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1738:"… within a few years, large parts of the key economic forces, intellectuals, opinion-makers and middle classes changed from left to right, trading the unfulfilled utopia of a developing and civic republicanism for notions of "order," "stability" and "security." For many who had helped, supported or simply cheered the Republic in 1910, hoping that the new political situation would repair the monarchy’s flaws (government instability, financial crisis, economic backwardness and civic anomie), the conclusion to be drawn, in the 1920s, was that the remedy for national maladies called for much more than the simple removal of the king … The First Republic collapsed and died as a result of the confrontation between raised hopes and meager deeds."
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1377:, the Minister of Justice, the revolution immediately targeted the Catholic Church; the provisional government began devoting its entire attention to an anti-religious policy, in spite of the disastrous economic situation. On 8 October the religious orders in Portugal were expelled, and their property was confiscated. On 10 October – five days after the inauguration of the Republic – the new government decreed that all convents, monasteries and religious orders were to be suppressed. All residents of religious institutions were expelled and their goods were confiscated. The
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1746:"Despite its overall failure, the First Republic endowed twentieth-century Portugal with an insurpassable and enduring legacy—a renewed civil law, the basis for an educational revolution, the principle of separation between State and Church, the overseas empire (only brought to an end in 1975), and a strong symbolic culture whose materializations (the national flag, the national anthem and the naming of streets) still define the present-day collective identity of the Portuguese. The Republic’s prime legacy was indeed that of memory."
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1143:. What happened was the opposite, Portugal's financial difficulties prevented it from forming an adequate contingent for the war, and the armed forces were not prepared for a fight on a European scale, which is why internal criticism of Portugal's entry into the war caused ideological differences to widen. The lack of consensus on Portugal's participation in the war made possible the emergence of two dictatorships, led by
1390:. In addition, the ringing of church bells to signal times of worship was subjected to certain restraints, and the public celebration of religious feasts was suppressed. The government also interfered in the running of seminaries, reserving the right to appoint professors and determine curricula. This whole series of laws authored by
1138:
decreed in 1917 was not subject to national consensus and it was not possible to mobilize the population, even more so there was hostility towards entering the war when
Portugal had to send a contingent of almost 12,000 soldiers to France and colonial troops from Germany invaded the Portuguese colony
1111:
remained the main political force of the
Republic. The opposition forces began to use violence as a method to get closer to power, as there was no truly democratic political and parliamentary tradition, while almost all political factions were fighting for radical transformations that would end the
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and everyone's desire to monopolize power caused the virtual absence of stability in the nation's government. Several different formulas were tried, including single-party governments, coalitions and presidential executives but none of them had any effect, causing the use of force to be considered
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won again by an absolute majority, but discontent with this situation did not disappear. There were many accusations of political corruption, and the opposition's attacks increased. At the same time, all political parties suffered from infighting, especially the ruling party. The party system was
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In the mid-1920s the national and international political scene was favorable to the emergence of an authoritarian solution, through which a strengthened government could impose public order and restore the political situation. The armed forces, whose political interest had increased due to the
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and decrees followed each other in rapid succession. On 3 November, a law legalizing divorce was passed and then there were laws to recognize the legitimacy of children born outside wedlock, authorize cremation, secularize cemeteries, suppress religious teaching in the schools and prohibit the
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a unique opportunity to achieve its objectives: to end to the threat of an invasion by Spain and foreign occupation of the colonies, and within the internal level, creating a national consensus around the regime and even around the party. These domestic objectives were not achieved, since
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The power vacuum created after the assassination of Sidónio Pais on 14 December 1918 led the country into a brief civil war. In northern
Portugal the restoration of the monarchy was proclaimed on 9 January 1919 and four days later a monarchical insurrection took place in
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had sent them to fight when The military themselves warned that they were not ready to fight, they were approaching the conservative forces, considering the reactionary military as "the last bastion" of order against the chaos that was developing throughout the country.
