Interwar period - Knowledge

879: 1015: 1673: 84: 1218: 1085: 711: 1157: 2310: 1852: 2512: 1784: 1979: 177: 1380: 1400: 2021: 1550: 1558: 521: 45: 2131:. This text asserted that maritime position determined a nation's independence: countries with free access to the high seas were independent; while those who lacked this, were not. Italy, which only had access to an inland sea without French and British acquiescence, was only a "semi-independent nation", and alleged to be a "prisoner in the Mediterranean": 1097:

military strategy was a heavy dependence on imports including 100 per cent of the aluminium, 85 per cent of the iron ore, and especially 79 per cent of the oil supplies. It was one thing to go to war with China or Russia, but quite another to be in conflict with the key suppliers, especially the United States, Britain, and the Netherlands, of oil and iron.

1329:, was on the defensive, but it received significant help from the Soviet Union and Mexico. Led by Great Britain and France, and including the United States, most countries remained neutral and refused to provide armaments to either side. The powerful fear was that this localised conflict would escalate into a European conflagration that no one wanted. 2341:. Three weeks later, Mussolini told Ciano that he intended for an Italian takeover of Albania. Mussolini professed that Italy would only be able to "breathe easily" if it had acquired a contiguous colonial domain in Africa from the Atlantic to the Indian Oceans, and when ten million Italians had settled in them. In 1938, Italy demanded a 2669:(IOC) worked to encourage Olympic ideals and participation. Following the 1922 Latin American Games in Rio de Janeiro, the IOC helped to establish national Olympic committees and prepare for future competition. In Brazil, however, sporting and political rivalries slowed progress as opposing factions fought for control of 860:. There was unprecedented industrial growth, accelerated consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle and culture. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes and movie stars. Major cities built large sports stadiums for the fans, in addition to palatial cinemas. The 2581:

posed a great challenge to the region. The collapse of the world economy meant that the demand for raw materials drastically declined, undermining many of the economies of Latin America. Intellectuals and government leaders in Latin America turned their backs on the older economic policies and turned

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French census statistics from 1938 show an imperial population with France at over 150 million people, outside of France itself, of 102.8 million people living on 13.5 million square kilometers. Of the total population, 64.7 million lived in Africa and 31.2 million lived in Asia; 900,000 lived in the

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In Europe, according to Derek Aldcroft and Steven Morewood, "Nearly all countries registered some economic progress in the 1920s and most of them managed to regain or surpass their pre-war income and production levels by the end of the decade." The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and Greece

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was signed by Germany, France, Belgium, Britain, and Italy; it recognised Germany's borders with France and Belgium. Moreover, Britain, Italy, and Belgium undertook to assist France in the case that German troops marched into the demilitarised Rhineland. Locarno paved the way for Germany's admission

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The Dominions (Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the Irish Free State) were self-governing and gained semi-independence in the World War, while Britain still controlled foreign policy and defence in all except Ireland. The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign

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led to increasing diplomatic isolation. The 1902 alliance with Britain was not renewed in 1922 because of heavy pressure on Britain from Canada and the United States. In the 1920s Japanese diplomacy was rooted in a largely liberal democratic political system, and favoured internationalism. By 1930,

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Hitler came to power in January 1933, and inaugurated an aggressive power designed to give Germany economic and political domination across central Europe. He did not attempt to recover the lost colonies. Until August 1939, the Nazis denounced Communists and the Soviet Union as the greatest enemy,

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Militarily, the period would see a markedly rapid advance in technology which, alongside lessons learned from WWI, would catalyze new strategic and tactical innovations. While the period would largely see a continuation of the development of the technologies pioneered in WWI, debates emerged as to

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have been ready to form a chain with Great Britain and to complete the politico-military encirclement of Italy. Thus Greece, Turkey, and Egypt must be considered vital enemies of Italy's expansion ... The aim of Italian policy, which cannot have, and does not have continental objectives of a

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The changing world order that the war had brought about, in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers, and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland, caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy. Forced to choose between alignment with the United

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The women's contribution to the war effort combined with failures of the previous systems' of Government made it more difficult than hitherto to maintain that women were, both by constitution and temperament, unfit to vote. If women could work in munitions factories, it seemed both ungrateful and

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During the interwar period, United States policy makers continued to be concerned over German influence in Latin America. Some analysts grossly exaggerated the influence of Germans in South America even after the First World War when German influence somewhat declined. As the influence of United

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closely on the most advanced Western European models. They started with textiles, railways, and shipping, expanding to electricity and machinery. The most serious weakness was a shortage of raw materials. Industry ran short of copper, and coal became a net importer. A deep flaw in the aggressive

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emerged victorious in Germany, fascism spread to many other countries in Europe, and also played a major role in several countries in Latin America. Fascist parties sprang up, attuned to local right-wing traditions, but also possessing common features that typically included extreme militaristic

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requested Italian support against the ruling Republican faction, and guaranteed that, if Italy supported the Nationalists, "future relations would be more than friendly" and that Italian support "would have permitted the influence of Rome to prevail over that of Berlin in the future politics of

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The civilian government in Tokyo tried to minimise the Army's aggression in Manchuria, and announced it was withdrawing. On the contrary, the Army completed the conquest of Manchuria, and the civilian cabinet resigned. The political parties were divided on the issue of military expansion. Prime

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based on the precedent of previous Roman dominance in these regions. Dalmatia and Slovenia were to be directly annexed into Italy while the remainder of the Balkans was to be transformed into Italian client states. The regime also sought to establish protective patron-client relationships with

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Democracy and prosperity largely went together in the 1920s. Economic disaster led to a distrust in the effectiveness of democracy and its collapse in much of Europe and Latin America, including the Baltic and Balkan countries, Poland, Spain, and Portugal. Powerful expansionary anti-democratic

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that took place after 1929. The timing varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. The depression originated in the United States and became worldwide news with the

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in December 1937, with mass murder and mass rape. By 1939 military lines had stabilised, with Japan in control of almost all of the major Chinese cities and industrial areas. A puppet government was set up. In the U.S., government and public opinion—even including those who were isolationist

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The Army, however, was itself divided into cliques and factions with different strategic viewpoints. One faction viewed the Soviet Union as the main enemy; the other sought to build a mighty empire based in Manchuria and northern China. The Navy, while smaller and less influential, was also

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Hitler's diplomatic strategy in the 1930s was to make seemingly reasonable demands, threatening war if they were not met. When opponents tried to appease him, he accepted the gains that were offered, then went to the next target. That aggressive strategy worked as Germany pulled out of the

2127:. Mussolini alleged that Italy required uncontested access to the world's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty. This was elaborated on in a document he later drew up in 1939 called "The March to the Oceans", and included in the official records of a meeting of the 1711:: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal mines would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The German government printed vast quantities of paper money, causing 1634:

that operated until 1926, but had no international recognition. Eventually, France and Spain agreed to end the revolt. They sent in 200,000 soldiers, forcing el-Krim to surrender in 1926; he was exiled in the Pacific until 1947. Morocco was now pacified, and became the base from which

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During the late 1920s, imperial expansion became an increasingly favoured theme in Mussolini's speeches. Amongst Mussolini's aims were that Italy had to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean that would be able to challenge France or Britain, as well as attain access to the

1719:. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the hyperinflation caused many prudent savers to lose all the money they had saved. Weimar added new internal enemies every year, as anti-democratic 1332:

The Spanish Civil War was marked by numerous small battles and sieges, and many atrocities, until the Nationalists won in 1939 by overwhelming the Republican forces. The Soviet Union provided armaments but never enough to equip the heterogeneous government militias and the

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English and Scottish engineers had brought futebol (soccer) to Brazil in the late 19th century. The International Committee of the YMCA of North America and the Playground Association of America played major roles in training coaches. Across the globe after 1912, the

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The important stages of interwar diplomacy and international relations included resolutions of wartime issues, such as reparations owed by Germany and boundaries; American involvement in European finances and disarmament projects; the expectations and failures of the

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to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional wartime passions in the United States, France, and Germany. The leftist revolutions in Finland, Poland, Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Spain were defeated by conservatives, but succeeded in Russia, which became the base for

2586:. The goal was to create self-sufficient economies, which would have their own industrial sectors and large middle classes and which would be immune to the fluctuations of the global economy. Despite the potential threats to United States commercial interests, the 2477:. With new territories came varying legal systems, social structures and political structures. Social and economic development rates also varied as for example Slovenia and Croatia was far more advanced economically than Kosovo and Macedonia, which had substantial 584:

and Wall Street invested heavily in Germany, which repaid its reparations to nations that, in turn, used the dollars to pay off their war debts to Washington. By the middle of the decade, prosperity was widespread, with the second half of the decade known as the

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however, Japan was rapidly reversing itself, rejecting democracy at home, as the Army seized more and more power, and rejecting internationalism and liberalism. By the late 1930s it had joined the Axis military alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

1525:. As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s, Britain judged the support of Arabs as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland, and shifted to a pro-Arab stance, limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a 823:

illogical to deny them a place in the polling booth. But the vote was much more than simply a reward for war work; the point was that women's participation in the war helped to dispel the fears that surrounded women's entry into the public arena.

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nationalism, a desire for economic self-containment, threats and aggression toward neighbouring countries, oppression of minorities, a ridicule of democracy while using its techniques to mobilise an angry middle-class base, and a disgust with

2689:(FIFA) played the chief role in the transformation of association football into a global game, working with national and regional organisations, and setting up the rules and customs, and establishing championships such as the World Cup. 2617:

was also repealed, freeing Cuba from legal and official interference of the United States in its politics. The Second World War also brought the United States and most Latin American nations together, with Argentina the main hold out.

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that could not deal with advanced reformist transactions. Albania's reliance on Italy also grew as Italians exercised control over nearly every Albanian official through money and patronage, breeding a colonial-like mentality.

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with the Italian crown. Italy had long built strong links with the Albanian leadership and considered it firmly within its sphere of influence. Mussolini wanted a spectacular success over a smaller neighbour to match Germany's

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The result was the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 23 … the crucial part of the agreement… reshaped the map of Central Europe… Bessarabia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and eastern Poland would become part of Stalin's sphere of

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To one degree or another, Spain had been unstable politically for centuries, and in 1936–1939 was wracked by one of the bloodiest civil wars of the 20th century. The real importance comes from outside countries. In Spain the

1396:, in which Britain accepted naval parity with the United States. The issue of the empire's security was a serious concern in Britain, as it was vital to the British pride, its finance, and its trade-oriented economy. 965:. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few alternative sources of jobs, areas dependent on 1116:

proved unproductive. Japan's wartime diplomacy and limited military action had produced few results, and at the Paris Versailles peace conference at the end of the war, Japan was frustrated in its ambitions. At the

2273:, Spanish monarchists and fascists repeatedly approached Italy for aid in overthrowing the Republican government, in which Italy agreed to support them to establish a pro-Italian government in Spain. In July 1936, 954:

rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Prices fell sharply, especially for mining and agricultural commodities. Business profits fell sharply as well, with a sharp reduction in new business starts.

6894: 3048: 1926:. Hitler thereupon declared that all of German Reich's territorial claims had been fulfilled. However, hardly six months after the Munich Agreement, in March 1939, Hitler used the smouldering quarrel between 224:(WWII). It was relatively short, yet featured many social, political, military, and economic changes throughout the world. Petroleum-based energy production and associated mechanisation led to the prosperous 12070: 671:

of 1921 in determining how many capital ships each major country was allowed. The new allocations were actually followed and there were no naval races in the 1920s. Britain played a leading role in the 1927

2426:. The early 1930s were marked by social unrest, high unemployment, and strikes. In several instances, the Romanian government violently repressed strikes and riots, notably the 1929 miners' strike in 1696:, and of predominantly Polish districts. The Allied armies occupied industrial sectors in western Germany including the Rhineland, and Germany was not allowed to have a real army, navy, or air force. 1626:(1882–1963) organised armed resistance against the Spanish and French for control of Morocco. The Spanish had faced unrest off and on from the 1890s, but in 1921, Spanish forces were massacred at the 1521:

would be established in Palestine, and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power. This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population, who openly

9243: 480:. The military deliberations and controversies characteristic of the interwar period would ultimately find resolution via the events of WWII, which served as a foundation for many of the tenets, 1883:

with Japan – which was joined by Italy a year later in 1937 – Hitler felt able to take the offensive in foreign policy. On 12 March 1938, German troops marched into Austria, where an

2159:. Corsica is a pistol pointed at the heart of Italy; Tunisia at Sicily. Malta and Cyprus constitute a threat to all our positions in the eastern and western Mediterranean. Greece, Turkey, and 2164:

European territorial nature except Albania, is first of all to break the bars of this prison ... Once the bars are broken, Italian policy can only have one motto—to march to the oceans.

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in 1932, saying that Japan had genuine grievances, but it acted illegally in seizing the entire province. Japan quit the League, and Britain and France took no action. US Secretary of State

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in Spain. Italy sought the control of the Balearic Islands due to its strategic position—Italy could use the islands as a base to disrupt the lines of communication between France and its

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genre flourished. A rejection of "Western universalist" influences was in vogue across Latin America. This last tendency was in part inspired by the translation into Spanish of the book

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highlighted novel and highly visible social and cultural trends and innovations. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like

2372:, failed to create a stable state. Albanian society was deeply divided by religion and language, with a border dispute with Greece and an undeveloped, rural economy. In 1939, Italy 3668: 6880: 1482:

and their conservative allies stayed in power with lavish lifestyles thanks to an informal alliance with Britain who would protect them from both secular and Muslim radicalism.

7798: 1448:. In Britain, public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy and those who viewed it with revulsion. 680:, which added cruisers and submarines to the list of ship allocations. However the refusal of Japan, Germany, Italy and the USSR to go along with this led to the meaningless 7803: 12055: 919:. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. 2465:

Ethnic integration and assimilation was a major problem faced by the newly formed post-World War I Balkan states, which were compounded by historical differences. In the

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starting in 1929; the collapse of world trade; the collapse of democratic regimes one by one; the growth of efforts at economic autarky; Japanese aggressiveness toward

3033: 2302:. After the victory by Franco and the Nationalists in the war, Allied intelligence was informed that Italy was pressuring Spain to permit an Italian occupation of the 864:

continued apace, producing an expansion of output that lowered prices, and made many farm workers redundant. Often they moved to nearby industrial towns and cities.

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Guedes, Claudia (2011). "'Changing the cultural landscape': English engineers, American missionaries, and the YMCA bring sports to Brazil–the 1870s to the 1930s".

1058:. Fascism in power meant that liberalism and human rights were discarded, and individual pursuits and values were subordinated to what the party decided was best. 3901: 878: 11253: 7788: 2699: 5535:

Cohrs, Patrick O. "The First ‘Real’ Peace Settlements after the First World War: Britain, the United States and the Accords of London and Locarno, 1923–1925."

