricting the Southern and Eastern Europeans, especially
10808:
10580:
10575:
10059:
6218:
Tuepker, A; Chi, CH (2009). "Evaluating integrated healthcare for refugees and hosts in an African context".
4244:
3889:
2756:, nightmares and sleep-paralysis. Flashbacks are characteristic to the disorder: the patient experiences the
2415:
2403:
or national law. RSD can be done on a case-by-case basis as well as for whole groups of people. Which of the
2036:
1759:
1715:, some 700,000 Palestinian Arabs or 85% of the Palestinian Arab population of territories that became Israel
877:
769:
608:
8216:"Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review"
4226:
2404:
2394:
10803:
10637:
10602:
10553:
10277:
9324:
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (2017).
5538:
3323:
3140:
2148:
2147:
UNHCR's mandate has gradually been expanded to include protecting and providing humanitarian assistance to
836:
owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a
283:
7111:
10757:
10747:
10614:
9822:
5958:"Ensuring Access to Health Care: Operational Guidance on Refugee Protection and Solutions in Urban Areas"
5687:
3407:
3365:
3337:
3272:
2332:
2242:
2142:
2044:
1941:
1577:
1397:
1067:
to become practically meaningful, and for border crossing to require that people provide identification.
927:
UNRWA has an alternate definition of what is a refugee. An article in the foreign press describes this:
465:
251:
17:
9292:
The truth about asylum â Who's who: Refugee, Asylum Seeker, Refused asylum seeker, Economic migrant
8372:
Geltman, PL; Grant-Knight, W; Mehta, SD; Lloyd-Travaglini, C; Lustig, S; Landgraf, JM; Wise, PH (2005).
5568:
1633:
At the end of World War II, there were more than 5 million "displaced persons" from the Soviet Union in
1421:, despite the protestations from the Polish government-in-exile in London and the western Allies at the
10737:
10076:
9597:
9447:
9062:"Sharp increase of imported Plasmodium vivax malaria seen in migrants from Eritrea in Hamburg, Germany"
5980:"Sharp increase of imported Plasmodium vivax malaria seen in migrants from Eritrea in Hamburg, Germany"
4944:
Malkki, Liisa H. (1995). "Refugees and Exile: From "Refugee Studies" to the National Order of Things".
4079:
3990:
3932:- resettling refugees with the support and funding from private or joint government-private sponsorship
2503:
2115:
1913:
1885:
1783:
1569:
1168:
470:
9468:
2390:
1704:). A further 200,000 Ukrainians left southeast Poland more or less voluntarily between 1944 and 1945.
1323:
10880:
10875:
10762:
10702:
9555:
9486:
8319:
3903:
1925:
1452:
In the last months of World War II, about five million German civilians from the German provinces of
1434:
1215:
663:
618:
207:
9207:
9012:
8161:
Elliott, Mark (June 1973). "The United States and Forced Repatriation of Soviet Citizens, 1944â47".
7490:
7424:
Malkki, Liisa H. (1996). "Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization".
7355:
Malkki, Liisa H. (1996). "Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization".
5771:
Baggio S, Gonçalves L, Heeren A, Heller P, GÊtaz L, Graf M, Rossegger A, Endrass J, Wolff H (2020).
10895:
10707:
10697:
10054:
9866:
9528:
8931:
6184:
Gany, F; De Bocanegra, H (1996). "Overcoming barriers to improving the health of immigrant women".
5773:"The Mental Health Burden of Immigration Detention: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
4831:
4276:
4196:
3051:
teachers, counselors, and school staff, along with the school environment, are key in facilitating
2410:
1840:
1600:
in 1961, more than 563,700 refugees from East Germany traveled to West Germany for asylum from the
1588:
in history. In all 15 million Germans were affected, and more than two million perished during the
1384:
The conflict and political instability during World War II led to massive numbers of refugees (see
1085:
993:
31:
8558:"Epidemiology and the Clinical Burden of Malaria in the War-Torn Area, Orakzai Agency in Pakistan"
8062:
8054:
Aggrawal A (2005). "Refugee Medicine". In Payne-James JJ, Byard RW, Corey TS, Henderson C (eds.).
6780:"Refugees, Mobilization, and Humanitarian Aid: Evidence from the Syrian Refugee Crisis in Lebanon"
6720:
5772:
4477:
4250:
906:(UNHCR) itself, in addition to the 1951 definition, recognizes the following persons as refugees:
10854:
10752:
10687:
9325:
2560:
2489:
Ownership is unclear as families have expanded or split and division of the land becomes an issue
2427:
2423:
2152:
1833:
1739:
1716:
1438:
1307:
The mandate of the High Commission was subsequently expanded to include persons from Austria and
1257:
1226:
837:
5434:
5420:
3279:
and 48 million being internally displaced. 68% of refugees originates from just five countries (
1500:
1485:
10712:
10341:
10083:
7767:"UNHCR: Ukraine, other conflicts push forcibly displaced total over 100 million for first time"
7485:
6752:
3971:
3854:
3392:
3172:
3106:
2779:
2354:
UNHCRâwherever the application was madeârecognises the protection needs does the asylum seeker
2103:
1601:
1565:
1405:
1389:
1377:
1102:
773:
414:
8476:
8096:"A State of Insecurity: The Political Economy of Violence in Refugee-Populated Areas of Kenya"
7097:
6261:
Lawrie, N; van Damme, W (2003). "The importance of refugee-host relations: Guinea 1990â2003".
5638:"Day 10, Year of #Mygration: Pope Francis World Day of Migrants and Refugees, 14 January 2018"
4167:
2539:
Pro-refugee protest in Melbourne, Australia, with a banner reading "No one is illegal" with a
10767:
10742:
10732:
10722:
10717:
10570:
9638:
9590:
8725:"Raising the voice of the invisible Urban Refugees | Raising the voice of the invisible"
6625:
Does Immigration Increase Crime?: Migration Policy and the Creation of the Criminal Immigrant
3899:
2882:
2729:
Apart from physical wounds or starvation, a large percentage of refugees develop symptoms of
2628:
1680:
conducted population exchanges following the imposition of a new Poland-Soviet border at the
1484:, signed on 2 August 1945, defined the Polish western border as that of 1937, (Article VIII)
1300:
921:
753:, meaning "hiding place". It refers to "shelter or protection from danger or distress", from
567:
562:
288:
8494:
Higgins, C. (2016). "New evidence on refugee status determination in Australia, 1978â1983".
8189:
5574:
3252:
2977:
rhetoric then too propelled debate over migration control and protecting national security.
1024:
10828:
10823:
10727:
10597:
10548:
9942:
9908:
9893:
9729:
9676:
8257:
6779:
6671:
6347:
3913:
3908:
3844:
3816:
3311:
3300:
3201:
2530:
1917:
1622:
1350:
1056:
943:
656:
383:
202:
8908:
8630:
Khamis, V (2005). "Post-traumatic stress disorder among school age Palestinian children".
8335:
Gelber, Yoav (1993). "The Historical Role of the Central European Immigration to Israel".
6551:"Putin's war in Ukraine is driving a hidden horror: Sex trafficking of women and children"
5831:
399:
8:
10885:
10212:
10017:
9992:
9972:
9876:
9482:
8081:
6672:"Refugee Admissions and Public Safety: Are Refugee Settlement Areas More Prone to Crime?"
6086:"Factors Associated with Healthcare Utilization Among Arab Immigrants and Iraqi Refugees"
5598:
3268:
3136:
3132:
2917:
2734:
2540:
2320:
1585:
1222:
1182:
In 1923, the mandate of the commission was expanded to include the more than one million
1048:
577:
475:
424:
313:
303:
241:
224:
6619:
Owens, Emily G.; Fasani, Francesco; Mastrobuoni, Giovanni; Pinotti, Paolo, eds. (2019),
6351:
4957:
4043:
3190:
1279:
10369:
10351:
10346:
10334:
10168:
9987:
9967:
9937:
9719:
9691:
9407:
9403:
9363:"The Security and Civilian and Humanitarian Character of Refugee Camps and Settlements"
9278:
9239:
9088:
9061:
8835:
8810:
8584:
8557:
8469:
8435:
8352:
8245:
8199:
8178:
7822:
7616:
7503:
7281:
7207:
7161:
7054:
6970:
6927:
6807:
6709:
6646:
6601:
6410:
6370:
6335:
6286:
6243:
6112:
6085:
6059:
6006:
5979:
5750:
5139:
5131:
4961:
4398:
4327:
4181:
3961:
3076:
3025:
3018:
2810:
2764:
2668:
2642:
2461:
2121:
1712:
1608:
1564:
living in Yugoslavia and Romania were deported to slave labour in the Soviet Union, to
1477:
1422:
1315:. According to the Institute for Refugee Assistance, the actual count of refugees from
1159:
The first international co-ordination of refugee affairs came with the creation by the
613:
516:
419:
333:
68:
9370:
9118:
9021:"Reich Citizenship Law (English translation at the University of the West of England)"
8687:
8660:
8614:
8536:
8232:
7634:
6274:
5819:
5452:
3329:
10890:
10374:
10292:
10029:
9982:
9920:
9749:
9411:
9360:
9270:
9157:
9122:
9093:
8857:
8840:
8795:
8709:
8692:
8647:
8618:
8589:
8480:
8453:
8395:
8360:
8237:
8215:
8063:
Assembly of Heads of State and Government (Sixth Ordinary Session) (September 1969).
7620:
7507:
7285:
7273:
7232:
7211:
7199:
7165:
7153:
7093:
7046:
7005:
6974:
6962:
6931:
6919:
6811:
6799:
6760:
6726:
6713:
6701:
6650:
6636:
6605:
6593:
6418:
6375:
6278:
6235:
6193:
6163:
6117:
6051:
6011:
5955:
5788:
5754:
5742:
5707:
5208:
5143:
5123:
5054:
5044:
4965:
4402:
4390:
4331:
4319:
4118:
3879:
3229:
3209:
2903:
2887:
2806:
2790:
2749:
2614:
1481:
1359:
1261:
1194:
1172:
1160:
1152:
1094:
869:
857:
813:
557:
530:
323:
9444:"The Ethics and Politics of Asylum: Liberal Democracy and the Response to Refugees"'
8249:
7058:
6290:
4591:
10818:
10692:
10592:
10422:
10230:
10120:
10071:
10044:
9797:
9792:
9645:
9399:
9339:. Refugee Council on behalf of the Resettlement Inter-Agency Partnership. June 2004
9337:"Understanding Resettlement to the UK: A Guide to the Gateway Protection Programme"
9282:
9262:
9147:
9114:
9083:
9073:
8830:
8822:
8682:
8672:
8639:
8610:
8579:
8569:
8503:
8385:
8344:
8227:
8170:
7608:
7576:
7566:
7495:
7437:
7433:
7391:
7382:
Feldman, Allen (1994). "On Cultural Anesthesia: From Desert Storm to Rodney King".
7368:
7364:
7312:
7265:
7191:
7145:
7036:
6997:
6954:
6911:
6854:
6791:
6691:
6683:
6628:
6583:
6402:
6365:
6355:
6313:
6270:
6247:
6227:
6153:
6107:
6099:
6063:
6043:
6001:
5991:
5784:
5738:
5734:
5699:
5198:
5115:
4953:
4382:
4311:
4114:
4110:
3981:
3924:
3894:
3660:
3205:
3093:
3042:
3037:
2927:
Concerns about human trafficking and sexual violence have been realized during the
2486:
Cannot access what property they have (Colombia, Guatemala, South Africa and Sudan)
2431:
2382:
2096:
1933:
1909:
1765:
1612:
1426:
1401:
1312:
1210:
1001:
639:
587:
582:
541:
500:
328:
246:
229:
9543:
7780:
7395:
6572:"Does Halting Refugee Resettlement Reduce Crime? Evidence from the US Refugee Ban"
6497:"Ukrainian refugees increasingly targeted for sexual exploitation, research finds"
10563:
10255:
10066:
9812:
9802:
9266:
9136:"The Ethnicity of Refugees (ER): A new dataset for understanding flight patterns"
8932:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (July 2011).
8789:
8643:
8574:
8447:
7540:
7254:"Does Aid Reduce Anti-refugee Violence? Evidence from Syrian Refugees in Lebanon"
7226:
7195:
7149:
7088:
Nowrasteh, Alex (13 September 2016). Terrorism and Immigration: A Risk Analysis.
6958:
6915:
6360:
6084:
Elsouhag, D; Arnetz, B; Jamil, H; Lumley, MA; Broadbridge, CL; Arnetz, J (2015).
5670:
5523:
4908:
4790:
4622:
3976:
3935:
3870:
3811:
3349:
3345:
3197:
2584:
2515:
2473:
2457:
2440:
Handbook and Guidelines on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status
1735:
1526:
1525:
school teacher leads a group of refugee children just disembarked from a ship at
1507:
1492:
1253:
1198:
1183:
1164:
1020:
984:
865:
777:
714:
704:
592:
572:
485:
480:
460:
440:
338:
308:
236:
9565:
8773:"Tanzania grants citizenship to 162,000 Burundian refugees in historic decision"
8348:
7736:
5040:
UNRWA and Palestinian refugees : from relief and works to human development
3395:
affiliation has been an important feature of debate in refugee-hosting nations.
1813:
United Nations Relief & Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
1611:
against their will into the USSR. On 11 February 1945, at the conclusion of the
10520:
10464:
10303:
10260:
10188:
9932:
9903:
9828:
9782:
9724:
9681:
9362:
9171:"UNHCR completes challenging repatriation of almost 120,000 Congolese refugees"
9060:
Roggelin, L.; Tappe, D.; Noack, B.; Addo, M.M.; Tannich, E.; Rothe, C. (2016).