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refused to resist the coup, allowing authority to pass into the hands of the army. With this began a military dictatorship that would maintain the formal structure of the
Republic, but whose authoritarianism would slowly lead to the autocratic regime known as
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and tried to govern in a charismatic way. Attempts were made to abolish traditional parties and alter the existing model of national representation in parliament (which was said to exacerbate divisions within the
Homeland), through the creation of a
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1330:, were preserved. The president used his new power to resolve the government crisis of May 1921, appointing the Liberal Party (the result of the postwar merger between the Evolutionists and the Unionists) to prepare for the next election.
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with little power in the hands of the president and a bicameral system. The republic caused important fractures in
Portuguese society, especially between the monarchical rural population, the unions and the Catholic Church. Even the
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which condemned the anticlericalism of the new republic for its deprivation of religious civil liberties and the "incredible series of excesses and crimes which has been enacted in
Portugal for the oppression of the Church."
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persecuting unions and labor movements. Sidónio Pais also attempted to restore public order, turning the republic into a more acceptable model for the monarchists and
Catholics who still remained a political force.
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coordinated the repression of the uprisings using military personnel loyal to the regime and armed civilians. After a series of confrontations with the monarchists, they were definitively defeated in
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took place, a coup d'état by the armed forces supported by almost all the political parties that had given up on their plans to establish a stable government and conferred that mission on the army.
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It was during this republican restoration that a reform was attempted to provide the regime with greater stability. In August 1918 a conservative
President was elected –
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There were links between conservative politicians and military officials, who added their political and corporate demands to the situation. Finally, on 28 May 1926 the
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Most historians have emphasized the failure and collapse of the republican dream by the 1920s. José Miguel
Sardica in 2011 summarized the consensus of historians:
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was the number one enemy of individualist middle-class radicalism and must be completely broken as a source of influence in Portugal." Under the leadership of
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and a single party, the "National Republican Party", as well as the attribution of functions to its leader. The state carried out an economic policy
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1187:), contained certain elements of modernization, but said regime preached some of the political solutions that would be used by the dictatorships
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that had emerged from the polls was not really stable. The presidents' opposition to single-party governments that disagreed with the
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Leal, Ernesto Castro. "Parties and political identity: the construction of the party system of the Portuguese Republic (1910–1926)."
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The First Portuguese Republic was an unstable period in the History of Portugal. In a period of 16 years (1910–1926) Portugal had 8
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return to government and emerge triumphant in the elections that took place during that year, winning them by an absolute majority.
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Sardica, José Miguel. "The Memory of the Portuguese First Republic throughout the Twentieth Century,"
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and the Third Portuguese Republic would be established and democracy established in the country.
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culminated in the law of Separation of Church and State, which was passed on 20 April 1911.
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would remain in power without interruptions until 1974, when it would be overthrown by the
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1369:. Historian Stanley Payne points out, "The majority of Republicans took the position that
1349:"the only way" for the opposition to prevail if it wanted to enjoy the fruits of the can.
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of the 1920s and 1930s. Sidónio Pais tried to rescue traditional values, especially the
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Sardica, however, also points up the lasting effects of the republican experiment:
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As had happened with the coup d'état of Sidónio Pais in 1917, the population of
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did not try to protect the Republic, and the left parties themselves and their
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The Memory of the Portuguese First Republic throughout the Twentieth Century
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Bernardino Machado, last president of the First Portuguese Republic.
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After the republican uprising of 5 October 1910 that overthrew King
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2011:
1977:
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were forced to forfeit their Portuguese citizenship. A series of
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1068:, a republican constitution was approved in 1911, inaugurating a
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was divided. The most conservative sector separated to form the
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1204:
559:
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1399:"hostile" approach to the issue of church and state separation
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1929:
Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Portuguese revolution of 1910."
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on 13 February 1919. This military victory allowed the
1022:(national dictatorship) that would be followed by the
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United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
1941:
Republican Portugal: a political history, 1910–1926
1718:Evaluation of the republican experiment and legacy
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1857:IAMDUDUM: ON THE LAW OF SEPARATION IN PORTUGAL
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2836:States and territories disestablished in 1926
1962:
1516:and whose leaders had not forgotten that the
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1397:The republicans were anticlerical and had a
1038:The sixteen years of the First Republic saw
1479:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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2831:States and territories established in 1910
1969:
1955:
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1338:discredited because the government of the
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2801:Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula
1913:(London: Haus Publishing, 2010); 227 pp.