2686: 416:) in a bid to strengthen their own economies. The territorial ambitions of the Soviets, Japanese, Italians, and Germans led to the expansion of their domains. 11471: 2478: 984:

of that same year. The second convulsion, brought on by the worldwide depression and Germany's disastrous monetary policies, resulted in the further rise of

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Penny, H. Glenn (2017). "Material Connections: German Schools, Things, and Soft Power in Argentina and Chile from the 1880s through the Interwar Period".

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The Great Depression: An Inquiry into the Causes, Course, and Consequences of the Worldwide Depression of the Nineteen-1930s, As Seen by Contemporaries

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regarding Europe—was resolutely opposed to Japan and gave strong support to China. Meanwhile, the Japanese Army fared badly in large battles with the

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demanded parity with the United States, Britain and France, but was rejected and the conference kept the 1921 ratios. Japan was required to scrap a

12181: 12135: 9975: 7043: 6903: 5803:(2nd ed.). – 25 chapters by experts; 845 pp; the first edition (1960) edited by David Thompson has the same title but numerous different chapters. 5851: 2398: 1467: 915:). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the 6872: 2257:

Italy's stance towards Spain shifted between the 1920s and the 1930s. The Fascist regime in the 1920s held deep antagonism towards Spain due to

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gained dominance in world finance. Thus, when Germany could no longer afford war reparations to Britain, France and other former members of the

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provoked bitter indignation throughout Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. The Treaty stripped Germany of all of its

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Ideas viajeras y sus objetos. El intercambio científico entre Alemania y América austral. Madrid–Frankfurt am Main: Iberoamericana–Vervuert

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volunteers. The civil war did not escalate into a larger conflict, but did become a worldwide ideological battleground that pitted all the

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printed this map on 9 November 1919, of the armed conflicts in Central and Eastern Europe in 1919, one year after World War I had ended:

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Hoisington, William A. Jr. (1971). "The Struggle for Economic Influence in Southeastern Europe: The French Failure in Romania, 1940".

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in 1920. There were a few major countries that held out until after the Second World War (such as France, Switzerland, and Portugal).

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to make territorial gains. Together with the British Empire, it divided up Germany's territories scattered in the Pacific and on the

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Chang, David Wen-wei (2003). "The Western Powers and Japan's Aggression in China: The League of Nations and 'The Lytton Report'".

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Minister Tsuyoshi tried to negotiate with China but was assassinated in the May 15 Incident in 1932, which ushered in an era of

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recognition, and the two signatories mutually agreed to cancel all pre-war debts and renounced war claims. In October 1925 the

1326: 1118: 556:, as well. There were numerous new or restored countries in Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, some small in size, such as 540:

struggled to recover from the devastation of the First World War and the destabilising effects of not just the collapse of the

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announced that the United States would also not recognise Japan's conquest as legitimate. Germany welcomed Japan's actions.

1108:; they did not amount to very much. The other Allies pushed back hard against Japan's efforts to dominate China through the 7735: 1672: 1522: 621: 12186: 11646: 9877: 9146: 6802: 6620: 1935: 1317:, and full-scale civil war erupted. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany gave munitions and strong military units to the rebel 1272: 772: 97: 6777: 1275:, as the militarists turned their attention to the European colonies to the south which had urgently-needed oil fields. 12150: 12145: 11388: 9906: 8464: 7631: 6474: 5787: 5715: 4418: 3893: 3494: 2772: 1452: 465: 2079:

The month following the ratification of the Treaty of Lausanne, Mussolini ordered the invasion of the Greek island of

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Goebel, Michael (2009). "Decentring the German Spirit: The Weimar Republic's Cultural Relations with Latin America".

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troops, in return for reparations from Greece. The confrontation led Britain and Italy to resolve the question of

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and supported by other right-wing societies. The IJA's nationalism ended civilian rule in Japan until after 1945.

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with 35.2 million in nine colonies. The total includes 1.9 million Europeans, and 350,000 "assimilated" natives.

1537:. The Irish Free State effectively broke all ties with Britain in 1937, leaving the Commonwealth and becoming an 1009: 330: 5726:

Liberalism, Fascism, Or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe

3019: 2993: 2695: 1217: 10424: 9870: 9834: 9745: 9647: 8617: 8279: 8162: 7429: 6721: 6701: 6671: 6417: 6250: 6188: 5522:(1935) Essays by experts that cover France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States 5239:"El debate sobre "el embrujamiento alemán" y el papel de la ciencia alemana hacia fines del siglo XIX en Chile" 2890: 2866: 2861: 2837: 2334: 2314: 2246:, who was not yet sufficiently worried about the prospect of a German resurgence. The failed resolution of the 2140: 1601: 1526: 1184: 1174: 1130: 958: 663:

played little role in this effort, with the United States and Britain taking the lead. U.S. Secretary of State

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Dietschy, Paul (2013). "Making football global? FIFA, Europe, and the non-European football world, 1912–74".

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of 1936. Naval disarmament had collapsed and the issue became rearming for a war against Germany and Japan.

260:, an unprecedented worldwide economic downturn that severely damaged many of the world's largest economies. 11188: 11173: 11068: 9773: 9617: 9610: 9567: 9515: 9449: 9047: 8502: 8440: 8123: 7339: 5555:(2012) 244 pp; textbook, heavily illustrated with diagrams and contemporary photographs and colour posters. 2909: 2712: 2390: 2386: 1425: 11334: 10594: 10105: 9929: 9921: 9595: 9588: 9508: 9435: 9427: 9419: 9397: 8796: 8428: 8416: 8385: 7653: 7435: 7367: 6807: 6711: 6584: 6579: 6195: 5779: 5677:

The Economic History of Eastern Europe 1919–1975: Volume II: Interwar Policy, The War, and Reconstruction

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Torres, Cesar R. (2006). "The Latin American 'Olympic Explosion' of the 1920s: causes and consequences".

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peaked. For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a

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Asia after Versailles: Asian Perspectives on the Paris Peace Conference and the Interwar Order, 1919–33

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Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade After World War I

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accept an Italian representative on its board of directors. Italy opposed the French monopoly over the

2251: 1965: 1891:, he was greeted by loud cheers. Four weeks later, 99% of Austrians voted in favour of the annexation ( 1728: 1700:

were demanded, especially by France, involving shipments of raw materials, as well as annual payments.

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recovered and the industry grew significantly, although about 80% of Romanians were still employed in

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alliance with Mussolini's Italy, and sent massive military aid to Franco in the Spanish Civil War.

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in Germany gave way to two episodes of political and economic turmoil, the first culminated in the

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region, and the last, desperate stages of rearmament as the Second World War increasingly loomed.

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and allowed the nationalisation of some American companies in Latin America. Mexican President

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as the government was still kept in control of British hands and feared another rebellion like

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strongly supported the Empire in the First World War. It expected a reward, but failed to get

532:

on 11 November 1918 that ended World War I, the years 1918–1924 were marked by turmoil as the

388:

managed to regain control of Belarus and Ukraine, Central Asia, and the Caucasus, forming the

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Awkward dominion: American political, economic, and cultural relations with Europe, 1919–1933

5465:

Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present

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McKercher, B. J. C. (1993). "The politics of naval arms limitation in Britain in the 1920s".

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The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 12: The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898–1945

4346:

The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 12: The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898–1945

8: 12080: 11913: 11726: 11686: 11599: 11429: 11293: 11158: 11028: 10818: 10747: 10504: 10477: 10460: 10448: 10270: 10226: 9892: 9602: 9500: 9405: 9265: 9117: 9035: 8869: 8694: 8341: 8303: 8285: 8258: 8240: 8010: 7975: 7914: 7888: 7323: 7178: 7086: 7038: 7006: 6987: 6792: 6539: 6469: 6412: 6329: 6155: 2812: 2694: 2670: 2653: 2622:

States grew all-over the Americas Germany concentrated its foreign policy efforts in the

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forces should be employed, particularly in-relation to the 'traditional' branches of the

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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the

12040: 11962: 11736: 11706: 11681: 11673: 11658: 11508: 11013: 10929: 10919: 10752: 10715: 10645: 10584: 10567: 10521: 10431: 10345: 10159: 8775: 8309: 8297: 8252: 8210: 8106: 8094: 7953: 7883: 7808: 7793: 7783: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7742: 7060: 7028: 6645: 6549: 6333: 6285: 6280: 6183: 6173: 6130: 6122: 6027: 5920: 5858: 5760: 5523: 5371: 5336: 5301: 5219: 5179: 5055: 5047: 4969:"French Army breaks a one-day strike and stands on guard against a land-hungry Italy". 4042: 3999: 3266: 3034:"Interwar Airpower, Grand Strategy, and Military Innovation: Germany vs. Great Britain" 2787: 2715: 2610: 2458: 2435: 2423: 2350: 2262: 2216: 2199: 2112: 2104: 2061: 1914:

of September 1938, Hitler, the Italian leader Benito Mussolini, British Prime Minister

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issued demands for concessions in the Mediterranean by France, particularly regarding

2243: 1939: 608:; the relationships of the new countries to the old; the distrustful relations of the 11957: 11945: 11896: 11768: 11701: 11691: 11663: 11626: 11614: 11582: 11143: 11045: 11033: 11018: 10998: 10909: 10856: 10828: 10810: 10613: 10489: 10482: 10295: 10243: 10221: 10149: 8861: 8844: 8745: 8557: 8186: 8133: 8112: 8076: 8058: 7964: 7920: 7529: 7523: 7517: 7123: 7096: 7033: 7021: 6982: 6951: 6524: 6499: 6479: 6459: 6449: 6339: 6321: 6290: 6223: 6140: 6114: 6058: 5875: 5783: 5711: 5409: 5399: 5375: 5340: 5305: 5264: 5223: 5183: 5133: 5083: 5059: 5010: 4946: 4904: 4864: 4839: 4799: 4754: 4726: 4692: 4591: 4566: 4541: 4504: 4414: 4391: 4366: 4292: 4267: 4242: 4202: 4177: 4152: 4127: 4104: 4067: 4046: 3958: 3933: 3872: 3847: 3804: 3781: 3761: 3695: 3608: 3568: 3529: 3490: 3451: 3412: 3385: 3341: 3338:

Art Deco Complete: The Definitive Guide to the Decorative Arts of the 1920s and 1930s

3316: 3313:

Le Tumulte Noir: modernist art and popular entertainment in jazz-age Paris, 1900–1930

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Sports became increasingly popular, drawing enthusiastic fans to large stadiums. The

2626:

countries where US influence was weaker and larger German communities were at place.

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did especially well, while Eastern Europe did poorly, due to the First World War and

715: 660: 625: 617: 605: 533: 481: 453: 449: 280: 272: 233: 121: 101: 11288: 3249:

O'Connor, Raymond G. (1958). "The "Yardstick" and Naval Disarmament in the 1920's".

2357:

because, under the French-dominated Suez Canal Company, all merchant traffic to the

2266: 1195:. Britain and France effectively controlled the League of Nations, which issued the 654:

remilitarisation of the League of Nations demilitarised zone of the German Rhineland

11884: 11840: 11786: 11776: 11721: 11631: 11609: 11577: 10904: 10894: 10720: 10668: 10572: 10436: 10325: 10275: 10253: 10248: 10179: 9826: 9341: 9336: 8752: 8724: 8701: 8633: 8401: 8396: 8373: 8168: 7878: 7610: 7605: 7451: 7440: 7101: 7091: 7001: 6961: 6956: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6687: 6514: 6429: 6374: 6344: 6295: 6255: 6238: 6228: 6163: 6135: 5771: 5594: 5363: 5328: 5293: 5211: 5171: 5039: 4317: 4101:

The Road to Pearl Harbor: The Coming of the War Between the United States and Japan

4034: 3741: 3293: 3258: 3056: 2844: 2822: 2782: 2752: 2642: 2450: 2365: 2346: 2303: 2283: 2274: 2247: 2235: 2160: 2045: 1911: 1876: 1829: 1627: 1593: 1495: 1463: 1374: 1322: 1259: 1200: 1093: 1051: 1038: 1023: 981: 899: 873: 784: 727: 697: 613: 586: 577: 421: 405: 397: 257: 225: 110: 89: 6007:

Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present

5865:– 550 pp; wide-ranging political, social and economic coverage of Britain, 1910–35 5734:

The Ebbing of European Ascendancy: An International History of the World 1914–1945

705: 420:

the most effective use of these advancements. On land, discussions focused on how

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Mazower, Mark (1997), "Minorities and the League of Nations in interwar Europe",

5745: 5493:

The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe

5446: 5393: 5332: 5077: 4971: 3060: 2817: 2802: 2614: 2474: 2394: 2369: 2041: 1904: 1677: 1667: 1578: 1491: 1479: 1475: 1417: 1354: 1288: 1161: 1146: 1142: 1067: 1034: 989: 973: 931: 916: 701: 549: 401: 322: 253: 229: 12003: 4778:. Vol. 2 (New ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 184. 476:

would maintain their dominance of the seas or be rendered virtually obsolete by

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in Amsterdam had greatly increased participation from Latin American athletes.

2498: 2377: 2326: 2322: 2148: 2120: 2088: 2084: 1923: 1900: 1856: 1707:(January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to 1597: 1483: 1459: 1445: 1188: 962: 857: 853: 649: 633: 553: 541: 537: 489: 485: 477: 318: 314: 292: 245: 131: 106: 5598: 5367: 5297: 5215: 3297: 2309: 2282:

Spain". Italy intervened in the civil war with the intention of occupying the

1428:

failed to satisfy demand for self-rule. Mounting tension, particularly in the

303:

was increasingly viewed negatively and independence movements emerged in many

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Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization

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Splintered Classes: Politics and the Lower Middle Classes in Interwar Europe

4312:

Sayer, Derek (1991). "British reaction to the Amritsar massacre 1919–1920".

3937: 1187:, an area in northeastern China that was controlled by the powerful warlord 12095: 12065: 11972: 11940: 11869: 11746: 11741: 11555: 11548: 11461: 11393: 11298: 11098: 11003: 10849: 10823: 10732: 10414: 10402: 10350: 10310: 10305: 10169: 10164: 9543: 9294: 9095: 8666: 8576: 8198: 7868: 7863: 7140: 7133: 7128: 6997: 6992: 6936: 6559: 6389: 6260: 6178: 5796: 5589:

Frieden, Jeff. "Sectoral conflict and foreign economic policy, 1914–1940".

5488: 4838:(Paperback ed.). Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 11. 2719: 2708: 2427: 2287: 2239: 2124: 1996: 1845: 1764: 1735: 1734:

Germany was the first state to establish diplomatic relations with the new

1705:

French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district

1680:" in Berlin: a jazz band plays for a tea dance at the hotel Esplanade, 1926 1631: 1506: 1498:

agreed to British terms of a military alliance and an assured flow of oil.