8390:
8373:
8269:
5703:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3414:
Refugees and people in refugee-like situations by region between 2008 and 2022
3264:
3241:
2932:
2869:
2745:
2696:
2676:
2600:
2547:
2422:
There is no specific method mandated for RSD (apart from the commitment to the
2378:
2160:
2081:
1905:
1731:
1677:
1634:
1538:
1316:
1304:
she does not enjoy the protection of the Government of the Reich" (article 1).
1074:
1070:
1012:
954:
refers to "a nonâorganized process of individual transfer to another country."
916:
825:
821:
688:
298:
214:
146:
9523:
9078:
8311:
8027:
8005:
7983:
7961:
7939:
7917:
7895:
7612:
7571:
7554:
7499:
7269:
7041:
7024:
6632:
6588:
6571:
6393:
Pross, C (1998). "Third Class Medicine: Health Care for Refugees in Germany".
6231:
6103:
6047:
5996:
5872:
5685:
5226:
4882:
4386:
3348:
were the largest group in 2015 at 4.9 million. In 2014, Syrians had overtaken
1969:
This number has gone up to at least 5 million refugees in the last 70 years.
1880:
797:
10869:
10361:
10158:
9947:
9817:
9807:
9765:
9739:
9734:
9671:
9631:
9215:
9161:
9152:
9135:
9024:
8556:
Karim, AM; Hussain, I; Malik, SK; Lee, JH; Cho, IH; Kim, YB; Lee, SH (2016).
8364:
8356:
8065:"OAU convention governing the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa"
7317:
7301:"From protection to persecution: Threat environment and refugee scapegoating"
7300:
7277:
7203:
7157:
7050:
7009:
6966:
6923:
6803:
6795:
6764:
6705:
6687:
6597:
6533:"Israel investigating suspected trafficking of 17-year-old Ukrainian refugee"
5212:
5127:
5058:
4394:
4323:
3985:
3966:
3822:
3319:
3276:
3056:
3052:
2361:
2315:
2057:
1945:
1937:
1685:
1662:
1650:
1561:
1335:
1106:
1016:
812:
The first modern definition of an international refugee status came with the
692:
526:
197:
172:
159:
9419:
9044:
8988:
8190:
Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme (13 October 1989).
5391:
5389:
4615:
4370:
2464:. Further rights include the following rights and obligations for refugees:
1409:
still in Europe, most of them old, infirm, crippled, or otherwise disabled.
687:, conventionally speaking, is a person who has lost the protection of their
10394:
10321:
10100:
10090:
10009:
9759:
9666:
9616:
9274:
9126:
9097:
8844:
8826:
8696:
8677:
8651:
8622:
8593:
8399:
8241:
6422:
6379:
6282:
6239:
6167:
6121:
6055:
6015:
5746:
5711:
4982:
4832:"UNHCR CDR Background Paper on Refugees and Asylum Seekers from Azerbaijan"
4783:
3919:
3838:
2973:
2940:
2621:
2126:
2026:
2008:
1889:
1769:
1745:
The Constitution of the International Refugee Organization, adopted by the
1581:
1573:
1553:
1522:
1453:
1268:
1242:
1114:
817:
726:
722:
450:
126:
92:
9390:
Weiss, Thomas G. (1999). "Principles, politics, and humanitarian action".
6515:"War in Ukraine causes spike in refugees being recruited for prostitution"
6197:
5421:"Refugee Data Finder. Total number of refugees under UNHCR's mandate 2022"
4576:
The State of The World's Refugees 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action
4138:
4136:
4134:
3835:, a mass movement of population, usually forced by war or natural disaster
3156:
Respect the cultural differences amongst refugees and the new home culture
2638:
1143:
1040:
10558:
10389:
10379:
10329:
10311:
10222:
10183:
9977:
9888:
9871:
8811:"Malaria on the move: human population movement and malaria transmission"
8507:
8028:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
8006:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
7984:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
7962:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
7940:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
7918:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
7896:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
7871:"Global forced displacement trends. (Annexes) UNHCR Statistical Yearbook"
7534:
Reconciling Differences: Indochinese Refugee Students in American Schools
7001:
6317:
5386:
5203:
5186:
4927:
Black, Richard. "Fifty years of refugee studies: From theory to policy."
4829:
3875:
3827:
3292:
3288:
3257:
3084:
2944:
2451:
2400:
2286:
1999:
1681:
1642:
1597:
1469:
1465:
1418:
1308:
1287:
1197:. Over the next several years, the mandate was expanded further to cover
1131:
1060:
1052:
1028:
786:
536:
495:
455:
445:
391:
276:
271:
262:
192:
183:
9577:
9538:
8371:
7581:
7533:
6696:
5837:
4632:
4277:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 2011
1271:
charter, and in general assisted around one million refugees worldwide.
1027:
in about AD 600. Similar laws were implemented throughout Europe in the
10404:
9744:
9036:
8471:
Russian Refugees in France and the United States Between the World Wars
8295:
8182:
7555:"The impact of refugee experiences on education: evidence from Burundi"
7350:
7348:
6858:
6479:"Trafficking and sexual exploitation of Ukrainian refugees on the rise"
6414:
6031:
5978:
Roggelin, L; Tappe, D; Noack, B; Addo, M; Tannich, E; Rothe, C (2016).
5463:
5461:
5135:
4901:
4574:
4315:
4251:
Assembly of Heads of State and Government (Sixth Ordinary Session) 1969
4131:
3864:
3159:
Individual efforts to welcome refugees to prevent feelings of isolation
3126:
Little resources to support language development and learning, and more
3117:
Frequent disruption in their education as they move from place to place
2858:
2841:
2815:
2802:
2032:
1847: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1726:(IRO) was founded on 20 April 1946, and took over the functions of the
1693:
1618:
1190:
874:
Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa
747:
293:
137:
82:
9188:"Angola Repatriation: Antonio returns home after 40 years in DR Congo"
9187:
9170:
8921:"The Nobel Peace Prize 1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees"
8854:
Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881 â 2001
8772:
8449:
Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State
8408:
8296:"Forced displacement of Czech population under Nazis in 1938 and 1943"
7853:
7836:
6670:
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina; Bansak, Cynthia; Pozo, Susan (March 2021).
6083:
5908:
5615:
5492:
5284:
5160:
4592:"Migrants, refugees, history and precedents | Forced Migration Review"
4448:
4446:
2789:
A study by the Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine at the
2407:
is used often depends on the size of the influx of displaced persons.
1787:
was established as the field's first major interdisciplinary journal.
1464:
fled the advance of the Red Army from the east and became refugees in
868:. However, many countries have implemented laws to protect also those
10450:
10445:
10412:
10384:
10272:
10267:
10203:
10178:
10125:
10039:
9754:
9686:
8933:
8901:"Nansen International Office for Refugee: The Nobel Peace Prize 1938"
7870:
7663:
6555:
6158:
6141:
5884:
5843:
5103:
5038:
4799:
4034:
Volume 3 edited by Israel Gutman, New York: Macmillan, 1990 page 1076
3284:
3060:
2965:
2775:
schools in East Jerusalem and various governorates in the West Bank.
2710:
2302:
Once a displaced person is granted refugee status they enjoy certain
1961:
1956:
1560:
Although not approved by Allies at Potsdam, hundreds of thousands of
1457:
1433:
on 7 May 1945, the Allies occupied the remainder of Germany, and the
1331:
1090:
988:
765:
9252:
8174:
8030:. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 2008
8008:. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 2009
7986:. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 2010
7964:. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 2011
7942:. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 2012
7920:. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 2013
7898:. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 2014
7794:
7552:
7345:
6406:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5825:
5458:
5435:"Refugee Data Finder. Total number of IDPs of concern to UNHCR 2022"
5119:
1822:
1311:, which Germany annexed after 1 October 1938 in accordance with the
10459:
10431:
10417:
10284:
10250:
10208:
10193:
10153:
9898:
8791:
Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821â1922
7337:
5374:
4443:
4014:
4011:
Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations
3832:
3384:
3369:
3353:
3183:
2961:
2604:
2492:
Death of owner may leave dependents without clear claim to the land
1666:
1346:
1163:
in 1921 of the High Commission for Refugees and the appointment of
1110:
1044:
219:
166:
112:
9353:
8535:
5977:
5664:
Protracted displacement: uncertain paths to self-reliance in exile
4888:
4752:
4716:
4543:
1023:
in a church or other holy place was first codified in law by King
10455:
10440:
10436:
10198:
10148:
10140:
10130:
10034:
10022:
9777:
9771:
9560:
9478:, in Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Edward Elgar Publishing.
9204:"Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II"
8058:. Vol. 3. London: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 514â525.
6142:"Hurdles to health:Immigrant and refugee healthcare in Australia"
5855:
4870:
4740:
3357:
3296:
3075:
Internally displaced children from other parts of Ukraine in the
2828:
2753:
2738:
2620:
In the United Kingdom World Refugee Day is celebrated as part of
2337:
2325:
1626:
1607:
During the same period, millions of former Russian citizens were
1534:
1461:
1118:
861:
644:
7641:
7598:
7252:
Lehmann, M. Christian; Masterson, Daniel T. R. (November 2020).
4338:
2844:
remained protective throughout the 6 month transmission season.
2442:
to determine which individuals are eligible for refugee status.
1093:
were forced to leave their homes in Anatolia in 1915 during the
768:
looking for a safe place against Catholic persecution after the
10427:
10240:
10173:
10113:
10108:
9915:
9582:
9550:
4764:
3307:, hosting 3.7 million refugees, being the top hosting country.
3304:
2714:
2646:
2632:
2608:
2014:
2004:
1921:
1897:
1654:
1473:
1373:
1369:
1327:
1295:
1283:
1187:
1122:
1078:
801:
130:
78:
9361:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (1999).
9354:"UNHCR â Global Trends âForced Displacement in 2014"
9352:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2015).
9323:
8278:"Forced Repatriation to the Soviet Union: The Secret Betrayal"
7333:"Trump claims vindication for baffling Sweden terror comments"
6303:
5956:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2011).
5187:"UNRWA and the Palestinian Refugees: A History within History"
4830:
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (1 September 1995).
4784:"The Institutional Features of the Prisoners of War Treaties,"
4704:
4692:
4350:
2744:
Among other symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder involves
1480:, a chaotic refugee situation faced the occupying powers. The
1097:, and many either died or were murdered on their way to Syria.
10235:
10163:
9714:
9335:
8724:
7023:
Wilner, Alex S.; Dubouloz, Claire-Jehanne (1 February 2010).
6618:
5896:
5686:
Giuntella, O.; Kone, Z.L.; Ruiz, I.; C. Vargas-Silva (2018).
5575:
Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme 1989
5395:
5362:
4507:
3940:
3380:
3315:
3280:
2772:
2748:, over-alertness, sleeplessness, motor difficulties, failing
2706:
1670:
1530:
1238:
1234:
1176:
1148:
1032:
754:
9572:
9504:
Andy Lamey talks about the refugee crisis on Bookbits radio.
9230:
8258:"Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers"
8080:
6429:
5724:
5104:"Refugees unto the Third Generation: UN Aid to Palestinians"
4860:
4858:
4638:
4142:
2291:
In the United States, the term refugee is defined under the
1193:
in 1915 and 1923 due to a series of events now known as the
10245:
9787:
9232:
Statistisches Bundesamt, Die Deutschen Vertreibungsverluste
8266:"Forced Labor at Ford Werke AG during the Second World War"
7411:
The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies
6627:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 129â155,
5920:
5770:
5517:
Uncharted Territory: Land, Conflict and Humanitarian Action
5350:
4519:
3859:
3388:
3373:
3364:(1 million). the countries that had the largest numbers of
3361:
2783:
2768:
2667:
Protracted displacement can lead to detrimental effects on
1916:. All refugees in the world are under UNHCR mandate except
1646:
1230:
1036:
832:. It defines "refugee" in Article 1.A.2 as any person who:
805:
102:
8083:
Convention and Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees
7705:
6727:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1999
5932:
4680:
4458:
2909:
and physical trauma/torture, violence-related trauma, and
2733:(PTSD), and show post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) or
2595:
9455:
Strategic Humanitarianism: Host States and Refugee Policy
9371:"United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration"
6669:
5253:
4855:
4555:
4495:
4301:
4148:
4017:, Switzerland, on 30 January 1923, by the governments of
1412:
1179:
revoked citizenship for all Russian expatriates in 1921.
853:
9483:
Refugee protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law
9104:
8967:
8955:
5878:
5556:
5473:
5467:
4811:
4805:
3165:
Student centered pedagogy as opposed to teacher centered
2819:
countries probably have post-traumatic stress disorder.
9043:
8989:"Refugees at highest ever level, reaching 65m, says UN"
8899:
6844:"Links Between Terrorism and Migration: An Exploration"
5807:
5380:
4452:
2430:
and countries may interpret them differently (see also
1764:
With the occurrence of major instances of diaspora and
1728:
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
1394:
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
961:
survival needs rather than longâterm career planning."
820:
and in response to the large numbers of people fleeing
9202:
9134:
RĂźegger, Seraina; Bohnet, Heidrun (16 November 2015).
9059:
8256:
7859:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2017.
7842:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2018.
7825:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2019.
7811:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2020.
7797:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2021.
7783:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2022.
6818:
6183:
5914:
4758:
4722:
3819:, people displaced when conservation areas are created
1209:
involved about two million people (around 1.5 million
845:
In 1967 the definition was basically confirmed by the
9369:
8907:
7876:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2016
7717:
6778:
Masterson, Daniel; Lehmann, M. Christian (May 2020).