1499:Learn how and when to remove this message
1296:Learn how and when to remove this message
1112:immobility that had characterized to the
16:1910–1926 republic in Southwestern Europe
1832:. trans. Jodi Bruhn. Routledge. p.
1802:"Portugal – The First Republic, 1910–26"
1724:
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993:) spans a complex 16-year period in the
2806:Former countries of the interwar period
1829:Totalitarianism and Political Religions
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1099:after this split, unlike the previous
1976:
1950:
1825:
1477:adding citations to reliable sources
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1274:adding citations to reliable sources
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442:Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
1713:List of Prime Ministers of Portugal
1316:had joined during the war with the
1012:. The latter movement instituted a
13:
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1733:dates back to the First Republic.
1365:The First Republic was intensely
1220:. A republican coalition, led by
999:period of constitutional monarchy
700:Imperial decline, war, and revolt
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1089:. Despite those secessions, the
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820:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso
655:War of the Portuguese Succession
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2139:History of Portugal (1777–1834)
1921:E-Journal of Portuguese History
1904:E-journal of Portuguese History
1870:E-Journal of Portuguese History
1789:A history of Spain and Portugal
1566:, 1 Provisional Government, 45
1060:Portugal in the First World War
135:The Portuguese Republic in 1914
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1862:
1850:
1819:
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1129:) saw in the beginning of the
177:Unitary parliamentary republic
1:
2821:Political history of Portugal
2771:History of Portugal by polity
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1558:Heads of state and government
1528:Portuguese Revolution of 1926
1136:participation in the conflict
983:Primeira República Portuguesa
2791:Anti-Catholicism in Portugal
1943:(U of Wisconsin Press, 1999)
1909:Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro De.
1411:Spanish Constitution of 1931
1407:Mexican Constitution of 1917
1319:Portuguese Republican Party
1105:proclamation of the Republic
782:Portugal during World War II
610:Portuguese House of Burgundy
580:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
7:
1519:Portuguese Republican Party
1360:
1346:Portuguese Republican Party
1341:Portuguese Republican Party
1335:Portuguese Republican Party
1231:Portuguese Republican Party
1127:Portuguese Republican Party
1101:Portuguese Republican Party
1091:Portuguese Republican Party
1050:Early years of the Republic
1033:António de Oliveira Salazar
750:Portugal during World War I
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2761:Modern history of Portugal
1710:
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1564:Presidents of the Republic
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1326:that had been restored by
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530:Roman conquest of Hispania
2826:Republicanism in Portugal
2756:First Portuguese Republic
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1997:
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1931:Journal of Modern History
1923:(Summer 2011) 9#1: 1–27.
1906:7#1 (2009): 37–44. Online
1429:royalist attack on Chaves
1172:December 1917 coup d'état
1147:(January – May 1915) and
1056:5 October 1910 Revolution
1003:5 October 1910 revolution
997:, between the end of the
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2449:Exclusive Economic Zone
2336:Administrative divisions
1859:Papal Encyclicals Online
1427:The Republic repelled a
1151:(1917–1918), called the
535:Romanization of Hispania
298:Congress of the Republic
2164:Constitutional monarchy
1806:Encyclopedia Britannica
1684:António José de Almeida
1441:Decline of the Republic
1436:Portugal in World War I
1310:António José de Almeida
826:Transition to democracy
794:Portuguese Colonial War
715:Constitutional Monarchy
695:Great Lisbon earthquake
179:(1910-1918, 1918-1926)
2816:Military dictatorships
2467:Science and technology
2134:1761 Lisbon earthquake
2129:1755 Lisbon earthquake
1748:
1740:
1734:
1666:João do Canto e Castro
1633:(1915–1917; 1925–1926)
1579:Presidents of Portugal
1546:in the year 1932. The
1417:issued the encyclical
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1167:
1086:Republican Union Party
1031:(new state) regime of
982:
645:Portuguese Renaissance
282:António Maria da Silva
29:
2169:Republican Revolution
2114:Treaty of Tordesillas
2099:Portuguese golden age
2084:1383–1385 interregnum
1886:José Miguel Sardica.