1471: 1313:

elements and the army revolted against the newly elected government of the

1306: 1222: 1138: 1055: 1019: 985: 883: 833: 609: 389: 237: 221: 4943:

Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940

4936: 4934: 4925:

The Road to Oran: Anglo-Franch Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940

4722:

Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940

4395: 4224:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume IV: The Twentieth Century

4108: 4038: 3785: 3020:"Military aircraft - Interwar, Developments, Technology | Britannica" 1851: 1783: 12045: 11928: 11825: 11560: 11466: 11439: 11238: 10986: 10981: 10973: 10958: 10783: 10688: 10499: 10335: 10300: 10280: 10260: 10238: 10203: 9797: 9254: 8853: 8710: 8680: 8358: 7947: 7908: 7550: 7106: 7065: 7011: 6544: 6422: 6407: 6379: 6215: 4340: 3824: 2631: 2574:

began to specialise in long-term military occupation of these countries.

2547: 2494: 2473:

but also integrated states like Slovenia and Croatia, which were part of

2457:, the latter which was largely unsuccessful due to the inadequacy of the 1978: 1947: 1884: 1872: 1788: 1623: 1413: 935: 815: 645: 637: 612:

to the capitalist world; peace and disarmament efforts; responses to the

473: 300: 217: 5764: 4003: 2511: 1848:

began – somewhat sooner than the Nazis expected or were ready for.

1474:

following British guidance. Egypt joined the League of Nations. Egypt's

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Authoritarianism and democracy in Europe, 1919–39: Comparative Analyses

5434: 5116:

The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934

5051: 4931: 4475: 3270: 2637: 2354: 2338: 2156: 2057: 1864: 1720: 1350: 759: 581: 493: 445: 385: 362: 341:, chiefly Britain and France. The western parts of the Russian Empire, 284: 241: 6048:(1938) online free vol 1 vol 2 online free; all in English translation 4645:

How war came: the immediate origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939

4586:

Elz, Wolfgang (2009). "Foreign policy". In McElligott, Anthony (ed.).

2431: 1379: 640:

of Germany's expansionist moves against the German-speaking nation of

176: 11808: 11798: 11414: 11373: 11203: 11040: 10775: 10737: 10330: 10144: 7145: 7076: 6977: 6973: 6716: 6354: 6012:

Jacobson, Jon. "Is there a New International History of the 1920s?".

4500:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia

2871: 2382: 2313:

Italian newspaper in Tunisia that represented Italians living in the

2295: 2152: 2016:, which was a client state, was considered a territory to be annexed. 1946:

to Germany. Chamberlain was forced to acknowledge that his policy of

1943: 1892: 1821: 1570: 1399: 1362: 1346: 1342: 1192: 887: 849: 557: 441: 393: 354: 264: 11998: 7821: 6083: 3560: 3262: 1922:

agreed upon the cession of Sudeten territory to the German Reich by

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Hitler And Spain: The Nazi Role In The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

4199:

Hitler and Spain: The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939

3801:

The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe, 1918–1933

2747: 2220: 2187: 2179: 2108: 1549: 1403: 1358: 1264: 755: 751: 433: 412:

nationalised many foreign companies (most of which belonged to the

5810:(1955), 690pp; thorough scholarly coverage; emphasis on politics. 5704:

Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694–2013

4063:

Modern Japan: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism

3928:

Fairbank, John K.; Reischauer, Edwin O.; Craig, Albert M. (1965).

2261:'s pro-French foreign policy. In 1926, Mussolini began aiding the 2020: 1611: 1557: 1505:, Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the 1254:, which quickly spread to other major cities. There were numerous 11986: 11852: 11847: 11108: 10963: 10875: 6434: 6245: 5890:

The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939

2453:

introduced new civil codes, constitutional changes and attempted

2238:

from France in return for Italian support against Germany in the

2212: 2208: 2191: 2183: 2175: 2136: 2013: 1887:

had been unsuccessful in 1934. When Austrian-born Hitler entered

1617: 1005: 763: 735: 520: 461: 370: 366: 346: 342: 276: 5883:

The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933

4829: 4827: 4744: 4742: 3831:. Vol. 12: The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898–1945. 3162:

The "Golden" Twenties: Art and Literature in the Weimar Republic

3105:"Incubate Innovation: Aviation Lessons from the Interwar Period" 44: 11879: 11864: 11523: 11128: 4413:. et al. (5th ed Cengage Learning ed.). Cengage Learning. 4411:

The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. Vol. 2: Since 1500

2647: 2203: 2096: 2073: 1934:

as a pretext for taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia as the

1931: 1888: 1510: 1357:, conservatives and fascists. Worldwide there was a decline in 1042: 992:

became an ever more assertive power, especially with regard to

922:

The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries both

803: 747: 743: 561: 350: 304: 6075:

Several large collections of primary sources and illustrations

5132:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–231. 4453:"Tableau 1 – évolution générale de la situation démographique" 3093:(M. Poli. Sci. thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 3049:"Armored warfare: The British, French, and German experiences" 2692: 12050: 12015: 11918: 11641: 11528: 11513: 11093: 11083: 11078: 10550: 10545: 5567:

The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 6, The Twentieth Century

4824: 4739: 4476:"Code Officiel Géographique – La IIIe République (1919–1940)" 4473: 4448: 3087:

Innovation, Wargaming, and the Development of Armored Warfare

2757: 2742: 2602: 2080: 1562: 943: 841: 739: 693: 249: 5530:

Interwar America: 1920–1940: Primary Sources in U.S. History

4629:

Hitler's foreign policy 1933–1939: The road to World War II.

4289:

Congress and the Raj: Facets of the Indian Struggle, 1917–47

1855:

Polish Army soldier holding last remaining part of a German

1271:

in summer 1939. The USSR was too powerful. Tokyo and Moscow

11518: 11223: 5473:

A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna

4639: 4637: 3715: 3598: 3596: 3482: 2992:. The National WWII Museum. 17 October 2023. Archived from 2469:

for instance, its most influential element was the pre-war

1592:

or islands in the South Pacific. The largest colonies were

1518: 659:

Disarmament was a very popular public policy. However, the

469: 5553:

Peacemaking, Peacekeeping: International Relations 1918–36

3923: 3921: 3919: 3525:

The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies 1897–1914

2056:. Mussolini resolved the question of sovereignty over the 762:. The young women who pioneered these trends were called " 1907:

minority was demanding equal rights and self-government.

1533:

policy was recognised in 1923 and formalised by the 1931

1383:

The Second British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921

845: 496:

and towards a significantly more mobile, mechanized, and

6009:(2020) free download; full coverage for major countries. 5575:

Feinstein, Charles H., Peter Temin, and Gianni Toniolo.

5502:(4th ed. 1928) sophisticated global coverage; 215 maps; 5130:

The Economic History of Latin America since Independence

4795:

Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918–1940

4634: 3593: 2940:

For a guide to the reliable sources see Jacobson (1983).

2550:

into Latin America. These included military presence in

1859:

bomber shot down by Poles over Warsaw when airplane was

11208: 5512:(2000) a comprehensive global political history; 816pp 3927: 3916: 3694:(3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. p. 98. 2733:

International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

2103:, where Mussolini was convinced by Britain to evacuate 2011: Territories to be transformed into client states. 1844:

in September 1939. Britain and France declared war and

1365:

was imminent, and that it would be worth fighting for.

1129:

In 1930, the London disarmament conference angered the

30:"Between the Wars" redirects here. For other uses, see 6059:

wide range of diplomatic documents from many countries

5776:

A History of the Federal Reserve – Volume 1: 1913–1951

5668:

The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991

5634:

Grift, Liesbeth van de, and Amalia Ribi Forclaz, eds.

5615:

A Short History of International Affairs, 1920 to 1934

2609:, fulfilling the hopes of many since the start of the 2361:

colony was forced to pay tolls on entering the canal.

1458:

since the 1880s, despite its nominal ownership by the

620:, occupying large amounts of Chinese land, as well as 8951:

Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks

6046:

Speeches and Documents On International Affairs Vol-I

5685:

The Twentieth-Century World: An International History

5643:

Encyclopedia of the Interwar Years: From 1919 to 1939

5398:(2nd revised ed.). London, New York: Routledge. 4496: 2707:

The interwar period ended in September 1939 with the

1406:

with the British and Dominion prime ministers at the

4964: 4962: 3740: 644:, the region inhabited by ethnic Germans called the 4861:

Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century

4655: 4653: 4126:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 262–76. 2960:"A Year After the Armistice—The Unsettled Disputes" 2349:, specifically demanding that the French-dominated 1989: Metropolitan Italy and dependent territories; 1703:When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, 1368: 1149:and the military took more power, leading to rapid 456:was the primary contention, with some arguing that 361:became independent nations in their own right, and 5560:The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914–1945 5435:Is there a New International History of the 1920s? 2064:, which formalised Italian administration of both 1141:. Extremists assassinated Japanese Prime Minister 622:border disputes between the Soviet Union and Japan 252:, and more became common among populations in the 6005:Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. 4959: 3361:Price, S (1999). "What made the twenties roar?". 2687:Fédération Internationale de Football Association 2254:, in which Italy annexed Ethiopia to its empire. 2091:supported the move, noting that Corfu had been a 1246:factionalised. Large-scale warfare, known as the 307:; in Europe, after protracted low-level fighting 12163: 5967:(1935), focus on Europe, Middle East, Far East; 5827:The Press and Popular Culture in Interwar Europe 5481:Berg-Schlosser, Dirk, and Jeremy Mitchell, eds. 4748: 4691:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 170. 4650: 4266:. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. pp. 294–305. 3443: 3159: 2095:for four hundred years. The matter was taken by 1824:, considered to be a German state, in 1938, and 1490:since 1920, gained official independence as the 1388:States or Japan, Britain opted not to renew the 1293: 1225:of Beijing after capturing the city in July 1937 1206: 275:, at the end of WWI, and ended with the rise of 263:Politically, the era coincided with the rise of 5979:A History of the World in the Twentieth Century 5624:A History of the World in the Twentieth Century 5579:(Oxford UP, 2008), a standard scholarly survey. 5475:(1958), 736pp; a basic introduction, 1815–1955 4888:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 246. 4239:Aspects of British Political History, 1914–1995 3561:Derek Howard Aldcroft; Steven Morewood (2013). 1612:Revolt in North Africa against Spain and France 1596:with 26.8 million (in five separate colonies), 1183:—acting on its own without government approval— 832:. In advanced economies the prosperity reached 676:and the 1930 London Conference that led to the 630:invasion and occupation of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) 5841:East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars 5818:Murray, Williamson and Allan R. Millett, eds. 5551:Dailey, Andy, and David G. Williamson. (2012) 5500:The New World: Problems in Political Geography 4858: 4774:Millett, Allan R.; Murray, Williamson (2010). 4751:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 4725:. Cornell University Press. pp. 105–106. 4436:France overseas: a study of modern imperialism 4287:Low, Donald Anthony; Ray, Rajat Kanta (2006). 4103:. Princeton University Press. pp. 8–150. 3683: 3630:"Depression, You Say? Check Those Safety Nets" 1938:. In the same month, he secured the return of 1252:naval and infantry attacks focused on Shanghai 1088:Political map of the Asia-Pacific region, 1939 1076:List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan 1031:regimes emerged in Italy, Japan, and Germany. 969:such as mining and logging suffered the most. 11349: 11335: 10120: 10106: 10079:List of stock market crashes and bear markets 8618: 7837: 6888: 6672: 6099: 5462:Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. 5321:International Journal of the History of Sport 5286:International Journal of the History of Sport 5127: 5082:. Oxford University Press. pp. 242–261. 4773: 4222:Brown, Judith; Louis, Wm Roger, eds. (1999). 3950: 3689: 3404: 2645:during the interwar period. In Argentina the 2321:After Great Britain signed the Anglo-Italian 1982:Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936. 961:were hit hard, especially those dependent on 256:. The era's indulgences were followed by the 5195: 5193: 4631:(2013), Originally published in two volumes. 3957:. Manchester University Press. p. 120. 3932:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 501–4. 3748:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 15. 3248: 2242:. This was refused by French Prime Minister 1814:Hitler's Germany remilitarised the Rhineland 5988:(1948) broad coverage of diplomacy of 1930s 5071: 5069: 4898: 4590:. Oxford University Press. pp. 50–77. 4335: 4333: 4331: 3842:Matera, Marc; Kent, Susan Kingsley (2017). 3690:Frank, Robert H.; Bernanke, Ben S. (2007). 3521: 3191:. Oxford University Press. pp. 52–58. 3160:Schrader, Bärbel; Schebera, Jürgen (1988). 2479:Albanian populations that faced persecution 1273:signed a nonaggression treaty in April 1941 1041:in 1922; as the Great Depression worsened, 452:versus dedicating such forces to frontline 11342: 11328: 10113: 10099: 8625: 8611: 7844: 7830: 6895: 6881: 6679: 6665: 6106: 6092: 5892:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 5885:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. 5820:Military Innovation in the Interwar Period 5742:The Global 1930s: The International Decade 5382: 5230: 5203:Comparative Studies in Society and History 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5029: 4986:Tomes, Jason (2001). "The Throne of Zog". 4859:Balfour, Sebastian; Preston, Paul (1999). 4787: 4785: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4221: 4151:(2nd ed.). New York: Modern Library. 3871:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 3844:The Global 1930s: The International Decade 3841: 3658: 3621: 3411:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 449–50. 3053:Military Innovation in the Interwar Period 2434:railroad workshops. In the mid-1930s, the 2035: Captured during the Second World War 592: 9900:2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence 5897:Survey of International Affairs 1920–1923 5878:; wide-ranging survey of European history 5856: 5848:Eastern Europe Between The Wars 1918–1941 5620: 5190: 3283: 2916:Timeline of events preceding World War II 2877:Entertainment during the Great Depression 2169:Benito Mussolini, The March to the Oceans 1168: 472:sphere, the primary question was whether 444:. In the air, the question of allocating 5825:Newman, Sarah, and Matt Houlbrook, eds. 5698: 5665: 5593:42.1 (1988): 59-90; focus on US policy. 5577:The World Economy Between the World Wars 5510:The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s 5353: 5261:Sports Culture in Latin American History 5236: 5075: 5066: 4883: 4749:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). 4682: 4680: 4678: 4385: 4328: 4016: 3775: 3607:. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 3251:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3228:. Boston: McGraw-Hill. pp. 70–248. 2325:in 1938, Mussolini and Foreign Minister 2308: 2226:In both 1932 and 1935, Italy demanded a 2019: 2005: Claimed territories to be annexed; 1977: 1850: 1782: 1671: 1556: 1548: 1398: 1378: 1216: 1155: 1083: 1013: 877: 709: 519: 175: 82: 12182:Former countries of the interwar period 5770: 5750: 5740:Matera, Marc, and Susan Kingsley Kent. 5258: 5146: 5004: 4940: 4833: 4791: 4782: 4718: 4705: 4535: 4408: 4360: 4196: 4174:The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War 4059: 3602: 3147:"How did WWI reshape the modern world?" 2957: 2921:Events preceding World War II in Europe 2368:, who had, in 1928, proclaimed himself 1258:against Chinese civilians, such as the 27:1918–1939 period between the World Wars 14: 12164: 9805:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010 9575:South American economic crisis of 2002 9472:Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis) 5682: 5636:Governing the Rural in Interwar Europe 5318: 5283: 5159: 4945:. Cornell University. pp. 82–83. 4538:Weimar: Why did German Democracy Fail? 4286: 4146: 3627: 3483:Garrick Bailey; James Peoples (2013). 3335: 3083: 3046: 2897:Apocalypse: Never-Ending War 1918–1926 2364:Albanian Prime Minister and President 1836:with the Soviet Union in August 1939, 1758: 1191:. It created the puppet government of 999: 570:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 144:tension between the Poles and Germans. 11323: 10094: 9856:2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis 9812:2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis 9288:Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975 8606: 7851: 7825: 6876: 6660: 6113: 6087: 5731: 5388: 5199: 4985: 4686: 4675: 4560: 4339: 4311: 4261: 4121: 4080:from the original on 13 December 2019 3989: 3971:from the original on 17 November 2019 3891: 3866: 3823: 3798: 3708: 3659:Lowenstein, Roger (14 January 2015). 3581:from the original on 19 February 2017 3542:from the original on 19 February 2017 3503:from the original on 19 February 2017 3464:from the original on 15 December 2019 3425:from the original on 19 February 2017 3379: 3360: 3310: 3205:from the original on 22 November 2019 2958:Simonds, Frank H. (9 November 1919). 2926:Events preceding World War II in Asia 2852:Great Depression in the United States 2584:import substitution industrialisation 1327:Republican (or "Loyalist") government 11420:Post-classical history (Middle Ages) 9886:Russian financial crisis (2014–2016) 9739:2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis 9732:2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis 9697:2000s U.S. housing market correction 9537:1998–2002 Argentine great depression 8632: 6686: 5969:Survey of International Affairs 1936 5965:Survey of International Affairs 1934 5957:Survey of International Affairs 1932 5949:Survey of International Affairs 1929 5941:Survey of International Affairs 1928 5933:Survey of International Affairs 1927 5925:Survey of International Affairs 1924 5917:Survey of International Affairs 1925 5913:Survey of International Affairs 1924 5675:Kaser, M. C. and E. A. Radice, eds. 4941:Salerno, Reynolds Mathewson (2002). 4812:from the original on 9 December 2019 4719:Salerno, Reynolds Mathewson (2002). 4171: 4098: 3930:East Asia: The Modern Transformation 3904:from the original on 25 October 2018 3671:from the original on 19 January 2018 3223: 3184: 3164:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2990:"Invasion of Poland, September 1939" 2970:from the original on 9 November 2019 2607:redistribution of a quantity of land 2506: 2408: 1903:, where the 3.5 million-strong 1812:that favoured returning to Germany, 1742:, Germany accorded the Soviet Union 1553:The French Empire from 1919 to 1949. 503: 38: 10043:2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis 9878:Puerto Rican government-debt crisis 9871:2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis 9244:1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation 9147:Shanghai rubber stock market crisis 8836:Dutch Republic stock market crashes 6621:History of the Mediterranean region 5808:Britain Between the Wars, 1918–1940 5652:(Cambridge University Press, 1938). 4901:The Tragedy of Great Power Politics 4661:The Origins of the Second World War 4585: 4563:Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy 4474:Statistique générale de la France. 4236: 3992:American Journal of Chinese Studies 3486:Essentials of Cultural Anthropology 3119:"Innovation for the Interwar Years" 2763:International relations (1919–1939) 2599:nationalised American oil companies 1936:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1840:after Poland's refusal to cede the 1832:with Britain and France. Forming a 1804:, and began to rearm. Retaking the 1731:battled each other in the streets. 1684:The humiliating peace terms in the 867: 794:Most independent countries enacted 687: 599:International relations (1919–1939) 309:most of Ireland became independent. 24: 11389:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 9849:2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis 9753:2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis 9725:2008–2009 Russian financial crisis 9718:2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis 9413:1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis 8908:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 7199:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 6038: 5613:Gathorne-Hardy, Geoffrey Malcolm. 5456: 5263:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 5259:Sheinin, David M. K., ed. (2015). 5096:from the original on 17 April 2021 4863:. London: Routledge. p. 152. 4753:. London: Routledge. p. 467. 2773:Diplomatic history of World War II 2277:of the Nationalist faction in the 1899:. After Austria, Hitler turned to 1895:) of their country Austria to the 1661: 1061: 466:the bomber will always get through 25: 12203: 11304:Western European and Others Group 10036:2023 United States banking crisis 9842:2011 Bangladesh share market scam 9530:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis 9494:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994 9420:Japanese asset price bubble crash 9361:Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash 9111:Australian banking crisis of 1893 8915:Dutch Republic financial collapse 6912:Commonwealth of Nations countries 6052: 5999: 5546:(Cornell University Press, 2018). 4517:from the original on 22 June 2016 4447: 4388:Three Kings in Baghdad, 1921–1958 4363:The Last Pharaoh: Farouk of Egypt 4241:. Psychology Press. p. 305. 4019:Manchuria under Japanese Dominion 3954:British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939 3759:"World Economic Survey 1932–33". 3718:. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. 3640:from the original on 1 March 2021 3628:Duhigg, Charles (23 March 2008). 3489:. Cengage Learning. p. 208. 2768:Diplomatic history of World War I 2641:held sway among intellectuals in 2024:Maximum extent of imperial Italy 1630:. El-Krim founded an independent 1361:and a growing sense that another 952:Unemployment in the United States 580:, the Americans came up with the 299:, and others faced challenges as 98:Baltic States War of Independence 32:Between the Wars (disambiguation) 8893:Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763 7971:1830s Chicago real estate bubble 7960:1810s Alabama real estate bubble 6606:Bibliography of European history 6201:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 6069:. Mount Holyoke College edition. 5657:Republican Ascendancy, 1921–1933 5520:The Foreign Policy of the Powers 4540:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 4201:. University Press of Kentucky. 3829:The New Cambridge Modern History 3803:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 3722:from the original on 3 June 2019 3226:Great Power Diplomacy Since 1914 2882:Timeline of the Great Depression 2702: 2541: 2510: 2151:. The guards of this prison are 1787:A Japanese poster promoting the 1544: 1369:Great Britain and British Empire 1179:In September 1931, the Japanese 404:gained independence. During the 60:of Portugal established in 1933. 43: 9618:2007 Chinese stock bubble crash 8944:Danish state bankruptcy of 1813 6908:recessions in the United States 6631:History of Western civilization 6234:Christianity in the Middle Ages 5905:Survey of International Affairs 5427: 5395:The Inter-war Crisis, 1919–1939 5347: 5312: 5277: 5252: 5163:Journal of Contemporary History 5121: 5108: 5079:Twisted Paths: Europe 1914–1945 5023: 4998: 4979: 4975:. 19 December 1938. p. 23. 4917: 4892: 4877: 4852: 4767: 4666: 4621: 4604: 4579: 4554: 4529: 4490: 4467: 4441: 4428: 4402: 4379: 4354: 4305: 4280: 4255: 4230: 4215: 4190: 4165: 4140: 4115: 4092: 4053: 4010: 3983: 3944: 3885: 3869:A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 3860: 3835: 3817: 3792: 3769: 3752: 3734: 3652: 3564:The European Economy Since 1914 3554: 3515: 3476: 3437: 3408:A Companion to Europe 1900–1945 3398: 3373: 3354: 3329: 3304: 3277: 3242: 3217: 3178: 3153: 3139: 3084:Carter, Daniel S. (June 2005). 2793:European interwar dictatorships 2667:International Olympic Committee 2111:in 1924, which was merged into 1622:The Berber independence leader 1010:European interwar dictatorships 798:in the interwar era, including 464:, and others maintaining that " 132:Petliura: Ukrainian directorate 9999:Chinese property sector crisis 9907:2015–2016 stock market selloff 9835:August 2011 stock markets fall 9746:2008–2011 Irish banking crisis 9443:1990s Swedish financial crisis 9192:Weimar Republic hyperinflation 8163:Western Australian gold rushes 6475:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 6418:Christianity in the modern era 6189:Christianity in late antiquity 5843:(U of Washington Press, 2017). 5834:The Inter-War Crisis 1919–1939 5736:. Oxford UP. pp. 121–342. 5584:The InterWar Years (1919–1939) 5128:Bulmer-Thomas, Victor (2003). 4903:. W. W. Norton & Company. 4886:The Oxford Handbook of Fascism 4565:. Princeton University Press. 4497:Alexander Mikaberidze (2011). 3567:. Routledge. pp. 44, 46. 3450:. Nelson Thornes. p. 20. 3384:. Princeton University Press. 