6621:"Refugee Waves and Crime: Evidence from EU Countries"
6333:
6260:
5037:ḤanafÄŤ, SÄrÄŤ; Hilal, Leila; Takkenberg, Alex (2014).
5036:
4977:
4975:
4876:
4746:
4030:
Bankier, David "Nuremberg Laws" pages 1076â1077 from
2916:
Large groups of displaced persons could be abused as
841:
or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.
8555:
8425:"Greek and Turkish refugees and deportees 1912â1924"
7693:
6944:
5890:
5795:
5766:
5764:
5338:
5326:
5314:
5102:
Sahlieh, S. Aldeeb Abu; Schiff, Benjamin N. (1996).
4728:
4668:
4656:
4409:
4094:
2949:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
2809:
at Warneford Hospital in the United Kingdom. Twenty
1908:
and assists in providing durable solutions, such as
1884:
UNHCR tents at a refugee camp following episodes of
1742:" issued by the International Refugee Organization.
1495:
placing one fourth of Germany's territory under the
816:
in 1921 from the Commission for Refugees. Following
9214:
8987:
7854:"Global forced displacement trends. 2017 (Annexes)"
7837:"Global forced displacement trends. 2018 (Annexes)"
7737:"Refugees fleeing Ukraine (since 24 February 2022)"
7647:
6139:
4770:
4644:
2395:
Asylum seeker § Status determination processes
864:are generally not encompassed by the international
9045:"Resettlement: A new beginning in a third country"
9031:
9003:
8468:
8423:
8276:
8213:
7681:
6732:
5849:
5302:
4972:
4710:
4698:
4356:
2483:May never have had property (e.g., in Afghanistan)
1669:soldiers imprisoned by the Nazis were sent to the
1645:) in Germany and occupied territories. The Soviet
1596:.) Between the end of War and the erection of the
1404:or DPs, to their country of origin and setting up
889:The 1984 the regional, non-binding Latin-American
9418:
9019:
8409:"From refugee to citizen: a Guatemalan in Mexico"
8127:"Iraqi refugees in Syria feel new strains of war"
7553:Fransen, S.; Vargas-Silva, C.; M. Siegel (2018).
6570:Masterson, Daniel; Yasenov, Vasil (August 2021).
6217:
5761:
5601: 4 December 2000. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
5401:
5368:
4513:
3916:, network that represents non-resident immigrants
2573:
2075:
1989:
1696:were expelled to the east of the new border. The
10867:
9467:Refugee number statistics taken from 'Refugee',
8742:"Shattered dreams of Sudanese refugees in Cairo"
7408:
7251:
6777:
6569:
5681:
5679:
3941:Refugee and Asylum Participatory Action Research
2847:
2524:
2377:For over 30 years, several tens of thousands of
9578:Bridging Youth Refugees and Children's Services
9309:"UNHCR Statistical Yearbook 2014, 14th edition"
9033:"Repatriation -- The Dark Side of World War II"
8909:"The Nazi Ostarbeiter (Eastern Worker) Program"
8879:
8445:
8294:
7658:
7656:
6901:
5688:"Reason for immigration and immigrants' health"
5539:"Convention relating to the Status of Refugees"
5356:
5265:
4525:
4344:
2391:Refugee law § Refugee status determination
2368:
1396:(UNRRA) to provide aid to areas liberated from
1380:, at an American Red Cross evacuation camp 1943
1274:
1113:fled to England, the Netherlands, Switzerland,
893:included the following definition of refugees:
9289:
8943:
8378:Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
8198:
7022:
5926:
4531:
4464:
4154:
3867:, a banned person who may be killed by anybody
3841:, a website to find accommodation for refugees
3191:Bridging Refugee Youth and Children's Services
2805:was conducted by the psychiatry department of
2801:Many more studies illustrate the problem. One
2161:1969 Organization for African Unity Convention
2136:
1700:occurred from September 1944 to May 1946 (see
9598:
9222:
9133:
8919:
8147:"Global forced displacement hits record high"
8124:
7823:"Global Trends - Forced displacement in 2019"
7809:"Global Trends - Forced displacement in 2020"
7795:"Global Trends - Forced displacement in 2021"
7781:"Global Trends - Forced displacement in 2022"
7711:
7409:Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena; et al. (2014).
6987:
5676:
5259:
5241:
5101:
5008:"UNRWA has changed the definition of refugee"
4561:
4501:
4109:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 121â128.
2645:inside a train at PrzemyĹl GĹĂłwny station in
2567:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
2551:family to immigrate to that country as well.
2456:Refugee rights encompass both customary law,
2109:
1902:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1809:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1774:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1501:Agreements of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference
1486:Agreements of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference
1207:population exchange between Greece and Turkey
904:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
830:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
701:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
664:
360:
10502:
10282:
9377:. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 1994
8543:. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 1994
8306:
7653:
7546:
7532:Liem Thanh Nguyen, & Henkin, A. (1980).
7298:
6027:
6025:
5951:
5949:
5947:
4817:
4579:. Oxford University Press. 2000. p. 13.
3402:began in Europe in late February 2022 after
2886:integrative healthcare model for the mostly
2340:land at Hamburg on the Cap Anamur II in 1986
1063:gained sufficient prevalence for the phrase
8808:
8658:
8600:
8452:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
8074:Refugee Women: Beyond Gender Versus Culture
8056:Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine
6213:
6211:
6209:
6207:
5938:
5902:
5866:
4304:International Journal of Management Reviews
2509:
2381:refugees have been living in the region of
1594:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944â1950)
847:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
9605:
9591:
9244:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8475:. American Philosophical Society. p.
7228:Anti-Refugee Violence and African Politics
3267:can refer to movements of large groups of
2658:
1924:between 1947 and 1949, as a result of the
1781:to the present. Most notably in 1988, the
1688:were expelled west of the new border (see
1055:. However, it was not until the advent of
703:(UNHCR) if they formally make a claim for
671:
657:
367:
353:
9151:
9087:
9077:
8834:
8686:
8676:
8583:
8573:
8389:
8231:
7594:
7592:
7580:
7570:
7528:
7526:
7489:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7316:
7299:Savun, Burcu; Gineste, Christian (2019).
7087:
7040:
6695:
6587:
6369:
6359:
6329:
6327:
6179:
6177:
6157:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6111:
6022:
6005:
5995:
5944:
5202:
4627:DPs Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945â1951
2931:. European Commissioner for Home Affairs
1863:Learn how and when to remove this message
1512:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944â50)
10490:
9496:
9185:
9168:
8787:
8514:
8406:
8264:
8214:Fazel, M; Wheeler, J; Danesh, J (2005).
8115:
8106:
8053:
7664:"Global Trends Forced Displacement 2015"
7559:IZA Journal of Development and Migration
7457:
7455:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7447:
6435:
6392:
6204:
6091:Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
6079:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6035:Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
5801:
5344:
5332:
5320:
4900:Stein, Barry N., and Silvano M. Tomasi.
4734:
4674:
4662:
4368:
3958:, a plan to create a nation for refugees
3328:
3251:
3168:Building relationships with the students
3070:
2700:
2637:
2594:
2534:
2409:
2372:
2331:
2319:
2013:
1998:
1955:
1879:
1776:. In particular, the 1981 volume of the
1617:
1544:
1516:
1364:
1341:
1322:
1278:
1250:Nansen International Office for Refugees
1142:
1084:
1069:
992:
876:expanded the 1951 definition, which the
796:
709:
9453:Salehyan, Idean; Savun, Burcu (2024). "
9420:"What is resettlement? A new challenge"
8870:
8493:
8466:
8328:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
8160:
8144:
7699:
7475:
7381:
7135:
6851:Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies
6750:
5479:
4889:International Refugee Organization 1994
4686:
4650:
4415:
4101:Reyhani, Adel-Naim (6 September 2022).
4100:
3930:Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program
3248:List of countries by refugee population
3215:
3146:
1653:men were put under the jurisdiction of
1147:Children preparing for evacuation from
14:
10868:
9375:Infoplease 2000â2006 Pearson Education
9224:"Spanish Civil War fighters look back"
8881:"Nairobi to open mission in Mogadishu"
8851:
8770:
8629:
8541:Infoplease 2000â2006 Pearson Education
8334:
8308:"Forced migration in the 20th century"
8125:Dehghanpisheh, Babak (10 April 2013).
8071:
7723:
7589:
7523:
7464:
7423:
7354:
7181:
7177:
7175:
7090:Cato Institute Policy Analysis No. 798
7070:
7068:
6841:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6324:
6174:
6128:
5813:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5308:
5155:
5153:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5032:
5030:
5028:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4864:
4549:
4369:Segesser, Daniel Marc (1 March 2008).
3850:Forced displacement in popular culture
3326:, was at its highest level on record.
2767:children, most of whom were refugees,
1930:United Nations Relief and Works Agency
1802:
1437:confirmed the unfortunate division of
1413:Post-World War II population transfers
733:
10489:
9846:
9586:
9389:
9351:
9306:
9140:Conflict Management and Peace Science
8703:
8517:"Detainee children 'in suicide pact'"
8093:
7687:
7635:"Figures at a glance | UNHCR US"
7444:
7225:Onoma, Ato Kwamena (7 October 2013).
7224:
6886:
6824:
6738:
6070:
5562:
5407:
5184:
5000:
4589:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4194:
2929:2022âpresent Ukrainian refugee crisis
2868:In the US, all officially designated
2350:
1928:. These refugees are assisted by the
1698:population transfer to Soviet Ukraine
1657:(Death to Spies). Of the 5.7 million
1386:World War II evacuation and expulsion
1004:in 1889 made in the aftermath of the
8957:"Patriots ignore greatest brutality"
8537:"International Refugee Organization"
8407:Goldberg, Diana (29 November 2001).
7543:. The Clearinghouse, 54(3), 105â108.
4182:"Base de donnĂŠes du refuge huguenot"
2590:
2299:have official asylum seeker status.
2066:
1845:adding citations to reliable sources
1816:
1260:, for which it was awarded the 1938
1138:
1109:in France, hundreds of thousands of
63:Regions with significant populations
9186:Schmitt, Celine (28 August 2014b).
8856:(Updated ed.). Vintage Books.
8771:Markus, Francis (17 October 2014).
8739:
8515:Holloway, Grant (28 January 2002).
7172:
7065:
7029:Global Change, Peace & Security
6830:
5502:
5271:
5150:
5065:
5043:. Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
5025:
4958:10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.002431
4934:
4914:, vol. 15, no. 1/2, 1981, pp. 5â7.
4264:"Cartagena Declaration on Refugees"
4055:Under Article 28 of the Convention.
2778:Another study showed that 28.3% of
2690:
2090:
2031:A refugee camp is a place built by
1590:expulsions of the German population
1358:by the Nationalists in 1939 in the
1031:. The related concept of political
696:
24:
9848:
9847:
9459:Annual Review of Political Science
9436:
9404:10.1111/j.1747-7093.1999.tb00322.x
9392:Ethics & International Affairs
9326:"Control of Communicable Diseases"
9295:, London, England: Refugee Council
9169:Schmitt, Celine (5 August 2014a).
8446:Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2024).
8318:
8200:"Fact sheet about Malaria. (n.d.)"
7747:from the original on 10 March 2022
6753:"Why Refugee Warriors are Threats"
5396:Understanding Resettlement to 2004
4912:The International Migration Review
4537:
4282:
4107:Elgar Encyclopedia of Human Rights
3902:, an Iranian refugee who lived in
2554:
2467:
1753:
1724:International Refugee Organization
1719:from their homes by the Israelis.
1330:child refugees and war orphans in
1051:, nations recognized each other's
885:country of origin or nationality.
25:
10907:
9492:
8722:
8337:The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book
7258:American Political Science Review
6576:American Political Science Review
5247:
4639:Statistisches Bundesamt, Die 1958
4143:Convention Protocol relating 1967
4076:"UNHCR data | Global Trends"
4032:The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
3372:at 6.9, Syria at 6.6 million and
3299:). 86% of refugees are hosted in
3235:
3003:
2675:, exacerbating the effect of the
2445:
2347:complementary forms of protection
2309:
2280:
1900:, Switzerland, the Office of the
1497:Provisional Polish administration
1435:Berlin declaration of 5 June 1945
1059:in late 18th-century Europe that
1047:was sent to England. By the 1648
891:Cartagena Declaration on Refugees
699:by a contracting state or by the
10850:
10849:
9612:
9559:
9549:
9537:
9331:(Federal Register 82, no. 6890).
8562:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
8145:Edwards, Adrian (20 June 2016).
8020:
7998:
7976:
7954:
7932:
7910:
7888:
7863:
7846:
7829:
7815:
7801:
7787:
7773:
7759:
7729:
7627:
7514:
7417:
7402:
7375:
7325:
7292:
7245:
7218:
7129:
7104:
7081:
7016:
6981:
6938:
6895:
6889:The Functions of Social Conflict
6880:
6771:
6744:
6663:
6612:
6563:
6543:
6525:
6507:
6489:
6471:
6441:
6386:
6334:Bozorgmehr, K; Razum, O (2015).
6297:
6254:
6220:Health Economics, Policy and Law
5971:
5850:Fazel, Wheeler & Danesh 2005
5078:"Medium Term Strategy 2016-2021"
3059:of recently arrived refugee and
2051:
1920:, who fled the current state of
1821:
938:
624:White genocide conspiracy theory
398:
8111:. London and Boston: Routledge.
6751:Adelman, Howard (1 July 1998).
5718:
5656:
5642:Research at The Open University
5630:
5604:
5587:United Nations General Assembly
5580:
5531:
5485:
5441:
5427:
5413:
5277:
5219:
5178:
5095:
4921:
4894:
4838:
4823:
4776:
4609:
4583:
4567:
4470:
4431:[The humanist Nansen].