1744:
1736:
1728:
1702:Manuel Teixeira Gomes
1570:and 1 Constitutional
1355:
1161:
1014:military dictatorship
745:Monarchy of the North
188:presidential republic
151:Common languages
2663:World Heritage Sites
2199:Carnation Revolution
1939:Wheeler, Douglas L.
1826:Maier, Hans (2004).
1764:Continental Portugal
1552:Carnation Revolution
1473:improve this section
1270:improve this section
1238:Search for stability
1070:parliamentary regime
987:República Portuguesa
814:Carnation Revolution
665:Dutch-Portuguese War
266:João Pinheiro Chagas
30:República Portuguesa
2766:Portuguese Republic
2728: /
2074:Kingdom of Portugal
2068:Manifestis Probatum
1401:, like that of the
1093:(commonly known as
995:history of Portugal
991:Portuguese Republic
937:Portugal portal
323:Chamber of Deputies
25:Portuguese Republic
2477:Telecommunications
2154:Liberal Revolution
2057:County of Portugal
1774:, official in the
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1630:Bernardino Machado
1413:. On 24 May 1911,
1383:anti-Catholic laws
1358:
1314:Evolutionist Party
1168:
1080:Evolutionist Party
635:Imperial expansion
600:County of Portugal
555:Visigothic Kingdom
520:Prehistoric Iberia
318:• Lower house
306:• Upper house
233:Bernardino Machado
105:("The Portuguese")
90:("Order and Work")
2781:1920s in Portugal
2776:1910s in Portugal
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2398:Political parties
2351:Foreign relations
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2089:Treaty of Windsor
1933:(1972): 172–194.
1776:Portuguese Empire
1594:Manuel de Arriaga
1509:
1508:
1501:
1405:, and the future
1403:French Revolution
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1145:Pimenta de Castro
1114:House of Braganza
1019:Ditadura Nacional
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844:COVID-19 pandemic
776:Ditadura Nacional
705:Transfer of Court
690:House of Braganza
650:Portuguese Empire
595:Almoravid dynasty
525:Pre-Roman Peoples
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455:Ditadura Nacional
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403:Portuguese escudo
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273:• 1925–1926
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225:• 1925–1926
218:Manuel de Arriaga
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210:• 1911–1915
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2796:Anti-clericalism
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2732:38.700°N 9.183°W
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2439:Economic history
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1096:Democratic Party
1075:Republican Party
1040:eight presidents
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912:Madeiran history
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836:Financial crisis
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628:Age of Discovery
615:1383–1385 Crisis
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1897:Further reading
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1731:Portuguese flag
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1443:
1438:
1386:wearing of the
1363:
1302:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1267:
1251:
1240:
1209:interventionist
1174:
1131:First World War
1062:
1052:
967:
931:
929:
917:
916:
907:Azorean history
902:
892:
891:
862:
852:
851:
846:
838:
809:
799:
798:
770:
768:Second Republic
760:
759:
735:
725:
724:
720:1910 Revolution
685:Restoration War
680:
670:
669:
630:
620:
619:
575:
565:
564:
515:
493:
486:
460:
435:
406:
401:
397:
394:Portuguese real
378:
365:
352:
319:
307:
296:
280:
277:
262:
229:
214:
180:
136:
124:
109:
106:
104:
89:
78:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
59:
41:
34:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2854:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2737:38.700; -9.183
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:Stock Exchange
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2204:Third Republic
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2174:First Republic
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2144:Peninsular War
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1879:
1877:(1): pp. 1–27.