3125: 3111: 3097: 3077: 3040: 3026: 3012: 2982: 2951: 2891:Political history of the world 2867:Cities in the Great Depression 2862:Causes of the Great Depression 2315:French protectorate of Tunisia 1602:French protectorate in Morocco 1470:, though it continued to be a 1175:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1131:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 267:, starting in Russia with the 148:Romanian occupation of Hungary 13: 1: 10072:List of sovereign debt crises 10014:2022 Russian financial crisis 9711:2008 Latvian financial crisis 9704:U.S. bear market of 2007–2009 9582:Stock market downturn of 2002 9523:1998 Russian financial crisis 9376:1983 Israel bank stock crisis 6626:History of the European Union 6073:"Britain 1919 to the present" 6044:Keith, Arthur Berridale, ed. 5537:Contemporary European History 5248:(in Spanish). pp. 29–40. 4899:Mearsheimer, John J. (2003). 4612:The Coming of the Third Reich 4262:Louis, William Roger (2006). 3746:Farm Prices, Myth and Reality 3447:Mussolini and Italian Fascism 2944: 2491:Republic of China (1912–1949) 2178:, the Fascist regime claimed 2072:, in return for a payment to 1974:History of Greece (1923–1940) 1294:Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 1250:, began in August 1937, with 1207:Towards the conquest of China 1102:Allies of the First World War 978:German hyperinflation of 1923 911:of 29 October 1929 (known as 544:, but the destruction of the 9774:Greek government-debt crisis 9611:2004 Argentine energy crisis 9568:2001 Turkish economic crisis 9457:1990s Armenian energy crisis 9450:1990s Finnish banking crisis 9311:1976 British currency crisis 9281:1973–1974 stock market crash 8592:U.S. higher education bubble 8503:Chinese stock bubble of 2007 8465:United States housing bubble 8459:2000s Danish property bubble 8441:Baltic states housing bubble 8217:Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush 5986:Munich: Prologue To Tragedy, 5650:Foreign Affairs 1919 to 1937 5621:Grenville, J. A. S. (2000). 5333:10.1080/09523367.2011.627200 4017:Yamamuro, Shin'ichi (2006). 3692:Principles of Macroeconomics 3661:"Economic History Repeating" 3061:10.1017/CBO9780511601019.002 2910:Timeline of the 20th century 2903: 2605:. Cárdenas also oversaw the 2135:The bars of this prison are 1918:, and French Prime Minister 1426:Government of India Act 1919 1392:and instead signed the 1922 1092:The Japanese modelled their 862:mechanisation of agriculture 7: 9930:2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis 9596:2003 Myanmar banking crisis 9589:2002 Uruguay banking crisis 9509:1997 Asian financial crisis 9436:1991 Indian economic crisis 9428:Rhode Island banking crisis 9398:Cameroonian economic crisis 9184:Early Soviet hyperinflation 8797:Crisis of the Third Century 8429:Japanese asset price bubble 8417:New Zealand property bubble 8386:New Zealand property bubble 8315:Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush 8083:First Nova Scotia Gold Rush 7654:1997 Asian financial crisis 7287:Civil War-era United States 6585:Russian invasion of Ukraine 6196:Crisis of the Third Century 5846:Seton-Watson, Hugh. (1945) 5780:University of Chicago Press 5683:Keylor, William R. (2001). 5569:(1989) pp 53–153, 217–340. 4884:Bosworth, R. J. B. (2009). 4834:Whealey, Robert H. (2005). 4687:Smith, Dennis Mack (1981). 4197:Whealey, Robert H. (2005). 4027:Journal of Japanese Studies 4021:. U. of Pennsylvania Press; 3405:Gordon Martel, ed. (2011). 3047:Murray, Williamson (1996). 2725: 2546:The United States launched 2374:invaded and annexed Albania 2263:Catalan separatist movement 2040:In 1922, the leader of the 1970:Italian invasion of Albania 1950:towards Hitler had failed. 1806:Territory of the Saar Basin 1185:seized control of Manchuria 959:Cities all around the world 886:opened by Chicago gangster 836:households and many in the 669:Washington Naval Conference 564:, and some larger, such as 220:(WWI) to the beginning of 186:history of the 20th century 168:Turkish War of Independence 10: 12208: 12187:Chronology of World War II 12056:Asia and the Pacific Group 9961:Sri Lankan economic crisis 9819:Energy crisis in Venezuela 9798:2009 Dubai debt standstill 9648:2007–2008 financial crisis 9303:Latin American debt crisis 9066:Paris Bourse crash of 1882 8546:Australian property bubble 8181:Tierra del Fuego gold rush 8065:Colorado River mining boom 8005:Queen Charlottes Gold Rush 7430:Post–World War I recession 7250:Post-Napoleonic Depression 6641:Military history of Europe 6636:Maritime history of Europe 6014:American Historical Review 5860:The Reign of King George V 5666:Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1994). 5591:International Organization 5439:American Historical Review 5005:Fischer, Bernd J. (1999). 4792:Burgwyn, James H. (1997). 4536:Kershaw, Ian, ed. (1990). 4434:Herbert Ingram Priestley, 4122:Payne, Stanley G. (1970). 4066:. Routledge. p. 143. 4060:Huffman, James L. (2013). 3867:Payne, Stanley G. (1995). 3846:. Routledge. p. 192. 3776:Mitchell, Broadus (1947). 3528:. Routledge. p. 281. 3380:Maier, Charles D. (1975). 2838:1930–45 in Western fashion 2601:, out of which he created 2488: 2413: 2252:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 2029: Pre-Second World War 1966:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1963: 1957: 1772: 1762: 1665: 1654: 1650: 1615: 1576: 1509:and increasing numbers of 1440:surged and centred in the 1372: 1297: 1282: 1210: 1172: 1065: 1003: 950:plunged by more than 50%. 871: 691: 682:Second London Naval Treaty 596: 536:continued to rage on, and 513: 507: 460:development was outpacing 329:were dismantled, with the 157:Italian Regency of Carnaro 155:seizes Fiume, creates the 29: 12061:Asia Cooperation Dialogue 12026: 11792:Southern/Eastern/Northern 11767: 11672: 11494: 11445:Asian and Pacific Theatre 11402: 11361: 11074:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 11054: 10972: 10809: 10644: 10515:Standard Average European 10383: 10212: 10132: 10052: 10029:2022 stock market decline 10021:Pakistani economic crisis 10007:2021–2023 inflation surge 9953:Lebanese liquidity crisis 9922:Venezuelan hyperinflation 9914:Brexit stock market crash 9863:Venezuela economic crisis 9785: 9635: 9625:Zimbabwean hyperinflation 9335: 9253: 9224: 9208:Wall Street Crash of 1929 9171: 9048:2nd Industrial Revolution 9046: 8982: 8882:1st Industrial Revolution 8880: 8807: 8785: 8640: 8582:Social media stock bubble 8567: 8516: 8395: 8357: 8324: 8268: 8124:2nd Industrial Revolution 8122: 8017:New South Wales gold rush 7985: 7938:1st Industrial Revolution 7936: 7897: 7859: 7668: 7604: 7549: 7503: 7418: 7340:2nd Industrial Revolution 7333: 7280: 7273:(1836–1838 and 1839–1843) 7189:1st Industrial Revolution 7187: 7156: 6957:Price-and-wage stickiness 6918: 6852: 6831: 6740: 6707:Wall Street Crash of 1929 6694: 6611:Genetic history of Europe 6593: 6398: 6214: 6154: 6121: 6024:Pacific Historical Review 5872:A Broken World, 1919–1939 5599:10.1017/S002081830000713X 5368:10.1017/S1740022813000223 5356:Journal of Global History 5298:10.1080/09523360600832320 5237:Sanhueza, Carlos (2011). 5216:10.1017/S0010417517000159 5076:Gerwarth, Robert (2007). 5032:Journal of Modern History 5007:Albania at War, 1939–1945 4409:Bulliet, Richard (2010). 4386:De Gaury, Gerald (1961). 3603:Garraty, John A. (1986). 3444:Hamish Macdonald (1998). 3336:Duncan, Alastair (2009). 3298:10.1080/09592299308405895 2857:European interwar economy 2660: 2376:as a separate kingdom in 2228:League of Nations mandate 1960:Fascist Italy (1922–1943) 1715:, which also damaged the 967:primary sector industries 882:Unemployed men outside a 516:European interwar economy 116:North Russia intervention 12177:Aftermath of World War I 11214:Lancaster House Treaties 10704:Christian existentialism 10664:Ancient Roman philosophy 10654:Ancient Greek philosophy 9690:Subprime mortgage crisis 9353:Brazilian hyperinflation 9325:Brazilian hyperinflation 9162:Financial crisis of 1914 8870:Mississippi bubble crash 8483:Canadian property bubble 8471:Romanian property bubble 8310:1930s Kakamega gold rush 8101:Vermilion Lake gold rush 7621:1990s United States boom 7409:Financial crisis of 1914 6079:Primary source documents 5991:Zachmann, Urs Matthias. 5981:(1968) pp. 301–530. 5857:Somervell, D.C. (1936). 5558:Doumanis, Nicholas, ed. 5528:Clark, Linda Darus, ed. 5176:10.1177/0022009408101249 4616:The Third Reich in Power 4503:. ABC-CLIO. p. 15. 4237:Lee, Stephen J. (1996). 3898:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3286:Diplomacy and Statecraft 2934: 2833:1920s in Western fashion 2828:Second Thirty Years' War 2738:Aftermath of World War I 2643:Spanish-speaking America 2588:Roosevelt administration 2484: 2459:country's banking system 2182:and held ambitions over 2129:Grand Council of Fascism 1953: 1871:After establishing the " 1826:took over Czechoslovakia 1604:, with 5.4 million, and 1408:1926 Imperial Conference 1278: 1248:Second Sino-Japanese War 1213:Second Sino-Japanese War 1123:Racial Equality Proposal 1072:Japanese colonial empire 510:Aftermath of World War I 337:redistributed among the 216:days) – from the end of 10992:Equality before the law 10199:Romano-Germanic culture 10065:List of economic crises 9983:2020 stock market crash 9976:Financial market impact 9945:Turkish economic crisis 9560:9/11 stock market crash 9516:October 1997 mini-crash 9487:1994 bond market crisis 9479:Yugoslav hyperinflation 9390:Savings and loan crisis 8991:European potato failure 8534:Lebanese housing bubble 8495:Lebanese housing bubble 8489:Chinese property bubble 8423:Spanish property bubble 8280:1920s Florida land boom 8205:Cripple Creek Gold Rush 8193:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 8134:1870s Lapland gold rush 8029:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush 7436:Depression of 1920–1921 7368:Depression of 1882–1885 7282:Early Victorian Britain 7017:Real and nominal values 6712:Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act 6616:History of Christianity 5984:Wheeler-Bennett, John. 5672:– a view from the Left. 5471:Albrecht-Carrié, René. 5445:3 November 2020 at the 4798:. Praeger. p. 68. 4561:Weitz, Eric D. (2013). 3665:The Wall Street Journal 3340:. Thames & Hudson. 2629:The contrary ideals of 2234:and a free hand in the 2050:Prime Minister of Italy 1394:Washington Naval Treaty 1390:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1315:Second Spanish Republic 1285:Second Spanish Republic 1269:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 902:was a severe worldwide 674:Geneva Naval Conference 593:International relations 289:Chinese Communist Party 11472:Middle Eastern Theatre 11450:Middle Eastern Theatre 11369:Cradle of civilization 11154:Eastern European Group 10743:Continental philosophy 10674:Judeo-Christian ethics 10659:Hellenistic philosophy 10140:Cradle of civilization 10058:List of banking crises 9827:Syrian economic crisis 9760:Blue Monday Crash 2009 9369:Chilean crisis of 1982 9200:Shōwa financial crisis 9006:Highland Potato Famine 8862:South Sea bubble crash 8653:Commodity price shocks 8528:2000s commodities boom 8508:Uranium bubble of 2007 8477:Polish property bubble 8453:2000s commodities boom 8369:1970s commodities boom 8139:Coromandel Gold Rushes 8023:Australian gold rushes 7541:Recession of 1969–1970 7536:Recession of 1960–1961 7495:Recession of 1937–1938 6727:Recession of 1937–1938 6440:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6020:Sontag, Raymond James. 5869:Sontag, Raymond James. 5542:Costigliola, Frank C. 5441:88.3 (1983): 617–645. 4776:Military Effectiveness 4390:. London: Hutchinson. 4361:McLeave, Hugh (1970). 4322:10.1093/past/131.1.130 4124:The Spanish Revolution 4099:Feis, Herbert (1960). 3951:Paul W. Doerr (1998). 3892:Soucy, Robert (2015). 3780:. New York: Rinehart. 2808:Interbellum Generation 2798:Interwar United States 2778:Causes of World War II 2519:This section is empty. 2430:and the strike in the 2318: 2292:North African colonies 2259:Miguel Primo de Rivera 2196:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2172: 2037: 2017: 1868: 1838:Germany invaded Poland 1822:Germany seized Austria 1808:in the aftermath of a 1792: 1769:Causes of World War II 1681: 1600:with 6.6 million, the 1583:French colonial empire 1574: 1554: 1535:Statute of Westminster 1410: 1384: 1335:International Brigades 1256:large-scale atrocities 1240:Imperial Japanese Army 1226: 1169:Japan seizes Manchuria 1165: 1151:democratic backsliding 1135:Imperial Japanese Navy 1119:Paris Peace Conference 1089: 1080:Statism in Shōwa Japan 1027: 1018:Cheering crowds greet 895: 825: 781:National Fascist Party 723: 530:Armistice of Compiègne 525: 181: 173: 54:is missing information 11697:Vietnamese philosophy 11435:Industrial Revolution 11274:Three Seas Initiative 11249:Pacific Islands Forum 11114:British–Irish Council 10862:Greek Orthodox Church 10321:Industrial Revolution 10291:Scientific Revolution 9383:Black Saturday (1983) 9237:Kennedy Slide of 1962 8809:Commercial revolution 8552:Cryptocurrency bubble 8540:Corporate debt bubble 8447:Irish property bubble 8229:Mount Baker gold rush 8151:Black Hills gold rush 8053:Similkameen Gold Rush 8047:Pennsylvania oil rush 8035:Pike's Peak gold rush 7927:Bengal Bubble of 1769 7899:Commercial revolution 7874:Irrational exuberance 7659:Early 2000s recession 7626:Early 1990s recession 7578:Early 1980s recession 7158:Commercial revolution 7056:Nominal interest rate 6520:Industrial Revolution 6016:88.3 (1983): 617–645. 5806:Mowat, Charles Loch. 5732:Marks, Sally (2002). 5724:Luebbert, Gregory M. 5630:Online free to borrow 5477:online free to borrow 4643:Donald Cameron Watt, 4627:Gerhard L. Weinberg, 4351:– 25 chapters; 845 pp 4176:. London: Macmillan. 4149:The Spanish Civil War 4147:Thomas, Hugh (2001). 4039:10.1353/jjs.2008.0027 3799:Marks, Sally (1976). 3224:Rich, Norman (2003). 2592:Good Neighbour policy 2467:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 2383:annexation of Austria 2345:in the Suez Canal in 2312: 2133: 2023: 1981: 1964:Further information: 1854: 1786: 1780:along with the Jews. 1773:Further information: 1675: 1561:Place de Varsovie in 1560: 1552: 1451:Egypt had been under 1402: 1382: 1220: 1159: 1114:occupation of Siberia 1087: 1017: 881: 820: 713: 524:Map of Europe in 1923 523: 514:Further information: 179: 86: 11269:Special Relationship 10679:Christian philosophy 10624:Western Christianity 10286:Age of Enlightenment 10160:Hellenistic Kingdoms 9937:Ghana banking crisis 9767:European debt crisis 9552:Dot-com bubble crash 9464:Cuban Special Period 8923:Copper Panic of 1789 8828:The Great Debasement 8820:Great Bullion Famine 8223:Kobuk River Stampede 8157:Colorado Silver Boom 8089:West Coast gold rush 8041:Rock Creek Gold Rush 7999:California gold rush 7225:Copper Panic of 1789 6575:European debt crisis 6570:European integration 6510:Age of Enlightenment 6350:Republic of Florence 6065:7 March 2021 at the 6022:"Between the Wars". 5977:Watt, D. C. et al., 5839:Rothschild, Joseph. 5710:. pp. 290–376. 5586:(2014), brief survey 4365:. New York: McCall. 4172:Carr, E. H. (1984). 4033:(1): 109–114. 2007. 3742:Cochrane, Willard W. 3605:The Great Depression 3522:Leslie Hume (2016). 3315:. Penn State Press. 3311:Blake, Jody (1999). 3185:Todd, Allan (2001). 2679:1928 Summer Olympics 2675:1924 Summer Olympics 1686:Treaty of Versailles 1637:Spanish Nationalists 1539:independent republic 1432:, culminated in the 1221:Japanese march into 1160:Zhang Xueliang with 1037:took control of the 787:after threatening a 783:came to power under 766:". Not all was new: 665:Charles Evans Hughes 484:, and strategies of 11727:Buddhist philosophy 11687:Japanese philosophy 11430:Early modern period 11294:West Nordic Council 11159:Eastern Partnership 10748:Analytic philosophy 10449:Classical tradition 10271:Early modern period 10227:Classical antiquity 10222:European Bronze Age 9893:2015 Nepal blockade 9603:2000s energy crisis 9501:Mexican peso crisis 9406:Black Monday (1987) 9266:1970s energy crisis 9226:Post–WWII expansion 8900:Bengal bubble crash 8695:Financial contagion 8359:The Great Inflation 8342:Porcupine Gold Rush 8326:Post–WWII expansion 8304:Porcupine Gold Rush 8286:Fairbanks Gold Rush 8259:Porcupine Gold Rush 8241:Fairbanks Gold Rush 8011:Victorian gold rush 7976:Chilean silver rush 7889:Stock market bubble 7561:1973–1975 recession 7505:Post–WWII expansion 7179:Great Frost of 1709 7007:Neutrality of money 6988:Classical dichotomy 6904:Economic expansions 6540:Revolutions of 1848 6470:Early modern France 6251:Anglo-Saxon England 6156:Classical antiquity 6026:29.1 (1960): 1–17, 5782:. pp. 90–545. 5641:Grossman, Mark ed. 5495:(Harvard UP, 2009). 5114:Lester D. Langley, 4425:excerpt pp. 774–845 3036:. 28 February 2018. 2813:Greatest Generation 2671:international sport 2654:Decline of the West 2548:minor interventions 2391:Victor Emmanuel III 2359:Italian East Africa 2343:sphere of influence 2337:and the French-run 2265:, which was led by 2093:Venetian possession 1916:Neville Chamberlain 1885:attempted Nazi coup 1881:Anti-Comintern Pact 1863:in September 1939 ( 1842:Free City of Danzig 1834:non-aggression pact 1759:Nazi era, 1933–1939 1639:would launch their 1515:Balfour Declaration 1468:formal independence 1319:Nationalist faction 1267:in Mongolia at the 1048:cultural liberalism 1000:The rise of fascism 948:international trade 904:economic depression 768:"normalcy" returned 678:London Naval Treaty 494:front-based warfare 331:Ottoman territories 164:fighting in Albania 153:Gabriele D'Annunzio 127:Denikin: White Army 12111:EAEU Customs Union 12041:Arab Customs Union 11963:Oriental Orthodoxy 11737:Islamic philosophy 11707:Iranian philosophy 11682:Chinese philosophy 10753:Post-structuralism 10716:Christian humanism 10346:Universal suffrage 9155:Panic of 1910–1911 8999:Great Irish Famine 8937:Panic of 1796–1797 8776:Stock market crash 8298:Cobalt silver rush 8253:Cobalt silver rush 8211:Klondike Gold Rush 8107:Kildonan Gold Rush 8095:Big Bend Gold Rush 7954:Carolina gold rush 7915:Mississippi bubble 7884:Real-estate bubble 7743:COVID-19 recession 7403:Panic of 1910–1911 7235:Panic of 1796–1797 7061:Real interest rate 7029:Economic expansion 6646:Crusading movement 6550:Russian Revolution 6385:Hundred Years' War 6281:Maritime republics 6184:Early Christianity 6174:Hellenistic period 6131:Paleolithic Europe 5744:(Routledge, 2017) 5728:(Oxford UP, 1991). 