4421:
4362:
4256:
4049:
4044:League of Nations Treaty Series
4037:
4024:
4003:
3612:Latin America and the Caribbean
3063:children in their new schools.
2922:Sustainable Development Goal 10
2897:
2763:PTSD was diagnosed in 34.1% of
1994:
1832:needs additional citations for
1747:United Nations General Assembly
10491:
8969:"Refugee Status Determination"
8100:New Issues in Refugee Research
8046:
7478:Review of Educational Research
7438:10.1525/can.1996.11.3.02a00050
7369:10.1525/can.1996.11.3.02a00050
7231:. Cambridge University Press.
6784:Journal of Conflict Resolution
6676:International Migration Review
6140:Murray, SB; Skull, SA (2005).
5739:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104470
5673:Overseas Development Institute
5614:. Refugee Week. Archived from
5527:Overseas Development Institute
5108:International Migration Review
4929:International Migration Review
4478:"Displaced Persons Act (1948)"
4435:(in Norwegian). Archived from
4231:Online Etymological Dictionary
4219:
4188:
4174:
4160:
4115:10.4337/9781789903621.refugees
4068:
3885:List of largest refugee crises
3171:Offering praise and providing
2731:post-traumatic stress disorder
2684:Overseas Development Institute
2574:Restriction of onward movement
2293:Immigration of Nationality Act
2076:Integration and naturalisation
1990:Acute and temporary protection
1778:International Migration Review
1665:). Over 1.5 million surviving
1006:Herzegovina Uprising (1875â77)
792:
13:
1:
9542:The dictionary definition of
9119:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00341-0
9107:Social Science & Medicine
9011:. 9 July 1979. Archived from
9005:"Refugees: Save Us! Save Us!"
8934:"UNHCR Resettlement Handbook"
8749:Forced Migration Review (FMR)
8615:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00341-0
8603:Social Science & Medicine
8233:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61027-6
7396:10.1525/ae.1994.21.2.02a00100
6275:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14124-4
4946:Annual Review of Anthropology
4806:Patriots ignore greatest 2007
4061:
3890:List of people granted asylum
3012:
2848:Access to healthcare services
2673:refugee workforce integration
2565:Those states that signed the
2525:Right to family reunification
2416:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld
2385:, in the heart of the desert.
1964:Palestine refugee camp (2019)
1760:Economic results of migration
1584:). This entailed the largest
1221:The U.S. Congress passed the
972:Refugee workforce integration
878:Organization of African Unity
609:Criticism of multiculturalism
53:
9529:Resources in other libraries
9267:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.12.001
8815:Emerging Infectious Diseases
8809:Mertans, P; Hall, L (2000).
8644:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.06.013
8575:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004399
7196:10.1080/07393148.2012.729744
7150:10.1080/09644008.2014.967224
6959:10.1080/03050629.2013.834256
6916:10.1080/01419870420000315852
6361:10.1371/journal.pone.0131483
5789:10.18716/ojs/krimoj/2020.2.7
5612:"Refugee Week (UK) About Us"
5468:Refugee Status Determination
5185:Bocco, R. (1 January 2009).
4552:, pp. 323â39, 326 n. 6.
4197:"England's 'First Refugees'"
3997:
3408:displaced within the country
3404:Russia's invasion of Ukraine
3324:internally displaced persons
3273:internally displaced persons
3139:in places like Malaysia for
3066:
3031:
2504:resettled to a third country
2369:Refugee status determination
2149:internally displaced persons
2045:internally displaced persons
1429:of February 1945. After the
1275:Rise of Nazism, 1933 to 1944
776:(the revocation of the 1598
770:first Edict of Fontainebleau
103:Middle East and North Africa
7:
9474:Reyhani, Adel-Naim (2022),
9442:Gibney, Matthew J. (2004),
8875:. Harvard University Press.
8659:Kolaczinski, J. H. (2004).
8163:Political Science Quarterly
6757:Journal of Conflict Studies
5381:Resettlement: new beginning
4846:"ECRI REPORT ON AZERBAIJAN"
4453:Nansen International Office
4375:Immigrants & Minorities
4195:Gwynn, Robin (5 May 1985).
3804:
3366:internally displaced people
3338:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3120:Limited access to schooling
2143:Internally displaced person
2137:Internally displaced person
1942:internally displaced people
1637:. About 3 million had been
1578:Federal Republic of Germany
1398:Axis powers of World War II
742:derives from the root word
10:
10912:
9697:Weberian (three-component)
9448:Cambridge University Press
8945:"Old fears over new faces"
8467:Hassell, James E. (1991).
8391:10.1001/archpedi.159.6.585
7413:. Oxford University Press.
6947:International Interactions
6306:Journal of Refugee Studies
5704:10.1016/j.puhe.2018.01.037
5662:Crawford N. et al. (2015)
4877:United Nations Relief 1994
4794:International Organization
4759:Soviet Prisoners Forgotten
4723:Final Compensation Pending
3991:Third country resettlement
3245:
3239:
3035:
3016:
2901:
2822:
2798:non-immigrant population.
2694:
2558:
2528:
2513:
2471:
2449:
2388:
2313:
2284:
2140:
2116:Third country resettlement
2113:
2110:Third country resettlement
2094:
2079:
2055:
2024:
1960:Eastern part of UNRWA-run
1806:
1784:Journal of Refugee Studies
1757:
1702:Repatriation of Ukrainians
1570:German Democratic Republic
1568:, and subsequently to the
1447:eastern Polish territories
1169:Russian Revolution of 1917
982:
978:
471:Indefinite leave to remain
29:
10845:
10786:
10678:
10646:
10613:
10539:
10511:
10498:
10485:
10403:
10360:
10320:
10302:
10221:
10139:
10099:
10008:
10001:
9956:
9859:
9855:
9842:
9705:
9659:
9655:
9626:
9524:Resources in your library
9487:Inter-Parliamentary Union
9307:UNHCR (8 December 2015).
9216:"Soviet Prisoners-of-War"
9079:10.1186/s12936-016-1366-7
8961:The Sydney Morning Herald
8788:McCarthy, Justin (1995).
8708:. Canada: Anchor Canada.
8349:10.1093/leobaeck/38.1.323
8116:de Zayas, Alfred (2006).
8107:de Zayas, Alfred (1977).
7712:RĂźegger & Bohnet 2015
7613:10.1007/s11256-016-0379-4
7572:10.1186/s40176-017-0112-4
7500:10.3102/00346543075003329
7305:Journal of Peace Research
7270:10.1017/S0003055420000349
7042:10.1080/14781150903487956
6904:Ethnic and Racial Studies
6633:10.1017/9781108626286.006
6589:10.1017/S0003055421000150
6232:10.1017/s1744133109004824
6104:10.1007/s10903-014-0119-3
6048:10.1007/s10903-013-9954-x
5997:10.1186/s12936-016-1366-7
4747:Nazi Ostarbeiter (Eastern
4387:10.1080/02619280802442647
3904:Charles de Gaulle Airport
3418:
3196:22 September 2018 at the
2995:Journal of Peace Research
2855:HIV/AIDS-related services
2653:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
1934:returned home voluntarily
1684:in 1944. About 2,100,000
1225:in 1921, followed by the
1216:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
1035:also has a long history:
998:Refugees from Herzegovina
782:Declaration of Indulgence
780:) in France and the 1687
619:Opposition to immigration
152:Aboard aircraft and ships
111:
101:
91:
77:
67:
62:
52:
47:
10819:Pre-industrial East Asia
9153:10.1177/0738894215611865
8991:. BBC News. 20 June 2016
8871:Naimark, Norman (1995).
8496:Refugee Survey Quarterly
7648:Refugees at highest 2016
7318:10.1177/0022343318811432
6990:Refugee Survey Quarterly
6796:10.1177/0022002719885176
6688:10.1177/0197918320920192
6146:Australian Health Review
5727:Psychoneuroendocrinology
5191:Refugee Survey Quarterly
4789:20 February 2020 at the
4616:DP Camps in Europe Intro
2954:
2687:opportunities and laws.
2510:Right to non-refoulement
2133:solution for refugees."
1951:
1875:
1121:. The repeated waves of
719:East German border guard
32:Refugee (disambiguation)
9867:Administrative detainee
9469:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
8903:. The Nobel Foundation.
8873:The Russians in Germany
8852:Morris, Benny (2001) .
8102:(Working Paper No. 16).
6395:Health and Human Rights
5903:Mertans & Hall 2000
5867:Kazmi & Pandit 2001
5522:20 January 2021 at the
5515:Sara Pantuliano (2009)
5227:"The UN Refugee Agency"
4771:Soviet Prisoners-of-War
3855:Ghost town repopulation
3137:undocumented immigrants
2724:
2659:Protracted displacement
2583:by the UNHCR (see also
2561:Refugee travel document
2428:1951 Refugee Convention
2424:1951 Refugee Convention
2401:international, regional
2153:1951 Refugee Convention
2043:) to receive refugees,
1793:1951 Refugee Convention
1740:certificate of identity
1692:), while about 450,000
1659:Soviet prisoners of war
1566:Allied-occupied Germany
1506:31 October 2010 at the
1491:31 October 2010 at the
1439:Allied-occupied Germany
1406:displaced persons camps
1258:refugee travel document
1227:Immigration Act of 1924
838:particular social group
10283:
9564:Quotations related to
9505:
8827:10.3201/eid0602.000202
8678:10.1186/1475-2875-3-15
8324:Holocaust Encyclopedia
7539:20 August 2020 at the
4907:24 August 2019 at the
4711:Forced Repatriation to
4699:Repatriation Dark Side
4357:Greek Turkish refugees
3972:Refugee Studies Centre
3341:
3271:, who could be either
3261:
3080:
2718:
2705:Refugee children from
2650:
2611:
2543:
2419:
2386:
2341:
2329:
2022:
2011:
1965:
1893:
1630:
1609:forcefully repatriated
1557:
1542:
1390:Allies of World War II
1381:
1378:Imperial State of Iran
1354:
1339:
1291:
1156:
1155:between 1936 and 1939.
1103:Edict of Fontainebleau
1098:
1082:
1065:country of nationality
1008:
913:
900:
887:
843:
809:
774:Edict of Fontainebleau
730:
522:Immigrant assimilation
415:Immigration by country
10824:Pre-industrial Europe
9558:at Wikimedia Commons
9503:
9365:(UNHCR EXCOM Report).
8913:Collectinghistory.net
8519:. CNN. Archived from
8120:. Palgrave/Macmillan.
8072:Bassel, Leah (2012).
7669:. UNHCR. 20 June 2016
7426:Cultural Anthropology
7357:Cultural Anthropology
7184:New Political Science
6887:Coser, Lewis (1956).
6842:Schmid, Alex (2016).
6186:J Am Med Womens Assoc
5881:, pp. 2061â2072.
5869:, pp. 1043â1055.
5826:Sundquist et al. 2005
5589: Session 55
5369:What is resettlement?
5161:"Where We Work UNRWA"
4796:55, no. 4 (2001), 984
4621:16 March 2014 at the
4590:Bundy, Colin (2016).
4514:Reich Citizenship Law
3900:Mehran Karimi Nasseri
3332:
3255:
3074:
2704:
2641:
2629:Roman Catholic Church
2598:
2538:
2413:
2389:Further information:
2376:
2335:
2323:
2285:Further information:
2017:
2002:
1959:
1940:people and so-called
1926:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
1883:
1717:fled or were expelled
1690:Repatriation of Poles
1621:
1548:
1520:
1368:
1345:
1326:
1301:Reich Citizenship Law
1282:
1146:
1088:
1073:
996:
922:subsidiary protection
908:
895:
882:
834:
800:
738:In English, the term
713:
601:Opposition and reform
568:Replacement migration
563:Religious nationalism
289:Diplomatic protection
10681: or countries
10492:By country or region
9730:Class discrimination
8951:. 21 September 2006.
8704:Lamey, Andy (2011).
7384:American Ethnologist
7112:"Injury Facts Chart"
5915:Roggelin et al. 2016
5669:25 July 2019 at the
5357:Nairobi to open 2014
5285:"Refugees solutions"
4983:"Palestine refugees"
4345:Hamed-Troyansky 2024
3914:No person is illegal
3909:Nansen Refugee Award
3845:Emergency evacuation
3817:Conservation refugee
3312:Palestinian refugees
3301:developing countries
3216:Cultural differences
3147:Overcoming obstacles
2581:"irregular movement"
2531:Family reunification
2018:Refugee camp in the
1918:Palestinian refugees
1841:improve this article
1623:Palestinian refugees
1351:Battle of Stalingrad
1057:romantic nationalism
1021:right to seek asylum
944:Refugee resettlement
852:People fleeing from
93:Asia and the Pacific
30:For other uses, see
10213:Vanniar (Chieftain)
9226:. 28 February 2003.
9039:on 17 January 2012.
8432:Universiteit Leiden
8314:on 21 October 2015.
8272:on 14 October 2007.
8131:The Washington Post
7076:Pew Research Center
6537:The Times of Israel
6485:. 30 November 2022.
6459:on 27 November 2020
6438:, pp. 514â525.
6352:2015PLoSO..1031483B
5879:Rowland et al. 2002
5852:, pp. 1309â14.
5838:Geltman et al. 2005
5565:, pp. 232â266.
4931:35.1 (2001): 57â78.
4867:, pp. 252â258.
4689:, pp. 253â275.
4526:Forced displacement
4482:Immigration History
4465:Old fears over 2006
4439:on 26 January 2013.
