567:). This analysis led to the understanding that the United States did not have the resources to fight a two-front war. As a result, it was decided that one front should be prioritized for offense while the other was to be defensive, for war against British territories in North America and the Atlantic and against Britain and Japan in the Pacific respectively. This decision resulted in the Plan Dog memo during World War II, replacing Britain with Germany and Italy instead.
320:
Japan took the opportunity afforded by World War I to establish itself as a major strategic power in the
Pacific Ocean. Most American officials and planners then considered a war with Japan to be highly likely. The fear lessened when the civilian government of Japan temporarily halted its program of
440:
accused the newspapers of unpatriotic behavior and suggested it would be a dereliction of duty for the War
Department not to plan for every contingency. Germany publicly ridiculed the plan the next day, doubting "whether the entire world shipping would be sufficient to transport 5,000,000 troops to
168:
in the 1920s and were entirely in keeping with the military planning of other nation-states. Often, junior military officers were given the task of updating each plan to keep them trained and busy (especially in the case of War Plan
Crimson, the invasion of Canada). Some of the war plan colors were
973:
If Hitler had stuck with his original decision and acted to frustrate the objectives of the
Victory Program, he could have freed a hundred divisions from the eastern front for a Mediterranean offensive. could have turned the Mediterranean into a German lake and frustrated the Allied plan to seize
453:
vehemently rejected that idea. Historian Thomas
Fleming suggests that Germany might have prevailed against the UK and the US if he had not. The source of the leak has never been determined, with speculation listing several possibilities, including disgruntled or isolationist military officers and
48:
to utilize the same symbols for their plans gave rise to the use of colors in US war planning. By the end of 1904, the Joint Board had adopted a system of hues, symbols, and shorthand names to represent nations. Many war plans became known by the color of the country to which they were related, a
352:), American war planners realized that the United States faced war on multiple fronts against a coalition of enemies. Therefore, the Joint Planning Board developed a new series of "Rainbow" plans—the term being a logical extension of the previous "color" plans.
172:
Although the US had fought its most recent war against
Germany and would fight another within twenty years, intense domestic pressure emerged for the Army to halt when it became known that the Army was constructing a plan for a war with Germany;
297:, American generals did not rule out the possibility of Britain wanting to seek an alliance with Japan again if war ever broke out. Theories developed in War Plan Red-Orange were useful during World War II, when the United States engaged the
974:
Africa and attack Europe from the south. The catastrophic German defeat at
Stalingrad would never have occurred, and the Allied attempt to invade Europe at any point, particularly across the English Channel, would have been much more costly.
373:
Rainbow 5, destined to be the basis for
American strategy in World War II, assumed that the United States was allied with Britain and France and provided for offensive operations by American forces in Europe, Africa, or
444:
Privately, the German general staff saw the publication of the plans as extremely valuable intelligence and used its threat of a five-million-man US force in 1943 to argue for temporarily stalling the faltering
23:
developed a number of color-coded war plans that outlined potential US strategies for a variety of hypothetical war scenarios. The plans, developed by the Joint
Planning Committee (which later became the
76:
alone, outlined unofficially in 1919 and officially in 1924. Orange formed some of the basis for the actual campaign against Japan in World War II and included the huge economic blockade from mainland
436:
The publication ignited a storm of controversy in the US, with isolationist politicians claiming
Roosevelt was violating his pledge to keep the country out of the European war, while Secretary of War
601:
Involved war with Mexico or what was known as "Mexican Domestic Intervention" in order to defeat rebel forces and establish a pro-American government. War Plan Green was officially canceled in 1946.
682:
820:
801:
1572:
241:
helped turn American opinion against Germany and further poisoned the atmosphere between the US and Mexico. Relations with Mexico remained tense into the 1920s and 1930s.
709:
War Plan Gray (WPL-47). National Archives at College Park, Record Group 225.2: Records of the Joint Board (1903 - 1947), Joint Board File No. 325 (War Plans), Serial 694.
1658:
177:
opposed any consideration of involvement in a future European conflict. This may have encouraged the Army to focus on more speculative scenarios for planning exercises.
153:
289:
against Britain and Japan. This was the contingency which most worried US war planners, since it entailed a two-ocean war against major naval powers. Although the 1902
483:
There were two war plans named Gray. The first dealt with Central America and the Caribbean, and the second dealt with invading the Portuguese Azores.