5627:. pp. 77–254. 5617:(Oxford UP, 1952). 5565:Duus, Peter, ed., 5562:(Oxford UP, 2016). 5539:12.1 (2003): 1-31. 5518:Cambon, Jules, ed 4614:(2005) and Evans, 4610:Richard J. Evans, 4314:Past & Present 3634:The New York Times 3149:. 9 November 2018. 3133:"The Great Debate" 2788:European Civil War 2716:invasion of Poland 2611:Mexican Revolution 2564:Dominican Republic 2554:, Panama with the 2424:Kingdom of Romania 2399:fascist government 2351:Suez Canal Company 2319: 2113:Italian Somaliland 2105:Royal Italian Army 2070:Dodecanese Islands 2062:Treaty of Lausanne 2038: 2018: 1879:, and signing the 1869: 1793: 1709:passive resistance 1682: 1657:History of Germany 1606:French West Africa 1590:French West Indies 1575: 1555: 1438:Indian nationalism 1411: 1385: 1227: 1166: 1110:Twenty-One Demands 1094:industrial economy 1090: 1028: 909:stock market crash 896: 806:held out longer), 724: 526: 269:October Revolution 204:September 1939 (20 200:November 1918 to 1 182: 180:Boundaries in 1920 174: 12159: 12158: 11958:Eastern Orthodoxy 11702:Indian philosophy 11692:Korean philosophy 11486:Post–Cold War era 11317: 11316: 11144:Council of Europe 11046:International law 10999:Constitutionalism 10857:Eastern Orthodoxy 10363:Post–Cold War era 10296:Age of Revolution 10150:Greco-Roman world 10088: 10087: 9969:COVID-19 pandemic 8854:Tulip mania crash 8845:Kipper und Wipper 8822:(c. 1400–c. 1500) 8600: 8599: 8558:Everything bubble 8207:(c. 1890–c. 1910) 8187:Cayoosh Gold Rush 8177:(c. 1880–c. 1930) 8165:(c. 1880–c. 1900) 8147:(c. 1870–c. 1890) 8145:Cassiar Gold Rush 8141:(c. 1870–c. 1890) 8113:Omineca Gold Rush 8077:Cariboo Gold Rush 8059:Stikine Gold Rush 7995:(c. 1840–c. 1850) 7965:Georgia Gold Rush 7950:(c. 1790–c. 1810) 7853:Financial bubbles 7819: 7818: 7530:Recession of 1958 7524:Recession of 1953 7518:Recession of 1949 7215:Thirteen Colonies 7022:Velocity of money 6952:Paradox of thrift 6870: 6869: 6654: 6653: 6580:COVID-19 pandemic 6525:French Revolution 6500:Habsburg monarchy 6480:Cossack Hetmanate 6460:Portuguese Empire 6450:Absolute monarchy 6445:Thirty Years' War 6340:Holy Roman Empire 6265:Bulgarian Empire 6224:Early Middle Ages 6141:Bronze Age Europe 6115:History of Europe 5907:annual 1920–1937 5772:Meltzer, Allan H. 5604:Garraty, John A. 5582:Freeman, Robert. 5485:(Springer, 2002). 5405:978-1-1381-379-36 5270:978-0-8229-6337-0 5089:978-0-1992-8185-5 4805:978-0-275-94877-1 4672:Lowe, pp. 191–199 4597:978-0-19-928007-0 4572:978-0-691-15796-2 4438:(1938) pp 440–41. 4073:978-1-135-63490-2 3853:978-0-415-73830-9 3778:Depression Decade 3762:League of Nations 3701:978-0-07-319397-7 3363:Scholastic Update 3347:978-0-500-23855-4 3070:978-0-521-55241-7 3055:. pp. 6–49. 2718:and the start of 2677:in Paris and the 2572:U.S. Marine Corps 2570:(1912–1933). The 2566:(1916–1924), and 2556:Panama Canal Zone 2539: 2538: 2503:Chinese Civil War 2471:Kingdom of Serbia 2422:destabilised the 2409:Regional patterns 2405:was established. 2331:French Somaliland 2296:British Gibraltar 2279:Spanish Civil War 2101:League of Nations 1912:Munich Conference 1861:killing civilians 1802:Versailles Treaty 1798:League of Nations 1775:German rearmament 1753:League of Nations 1748:Treaty of Locarno 1740:Treaty of Rapallo 1690:overseas colonies 1527:Jewish insurgency 1507:Palestinian Arabs 1434:Amritsar Massacre 1321:, led by General 1300:Spanish Civil War 1164:in November 1930. 1100:Japan joined the 854:electric lighting 830:Russian Civil War 810:in 1918, and the 716:Douglas Fairbanks 661:League of Nations 626:Spanish Civil War 606:League of Nations 534:Russian Civil War 504:Turmoil in Europe 454:close air support 450:strategic bombing 291:. The empires of 281:Chinese Civil War 273:Russian Civil War 246:electric lighting 234:economic mobility 137:Polish–Soviet War 102:Russian Civil War 81: 80: 16:(Redirected from 12199: 11978:Eastern Churches 11722:Hindu philosophy 11344: 11337: 11330: 11321: 11320: 11189:EU Customs Union 10721:Secular humanism 10669:Christian ethics 10619:East–West Schism 10602:Physical culture 10326:Great Divergence 10276:Age of Discovery 10115: 10108: 10101: 10092: 10091: 10081: 10074: 10067: 10060: 10045: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10016: 10009: 10002: 9992: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9964: 9956: 9948: 9940: 9932: 9925: 9917: 9909: 9902: 9895: 9888: 9881: 9873: 9866: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9822: 9814: 9807: 9800: 9776: 9769: 9762: 9755: 9748: 9741: 9734: 9727: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9699: 9692: 9685: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9650: 9628: 9620: 9613: 9606: 9598: 9591: 9584: 9577: 9570: 9563: 9555: 9547: 9539: 9532: 9525: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9496: 9489: 9482: 9474: 9467: 9459: 9452: 9445: 9438: 9431: 9423: 9415: 9408: 9401: 9393: 9385: 9378: 9371: 9364: 9356: 9342:Great Regression 9337:Great Moderation 9328: 9320: 9313: 9306: 9298: 9290: 9283: 9276: 9269: 9246: 9239: 9217: 9210: 9203: 9195: 9187: 9164: 9157: 9150: 9142: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9113: 9106: 9099: 9091: 9083: 9075: 9068: 9061: 9039: 9031: 9024: 9017: 9008: 9001: 8994: 8975: 8968: 8961: 8954: 8946: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8910: 8903: 8895: 8873: 8865: 8857: 8849: 8839: 8831: 8823: 8800: 8778: 8771: 8764: 8755: 8748: 8741: 8734: 8727: 8725:Liquidity crisis 8720: 8713: 8704: 8702:Social contagion 8697: 8690: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8634:Financial crises 8627: 8620: 8613: 8604: 8603: 8402:Great Regression 8397:Great Moderation 8374:Mexican oil boom 8169:Indiana gas boom 7921:South Sea bubble 7879:Social contagion 7846: 7839: 7832: 7823: 7822: 7611:Great Regression 7606:Great Moderation 7452:Great Depression 7441:Roaring Twenties 6962:Underconsumption 6932:Effective demand 6923:Aggregate demand 6897: 6890: 6883: 6874: 6873: 6722:Effect in cities 6688:Great Depression 6681: 6674: 6667: 6658: 6657: 6515:Great Divergence 6430:Age of Discovery 6375:Late Middle Ages 6345:High Middle Ages 6256:Byzantine Empire 6239:Christianization 6229:Migration Period 6164:Classical Greece 6136:Neolithic Europe 6108: 6101: 6094: 6085: 6084: 5864: 5793: 5767: 5737: 5721: 5688: 5671: 5628: 5508:Brendon, Piers. 5498:Bowman, Isaiah. 5450: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5327:(17): 2594–608. 5316: 5310: 5309: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5243: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5197: 5188: 5187: 5157: 5144: 5143: 5125: 5119: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5073: 5064: 5063: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4831: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4789: 4780: 4779: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4746: 4737: 4736: 4716: 4703: 4702: 4684: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4657: 4648: 4641: 4632: 4625: 4619: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4445: 4439: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4337: 4326: 4325: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4226:. pp. 1–46. 4219: 4213: 4212: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4022: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3925: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3716:"Commodity Data" 3712: 3706: 3705: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3188:The Modern World 3182: 3176: 3175: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3003: 3001: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2964:New-York Tribune 2955: 2845:Great Depression 2823:Interwar Belgium 2783:Interwar Britain 2753:Roaring Twenties 2579:Great Depression 2534: 2531: 2521:You can help by 2514: 2507: 2447:Albanian Kingdom 2436:Romanian economy 2420:Great Depression 2304:Balearic Islands 2284:Balearic Islands 2275:Francisco Franco 2271:Spanish monarchy 2248:Abyssinia Crisis 2236:Ethiopian Empire 2170: 2048:, was appointed 2046:Benito Mussolini 2034: 2028: 2010: 2004: 1994: 1988: 1920:Édouard Daladier 1877:Benito Mussolini 1873:Rome-Berlin Axis 1830:Munich Agreement 1789:Axis cooperation 1645:Spanish Republic 1628:Battle of Annual 1594:French Indochina 1523:revolted in 1936 1464:Kingdom of Egypt 1375:Interwar Britain 1323:Francisco Franco 1260:Nanjing massacre 1201:Henry L. Stimson 1052:Benito Mussolini 1039:Kingdom of Italy 1024:Benito Mussolini 982:Beer Hall Putsch 900:Great Depression 874:Great Depression 868:Great Depression 802:in 1917 (though 796:women's suffrage 785:Benito Mussolini 779:. In Italy, the 777:Marxism–Leninism 773:Soviet communism 728:Roaring Twenties 698:Roaring Twenties 688:Roaring Twenties 614:Great Depression 587:Roaring Twenties 550:Austro-Hungarian 500:form of combat. 434:regular infantry 406:Great Depression 375:chose to reunify 323:Austro-Hungarian 258:Great Depression 226:Roaring Twenties 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 196:) lasted from 11 122:Kolchak: Siberia 90:New-York Tribune 76: 73: 67: 47: 39: 21: 12207: 12206: 12202: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12197: 12196: 12172:Interwar period 12162: 12161: 12160: 12155: 12028: 12022: 11763: 11732:Jain philosophy 11712:Buddhist ethics 11668: 11490: 11457:Interwar period 11410:Ancient history 11398: 11357: 11348: 11318: 11313: 11279:UKUSA Agreement 11219:Lublin Triangle 11104:Baltic Assembly 11056: 11050: 10968: 10805: 10640: 10510:Eurolinguistics 10379: 10368:Information age 10341:Interwar period 10208: 10128: 10119: 10089: 10084: 10077: 10070: 10063: 10056: 10048: 10041: 10034: 10027: 10019: 10012: 10005: 9997: 9988: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9959: 9951: 9943: 9935: 9928: 9920: 9912: 9905: 9898: 9891: 9884: 9876: 9869: 9861: 9854: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9825: 9817: 9810: 9803: 9796: 9789: 9787:Information Age 9781: 9772: 9765: 9758: 9751: 9744: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9716: 9709: 9702: 9695: 9688: 9681: 9674: 9667: 9660: 9653: 9646: 9639: 9637:Great Recession 9631: 9623: 9616: 9609: 9601: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9558: 9550: 9542: 9535: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9499: 9492: 9485: 9477: 9470: 9462: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9426: 9418: 9411: 9404: 9396: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9367: 9359: 9351: 9344: 9340: 9331: 9323: 9318:1979 oil crisis 9316: 9309: 9301: 9293: 9286: 9279: 9274:1973 oil crisis 9272: 9264: 9257: 9255:Great Inflation 9249: 9242: 9235: 9228: 9220: 9213: 9206: 9198: 9190: 9182: 9175: 9173:Interwar period 9167: 9160: 9153: 9145: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9116: 9109: 9102: 9094: 9086: 9078: 9071: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9042: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9004: 8997: 8989: 8978: 8971: 8964: 8957: 8949: 8942: 8935: 8928: 8921: 8913: 8906: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8876: 8868: 8860: 8852: 8842: 8834: 8826: 8818: 8811: 8803: 8795: 8781: 8774: 8767: 8760: 8751: 8744: 8737: 8730: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8674:Currency crisis 8672: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8636: 8631: 8601: 8596: 8563: 8520: 8518:Information Age 8512: 8404: 8400: 8391: 8380:Silver Thursday 8361: 8353: 8348:Poseidon bubble 8328: 8320: 8272: 8270:Interwar period 8264: 8126: 8118: 8071:Otago gold rush 7981: 7940: 7932: 7901: 7893: 7855: 7850: 7820: 7815: 7680:Great Recession 7672: 7670:Information Age 7664: 7613: 7609: 7600: 7553: 7551:Great Inflation 7545: 7507: 7499: 7422: 7420:Interwar period 7414: 7350:Long Depression 7342: 7338: 7329: 7289: 7285: 7276: 7191: 7183: 7160: 7152: 7117:U.S. recessions 7112:U.K. recessions 7044:U.S. expansions 6914: 6901: 6871: 6866: 6848: 6827: 6736: 6690: 6685: 6655: 6650: 6589: 6555:Interwar period 6530:Napoleonic Wars 6394: 6365:Mongol invasion 6318:Crown of Aragon 6210: 6150: 6146:Iron Age Europe 6117: 6112: 6067:Wayback Machine 6055: 6041: 6039:Primary sources 6002: 5895:Toynbee, A. J. 5888:Steiner, Zara. 5881:Steiner, Zara. 5790: 5718: 5700:Kynaston, David 5687:(4th ed.). 5659:(1960) for USA 5655:Hicks, John D. 5648:Hasluck, E. L. 5459: 5457:Further reading 5454: 5453: 5447:Wayback Machine 5433:Jon Jacobson, " 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5406: 5387: 5383: 5352: 5348: 5317: 5313: 5292:(7): 1088–111. 5282: 5278: 5271: 5257: 5253: 5241: 5235: 5231: 5198: 5191: 5158: 5147: 5140: 5126: 5122: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5090: 5074: 5067: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5003: 4999: 4984: 4980: 4968: 4967: 4960: 4953: 4939: 4932: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4897: 4893: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4832: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4806: 4790: 4783: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4717: 4706: 4699: 4685: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4658: 4651: 4642: 4635: 4626: 4622: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4534: 4530: 4520: 4518: 4511: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4446: 4442: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4407: 4403: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4359: 4355: 4349:(2nd ed.). 4338: 4329: 4316:(131): 130–64. 4310: 4306: 4299: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4235: 4231: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4120: 4116: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4074: 4058: 4054: 4024: 4015: 4011: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3965: 3949: 3945: 3926: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3840: 3836: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3797: 3793: 3774: 3770: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3601: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3575: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3536: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3497: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3458: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3419: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3378: 3374: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3309: 3305: 3282: 3278: 3263:10.2307/1889320 3247: 3243: 3236: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3199: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3158: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3045: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3022:. 24 June 2024. 