4429:"Humanisten Nansen"
3415:
2911:sexual exploitation
2462:right to employment
2168:
1886:xenophobic violence
1803:UN Refugee Agencies
1586:population transfer
1576:), Austria and the
1443:eastern territories
1223:Emergency Quota Act
1171:and the subsequent
1049:Peace of Westphalia
965:Refugee integration
872:. Accordingly, the
734:Etymology and usage
476:Migration diplomacy
425:Illegal immigration
314:Permanent residency
44:
10794:18th-century Spain
10648:Standard of living
10352:Upper middle class
10347:Lower middle class
9938:Political prisoner
9720:Chattering classes
9692:Spoon class theory
9506:
9471:CD Edition (2004).
9234:. Wiesbaden. 1958.
9027:on 28 August 2012.
8887:. 19 February 2014
8758:on 2 December 2017
8508:10.1093/rsq/hdw008
8302:. 13 October 2003.
8118:A Terrible Revenge
8109:Nemesis at Potsdam
8094:Crisp, J. (1999).
7002:10.1093/rsq/hdq034
6859:10.19165/2016.1.04
6318:10.1093/jrs/fej019
5927:Fact sheet Malaria
5840:, pp. 585â91.
5828:, pp. 158â64.
5453:§ 1101(a)(42)
5260:Dehghanpisheh 2013
5204:10.1093/rsq/hdq001
4316:10.1111/ijmr.12222
4155:Truth about asylum
3962:Refugee Phrasebook
3413:
3410:by late May 2022.
3360:(1.1 million) and
3342:
3334:Ukrainian refugees
3262:
3107:Vietnamese refugee
3099:state requirements
3081:
3079:of western Ukraine
3077:Zakarpattia Oblast
3019:Refugee employment
2719:
2669:refugee employment
2651:
2643:Ukrainian refugees
2612:
2544:
2502:Refugees who were
2420:
2387:
2342:
2330:
2324:Erstaufnahmelager
2166:
2122:safe third country
2023:
2012:
2007:for refugees from
1966:
1894:
1713:1948 Palestine War
1631:
1558:
1543:
1478:Potsdam Conference
1423:Teheran Conference
1382:
1355:
1340:
1292:
1286:refugees from the
1157:
1099:
1083:
1025:Ăthelberht of Kent
1009:
958:Refugee settlement
952:refugee relocation
810:
731:
614:Immigration reform
550:Political theories
517:Social integration
420:Immigration policy
334:Identity cleansing
69:Sub-Saharan Africa
42:
10863:
10862:
10841:
10840:
10837:
10836:
10674:
10673:
10481:
10480:
10477:
10476:
10473:
10472:
10375:Lumpenproletariat
9877:illegal immigrant
9838:
9837:
9750:Classless society
9554:Media related to
9510:Library resources
9501:
9210:on 30 March 2008.
9113:(11): 2061â2072.
9015:on 24 April 2011.
8963:. 13 August 2007.
8949:The Seattle Times
8801:978-0-87850-094-9
8740:Mahmoud, Hala W.
8715:978-0-385-66255-0
8486:978-0-87169-817-9
8459:978-1-5036-3696-5
8226:(9467): 1309â14.
7238:978-1-107-03669-7
6891:. The Free Press.
6642:978-1-108-49455-7
6449:"Goal 10 targets"
5905:, pp. 103â9.
5891:Karim et al. 2016
5816:, pp. 81â95.
5644:. 12 January 2018
5618:on 26 August 2020
5482:, pp. 71â93.
4782:James D. Morrow,
4562:Spanish Civil War
4502:Nobel Peace Prize
4124:978-1-78990-362-1
3880:Spanish Civil War
3802:
3801:
3269:displaced persons
3230:cultural identity
3210:social alienation
3141:Rohingya refugees
3123:Language barriers
2904:Human trafficking
2807:Oxford University
2791:Boston University
2750:short term memory
2615:World Refugee Day
2591:World Refugee Day
2278:
2277:
2067:Durable solutions
1896:Headquartered in
1873:
1872:
1865:
1602:Soviet occupation
1482:Potsdam Agreement
1402:displaced persons
1360:Spanish Civil War
1262:Nobel Peace Prize
1195:Armenian genocide
1161:League of Nations
1153:Spanish Civil War
1139:League of Nations
1105:in 1685 outlawed
1095:Armenian genocide
1017:ancient Egyptians
880:adopted in 1969:
870:Displaced Persons
858:natural disasters
814:League of Nations
760:, "to flee", and
681:
680:
558:Civic nationalism
531:Acculturation Gap
377:
376:
324:Right to homeland
121:
120:
16:(Redirected from
10903:
10881:Forced migration
10876:Aftermath of war
10853:
10852:
10680:
10581:Mexican-American
10509:
10508:
10500:
10499:
10487:
10486:
10288:
10231:Business magnate
10121:Knowledge worker
10006:
10005:
9894:dual or multiple
9857:
9856:
9844:
9843:
9798:Social exclusion
9793:Social cleansing
9707:
9657:
9656:
9646:Economic classes
9607:
9600:
9593:
9584:
9583:
9563:
9553:
9541:
9502:
9431:
9429:
9427:
9415:
9386:
9384:
9382:
9366:
9357:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9332:
9330:
9320:
9318:
9316:
9303:
9302:
9300:
9286:
9249:
9243:
9235:
9227:
9219:
9211:
9206:. Archived from
9199:
9197:
9195:
9182:
9180:
9178:
9165:
9155:
9130:
9101:
9091:
9081:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9040:
9035:. Archived from
9028:
9023:. Archived from
9016:
9000:
8998:
8996:
8984:
8982:
8980:
8964:
8952:
8940:
8938:
8928:
8916:
8904:
8896:
8894:
8892:
8885:Standard Digital
8876:
8867:
8848:
8838:
8805:
8794:. Darwin Press.
8784:
8782:
8780:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8757:
8751:. Archived from
8746:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8727:. Urban Refugees
8719:
8706:Frontier Justice
8700:
8690:
8680:
8655:
8632:Child Abuse Negl
8626:
8609:(7): 1043â1055.
8597:
8587:
8577:
8552:
8550:
8548:
8532:
8530:
8528:
8511:
8490:
8474:
8463:
8442:
8441:on 16 July 2007.
8440:
8434:. Archived from
8429:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8403:
8393:
8368:
8331:
8315:
8310:. Archived from
8303:
8291:
8289:
8287:
8282:
8273:
8268:. Archived from
8261:
8253:
8235:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8195:
8186:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8121:
8112:
8103:
8090:
8088:
8077:
8068:
8059:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8035:
8024:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8013:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7991:
7980:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7969:
7958:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7936:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7925:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7892:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7881:
7875:
7867:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7833:
7827:
7826:
7819:
7813:
7812:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7733:
7727:
7721:
7715:
7709:
7703:
7697:
7691:
7685:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7674:
7668:
7660:
7651:
7645:
7639:
7638:
7631:
7625:
7624:
7601:The Urban Review
7596:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7574:
7550:
7544:
7530:
7521:
7518:
7512:
7511:
7493:
7473:
7462:
7459:
7442:
7441:
7421:
7415:
7414:
7406:
7400:
7399:
7379:
7373:
7372:
7352:
7343:
7342:
7329:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7264:(4): 1335â1342.
7249:
7243:
7242:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7179:
7170:
7169:
7133:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7085:
7079:
7078: 11 (2016).
7072:
7063:
7062:
7044:
7020:
7014:
7013:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6867:
6861:. Archived from
6848:
6839:
6828:
6827:, pp. 1â22.
6822:
6816:
6815:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6730:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6699:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6591:
6582:(3): 1066â1073.
6567:
6561:
6560:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6539:. 24 March 2022.
6529:
6523:
6522:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6503:. 26 March 2023.
6493:
6487:
6486:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6455:. Archived from
6445:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6373:
6363:
6331:
6322:
6321:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6215:
6202:
6201:
6181:
6172:
6171:
6161:
6159:10.1071/ah050025
6137:
6126:
6125:
6115:
6098:(5): 1305â1312.
6081:
6068:
6067:
6029:
6020:
6019:
6009:
5999:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5953:
5942:
5939:Kolaczinski 2004
5936:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5894:
5893:, pp. 1â12.
5888:
5882:
5876:
5870:
5864:
5853:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5768:
5759:
5758:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5683:
5674:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5608:
5602:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5535:
5529:
5513:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5456:
5455:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5206:
5197:(2â3): 229â252.
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5157:
5148:
5147:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5074:
5063:
5062:
5034:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4941:
4932:
4925:
4919:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4827:
4821:
4818:Forced migration
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4596:www.fmreview.org
4587:
4581:
4580:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4381:(1â2): 134â156.
4366:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4347:, p. 64â65.
4342:
4336:
4335:
4299:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4129:
4128:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4078:. Archived from
4072:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4028:
4022:
4013:" was signed at
4007:
3982:Refugee children
3925:Political asylum
3895:List of refugees
3661:Northern America
3421:(UN major area)
3416:
3412:
3376:at 4.4 million.
3256:Refugee camp in
3162:Educator support
3133:secondary levels
3043:Refugee children
3038:Refugee children
2888:Sudanese refugee
2840:the insecticide
2691:Medical problems
2548:Divided families
2458:peremptory norms
2432:refugee roulette
2383:Tindouf, Algeria
2351:legal definition
2169:
2165:
2097:Voluntary return
2091:Voluntary return
1868:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1825:
1817:
1766:forced migration
1613:Yalta Conference
1431:German surrender
1427:Yalta Conference
1388:). In 1943, the
1313:Munich Agreement
1211:Anatolian Greeks
828:passed the 1951
804:refugee camp in
673:
666:
659:
640:Economic migrant
588:Plurinationalism
583:Multiculturalism
542:Social exclusion
509:Social processes
501:Voluntary return
402:
379:
378:
369:
362:
355:
329:Voluntary return
242:Lost citizenship
123:
122:
55:
48:Total population
45:
43:Refugees in 2024
41:
27:Displaced person
21:
10911:
10910:
10906:
10905:
10904:
10902:
10901:
10900:
10896:Right of asylum
10866:
10865:
10864:
10859:
10833:
10782:
10670:
10642:
10609:
10593:Underprivileged
10535:
10494:
10493:
10469:
10399:
10356:
10316:
10298:
10217:
10135:
10095:
9997:
9952:
9851:
9850:
9834:
9813:Social position
9803:Social mobility
9701:
9651:
9622:
9621:
9611:
9535:
9534:
9533:
9518:
9517:
9513:
9497:
9495:
9439:
9437:Further reading
9434:
9425:
9423:
9380:
9378:
9342:
9340:
9328:
9314:
9312:
9298:
9296:
9237:
9236:
9193:
9191:
9176:
9174:
9066:Malaria Journal
9050:
9048:
8994:
8992:
8978:
8976:
8936:
8890:
8888:
8864:
8802:
8778:
8776:
8761:
8759:
8755:
8744:
8730:
8728:
8716:
8665:Malaria Journal
8546:
8544:
8526:
8524:
8487:
8460:
8438:
8427:
8414:
8412:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8204:
8202:
8175:10.2307/2149110
8151:
8149:
8135:
8133:
8086:
8049:
8044:
8043:
8033:
8031:
8026:
8025:
8021:
8011:
8009:
8004:
8003:
7999:
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7955:
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7933:
7923:
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7916:
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7911:
7901:
7899:
7894:
7893:
7889:
7879:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7868:
7864:
7856:
7852:
7851:
7847:
7839:
7835:
7834:
7830:
7821:
7820:
7816:
7807:
7806:
7802:
7793:
7792:
7788:
7779:
7778:
7774:
7765:
7764:
7760:
7750:
7748:
7735:
7734:
7730:
7722:
7718:
7710:
7706:
7698:
7694:
7686:
7682:
7672:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7661:
7654:
7646:
7642:
7633:
7632:
7628:
7597:
7590:
7551:
7547:
7541:Wayback Machine
7531:
7524:
7519:
7515:
7491:10.1.1.459.5997
7474:
7465:
7460:
7445:
7422:
7418:
7407:
7403:
7380:
7376:
7353:
7346:
7341:. 7 March 2018.
7331:
7330:
7326:
7297:
7293:
7250:
7246:
7239:
7223:
7219:
7180:
7173:
7138:German Politics
7134:
7130:
7120:
7118:
7110:
7109:
7105:
7086:
7082:
7073:
7066:
7021:
7017:
6986:
6982:
6943:
6939:
6900:
6896:
6885:
6881:
6871:
6869:
6868:on 23 July 2020
6865:
6846:
6840:
6831:
6823:
6819:
6776:
6772:
6749:
6745:
6737:
6733:
6725:
6721:
6668:
6664:
6655:
6653:
6643:
6617:
6613:
6568:
6564:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6531:
6530:
6526:
6521:. 4 April 2023.
6513:
6512:
6508:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6477:
6476:
6472:
6462:
6460:
6447:
6446:
6442:
6434:
6430:
6407:10.2307/4065298
6391:
6387:
6346:(7): e0131483.
6332:
6325:
6302:
6298:
6259:
6255:
6216:
6205:
6182:
6175:
6138:
6129:
6082:
6071:
6030:
6023:
5984:Malaria Journal
5976:
5972:
5962:
5960:
5954:
5945:
5937:
5933:
5925:
5921:
5913:
5909:
5901:
5897:
5889:
5885:
5877:
5873:
5865:
5856:
5848:
5844:
5836:
5832:
5824:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5800:
5796:
5769:
5762:
5723:
5719:
5684:
5677:
5671:Wayback Machine
5661:
5657:
5647:
5645:
5636:
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5609:
5605:
5585:
5581:
5573:
5569:
5561:
5557:
5547:
5545:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5524:Wayback Machine
5514:
5503:
5498:. UNHCR. 1979 .