1861:
1849:
1842:
1818:
1793:
1780:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1719:
1716:
1711:Main article:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1577:Main article:
1559:
1556:
1507:
1506:
1457:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1362:
1359:
1304:
1303:
1254:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1179:, also called
1153:President-King
1051:
1048:
1001:marked by the
985:; officially:
969:
968:
966:
965:
958:
951:
943:
940:
939:
926:
925:
919:
918:
915:
914:
909:
903:
898:
897:
894:
893:
863:
858:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
841:
833:
831:Third Republic
828:
823:
816:
810:
807:Third Republic
805:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
791:
784:
779:
771:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
740:First Republic
736:
733:First Republic
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
681:
676:
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
631:
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
576:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
557:
552:
550:Suebic Kingdom
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
516:
511:
510:
507:
506:
498:
497:
488:
487:
480:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
457:
448:
445:
444:
439:
427:
426:
421:
411:
410:
391:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
376:Disestablished
373:
370:
369:
368:21 August 1911
366:
360:
357:
356:
355:5 October 1910
353:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
330:
329:Historical era
326:
325:
320:
317:
314:
313:
308:
305:
302:
301:
294:
290:
289:
286:
285:
278:
272:
269:
268:
263:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
244:Prime Minister
240:
239:
236:
235:
230:
224:
221:
220:
215:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
192:
191:
174:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
134:
126:
125:
107:
92:
91:
80:
79:
74:
67:
66:
60:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
43:
42:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2853:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Iberian Union
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Consolidation
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1883:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1845:
1843:0-7146-8529-1
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1791:(1973) 2: 559
1790:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1612:Teófilo Braga
1606:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1503:
1500:
1492:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1458:This section
1456:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:anti-clerical
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1300:
1297:
1289:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1255:This section
1253:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:totalitarians
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1044:45 ministries
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
964:
959:
957:
952:
950:
945:
944:
942:
941:
938:
928:
927:
924:
921:
920:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
901:
896:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
856:
855:
845:
842:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
821:
817:
815:
812:
811:
808:
803:
802:
795:
792:
790:
789:
785:
783:
780:
778:
777:
773:
772:
769:
764:
763:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
734:
729:
728:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
679:
674:
673:
666:
663:
661:
660:Iberian Union
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
640:House of Aviz
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
624:
623:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:
569:
568:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
514:
509:
508:
504:
500:
499:
496:
490:
489:
484:
479:
478:
458:
456:
453:
452:
449:
443:
440:
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
412:
404:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
377:
371:
367:
364:
358:
354:
351:
345:
341:
338:
334:
331:
327:
324:
321:
315:
312:
309:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
270:
267:
264:
255:
251:
247:
245:
241:
237:
234:
231:
222:
219:
216:
207:
203:
199:
197:
193:
189:
186:
183:
178:
175:
171:
168:
165:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
132:
127:
103:
102:
97:
93:
88:
85:
81:
71:
63:
57:
49:
44:
38:
31:
22:
19:
2713:
2601:Architecture
2573:Prostitution
2538:Homelessness
2518:Demographics
2434:Central bank
2376:Human rights
2341:Constitution
2194:Overseas War
2173:
2159:Liberal Wars
2066:
1940:
1930:
1920:
1911:Afonso Costa
1910:
1903:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1852:
1828:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1758:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1729:The current
1721:
1648:Sidónio Pais
1571:
1561:
1547:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1510:
1495:
1486:
1471:Please help
1459:
1426:
1418:
1396:
1392:Afonso Costa
1375:Afonso Costa
1364:
1339:
1332:
1328:Sidónio Pais
1317:
1313:
1307:
1292:
1283:
1268:Please help
1256:
1229:
1214:
1196:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1164:Sidónio Pais
1152:
1149:Sidónio Pais
1126:
1125:(officially
1120:
1118:
1109:Afonso Costa
1094:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1063:
1037:
1026:
1017:
1008:
1007:28 May 1926
990:
986:
974:
972:
818:
786:
774:
739:
710:Liberal Wars
424:Succeeded by
423:
418:
363:Constitution
258:• 1911
101:A Portuguesa
99:
95:
86:
84:Motto:
83:
75:Coat of arms
18:
2735: /
2548:Immigration
2523:Drug policy
2429:Agriculture
2305:Earthquakes
2189:Estado Novo
2179:World War I
2109:Renaissance
2017:Lusitanians
2007:Oestriminis
1705:(1923–1925)
1687:(1919–1923)
1669:(1918–1919)
1597:(1911–1915)
1548:Estado Novo
1544:Estado Novo
1415:Pope Pius X
1371:Catholicism
1222:José Relvas
1202:corporatist
1185:Diciembrism
1028:Estado Novo
1024:corporatist
1009:coup d'état
847:(2020–2023)
839:(2010–2014)
788:Estado Novo
605:Reconquista
492:History of
419:Preceded by
381:29 May 1926
350:Established
333:World War I
293:Legislature
2750:Categories
2623:Literature
2393:Parliament
2356:Government
2184:28 de Maio
2052:Al-Andalus
1873:. (2011).