3018: 3017: 3013: 2999: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2937: 2932: 2906: 2818:Interwar Poland 2803:Lost Generation 2728: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2663: 2615:Platt Amendment 2596:Lázaro Cárdenas 2544: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2505: 2489:Main articles: 2487: 2475:Austria-Hungary 2416: 2411: 2403:Shefqet Vërlaci 2389:. Italian King 2370:King of Albania 2286:and creating a 2244:Édouard Herriot 2232:German Cameroon 2171: 2168: 2042:Italian Fascist 2036: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1976: 1962: 1956: 1800:, rejected the 1777: 1771: 1763:Main articles: 1761: 1694:Alsace–Lorraine 1678:Golden Twenties 1670: 1668:Weimar Republic 1664: 1662:Weimar Republic 1659: 1653: 1620: 1614: 1585: 1579:Interwar France 1577:Main articles: 1547: 1511:Jewish settlers 1492:Kingdom of Iraq 1462:. In 1922, the 1456:British control 1446:Mohandas Gandhi 1418:self-government 1377: 1371: 1302: 1296: 1291: 1289:Francoist Spain 1283:Main articles: 1281: 1265:Soviet Red Army 1215: 1209: 1177: 1171: 1162:Chiang Kai-shek 1147:May 15 Incident 1143:Inukai Tsuyoshi 1082: 1068:Empire of Japan 1066:Main articles: 1064: 1062:Empire of Japan 1026:in Munich, 1938 1012: 1004:Main articles: 1002: 980:and the failed 974:Weimar Republic 946:dropped, while 932:Personal income 917:Great Recession 876: 870: 708: 702:Golden Twenties 692:Main articles: 690: 601: 595: 554:Ottoman Empires 518: 512: 506: 408:, countries in 384:In Russia, the 335:German colonies 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 190:interwar period 172: 77: 71: 68: 61: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12205: 12195: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12101:Easternization 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12032: 12030: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12020: 12019: 12018: 12013: 12012: 12011: 12006: 11996: 11995: 11994: 11984: 11983: 11982: 11981: 11980: 11975: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11938: 11937: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11911: 11910: 11909: 11904: 11902:Zoroastrianism 11894: 11893: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11857: 11856: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11795: 11794: 11773: 11771: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11761: 11760: 11759: 11754: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11717:Islamic ethics 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11678: 11676: 11670: 11669: 11667: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11650: 11649: 11644: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11623: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11570: 11569: 11568: 11558: 11553: 11552: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11500: 11498: 11492: 11491: 11489: 11488: 11483: 11482: 11481: 11476: 11475: 11474: 11469: 11459: 11454: 11453: 11452: 11447: 11437: 11432: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11406: 11404: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11365: 11363: 11359: 11358: 11347: 11346: 11339: 11332: 11324: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11311: 11309:Westernization 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11289:Visegrád Group 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11229:Nordic Council 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11124:Bucharest Nine 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11089:Arctic Council 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11060: 11058: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11037: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11001: 10996: 10995: 10994: 10984: 10978: 10976: 10970: 10969: 10967: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10933: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10887: 10886: 10885: 10884: 10883: 10873: 10872: 10871: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10854: 10853: 10852: 10842: 10841: 10840: 10815: 10813: 10807: 10806: 10804: 10803: 10802: 10801: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10767: 10766: 10765: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10724: 10723: 10718: 10708: 10707: 10706: 10699:Existentialism 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10650: 10648: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10638: 10637: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10611: 10610: 10609: 10599: 10598: 10597: 10592: 10582: 10581: 10580: 10570: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10519: 10518: 10517: 10512: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10486: 10485: 10475: 10470: 10469: 10468: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10446: 10445: 10444: 10434: 10429: 10428: 10427: 10417: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10389: 10387: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10375: 10370: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10263: 10258: 10257: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10236: 10235: 10234: 10232:Late antiquity 10224: 10218: 10216: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10177: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10147: 10142: 10136: 10134: 10130: 10129: 10118: 10117: 10110: 10103: 10095: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10061: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10023:(2022–present) 10017: 10010: 10003: 10001:(2020–present) 9995: 9994: 9993: 9986: 9979: 9965: 9963:(2019–present) 9957: 9955:(2019–present) 9949: 9947:(2018–present) 9941: 9933: 9926: 9918: 9910: 9903: 9896: 9889: 9882: 9874: 9867: 9865:(2013–present) 9859: 9852: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9829:(2011–present) 9823: 9821:(2010–present) 9815: 9808: 9801: 9793: 9791: 9790:(2009–present) 9783: 9782: 9780: 9779: 9778: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9721: 9714: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9686: 9679: 9672: 9665: 9658: 9655:September 2008 9643: 9641: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9629: 9627:(2007–present) 9621: 9614: 9607: 9599: 9592: 9585: 9578: 9571: 9564: 9556: 9548: 9540: 9533: 9526: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9497: 9490: 9483: 9475: 9468: 9460: 9453: 9446: 9439: 9432: 9424: 9416: 9409: 9402: 9394: 9386: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9357: 9348: 9346: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9329: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9299: 9291: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9261: 9259: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9247: 9240: 9232: 9230: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9211: 9204: 9196: 9188: 9179: 9177: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9158: 9151: 9143: 9136: 9129: 9122: 9114: 9107: 9100: 9092: 9084: 9076: 9069: 9062: 9054: 9052: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9040: 9032: 9025: 9018: 9011: 9010: 9009: 9002: 8986: 8984: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8969: 8962: 8955: 8947: 8940: 8933: 8926: 8919: 8917:(c. 1780–1795) 8911: 8904: 8896: 8888: 8886: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8866: 8858: 8850: 8840: 8838:(c. 1600–1760) 8832: 8824: 8815: 8813: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8801: 8792: 8790: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8749: 8742: 8735: 8721: 8718:Hyperinflation 8714: 8707: 8706: 8705: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8630: 8629: 8622: 8615: 8607: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8587:Unicorn bubble 8584: 8579: 8574: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8555: 8549: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8524: 8522: 8521:(2007–present) 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8449:(c. 2000–2007) 8444: 8438: 8435:Dot-com bubble 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8412:1980s oil glut 8408: 8406: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8388:(c. 1980–1982) 8383: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8363: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8345: 8344:(1945–c. 1960) 8339: 8338:(1945–c. 1950) 8336:Texas oil boom 8332: 8330: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8312: 8307: 8301: 8300:(1918–c. 1930) 8295: 8292:Texas oil boom 8289: 8288:(1918–c. 1930) 8283: 8282:(c. 1920–1925) 8276: 8274: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8247:Texas oil boom 8244: 8243:(c. 1900–1918) 8238: 8235:Nome Gold Rush 8232: 8231:(1897–c. 1925) 8226: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8171:(c. 1880–1903) 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8128: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8013:(1851–c. 1870) 8008: 8002: 7996: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7973: 7968: 7967:(1828–c. 1840) 7962: 7957: 7951: 7944: 7942: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7905: 7903: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7849: 7848: 7841: 7834: 7826: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7799:United Kingdom 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7731:United Kingdom 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7676: 7674: 7673:(2007–present) 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7656: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7642:United Kingdom 7639: 7634: 7623: 7617: 7615: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7589:United Kingdom 7586: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7566:United Kingdom 7557: 7555: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7511: 7509: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7483:United Kingdom 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7426: 7424: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7370: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7356:United Kingdom 7346: 7344: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7312: 7306: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7291: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7256: 7253: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7232: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7195: 7193: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7164: 7162: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7063: 7058: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6971: 6969:Business cycle 6966: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6947:Overproduction 6944: 6939: 6934: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6900: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6877: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6818:United Kingdom 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6684: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6661: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6505:Russian Empire 6502: 6497: 6495:British Empire 6492: 6490:Dutch Republic 6487: 6485:Swedish Empire 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6465:Spanish Empire 6462: 6457: 6455:Ottoman Empire 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6415: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6370:Serbian Empire 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6231: 6226: 6220: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6206:Late antiquity 6203: 6198: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6169:Roman Republic 6166: 6160: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6111: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6070: 6054: 6053:External links 6051: 6050: 6049: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6017: 6010: 6001: 6000:Historiography 5998: 5997: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5866: 5854: 5844: 5837: 5836:(2nd ed. 2007) 5830: 5823: 5815: 5814: 5804: 5794: 5789:978-0226520001 5788: 5768: 5748: 5738: 5729: 5722: 5717:978-1408868560 5716: 5696: 5691:Koshar, Rudy. 5689: 5680: 5673: 5663: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5618: 5611: 5602: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5563: 5556: 5548: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5516: 5506: 5496: 5486: 5479: 5469: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5426: 5404: 5381: 5362:(2): 279–298. 5346: 5311: 5276: 5269: 5251: 5229: 5210:(3): 519–549. 5189: 5170:(2): 221–245. 5145: 5138: 5120: 5107: 5088: 5065: 5044:10.1086/240652 5038:(3): 468–482. 5022: 5015: 4997: 4978: 4958: 4951: 4930: 4916: 4909: 4891: 4876: 4869: 4851: 4844: 4823: 4804: 4781: 4766: 4759: 4738: 4731: 4704: 4697: 4674: 4665: 4649: 4633: 4620: 4603: 4596: 4588:Weimar Germany 4578: 4571: 4553: 4546: 4528: 4509: 4489: 4466: 4440: 4427: 4420:978-1439084755 4419: 4401: 4378: 4371: 4353: 4327: 4304: 4297: 4279: 4272: 4254: 4247: 4229: 4214: 4207: 4189: 4182: 4164: 4157: 4139: 4132: 4114: 4091: 4072: 4052: 4009: 3982: 3963: 3943: 3915: 3884: 3877: 3859: 3852: 3834: 3827:, ed. (1968). 3816: 3809: 3791: 3768: 3751: 3733: 3707: 3700: 3682: 3651: 3620: 3613: 3592: 3573: 3553: 3534: 3514: 3496:978-1285415550 3495: 3475: 3456: 3436: 3417: 3397: 3390: 3372: 3353: 3346: 3328: 3321: 3303: 3276: 3257:(3): 441–463. 3241: 3234: 3216: 3197: 3177: 3170: 3152: 3138: 3124: 3110: 3096: 3076: 3069: 3039: 3025: 3011: 2996:on 11 May 2024 2981: 2966:. p. 26. 2949: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2913: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2704: 2701: 2691: 2662: 2659: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2517: 2515: 2499:Nanjing decade 2486: 2483: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2395:Albanian crown 2387:Czechoslovakia 2378:personal union 2327:Galeazzo Ciano 2323:Easter Accords 2267:Francesc Macià 2230:of the former 2166: 2085:Corfu incident 2031: 2025: 2007: 2001: 1991: 1985: 1958:Main article: 1955: 1952: 1924:Czechoslovakia 1905:Sudeten German 1901:Czechoslovakia 1857:Heinkel He 111 1760: 1757: 1717:French economy 1713:hyperinflation 1666:Main article: 1663: 1660: 1655:Main article: 1652: 1649: 1616:Main article: 1613: 1610: 1598:French Algeria 1546: 1543: 1484:Mandatory Iraq 1460:Ottoman Empire 1442:Congress Party 1373:Main article: 1370: 1367: 1298:Main article: 1295: 1292: 1280: 1277: 1211:Main article: 1208: 1205: 1189:Zhang Xueliang 1173:Main article: 1170: 1167: 1063: 1060: 1001: 998: 963:heavy industry 872:Main article: 869: 866: 689: 686: 667:sponsored the 650:Czechoslovakia 634:Horn of Africa 597:Main article: 594: 591: 542:Russian Empire 538:Eastern Europe 528:Following the 508:Main article: 505: 502: 486:modern warfare 478:naval aviation 327:German Empires 171: 170: 165: 159: 150: 145: 139: 134: 129: 124: 120:White Army of 118: 113: 104: 94: 79: 78: 72:September 2024 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12204: 12193: 12192:Periodization 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12169: 12167: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12025: 12017: 12014: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12001: 12000: 11997: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11988: 11985: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11915: 11912: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11895: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11862: 11861: 11858: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11818: 11817: 11814: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11793: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11780: 11779: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11766: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11749: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11675: 11671: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11607: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11575: 11574: 11571: 11567: 11564: 11563: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11497: 11493: 11487: 11484: 11480: 11477: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11426: 11425:Modern period 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11407: 11405: 11401: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11351:Eastern world 11345: 11340: 11338: 11333: 11331: 11326: 11325: 11322: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11254:PROSUR/PROSUL 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11149:Craiova Group 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11064:ABCANZ Armies 11062: 11061: 11059: 11053: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10993: 10990: 10989: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10971: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10891: 10888: 10882: 10879: 10878: 10877: 10874: 10870: 10869:Protestantism 10867: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10858: 10855: 10851: 10848: 10847: 10846: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10814: 10812: 10808: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10789:Sovereigntism 10787: 10785: 10782: 10778: 10777: 10773: 10772: 10771: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10709: 10705: 10702: 10701: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10684:Scholasticism 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10643: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10612: 10608: 10605: 10604: 10603: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10579: 10576: 10575: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10548: 10547: 10544: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10535: 10532: 10528: 10525: 10524: 10523: 10520: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10484: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10467: 10464: 10463: 10462: 10459: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10450: 10447: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10394: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10386: 10382: 10374: 10373:War on terror 10371: 10369: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10268: 10267: 10266:Modern period 10264: 10262: 10259: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10237: 10233: 10230: 10229: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10215: 10211: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10152: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10122:Western world 10116: 10111: 10109: 10104: 10102: 10097: 10096: 10093: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10069: 10066: 10062: 10059: 10055: 10054: 10051: 10044: 10040: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10018: 10015: 10011: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9991: 9987: 9984: 9980: 9977: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9908: 9904: 9901: 9897: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9857: 9853: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9813: 9809: 9806: 9802: 9799: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9775: 9771: 9768: 9764: 9761: 9757: 9754: 9750: 9747: 9743: 9740: 9736: 9733: 9729: 9726: 9722: 9719: 9715: 9712: 9708: 9705: 9701: 9698: 9694: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9680: 9677: 9676:December 2008 9673: 9670: 9669:November 2008 9666: 9663: 9659: 9656: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9615: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9597: 9593: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9579: 9576: 9572: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9538: 9534: 9531: 9527: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9513: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9495: 9491: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9458: 9454: 9451: 9447: 9444: 9440: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9414: 9410: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9377: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9343: 9338: 9334: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9289: 9285: 9282: 9278: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9245: 9241: 9238: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9216: 9215:Panic of 1930 9212: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9163: 