5495:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5478:
5474:
5466:
5459:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5394:
5387:
5379:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5343:
5339:
5331:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5307:
5303:
5293:
5291:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5270:
5266:
5258:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5232:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5183:
5179:
5169:
5167:
5159:
5158:
5151:
5120:10.2307/2547407
5100:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5076:
5075:
5066:
5051:
5035:
5026:
5016:
5014:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4991:
4989:
4981:
4980:
4973:
4942:
4935:
4926:
4922:
4909:Wayback Machine
4899:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4875:
4871:
4863:
4856:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4828:
4824:
4816:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4791:Wayback Machine
4781:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4745:
4741:
4733:
4729:
4721:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4637:
4633:
4623:Wayback Machine
4614:
4610:
4600:
4598:
4588:
4584:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4560:
4556:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4532:
4524:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4500:
4496:
4486:
4484:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4451:
4444:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4367:
4363:
4355:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4300:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4193:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4141:
4132:
4125:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4082:on 19 June 2023
4074:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4046:vol. 171, p. 77
4042:
4038:
4029:
4025:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3977:Right of asylum
3936:Queer migration
3871:Human migration
3812:Asylum shopping
3807:
3420:
3356:(1.6 million),
3350:Afghan refugees
3346:Syrian refugees
3250:
3244:
3238:
3218:
3206:marginalization
3198:Wayback Machine
3149:
3069:
3048:armed conflicts
3040:
3034:
3021:
3015:
3006:
2957:
2906:
2900:
2850:
2825:
2758:traumatic event
2727:
2709:at a clinic in
2699:
2693:
2661:
2656:
2593:
2585:asylum shopping
2576:
2563:
2557:
2555:Right to travel
2533:
2527:
2518:
2516:Non-refoulement
2512:
2476:
2474:Right of return
2470:
2468:Right of return
2454:
2448:
2397:
2371:
2318:
2312:
2289:
2283:
2145:
2139:
2118:
2112:
2099:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2054:
2029:
1997:
1992:
1972:
1954:
1888:and rioting in
1878:
1869:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1838:
1826:
1815:
1807:Main articles:
1805:
1762:
1756:
1754:Refugee studies
1736:Nansen passport
1639:forced laborers
1550:German refugees
1527:Port of Tilbury
1508:Wayback Machine
1493:Wayback Machine
1415:
1277:
1254:Nansen passport
1233:, Italians and
1165:Fridtjof Nansen
1141:
1019:. However, the
991:
985:Right of asylum
981:
941:
902:As of 2011 the
866:right of asylum
795:
778:Edict of Nantes
736:
715:Konrad Schumann
677:
593:Ethnocentricism
573:Social cohesion
486:Right of asylum
481:Non-refoulement
466:Externalization
461:Immigration law
441:Border security
433:History and law
373:
339:Right of return
284:Criminalization
57:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10909:
10899:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10861:
10860:
10858:
10857:
10846:
10843:
10842:
10839:
10838:
10835:
10834:
10832:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10814:Ottoman Empire
10811:
10806:
10801:
10799:Ancient Greece
10796:
10790:
10788:
10784:
10783:
10781:
10780:
10775:
10773:United Kingdom
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10684:
10682:
10676:
10675:
10672:
10671:
10669:
10668:
10666:Home-ownership
10663:
10658:
10652:
10650:
10644:
10643:
10641:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10619:
10617:
10611:
10610:
10608:
10607:
10606:
10605:
10600:
10590:
10589:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10568:
10567:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10545:
10543:
10537:
10536:
10534:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10521:American Dream
10518:
10512:
10506:
10496:
10495:
10483:
10482:
10479:
10478:
10475:
10474:
10471:
10470:
10468:
10467:
10462:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10434:
10425:
10420:
10415:
10409:
10407:
10401:
10400:
10398:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10366:
10364:
10358:
10357:
10355:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10338:
10337:
10326:
10324:
10318:
10317:
10315:
10314:
10308:
10306:
10300:
10299:
10297:
10296:
10289:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10264:
10263:
10258:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10227:
10225:
10219:
10218:
10216:
10215:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10145:
10143:
10137:
10136:
10134:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10117:
10116:
10105:
10103:
10097:
10096:
10094:
10093:
10088:
10087:
10086:
10081:
10080:
10079:
10064:
10063:
10062:
10057:
10049:
10048:
10047:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10026:
10025:
10014:
10012:
10003:
9999:
9998:
9996:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9964:
9962:
9954:
9953:
9951:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9933:Migrant worker
9930:
9925:
9924:
9923:
9913:
9912:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9886:
9885:
9884:
9879:
9869:
9863:
9861:
9853:
9852:
9849:By demographic
9840:
9839:
9836:
9835:
9833:
9832:
9829:Status Anxiety
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9783:Ranked society
9780:
9775:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9725:Class conflict
9722:
9717:
9711:
9709:
9708: topics
9703:
9702:
9700:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9682:Mudsill theory
9679:
9674:
9669:
9663:
9661:
9653:
9652:
9650:
9649:
9642:
9635:
9627:
9624:
9623:
9620:
9619:
9613:
9610:
9609:
9602:
9595:
9587:
9581:
9580:
9575:
9573:UNHCR RefWorld
9548:at Wiktionary
9532:
9531:
9526:
9520:
9519:
9508:
9507:
9494:
9493:External links
9491:
9490:
9489:
9481:UNHCR (2001).
9479:
9472:
9465:
9462:
9451:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9432:
9416:
9387:
9367:
9358:
9349:
9333:
9321:
9304:
9287:
9255:Eur Psychiatry
9250:
9228:
9220:
9212:
9200:
9183:
9166:
9131:
9102:
9057:
9041:
9029:
9017:
9001:
8985:
8965:
8953:
8941:
8929:
8925:Nobelprize.org
8917:
8905:
8897:
8877:
8868:
8862:
8849:
8806:
8800:
8785:
8768:
8737:
8720:
8714:
8701:
8656:
8627:
8598:
8553:
8533:
8523:on 8 June 2008
8512:
8491:
8485:
8464:
8458:
8443:
8421:
8404:
8369:
8332:
8316:
8304:
8292:
8274:
8262:
8254:
8211:
8196:
8187:
8169:(2): 253â275.
8158:
8142:
8122:
8113:
8104:
8091:
8078:
8069:
8060:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8019:
7997:
7975:
7953:
7931:
7909:
7887:
7862:
7845:
7828:
7814:
7800:
7786:
7772:
7758:
7728:
7716:
7704:
7692:
7680:
7652:
7640:
7626:
7588:
7545:
7522:
7513:
7484:(3): 329â364.
7463:
7443:
7416:
7401:
7374:
7363:(3): 377â404.
7344:
7324:
7291:
7244:
7237:
7217:
7190:(4): 585â604.
7171:
7144:(3): 196â212.
7128:
7103:
7080:
7064:
7015:
6980:
6953:(5): 621â645.
6937:
6910:(2): 278â303.
6894:
6879:
6829:
6817:
6790:(5): 817â843.
6770:
6743:
6731:
6719:
6682:(1): 135â165.
6662:
6641:
6611:
6562:
6559:. 20 May 2022.
6542:
6524:
6506:
6488:
6470:
6440:
6428:
6385:
6323:
6312:(2): 158â186.
6296:
6253:
6226:(2): 159â178.
6203:
6173:
6127:
6069:
6042:(4): 576â585.
6021:
5970:
5943:
5941:, pp. 15.
5931:
5919:
5917:, p. 325.
5907:
5895:
5883:
5871:
5854:
5842:
5830:
5818:
5806:
5794:
5783:(2): 219â233.
5760:
5717:
5675:
5655:
5629:
5603:
5579:
5567:
5555:
5530:
5501:
5484:
5472:
5457:
5440:
5426:
5412:
5400:
5385:
5373:
5361:
5349:
5337:
5325:
5313:
5301:
5276:
5264:
5252:
5240:
5218:
5177:
5149:
5094:
5064:
5049:
5024:
5012:Foreign Policy
4999:
4971:
4952:(1): 495â523.
4933:
4920:
4893:
4881:
4869:
4854:
4851:. 31 May 2011.
4837:
4822:
4810:
4798:
4775:
4763:
4751:
4739:
4727:
4715:
4703:
4691:
4679:
4667:
4655:
4643:
4631:
4608:
4582:
4566:
4554:
4542:
4530:
4518:
4506:
4494:
4469:
4457:
4442:
4433:Arkivverket.no
4420:
4408:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4310:(2): 193â216.
4281:
4269:
4255:
4243:
4218:
4187:
4173:
4159:
4147:
4130:
4123:
4093:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4048:
4036:
4023:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3956:Refugee Nation
3953:
3951:Refugee health
3948:
3946:Refugee crisis
3943:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3906:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3400:refugee crisis
3393:denominational
3340:, 5 March 2022
3314:who are under
3277:asylum seekers
3265:Refugee crisis
3242:Refugee crisis
3240:Main article:
3237:
3236:Refugee crisis
3234:
3217:
3214:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3148:
3145:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3068:
3065:
3033:
3030:
3026:canvas ceiling
3014:
3011:
3005:
3004:Representation
3002:
2956:
2953:
2933:Ylva Johansson
2899:
2896:
2883:Afghan refugee
2870:Iraqi refugees
2849:
2846:
2824:
2821:
2726:
2723:
2697:Refugee health
2695:Main article:
2692:
2689:
2677:canvas ceiling
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2601:Syrian refugee
2592:
2589:
2575:
2572:
2559:Main article:
2556:
2553:
2529:Main article:
2526:
2523:
2514:Main article:
2511:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2472:Main article:
2469:
2466:
2450:Main article:
2447:
2446:Refugee rights
2444:
2370:
2367:
2362:Quota refugees
2336:Refugees from
2314:Main article:
2311:
2310:Seeking asylum
2308:
2282:
2281:Refugee status
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2141:Main article:
2138:
2135:
2114:Main article:
2111:
2108:
2104:refused asylum
2095:Main article:
2092:
2089:
2082:Naturalization
2080:Main article:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2056:Main article:
2053:
2050:
2025:Main article:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1953:
1950:
1906:United Nations
1877:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1829:
1827:
1820:
1804:
1801:
1755:
1752:
1732:United Nations
1708:Azerbaijanis.
1678:Soviet Ukraine
1635:Western Europe
1562:ethnic Germans
1539:United Kingdom
1414:
1411:
1317:Czechoslovakia
1290:, October 1938
1276:
1273:
1140:
1137:
1117:, Germany and
1077:refugees from
1013:ancient Greeks
1000:, painting by
980:
977:
940:
937:
917:European Union
826:United Nations
822:Eastern Europe
794:
791:
735:
732:
697:refugee status
695:until granted
679:
678:
676:
675:
668:
661:
653:
650:
649:
648:
647:
642:
634:
633:
629:
628:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
603:
602:
598:
597:
596:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
552:
551:
547:
546:
545:
544:
539:
534:
524:
519:
511:
510:
506:
505:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
435:
434:
430:
429:
428:
427:
422:
417:
409:
408:
404:
403:
395:
394:
388:
387:
375:
374:
372:
371:
364:
357:
349:
346:
345:
344:
343:
342:
341:
336:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
299:Foreign worker
296:
291:
286:
281:
280:
279:
266:
265:
259:
258:
257:
256:
255:
254:
249:
239:
234:
233:
232:
227:
222:
215:Naturalization
212:
211:
210:
205:
200:
187:
186:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
163:
156:
155:
154:
141:
140:
134:
133:
119:
118:
115:
109:
108:
105:
99:
98:
95:
89:
88:
85:
75:
74:
71:
65:
64:
60:
59:
50:
49:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10908:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10873:
10871:
10856:
10848:
10847:
10844:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10791:
10789:
10785:
10779:
10778:United States
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10685:
10683:
10679:Other regions
10677:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10653:
10651:
10649:
10645:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10620:
10618:
10616:
10612:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10595:
10594:
10591:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10573:
10572:
10569:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10551:
10550:
10547:
10546:
10544:
10542:
10538:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10513:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10504:United States
10501:
10497:
10488:
10484:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10410:
10408:
10406:
10402:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10367:
10365:
10363:
10359:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10336:
10333:
10332:
10331:
10328:
10327:
10325:
10323:
10319:
10313:
10310:
10309:
10307:
10305:
10301:
10295:
10294:
10290:
10287:
10286:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10253:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10228:
10226:
10224:
10220:
10214:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10146:
10144:
10142:
10138:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10115:
10112:
10111:
10110:
10107:
10106:
10104:
10102:
10098:
10092:
10089:
10085:
10082:
10078:
10075:
10074:
10073:
10070:
10069:
10068:
10065:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10052:
10050:
10046:
10043:
10042:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10024:
10021:
10020:
10019:
10016:
10015:
10013:
10011:
10007:
10004:
10000:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9955:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9943:Socioeconomic
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9922:
9919:
9918:
9917:
9914:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9887:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9874:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9845:
9841:
9831:
9830:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9818:Social stigma
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9808:Social orphan
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9773:
9768:
9767:
9766:Nouveau riche
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9740:Class traitor
9738:
9736:
9735:Class society
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9704:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9672:Gilbert model
9670:
9668:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9648:
9647:
9643:
9641:
9640:
9636:
9634:
9633:
9629:
9628:
9625:
9618:
9615:
9614:
9608:
9603:
9601:
9596:
9594:
9589:
9588:
9585:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9570:
9569:
9568:at Wikiquote
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9546:
9540:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9477:
9473:
9470:
9466:
9463:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9440:
9421:
9417:
9413:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9388:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9359:
9355:
9350:
9338:
9334:
9327:
9322:
9310:
9305:
9294:
9293:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9261:(2): 158â64.