1751:References
1434:See also:
1181:Dezembrism
1170:See also:
1162:President
1141:Mozambique
1107:), led by
1054:See also:
979:Portuguese
678:Bragantine
585:Al-Andalus
173:Government
167:Portuguese
162:Demonym(s)
155:Portuguese
37:Portuguese
2633:Monuments
2553:Languages
2528:Education
2487:Transport
2403:President
2361:Judiciary
2346:Elections
2310:Volcanoes
2275:Mountains
2258:Geography
2047:Visigoths
2027:Gallaecia
2022:Lusitania
1890:. (2011).
1489:July 2024
1460:does not
1431:in 1912.
1286:July 2024
1257:does not
1183:(Spanish
1066:Manuel II
1016:known as
545:Gallaecia
540:Lusitania
407:1911–1926
398:1910–1911
196:President
46:1910–1926
2698:Category
2648:Religion
2558:Naturism
2388:Military
2324:Politics
2235:Language
2225:Military
2213:By topic
2079:Monarchs
2032:Hispania
2012:Ophiussa
1999:Timeline
1982:articles
1978:Portugal
1935:in JSTOR
1420:Iamdudum
1409:and the
1361:Religion
1324:Holy See
1193:fascists
1177:Sidonism
1083:and the
1005:and the
923:Timeline
885:Military
873:Language
865:Archives
573:Medieval
494:Portugal
483:a series
481:Part of
390:Currency
337:Interwar
185:Sidonist
2720:38°42′N
2682:Outline
2658:Symbols
2611:Cuisine
2593:Culture
2568:Poverty
2543:Housing
2501:Society
2482:Tourism
2457:Fishing
2417:Economy
2295:Regions
2285:Islands
2220:Economy
1990:History
1915:excerpt
1811:16 July
1787:Payne,
1768:Madeira
1481:removed
1466:sources
1388:cassock
1379:Jesuits
1312:(whose
1278:removed
1263:sources
1103:to the
900:Regions
881:Judaism
869:Economy
513:Ancient
374:•
361:•
348:•
260:(first)
212:(first)
182:Unitary
141:Capital
96:Anthem:
2723:9°11′W
2703:Portal
2606:Cinema
2563:People
2533:Health
2462:Mining
2444:Energy
2300:Rivers
2270:Cities
2104:Empire
1980:
1925:online
1840:
1772:Azores
1651:(1918)
1615:(1915)
1539:unions
1535:Lisbon
1226:Oporto
1218:Lisbon
1205:senate
1197:Pátria
560:Spania
485:on the
311:Senate
275:(last)
248:
227:(last)
200:
190:(1918)
145:Lisbon
98:
33:
2689:Index
2653:Sport
2638:Music
2628:Media
2583:Women
2513:Crime
2451:(EEZ)
2290:Lakes
2230:Music
2037:Suebi
1572:Junta
889:Music
860:Topic
2616:Wine
2578:Time
2381:LGBT
2042:Buri
1838:ISBN
1813:2021
1770:and
1762:(in
1464:any
1462:cite
1333:The
1261:any
1259:cite
1191:and
1119:The
1058:and
1042:and
973:The
877:LGBT
62:Flag
2366:Law
1834:106
1475:by
1272:by
1139:of
2752::
1836:.
1804:.
1766:,
1574::
1155:.
1116:.
1035:.
989:,
981::
887:-
883:-
879:-
875:-
871:-
867:-
335:,
1970:e
1963:t
1956:v
1875:9
1846:.
1815:.
1778:)
1502:)
1496:(
1491:)
1487:(
1483:.
1469:.
1299:)
1293:(
1288:)
1284:(
1280:.
1266:.
1166:.
977:(
962:e
955:t
948:v
409:)
405:(
400:)
396:(
39:)
35:(
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