1565:
1653:
1416:. Security Classified Correspondence of the Joint Army-Navy Board, compiled 1918 - 03/1942, documenting the period 1910 - 03/1942. War Department
1346:. Security Classified Correspondence of the Joint Army-Navy Board, compiled 1918 - 03/1942, documenting the period 1910 - 03/1942. War Department
1209:. Security Classified Correspondence of the Joint Army-Navy Board, compiled 1918 - 03/1942, documenting the period 1910 - 03/1942. War Department
1186:. Security Classified Correspondence of the Joint Army-Navy Board, compiled 1918 - 03/1942, documenting the period 1910 - 03/1942. War Department
1163:. Security Classified Correspondence of the Joint Army-Navy Board, compiled 1918 - 03/1942, documenting the period 1910 - 03/1942. War Department
1086:. Security Classified Correspondence of the Joint Army-Navy Board, compiled 1918 - 03/1942, documenting the period 1910 - 03/1942. War Department
997:
693:
563:
Considered a two-front war with the United States (Blue) opposing the Empire of Japan (Orange) and the British Empire (Red) simultaneously (the
370:
Rainbow 4 was based on the same assumptions as Rainbow 1 but extended the American mission to include defense of the entire Western hemisphere.
367:
Rainbow 3 was a repetition of the Orange plan, with the provision that the hemisphere defense would first be secured, as provided in Rainbow 1.
747:
1643:
1558:
337:
285:
Some plans were expanded to include war against a coalition of hostile powers. The most detailed was War Plan Red-Orange, which detailed a
812:
577:(1899–1901). War Plan Yellow would deploy the US Army in coalition with other imperial forces to suppress indigenous discontent in the
364:
Rainbow 2 was identical to Rainbow 1, except for assuming that the United States would be allied with France and the United Kingdom.
1487:
475:
fell, and the Germans attempted to seize the French West Indies in the Caribbean Sea, or launch an attack on the eastern seaboard.
229:
to resign the presidency. In 1917, British intelligence intercepted a telegram from the German foreign ministry to its embassy in
321:
military expansion, but it was resumed in 1931. War Plan Orange was the longest and most detailed of the color-designated plans.
643:, the general US military plan for civil disturbances and peaceful protests. Parts of War Plan White were used to deal with the
1495:
1142:
940:
837:
471:
A plan for war with Germany. The best-known version of Black was conceived as a contingency plan during World War I in case
867:
218:
191:
53:. As the convention of using colors took root, some were eventually reused, such as Grey, which originally referred to
785:
578:
174:
77:
81:
425:
s Washington correspondent, Chesly Manly, revealed plans to build a 10-million-man Army with a five-million-man
727:
612:
32:
in favor of five "Rainbow" plans developed to meet the threat of a two-ocean war against multiple enemies.
357:
Rainbow 1 was a plan for a defensive war to protect the United States and the Western Hemisphere north of
341:
277:. In doing so, parts of "Gray" and "Purple", plans were considered although never officially activated.
234:
20:
1481:
58:
897:
325:
198:
considered sending an expeditionary force to protect foreign-owned property from damage during the
1010:
1663:
1037:. Instructional Records, compiled 1921 - 1940, documenting the period 1864 - 1940. War Department
755:
608:
582:
564:
290:
206:
165:
1462:. Top Secret Correspondence Relating to Mobilization Plans, compiled 1922 - 1942. War Department
1439:. Top Secret Correspondence Relating to Mobilization Plans, compiled 1922 - 1942. War Department
1393:. Top Secret Correspondence Relating to Mobilization Plans, compiled 1922 - 1942. War Department
1255:. Top Secret Correspondence Relating to Mobilization Plans, compiled 1922 - 1942. War Department
1232:. Top Secret Correspondence Relating to Mobilization Plans, compiled 1922 - 1942. War Department
1109:. Top Secret Correspondence Relating to Mobilization Plans, compiled 1922 - 1942. War Department
1063:. Top Secret Correspondence Relating to Mobilization Plans, compiled 1922 - 1942. War Department
932:
926:
616:
402:
233:
offering an alliance against the United States and assistance in the Mexican reconquest of the
1134:
657:
Covered defensive plans and preparations that the United States should take in times of peace.
734:
640:
472:
426:
412:
145:
25:
1648:
446:
214:
8:
1034:
Session: Problems and Exercises, Blue and Orange Series, Blue and Black Series, 1914-1915
690:
Records of the Joint Board (1903 - 1947), Joint Board File No. 325 (War Plans), Serial 19
358:
238:
195:
901:
345:
250:
199:
149:
85:
45:
41:
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1158:
1104:
1081:
1058:
1032:
809:
Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, NND 968133, Box 22 & 23
651:
insurgents were considered the most likely threat by the authors of War Plan White.