9260:
9256:
9251:
9247:
9241:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9189:
9184:
9172:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9103:
9099:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9058:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8990:
8986:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8939:. p. 19.
8935:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8869:
8865:
8863:0-679-74475-4
8859:
8855:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8807:
8803:
8797:
8793:
8792:
8786:
8774:
8769:
8754:
8750:
8743:
8738:
8726:
8721:
8717:
8711:
8707:
8702:
8698:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8554:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8522:
8518:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8492:
8488:
8482:
8478:
8473:
8472:
8465:
8461:
8455:
8451:
8450:
8444:
8437:
8433:
8426:
8422:
8410:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8384:(6): 585â91.
8383:
8379:
8375:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8343:(1): 323â39.
8342:
8338:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8212:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8159:
8148:
8143:
8132:
8128:
8123:
8119:
8114:
8110:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8092:
8085:
8084:
8079:
8075:
8070:
8066:
8061:
8057:
8052:
8051:
8029:
8023:
8007:
8001:
7985:
7979:
7963:
7957:
7941:
7935:
7919:
7913:
7897:
7891:
7872:
7866:
7855:
7849:
7838:
7832:
7824:
7818:
7810:
7804:
7796:
7790:
7782:
7776:
7768:
7762:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7732:
7726:, p. 84.
7725:
7720:
7713:
7708:
7701:
7696:
7689:
7684:
7665:
7659:
7657:
7649:
7644:
7636:
7630:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7595:
7593:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7549:
7542:
7538:
7535:
7529:
7527:
7517:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7420:
7412:
7405:
7397:
7393:
7390:(2): 408â18.
7389:
7385:
7378:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7351:
7349:
7340:
7339:
7334:
7328:
7319:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7295:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7248:
7240:
7234:
7230:
7229:
7221:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7178:
7176:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7132:
7117:
7113:
7107:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7084:
7077:
7071:
7069:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7019:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6996:(4): 83â103.
6995:
6991:
6984:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6941:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6898:
6890:
6883:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6826:
6821:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6774:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6747:
6740:
6735:
6728:
6723:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6666:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6615:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6566:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6546:
6538:
6534:
6528:
6520:
6516:
6510:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6484:
6480:
6474:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6437:
6436:Aggrawal 2005
6432:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6389:
6381:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6330:
6328:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6300:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6269:(9383): 575.
6268:
6264:
6257:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6199:
6195:
6192:(4): 155â60.
6191:
6187:
6180:
6178:
6169:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6123:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6028:
6026:
6017:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5974:
5959:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5940:
5935:
5928:
5923:
5916:
5911:
5904:
5899:
5892:
5887:
5880:
5875:
5868:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5851:
5846:
5839:
5834:
5827:
5822:
5815:
5810:
5803:
5802:Holloway 2002
5798:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5767:
5765:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5692:Public Health
5689:
5682:
5680:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5659:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5583:
5576:
5571:
5564:
5559:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5494:
5488:
5481:
5476:
5469:
5464:
5462:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5436:
5430:
5422:
5416:
5409:
5404:
5397:
5392:
5390:
5382:
5377:
5370:
5365:
5358:
5353:
5346:
5345:Schmitt 2014b
5341:
5334:
5333:Schmitt 2014a
5329:
5322:
5321:Goldberg 2001
5317:
5310:
5305:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5273:
5268:
5261:
5256:
5249:
5244:
5228:
5222:
5214:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5181:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5050:9780415715041
5046:
5042:
5041:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5013:
5009:
5003:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4938:
4930:
4924:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4878:
4873:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4847:
4841:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4807:
4802:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4779:
4772:
4767:
4760:
4755:
4748:
4743:
4736:
4731:
4724:
4719:
4712:
4707:
4700:
4695:
4688:
4683:
4676:
4675:de Zayas 2006
4671:
4664:
4663:de Zayas 1977
4659:
4652:
4647:
4640:
4635:
4629:by Mark Wyman
4628:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4612:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4578:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4558:
4551:
4546:
4539:
4534:
4527:
4522:
4515:
4510:
4503:
4498:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4466:
4461:
4454:
4449:
4447:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4417:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4353:
4346:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4279:, p. 19.
4278:
4273:
4265:
4259:
4252:
4247:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4206:
4202:
4201:History Today
4198:
4191:
4183:
4177:
4169:
4163:
4156:
4151:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4067:
4052:
4045:
4040:
4033:
4027:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4002:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:refugee women
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Refugee Radio
3965:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Church asylum
3821:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:asylum seeker
3317:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:acculturation
3054:
3053:socialization
3049:
3044:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3020:
3010:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2905:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2717:, August 2013
2716:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2552:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2405:two processes
2402:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2316:Asylum seeker
2307:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:1967 Protocol
2154:
2150:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2064:
2059:
2058:Urban refugee
2052:Urban refugee
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:(such as the
2038:
2034:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1867:
1864:
1856:
1853:February 2010
1846:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1830:This section
1828:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:Order No. 270
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1336:British India
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:In 1930, the
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:Protestantism
1104:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
986:
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
959:
955:
953:
948:
945:
939:Related terms
936:
932:
928:
925:
923:
918:
912:
907:
905:
899:
894:
892:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
842:
839:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
807:
803:
799:
790:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:
752:
749:
745:
741:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:asylum seeker
690:
686:
674:
669:
667:
662:
660:
655:
654:
652:
651:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
635:
631:
630:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
604:
600:
599:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
554:
553:
549:
548:
543:
540:
538:
535:
532:
528:
527:Acculturation
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
513:
512:
508:
507:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
436:
432:
431:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
411:
410:
406:
405:
401:
397:
396:
393:
390:
389:
385:
381:
380:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
351:
350:
348:
347:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:
264:
261:
260:
253:
250:
248:
247:denaturalized
245:
244:
243:
240:
238:
235:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:transnational
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
194:
191:
190:
189:
188:
185:
182:
181:
174:
173:Birth tourism
171:
170:
169:
168:
164:
162:
161:
160:Jus sanguinis
157:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
144:
143:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
128:
125:
124:
116:
114:
110:
106:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
70:
66:
61:
51:
46:
37:
33:
19:
10829:Soviet Union
10804:Ancient Rome
10661:Homelessness
10586:Upper Middle
10458: /
10439: /
10430: /
10395:Working poor
10291:
10278:Robber baron
10101:Intellectual
10091:Royal family
10055:Ancient Rome
9909:second-class
9881:
9827:
9770:
9769: /
9764:
9760:High society
9667:Elite theory
9644:
9637:
9630:
9617:Social class
9544:
9536:
9514:
9475:
9458:
9443:
9424:. Retrieved
9395:
9391:
9379:. Retrieved
9374:
9341:. Retrieved
9313:. Retrieved
9297:, retrieved
9291:
9258:
9254:
9231:
9208:the original
9192:. Retrieved
9175:. Retrieved
9143:
9139:
9110:
9106:
9069:
9065:
9049:. Retrieved
9037:the original
9025:the original
9013:the original
9008:
8993:. Retrieved
8977:. Retrieved
8972:
8960:
8948:
8924:
8912:
8889:. Retrieved
8884:
8872:
8853:
8821:(2): 103â9.
8818:
8814:
8790:
8777:. Retrieved
8760:. Retrieved
8753:the original
8748:
8729:. Retrieved
8705:
8668:
8664:
8638:(1): 81â95.
8635:
8631:
8606:
8602:
8565:
8561:
8545:. Retrieved
8540:
8525:. Retrieved
8521:the original
8502:(3): 71â93.
8499:
8495:
8470:
8448:
8436:the original
8431:
8413:. Retrieved
8381:
8377:
8340:
8336:
8323:
8312:the original
8300:Radio Prague
8299:
8284:. Retrieved
8270:the original
8223:
8219:
8203:. Retrieved
8166:
8162:
8150:. Retrieved
8134:. Retrieved
8130:
8117:
8108:
8099:
8082:
8073:
8055:
8032:. Retrieved
8022:
8010:. Retrieved
8000:
7988:. Retrieved
7978:
7966:. Retrieved
7956:
7944:. Retrieved
7934:
7922:. Retrieved
7912:
7900:. Retrieved
7890:
7878:. Retrieved
7865:
7848:
7831:
7817:
7803:
7789:
7775:
7761:
7749:. Retrieved
7740:
7731:
7719:
7707:
7700:Edwards 2016
7695:
7683:
7671:. Retrieved
7643:
7629:
7604:
7600:
7582:10419/197465
7562:
7558:
7548:
7516:
7481:
7477:
7429:
7425:
7419:
7410:
7404:
7387:
7383:
7377:
7360:
7356:
7336:
7327:
7308:
7304:
7294:
7261:
7257:
7247:
7227:
7220:
7187:
7183:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7119:. Retrieved
7115:
7106:
7089:
7083:
7075:
7035:(1): 33â51.
7032:
7028:
7018:
6993:
6989:
6983:
6950:
6946:
6940:
6907:
6903:
6897:
6888:
6882:
6870:. Retrieved
6863:the original
6850:
6820:
6787:
6783:
6773:
6756:
6746:
6734:
6722:
6697:10419/185072
6679:
6675:
6665:
6654:, retrieved
6624:
6614:
6579:
6575:
6565:
6554:
6545:
6536:
6527:
6518:
6509:
6501:The Guardian
6500:
6491:
6482:
6473:
6463:23 September
6461:. Retrieved
6457:the original
6452:
6443:
6431:
6401:(2): 40â53.
6398:
6394:
6388:
6343:
6339:
6309:
6305:
6299:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6223:
6219:
6189:
6185:
6152:(1): 25â29.
6149:
6145:
6095:
6089:
6039:
6033:
5987:
5983:
5973:
5961:. Retrieved
5934:
5922:
5910:
5898:
5886:
5874:
5845:
5833:
5821:
5809:
5797:
5780:
5777:Kriminologie
5776:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5695:
5691:
5658:
5646:. Retrieved
5641:
5632:
5620:. Retrieved
5616:the original
5606:
5594:
5590:
5582:
5570:
5558:
5548:28 September
5546:. Retrieved
5542:
5533:
5487:
5480:Higgins 2016
5475:
5443:
5429:
5415:
5403:
5376:
5364:
5352:
5340:
5328:
5316:
5304:
5292:. Retrieved
5288:
5279:
5267:
5255:
5243:
5231:. Retrieved
5221:
5194:
5190:
5180:
5168:. Retrieved
5164:
5111:
5107:
5097:
5085:. Retrieved
5081:
5039:
5015:. Retrieved
5011:
5002:
4990:. Retrieved
4986:
4949:
4945:
4928:
4923:
4915:
4911:
4896:
4884:
4872:
4840:
4825:
4813:
4808:, p. 2.
4801:
4793:
4778:
4766:
4754:
4742:
4735:Forced Labor
4730:
4718:
4706:
4694:
4687:Elliott 1973
4682:
4670:
4658:
4651:Naimark 1995
4646:
4634:
4626:
4611:
4599:. Retrieved
4595:
4585:
4575:
4569:
4557:
4545:
4533:
4521:
4509:
4497:
4485:. Retrieved
4481:
4472:
4460:
4437:the original
4432:
4423:
4418:, p. 1.
4416:Hassell 1991
4411:
4378:
4374:
4364:
4352:
4340:
4307:
4303:
4272:
4258:
4246:
4234:. Retrieved
4230:
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4204:
4200:
4190:
4176:
4162:
4150:
4106:
4096:
4084:. Retrieved
4080:the original
4070:
4051:
4039:
4031:
4026:
4005:
3920:Open borders
3839:Emergencybnb
3434:
3397:
3378:
3344:Among them,
3343:
3336:fleeing the
3309:
3263:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3188:
3180:
3173:affirmations
3150:
3129:
3112:
3103:
3090:
3082:
3041:
3022:
3007:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:scapegoating
2970:
2958:
2941:prostitution
2936:
2926:
2915:
2907:
2898:Exploitation
2892:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2851:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2777:
2762:
2743:
2728:
2720:
2681:
2666:
2662:
2626:
2622:Refugee Week
2619:
2613:
2580:
2577:
2564:
2545:
2519:
2501:
2477:
2455:
2439:
2436:
2421:
2398:
2360:
2355:
2343:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2146:
2130:
2127:Sadako Ogata
2119:
2100:
2085:
2070:
2061:
2030:
2027:Refugee camp
2009:Sierra Leone
1995:Refugee camp
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1914:resettlement
1895:
1890:South Africa
1859:
1850:
1839:Please help
1834:verification
1831:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1770:World War II
1763:
1744:
1721:
1710:
1706:
1675:
1643:Ostarbeiters
1632:
1606:
1582:West Germany
1574:East Germany
1559:
1554:East Prussia
1541:during 1945.
1454:East Prussia
1451:
1416:
1392:created the
1383:
1372:refugees in
1356:
1306:
1294:The rise of
1293:
1269:human rights
1266:
1247:
1243:Soviet Union
1220:
1204:
1181:
1158:
1127:Russian Jews
1115:South Africa
1100:
1089:One million
1064:
1039:was sent to
1010:
997:
971:
970:
964:
963:
957:
956:
951:
949:
942:
933:
929:
926:
914:
909:
901:
896:
888:
883:
851:
844:
835:
818:World War II
811:
761:
757:
750:
743:
739:
737:
727:West Germany
723:East Germany
684:
682:
490:
451:Repatriation
318:
165:
158:
127:Legal status
87:12.4 million
56:35.3 million
39:Ethnic group
36:
10748:New Zealand
10465:Untouchable
10390:Proletariat
10380:Pea-pickers
10330:Bourgeoisie
10018:Aristocracy
9904:naturalized
9899:native-born
9398:(1): 1â22.