539:
437:
417:
349:
333:
203:
127:
54:
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586:
574:
554:
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222:
73:
69:
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of Washington, D.C., published the Rainbow Five plan. The articles, both by the
1612:
1592:
1520:
1365:
634:
504:
466:
133:
107:
95:
16:
Plans in the 1920s and 1930s outlining US strategies for various war scenarios
1637:
1597:
692:. National Archives at College Park, Record Group 225.2. 2004. Archived from
478:
380:
314:
286:
254:
140:. The best-known version of Black was conceived as a contingency plan during
137:
960:
1607:
662:
498:
450:
430:
384:
310:
210:
130:, at the time a free state within the British Empire, was named "Emerald".
91:
50:
29:
379:
The assumptions and plans for Rainbow 5 were discussed extensively in the
361:. In such a war, the United States was assumed to be without major allies.
533:
521:
298:
230:
141:
123:
115:
644:
202:. Thus, War Plan Green was developed. In 1916, US troops under General
1305:
Behind the Gas Mask: The U.S. Chemical Warfare Service in War and Pace
383:, which concluded ultimately that the United States would adhere to a
309:
Not to be confused with the British early Cold War military codenames
1517:"Germany First: The Basic Concept of Allied Strategy in World War II"
648:
527:
508:
329:
274:
119:
811:. National Archives at College Park, Record Group 38. Archived from
607:
Involved an occupation of Iceland. In 1941, while Denmark was under
253:
and World War I, the American military intervened in the affairs of
872:. Center of Military History Department of the Army. Archived from
573:
Dealt with war in China—specifically, anticipating a repeat of the
258:
99:
164:
Many of the war plans were extremely unlikely given the state of
515:
262:
111:
103:
62:
57:
but eventually became a plan for the capture and occupation of
1525:. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 70-7.
639:
Dealt with a domestic uprising in the US and later evolved to
1275:
Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps
1130:
Guardians of Empire: The U.S. Army and the Pacific, 1902-1940
778:
War Plan Orange: The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945
266:
595:
Involved war with France and/or France's Caribbean colonies.
1544:"AlternateWars.com: Interwar Period (Scans of US Warplans)"
1083:
694. Basic Plan for Capture and Occupation of Azores (Gray)
998:"Historian: FDR probably engineered famous WWII plans leak"
270:
1229:
Red-Orange [British Empire-Japanese Empire], 2963
65:. In all the plans, the US referred to itself as "Blue".
72:, a series of contingency plans for fighting a war with
28:), were officially withdrawn in 1939 at the outbreak of
1580:
802:"Navy Basic Plan Red, Volume I (WPL-22), February 1931"
169:
revised over time, possibly resulting in confusion.
1273:
Millett, Allan Reed (1991). "The Marines in China".
401:
On December 4, 1941, three days before the Japanese
1370:. Center of Military History Department of the Army
1659:20th-century military history of the United States
68:The plan that received the most consideration was
726:John H. Bradley, Thomas E. Griess, Jack W. Dice,
301:in both the Atlantic and Pacific simultaneously.
1635:
429:to be sent to Europe in 1943 in order to defeat
328:in 1937 and events in Europe in 1938—1940 (the
1060:Gray [Central America, Caribbean], 2877
1053:
1051:
958:
892:
890:
462:The following plans are known to have existed:
449:, and concentrating German forces in the west.
1133:. University of North Carolina Press. p.
954:
952:
625:Dealt with invading a South American republic.
192:relations between Mexico and the United States
106:had war plans of different shades of red: the
1566:
1459:Blue [US Peacetime Preparedness], 616
1106:Brown [Philippines], 1473-1 to 1473-8
683:"Symbols used to represent foreign countries"
390:
1307:. University of Illinois Press. p. 129.
1048:
887:
661:No war plan has been constructed toward the
507:, with specific subvariants for the British
1303:Faith, Thomas (2014). "Legacy, 1926-1929".
949:
835:
194:were often volatile. In 1912, US President
1623:For plans without their own articles, see
1573:
1559:
732:The Second World War: Asia and the Pacific
489:Dealt with an uprising in the Philippines.
1436:White [Domestic Emergency], 947-3
280:
1624:
148:fell and the Germans attempted to seize
1272:
921:
780:. United States Naval Institute Press.
675:
441:Europe, much less supply them there."