9299:7 September
8979:25 December
8731:18 December
8568:(1): 1â12.
8136:18 December
8047:Works cited
7724:Bassel 2012
7607:(1): 1â25.
5963:11 February
5814:Khamis 2005
5698:: 102â109.
5599:A/RES/55/76
5309:Markus 2014
5233:18 December
5170:19 December
5087:19 December
4992:19 December
4902:"Foreword."
4865:Morris 2001
4550:Gelber 1993
4487:7 September
4021:and Turkey.
3876:La Retirada
3828:Deportation
3798:10,489,800
3771:20,360,562
3768:20,445,899
3765:20,650,315
3762:21,326,917
3759:29,413,033
3532:10,111,523
3520:12,271,919
3398:An ongoing
3293:South Sudan
3289:Afghanistan
3258:South Sudan
2945:pornography
2765:Palestinian
2452:Refugee law
2287:Refugee Act
2274:57,321,197
2271:32,274,600
2237:29,429,078
2234:14,385,300
2033:governments
1946:seek asylum
1711:During the
1682:Curzon Line
1676:Poland and
1598:Berlin Wall
1470:Brandenburg
1466:Mecklenburg
1419:Curzon Line
1309:Sudetenland
1288:Sudetenland
1151:during the
1132:Balkan Wars
1061:nationalism
1053:sovereignty
1029:Middle Ages
1002:UroĹĄ PrediÄ
793:Definitions
787:World War I
632:Causes
537:Persecution
456:Deportation
446:Citizenship
392:Immigration
263:Immigration
193:Citizenship
184:Nationality
107:2.4 million
97:6.8 million
73:7.0 million
18:War refugee
10886:Population
10870:Categories
10738:Luxembourg
10628:Inequality
10293:Superclass
10084:Hereditary
10060:Post-Roman
10051:Patrician
9921:adolescent
9745:Classicide
9476:"Refugees"
9381:13 October
9072:(1): 325.
8547:13 October
8205:26 October
7688:Unhcr 2015
7673:11 January
7432:(3): 398.
7311:: 88â102.
7092:(Report).
6825:Weiss 1999
6739:Crisp 1999
6263:The Lancet
5990:(1): 325.
5733:. 104470.
5591:Resolution
5563:Lamey 2011
5408:UNHCR 2015
5114:(2): 610.
5017:3 February
4211:18 January
4103:"Refugees"
4062:References
3865:Homo sacer
3795:10,396,600
3792:10,549,700
3789:10,404,800
3786:10,498,000
3783:11,699,300
3780:14,385,300
3777:17,187,488
3774:19,941,347
3606:1,613,400
3579:2,760,771
3576:2,958,113
3573:3,000,709
3570:3,189,403
3567:8,728,098
3559:5,706,400
3529:9,892,341
3526:9,753,909
3523:9,845,603
3512:2,332,900
3485:6,775,502
3482:6,803,799
3479:7,064,848
3476:7,483,184
3473:7,545,579
3246:See also:
3036:See also:
3017:See also:
3013:Employment
2966:terrorists
2902:See also:
2859:primaquine
2842:permethrin
2816:prevalence
2803:meta-study
2735:depression
2356:officially
2268:17,670,400
2265:14,697,900
2262:14,442,200
2259:12,794,300
2231:10,498,000
2228:10,549,700
2225:10,489,800
2216:10,594,100
2213:12,129,600
2210:11,480,900
2003:A camp in
1758:See also:
1694:Ukrainians
1191:Asia Minor
983:See also:
748:Old French
721:, fleeing
294:Expatriate
147:Birthplace
138:Birthright
83:North Asia
10763:Sri Lanka
10656:Education
10623:Household
10516:Affluence
10451:Rat tribe
10413:Ant tribe
10385:Precariat
10370:Lazzaroni
10312:Bohemians
10273:Overclass
10268:Old money
10204:Spartiate
10179:Kshatriya
10169:Hashashin
10126:Professor
10067:Political
10040:Oligarchy
10030:Hanseaten
9948:Stateless
9928:Convicted
9860:By status
9823:Subaltern
9755:Euthenics
9687:New class
9412:146249937
9240:cite book
9162:0738-8942
9146:: 65â88.
8973:unhcr.org
8365:0075-8744
8357:1758-437X
8152:21 August
7751:3 October
7621:151360887
7508:145725106
7486:CiteSeerX
7286:225129140
7278:0003-0554
7212:143485932
7204:0739-3148
7166:144993061
7158:0964-4008
7051:1478-1158
7010:1020-4067
6975:153556065
6967:0305-0629
6932:144981657
6924:0141-9870
6812:211355603
6804:0022-0027
6765:1715-5673
6714:169331047
6706:0197-9183
6651:216605573
6606:233649843
6598:0003-0554
6556:USA Today
5755:203656224
5543:ohchr.org
5294:26 August
5213:1020-4067
5144:150244760
5128:0197-9183
5059:842364630
4966:146314135
4403:144090544
4395:0261-9288
4332:216204168
4324:1468-2370
4227:"Refugee"
3998:Footnotes
3603:1,628,100
3600:1,587,400
3597:1,534,400
3594:1,522,100
3591:1,152,800
3588:1,500,500
3585:2,300,833
3582:2,602,942
3556:5,620,500
3553:5,715,800
3550:5,104,100
3547:5,060,100
3544:6,317,500
3541:7,942,100
3538:8,608,597
3535:9,945,930
3509:2,300,100
3506:2,408,700
3503:2,924,100
3500:3,068,300
3497:3,377,700
3494:4,126,800
3491:5,531,693
3488:6,687,326
3389:sectarian
3385:religious
3285:Venezuela
3085:immigrant
3067:Obstacles
3061:immigrant
3032:Education
2962:militants
2951:(OSCE)."
2937:USA Today
2918:"weapons"
2326:Jenfelder
2256:5,426,500
2253:4,646,600
2250:5,998,500
2247:5,063,900
2222:9,877,700
2219:9,574,800
2172:End-year
2041:Red Cross
1962:Nur Shams
1938:stateless
1458:Pomerania
1349:refugees
1332:Balachadi
1205:The 1923
1199:Assyrians
1186:who left
1184:Armenians
1173:civil war
1111:Huguenots
1091:Armenians
989:Sanctuary
950:The term
766:Huguenots
252:renounced
10891:Refugees
10855:Category
10787:Historic
10708:Colombia
10698:Cambodia
10633:Personal
10531:Mobility
10460:Freedman
10446:Plebeian
10432:Prisoner
10418:Commoner
10304:Creative
10285:Seigneur
10251:Nobility
10209:Vanniyar
10194:Pendekar
10154:Cossacks
9788:Snobbery
9660:Theories
9566:Refugees
9556:Refugees
9545:Refugees
9356:. UNHCR.
9275:15797701
9127:12406471
9098:27316351
8845:10756143
8697:15191614
8652:15664427
8623:12406471
8594:26809063
8400:15939860
8320:"France"
8250:23060431
8242:15823380
7745:Archived
7743:. 2022.
7537:Archived
7338:NBC News
7121:29 March
7059:55876637
6872:29 March
6656:21 April
6519:CNE News
6483:Euractiv
6423:10343292
6380:26201017
6340:PLOS ONE
6291:45829685
6283:12938671
6240:19187568
6168:15683352
6122:25331684
6056:24293090
6016:27316351
5747:31610408
5712:29576228
5667:Archived
5520:Archived
5449:8 U.S.C.
4918:, JSTOR.
4905:Archived
4787:Archived
4625:, from:
4619:Archived
4266:. UNHCR.
4015:Lausanne
3833:Diaspora
3805:See also
3709:Oceania
3704:453,200
3677:427,350
3674:446,151
3671:453,804
3668:473,211
3665:507,782
3655:350,300
3628:215,924
3625:255,501
3622:305,887
3619:265,306
3616:292,860
3370:Colombia
3354:Pakistan
3194:Archived
3184:pedagogy
2605:Istanbul
2603:girl in
2541:Circle A
2328:Moorpark
2207:Refugees
2159:and the
1667:Red Army
1649:and the
1504:Archived
1489:Archived
1425:and the
1241:and the
1045:Voltaire
762:refugium
725:towards
578:Nativism
384:a series
382:Part of
220:Ius Doni
203:multiple
167:Jus soli
113:Americas
10758:Romania
10753:Nigeria
10638:Poverty
10541:Classes
10526:History
10437:Peasant
10423:Outcast
10362:Working
10342:Burgher
10199:Samurai
10189:OcÄlĹtl
10149:Chhetri
10141:Warrior
10131:Scholar
10045:Russian
10035:Magnate
10023:Aristoi
10002:By type
9889:Citizen
9882:refugee
9778:Poverty
9772:Parvenu
9706:Related
9677:Marxian
9639:Stratum
9515:Refugee
9485:UNHCR,
9426:19 July
9422:. UNHCR
9343:19 July
9315:7 March
9311:. UNHCR
9283:5689933
9190:. UNHCR
9173:. UNHCR
9089:4912711
9051:19 July
9047:. UNHCR
8995:20 June
8975:. UNHCR
8891:18 June
8836:2640853
8775:. UNHCR
8723:Learn.
8585:4725727
8411:. UNHCR
8286:7 March
8183:2149110
7116:nsc.org
7098:2842277
6415:4065298
6371:4511805
6348:Bibcode
6248:5595013
6198:8840732
6113:4405449
6064:5638148
6007:4912711
5648:2 April
5622:24 July
5597:.
5423:. 2022.
5272:Mahmoud
5229:. UNHCR
5136:2547407
4601:9 March
4170:. 1584.
4086:19 June
3751:33,600
3724:69,492
3721:89,994
3718:71,158
3715:70,210
3712:66,795
3701:444,900
3698:430,100
3695:429,600
3692:425,800
3689:424,000
3686:416,400
3683:370,291
3680:391,907
3652:367,400
3649:373,900
3646:377,800
3643:380,700
3640:382,000
3637:352,700
3634:322,403
3631:252,288
3564:Europe
3470:Africa
3358:Lebanon
3303:, with
3297:Myanmar
3152:homes:
2829:malaria
2823:Malaria
2811:surveys
2780:Bosnian
2754:amnesia
2746:anxiety
2739:suicide
2627:In the
2379:Sahrawi
2338:Vietnam
1797:refugee
1627:Galilee
1592:. (See
1535:England
1462:Silesia
1347:Russian
1188:Turkish
1123:pogroms
1119:Prussia
1075:Turkish
979:History
862:poverty
746:, from
740:refugee
729:in 1962
689:country
685:refugee
491:Refugee
407:General
319:Refugee
304:Illegal
198:missing
131:persons
117:800,000
10713:France
10693:Belize
10688:Africa
10615:Income
10571:Middle
10564:Gentry
10428:Outlaw
10335:Petite
10322:Middle
10256:Landed
10241:Gentry
10174:Knight
10114:Priest
10109:Clergy
10072:Family
10010:Ruling
9959:collar
9916:Clique
9632:Status
9512:about
9410:
9281:
9273:
9194:9 July
9177:9 July
9160:
9125:
9096:
9086:
8860:
8843:
8833:
8798:
8779:9 July
8762:9 July
8712:
8695:
8688:434525
8685:
8671:: 15.
8650:
8621:
8592:
8582:
8527:22 May
8483:
8456:
8415:9 July
8398:
8363:
8355:
8248:
8240:
8220:Lancet
8181:
8034:15 May
8012:15 May
7990:15 May
7968:15 May
7946:15 May
7924:15 May
7902:15 May
7619:
7506:
7488:
7284:
7276:
7235:
7210:
7202:
7164:
7156:
7096:
7057:
7049:
7008:
6973:
6965:
6930:
6922:
6810:
6802:
6763:
6712:
6704:
6649:
6639:
6604:
6596:
6421:
6413:
6378:
6368:
6289:
6281:
6246:
6238:
6196:
6166:
6120:
6110:
6062:
6054:
6014:
6004:
5753:
5745:
5710:
5593:
5451:
5211:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5057:
5047:
4964:
4538:France
4401:
4393:
4330:
4322:
4236:15 May
4121:
4019:Greece
3756:Total
3748:35,600
3745:33,800
3742:34,800
3739:41,000
3736:45,300
3733:46,800
3730:53,671
3727:60,954
3419:Region
3305:Turkey
3260:, 2016
3208:, and
3202:trauma
2715:Jordan
2711:Ramtha
2654:Issues
2647:Poland
2633:Pius X
2609:Turkey
2393:, and
2304:rights
2005:Guinea
1922:Israel
1910:return
1898:Geneva
1892:, 2008
1738:or a "
1655:SMERSH
1651:Vlasov
1556:, 1945
1474:Saxony
1374:Tehran
1370:Polish
1328:Polish
1296:Nazism
1081:, 1913
1079:Edirne
911:order.
898:order.
824:, the
808:, 2005
802:Darfur
758:fugere
751:refuge
744:refuge
705:asylum
79:Europe
10809:Aztec
10768:Tibet
10743:Nepal
10733:Italy
10723:India
10718:Haiti
10703:China
10603:Under
10598:Lower
10576:Black
10559:Donor
10554:Black
10549:Upper
10456:Slave
10405:Under
10261:Petty
10236:Elite
10223:Upper
10164:Harii
10159:CuÄuh
9993:White
9973:Green
9872:Alien
9715:Caste
9408:S2CID
9329:(PDF)
9279:S2CID
8937:(PDF)
8756:(PDF)
8745:(PDF)
8439:(PDF)
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