237:. Released to American newspapers, the
1654:Foreign relations of the United States
1636:
1514:
775:
748:"US Color Coded War Plans (1904-1939)"
719:
717:
715:
457:
1554:
1302:
769:
615:, relieving British units during the
217:; earlier, American naval forces had
1519:. In Kent Roberts Greenfield (ed.).
1479:
1390:Purple [South America], 3078
1287:
1277:. Simon & Schuster. p. 225.
1126:
794:
703:
1644:United States color-coded war plans
1582:United States color-coded war plans
1363:
865:
712:
338:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
313:, or the cryptographic hash system
13:
1508:
454:even President Roosevelt himself.
14:
1675:
1530:
1000:, UPI Archives, December 2, 1987.
579:Shanghai International Settlement
185:
159:
1486:. Taylor & Francis. p.
304:
244:
19:During the 1920s and 1930s, the
1473:
1450:
1427:
1404:
1381:
1357:
1334:
1311:
1296:
1281:
1266:
1252:Yellow [China], 3479-13
1243:
1220:
1197:
1174:
1151:
1120:
1097:
1074:
1025:
1003:
991:
979:
915:
94:was a plan for war against the
49:convention that lasted through
859:
829:
740:
728:United States Military Academy
154:attack on the eastern seaboard
152:in the Caribbean or launch an
1:
668:
1483:American War Plans 1945-1950
754:. 2017-04-04. Archived from
447:invasion of the Soviet Union
7:
1292:. Lynne Rienner. p. 2.
415:'s War Plans!", along with
293:was terminated by the 1921
180:
10:
1680:
1160:456. Intervention Plan Tan
836:Angela Chen (2015-11-11).
776:Miller, Edward S. (1991).
394:
391:Leak of the Rainbow 5 plan
387:strategy in World War II.
308:
213:, whose army had attacked
21:United States Armed Forces
1621:
1588:
1290:U.S. War Plans: 1938-1945
931:. Vintage Books. p.
645:Bonus Expeditionary Force
35:
988:, December 6, 1941, p. 3
959:Fleming, Thomas (1987).
583:Beijing Legation Quarter
326:Second Sino-Japanese War
136:was a plan for war with
1515:Morton, Louis (2000) .
1183:274. Tentative Plan Red
1127:Linn, B. M. A. (2000).
565:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
342:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
324:However, following the
291:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
166:international relations
631:Covered Latin America.
617:Battle of the Atlantic
611:, the US actually did
403:attack on Pearl Harbor
377:
281:Multilateral war plans
1288:Ross, Steven (2002).
928:Eagle Against the Sun
735:Square One Publishers
641:Operation Garden Plot
495:Intervention in Cuba.
411:, with the headline "
359:ten degrees latitude
354:
257:countries, including
26:Joint Chiefs of Staff
1480:Ross, S. T. (2013).
1206:280. War Plan Orange
1013:. GlobalSecurity.org
730:, Dept. of History:
221:the Mexican port of
219:bombarded and seized
215:Columbus, New Mexico
209:Mexico in search of
1625:List of color plans
1343:571. War Plan Green
560:War Plan Red-Orange
458:List of color plans
427:expeditionary force
239:Zimmermann Telegram
196:William Howard Taft
40:The desire for the
1539:, War Plan Crimson
1011:"War Plan Rainbow"
986:The New York Times
923:Spector, Ronald H.
902:Globalsecurity.org
898:"War Plan Rainbow"
876:on January 9, 2008
842:TheMorningNews.org
823:2012-04-25 at the
346:invasion of Poland
251:American Civil War
200:Mexican Revolution
190:During the 1910s,
150:French possessions
80:and the plans for
1631:
1630:
1522:Command Decisions
1497:978-0-7146-5305-1
1367:Command Decisions
1323:. Avalanche Press
1144:978-0-8078-6301-5
965:American Heritage
942:978-0-394-74101-7
869:Command Decisions
752:AlternateWars.com
609:German occupation
295:Four-Power Treaty
227:Victoriano Huerta
86:Japanese American
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844:. Archived from
833:
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744:
738:
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587:chemical weapons
540:Irish Free State
438:Henry L. Stimson
418:The Times Herald
334:Munich Agreement
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
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1634:
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1603:War Plan Orange
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1509:Further reading
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825:Wayback Machine
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628:War Plan Violet
622:War Plan Purple
604:War Plan Indigo
570:War Plan Yellow
555:Empire of Japan
549:War Plan Orange
460:
408:Chicago Tribune
399:
397:Victory Program
393:
344:and the German
318:
307:
283:
247:
188:
183:
162:
122:"Scarlet", and
70:War Plan Orange
38:
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12:
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5:
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1664:Military plans
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1613:War Plan White
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1593:War Plan Black
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1570:
1563:
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1531:External links
1529:
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1504:
1503:
1496:
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1403:
1380:
1364:Roberts, Ken.
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1320:Game Plan Gold
1310:
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1196:
1173:
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1002:
990:
978:
961:"The Big Leak"
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914:
886:
866:Roberts, Ken.
858:
838:"War Plan Red"
828:
818:on 2016-11-19.
793:
786:
768:
739:
711:
702:
699:on 2016-11-19.
673:
672:
670:
667:
659:
658:
655:
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637:
635:War Plan White
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
613:occupy Iceland
605:
602:
599:
598:War Plan Green
596:
593:
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575:Boxer Uprising
571:
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505:British Empire
501:
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486:War Plan Brown
484:
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467:War Plan Black
459:
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395:Main article:
392:
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375:
371:
368:
365:
362:
350:Western Europe
306:
303:
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255:Latin American
246:
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187:
186:War Plan Green
184:
182:
179:
161:
160:Considerations
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134:War Plan Black
108:United Kingdom
96:British Empire
37:
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848:on 2017-05-11
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787:0-87021-759-3
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758:on 2017-10-17
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592:War Plan Gold
591:
589:if necessary.
588:
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553:Plan for the
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503:Plan for the
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315:Rainbow table
312:
311:Rainbow Codes
305:Rainbow plans
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287:two-front war
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245:Beyond Mexico
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1608:War Plan Red
1581:
1521:
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1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1458:
1452:
1441:. Retrieved
1435:
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1418:. Retrieved
1412:
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1005:
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917:
905:. Retrieved
878:. Retrieved
874:the original
868:
861:
850:. Retrieved
846:the original
841:
831:
813:the original
808:
796:
777:
771:
760:. Retrieved
756:the original
751:
742:
737:, Inc., 2002
731:
723:
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694:the original
689:
677:
663:Soviet Union
660:
499:War Plan Red
492:War Plan Tan
461:
451:Adolf Hitler
443:
435:
431:Nazi Germany
422:
416:
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400:
385:Europe first
378:
323:
319:
284:
249:Between the
248:
211:Pancho Villa
189:
171:
163:
132:
92:War Plan Red
90:
88:population.
67:
51:World War II
39:
30:World War II
18:
1649:Color codes
1137:(Note 49).
1017:10 February
907:February 5,
534:New Zealand
299:Axis powers
231:Mexico City
225:and forced
142:World War I
124:New Zealand
114:"Crimson",
110:was "Red",
1638:Categories
1466:2011-12-03
1443:2011-12-03
1420:2011-12-03
1397:2011-11-29
1374:2011-07-19
1350:2011-11-29
1327:2015-04-16
1259:2011-11-29
1236:2011-12-02
1213:2011-11-29
1190:2011-12-03
1167:2011-12-03
1113:2011-11-29
1090:2011-12-03
1067:2011-11-29
1041:2011-11-29
880:2011-07-19
852:2018-08-13
762:2018-08-13
669:References
126:"Garnet".
98:. British
649:Communist
647:in 1932.
538:Emerald:
528:Australia
526:Scarlet:
514:Crimson:
509:dominions
330:Anschluss
275:Nicaragua
235:Southwest
120:Australia
100:dominions
82:interning
925:(1985).
821:Archived
532:Garnet:
423:Tribune'
413:F. D. R.
259:Colombia
223:Veracruz
181:Americas
144:in case
118:"Ruby",
104:colonies
59:Portugal
585:, with
207:invaded
138:Germany
128:Ireland
1494:
1141:
939:
784:
520:Ruby:
516:Canada
473:France
405:, the
340:, the
336:, the
332:, the
273:, and
263:Panama
146:France
112:Canada
63:Azores
36:Colors
971:(8).
816:(PDF)
805:(PDF)
697:(PDF)
686:(PDF)
522:India
374:both.
267:Haiti
116:India
78:China
74:Japan
55:Italy
1492:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1019:2011
937:ISBN
909:2022
782:ISBN
581:and
348:and
271:Cuba
102:and
84:the
46:Navy
44:and
42:Army
1488:181
1135:285
724:p26
433:.
61:'s
1640::
1490:.
1050:^
969:38
967:.
963:.
951:^
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933:59
900:.
889:^
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807:.
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714:^
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665:.
511::
269:,
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1574:e
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317:.
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