9159: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9140:Panic of 1907 9137: 9134: 9133:Panic of 1901 9130: 9127: 9126:Panic of 1896 9123: 9119: 9115: 9112: 9108: 9105: 9104:Panic of 1893 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9088:Baring crisis 9085: 9081: 9080:Arendal crash 9077: 9074: 9073:Panic of 1884 9070: 9067: 9063: 9060: 9059:Panic of 1873 9056: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9037: 9033: 9030: 9029:Panic of 1866 9026: 9023: 9022:Panic of 1857 9019: 9016: 9015:Panic of 1847 9012: 9007: 9003: 9000: 8996: 8995: 8992: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8974: 8973:Panic of 1837 8970: 8967: 8966:Panic of 1825 8963: 8960: 8959:Panic of 1819 8956: 8952: 8948: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8931: 8930:Panic of 1792 8927: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8846: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8798: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8784: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8769:Social crisis 8766: 8763: 8762:Minsky moment 8759: 8754: 8750: 8747: 8743: 8740: 8736: 8733: 8729: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8688:Energy crisis 8685: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8660:Credit crunch 8657: 8654: 8650: 8647: 8643: 8642: 8639: 8635: 8628: 8623: 8621: 8616: 8614: 8609: 8608: 8605: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8572:Carbon bubble 8570: 8569: 8566: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8550: 8547: 8544: 8541: 8538: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8472: 8469: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8394: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8378: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8293: 8290: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8248: 8245: 8242: 8239: 8236: 8233: 8230: 8227: 8224: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8175:Ohio oil rush 8173: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8158: 8155: 8152: 8149: 8146: 8143: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8114: 8111: 8108: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8084: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8072: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7994: 7993:Railway Mania 7991: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7854: 7847: 7842: 7840: 7835: 7833: 7828: 7827: 7824: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7804:United States 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7737: 7736:United States 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7648: 7647:United States 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7607: 7603: 7595: 7594:United States 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7576: 7572: 7571:United States 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7493: 7489: 7488:United States 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7397:Panic of 1907 7395: 7392: 7391:Panic of 1901 7389: 7386: 7383: 7382:Panic of 1893 7380: 7377: 7376:Baring crisis 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7362: 7361:United States 7359: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7318:Panic of 1866 7316: 7313: 7310: 7309:Panic of 1857 7307: 7304: 7301: 7300:Panic of 1847 7298: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7271:Panic of 1837 7269: 7266: 7263: 7260: 7259:Panic of 1825 7257: 7254: 7251: 7248: 7245: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7229:Panic of 1792 7226: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7174:Slump of 1706 7172: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7082:Balance sheet 7080: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7051:Interest rate 7049: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6893: 6891: 6886: 6884: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6851: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832:United States 6830: 6824: 6823:United States 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6798:Latin America 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6682: 6677: 6675: 6670: 6668: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6601:Art of Europe 6599: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6400:Modern period 6397: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6104: 6102: 6097: 6095: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6003: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5832:Overy, R. J. 5831: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5489:Berman, Sheri 5487: 5484: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5272: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5196: 5194: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5141: 5139:0-521-53274-4 5135: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5111: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5072: 5070: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5018: 5016:1-55753-141-2 5012: 5009:. Purdue UP. 5008: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4988:History Today 4982: 4974: 4973: 4965: 4963: 4954: 4952:0-8014-3772-5 4948: 4944: 4937: 4935: 4927:. p. 24. 4926: 4920: 4912: 4910:0-393-32396-X 4906: 4902: 4895: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4870:0-415-18078-3 4866: 4862: 4855: 4847: 4845:0-8131-9139-4 4841: 4837: 4830: 4828: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4788: 4786: 4777: 4770: 4762: 4760:0-415-16111-8 4756: 4752: 4745: 4743: 4734: 4732:0-8014-3772-5 4728: 4724: 4723: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4698:0-297-78005-0 4694: 4690: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4669: 4662: 4656: 4654: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4630: 4624: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4549: 4547:0-312-04470-4 4543: 4539: 4532: 4516: 4512: 4510:9781598843361 4506: 4502: 4501: 4493: 4477: 4470: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4437: 4431: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4374: 4372:0-8415-0020-7 4368: 4364: 4357: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4300: 4298:0-19-568367-6 4294: 4291:. Oxford UP. 4290: 4283: 4275: 4273:1-84511-347-0 4269: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4248:0-415-13102-2 4244: 4240: 4233: 4225: 4218: 4210: 4208:0-8131-9139-4 4204: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4183:0-394-53550-2 4179: 4175: 4168: 4160: 4158:0-375-75515-2 4154: 4150: 4143: 4135: 4133:0-297-00124-8 4129: 4125: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3970: 3966: 3964:9780719046728 3960: 3956: 3955: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3880: 3878:0-299-14870-X 3874: 3870: 3863: 3855: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3812: 3810:0-312-40635-5 3806: 3802: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3763: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3703: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3616: 3614:0-15-136903-8 3610: 3606: 3599: 3597: 3580: 3576: 3574:9780415438896 3570: 3566: 3565: 3557: 3541: 3537: 3535:9781317213260 3531: 3527: 3526: 3518: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3457:9780748733866 3453: 3449: 3448: 3440: 3424: 3420: 3418:9781444391671 3414: 3410: 3409: 3401: 3393: 3391:0-691-05220-4 3387: 3383: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3324: 3322:0-271-02339-2 3318: 3314: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3237: 3235:0-07-052266-9 3231: 3227: 3220: 3204: 3200: 3198:0-19-913425-1 3194: 3190: 3189: 3181: 3173: 3171:0-300-04144-6 3167: 3163: 3156: 3148: 3142: 3134: 3128: 3120: 3114: 3106: 3100: 3089: 3088: 3080: 3072: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3035: 3029: 3021: 3015: 3008: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2950: 2939: 2938: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2703:End of an era 2690: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2627: 2625: 2624:Southern Cone 2619: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562:(1915–1935), 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2542:Latin America 2533: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2125:Indian Oceans 2122: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089:Italian press 2086: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2054:March on Rome 2051: 2047: 2043: 2022: 2015: 1998: 1997:Client states 1980: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818:Pact of Steel 1816:, formed the 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1584: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1551: 1545:French Empire 1542: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1519:Jewish people 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1494:in 1932 when 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430:Punjab region 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1381: 1376: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1337:" of outside 1336: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1301: 1290: 1286: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1197:Lytton Report 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:Kwantung Army 1176: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1121:in 1919, its 1120: 1115: 1112:of 1915. Its 1111: 1107: 1106:Chinese coast 1103: 1098: 1095: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1007: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 913:Black Tuesday 910: 905: 901: 893: 889: 885: 880: 875: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 838:working class 835: 831: 824: 819: 817: 813: 812:United States 809: 805: 801: 797: 792: 790: 789:March on Rome 786: 782: 778: 774: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 732:New York City 729: 721: 720:Mary Pickford 717: 712: 707: 706:Années folles 703: 699: 695: 685: 683: 679: 675: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 600: 590: 588: 583: 579: 575: 574:United States 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 522: 517: 511: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 438:horse cavalry 435: 431: 427: 423: 417: 415: 414:United States 411: 410:Latin America 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 382: 380: 376: 372: 369:and parts of 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 228:, a time of 227: 223: 219: 195: 191: 187: 178: 169: 166: 163: 160: 158: 154: 151: 149: 146: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 119: 117: 114: 112: 108: 105: 103: 99: 96: 95: 92: 91: 85: 75: 65: 59: 55: 52:This article 50: 46: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 12096:Eastern Bloc 12066:Asia Council 12027:Contemporary 11973:Latin Church 11941:Christianity 11870:Confucianism 11742:Collectivism 11556:Architecture 11462:World War II 11456: 11299:Western Bloc 11099:AUSCANNZUKUS 11055:Contemporary 11004:Human rights 10850:Latin Church 10824:Christianity 10774: 10733:Conservatism 10578:contemporary 10415:Architecture 10351:World War II 10340: 10311:Emancipation 10306:Abolitionism 10194:Romanization 10189:Roman legacy 10170:Roman Empire 9662:October 2008 9544:Samba effect 9400:(1987–2000s) 9295:Steel crisis 9172: 9118:Black Monday 9096:Encilhamento 9036:Black Friday 8843: 8799:(235–284 CE) 8667:Credit cycle 8577:Green bubble 8269: 8199:Encilhamento 7869:Credit cycle 7864:Market trend 7721:South Africa 7478:South Africa 7419: 7324:Black Friday 7141:Unemployment 6998:Money supply 6993:Disinflation 6937:General glut 6813:South Africa 6560:World War II 6554: 6413:Early modern 6390:Kalmar Union 6261:Papal States 6179:Roman Empire 6045: 6023: 6013: 6006: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5948: 5940: 5932: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5904: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5871: 5859: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5807: 5800: 5799:ed. (1968). 5797:Mowat, C. L. 5775: 5759:(2): 47–63, 5756: 5752: 5741: 5733: 5725: 5706:. New York: 5703: 5692: 5684: 5676: 5667: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5622: 5614: 5605: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5519: 5509: 5499: 5492: 5482: 5472: 5463: 5438: 5429: 5417:. Retrieved 5394: 5384: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5260: 5254: 5245: 5232: 5207: 5201: 5167: 5161: 5129: 5123: 5115: 5110: 5098:. Retrieved 5078: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5006: 5000: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4970: 4942: 4924: 4919: 4900: 4894: 4885: 4879: 4860: 4854: 4835: 4814:. Retrieved 4794: 4775: 4769: 4750: 4721: 4688: 4668: 4660: 4659:R.J. Overy, 4644: 4628: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4587: 4581: 4562: 4556: 4537: 4531: 4519:. Retrieved 4499: 4492: 4480:. Retrieved 4469: 4457:. Retrieved 4443: 4435: 4430: 4410: 4404: 4387: 4381: 4362: 4356: 4345: 4341:Mowat, C. L. 4313: 4307: 4288: 4282: 4263: 4257: 4238: 4232: 4223: 4217: 4198: 4192: 4173: 4167: 4148: 4142: 4123: 4117: 4100: 4094: 4082:. 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Retrieved 2963: 2953: 2912:, since 1900 2895: 2720:World War II 2706: 2683: 2664: 2652: 2646: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2620: 2576: 2545: 2527: 2523:adding to it 2518: 2464: 2455:land reforms 2444: 2428:Valea Jiului 2417: 2363: 2320: 2294:and between 2288:client state 2256: 2240:Stresa Front 2225: 2173: 2134: 2117: 2078: 2060:at the 1923 2039: 1909: 1897:German Reich 1870: 1846:World War II 1794: 1778: 1765:Nazi Germany 1743: 1738:. Under the 1736:Soviet Union 1733: 1725:Nationalists 1702: 1683: 1643:against the 1632:Rif Republic 1621: 1586: 1531: 1500: 1486:, a British 1478:and his son 1472:client state 1466:was granted 1453: 1450: 1422:that of 1857 1412: 1386: 1331: 1307:conservative 1303: 1244: 1228: 1223:Zhengyangmen 1178: 1139:capital ship 1128: 1099: 1091: 1056:Adolf Hitler 1033: 1029: 1020:Adolf Hitler 971: 957: 921: 897: 884:soup kitchen 834:middle class 826: 821: 793: 725: 658: 610:Soviet Union 602: 527: 418: 390:Soviet Union 383: 312: 283:between the 262: 238:middle class 222:World War II 193: 189: 183: 88: 69: 53: 36: 12046:Arab League 12029:integration 11968:Catholicism 11826:Vaishnavism 11600:Esotericism 11467:Pacific War 11440:World War I 11384:Indic world 11379:Sinic world 11362:Foundations 11239:Open Balkan 11057:integration 10987:Rule of law 10982:Natural law 10959:Agnosticism 10937:Hellenistic 10915:Anglo-Saxon 10845:Catholicism 10784:Atlanticism 10689:Rationalism 10495:Immigration 10478:Esotericism 10336:World War I 10301:Romanticism 10281:Reformation 10261:Renaissance 10239:Middle Ages 10204:Christendom 10133:Foundations 9939:(2017–2018) 9924:(2016–2022) 9880:(2014–2022) 9640:(2007–2009) 9605:(2003–2008) 9554:(2000–2004) 9503:(1994–1996) 9481:(1992–1994) 9466:(1991–2000) 9430:(1990–1992) 9422:(1990–1992) 9392:(1986–1995) 9355:(1982–1994) 9345:(1982–2007) 9327:(1980–1982) 9305:(1975–1982) 9297:(1973–1982) 9268:(1973–1980) 9258:(1973–1982) 9229:(1945–1973) 9194:(1921–1923) 9186:(1917–1924) 9176:(1918–1939) 9098:(1890–1893) 9051:(1870–1914) 8993:(1845–1856) 8953:(1815–1816) 8902:(1769–1784) 8885:(1760–1840) 8848:(1621–1623) 8830:(1544–1551) 8812:(1000–1760) 8711:Flash crash 8681:Debt crisis 8530:(2008–2014) 8497:(2005–2008) 8491:(2005–2011) 8479:(2002–2008) 8473:(2002–2007) 8467:(2002–2006) 8461:(2001–2006) 8455:(2000–2008) 8443:(2000–2006) 8437:(1995–2000) 8431:(1986–1990) 8425:(1985–2008) 8405:(1982–2007) 8376:(1977–1981) 8362:(1973–1982) 8350:(1969–1970) 8329:(1945–1973) 8317:(1932–1942) 8306:(1918–1945) 8294:(1918–1945) 8273:(1918–1939) 8261:(1909–1918) 8255:(1903–1918) 8249:(1901–1918) 8237:(1899–1909) 8225:(1897–1899) 8219:(1896–1903) 8213:(1896–1899) 8201:(1886–1890) 8183:(1883–1906) 8159:(1879–1893) 8153:(1874–1880) 8127:(1870–1914) 8103:(1865–1867) 8091:(1864–1867) 8085:(1861–1874) 8079:(1861–1867) 8073:(1861–1864) 8067:(1861–1864) 8049:(1859–1891) 8037:(1858–1861) 8025:(1851–1914) 8019:(1851–1880) 8001:(1848–1855) 7978:(1830–1850) 7956:(1802–1825) 7948:Canal Mania 7941:(1760–1840) 7929:(1757–1769) 7923:(1711–1720) 7917:(1684–1720) 7911:(1634–1637) 7909:Tulip mania 7902:(1000–1760) 7789:New Zealand 7747:2020–2022; 7711:New Zealand 7684:2007–2009; 7630:1990–1991; 7614:(1982–2007) 7582:1980–1982; 7554:(1973–1982) 7532:(1957–1958) 7526:(1953–1954) 7520:(1948–1949) 7508:(1945–1973) 7473:New Zealand 7456:1929–1939; 7432:(1918–1919) 7423:(1918–1939) 7405:(1910–1912) 7399:(1907–1908) 7393:(1902–1904) 7384:(1893–1897) 7378:(1890–1891) 7354:1873–1879; 7343:(1870–1914) 7326:(1869–1870) 7320:(1865–1867) 7311:(1857–1858) 7302:(1847–1848) 7290:(1840–1870) 7261:(1825–1826) 7252:(1815–1821) 7237:(1796–1799) 7231:(1789–1793) 7203:1772–1774; 7192:(1760–1840) 7170:(1430–1490) 7168:Great Slump 7161:(1000–1760) 7107:Stagflation 7066:Yield curve 7012:Price level 6803:Netherlands 6545:World War I 6535:Nationalism 6423:Reformation 6408:Renaissance 6380:Black Death 6313:Kievan Rus' 6216:Middle Ages 5778:. Chicago: 5524:Online free 4994:(9): 45–51. 4478:(in French) 4455:(in French) 3726:30 November 3585:19 February 3546:19 February 3507:19 February 3429:19 February 3369:(10): 3–18. 2974:10 November 2632:indigenismo 2495:Warlord Era 2440:agriculture 2250:led to the 1948:appeasement 1698:Reparations 1624:Abd el-Krim 1565:during the 1496:King Faisal 1480:King Farouk 1238:led by the 1232:nationalism 988:. In Asia, 936:tax revenue 890:during the 846:automobiles 816:Leslie Hume 760:Marcel wave 646:Sudetenland 638:appeasement 474:battleships 458:interceptor 301:imperialism 254:first world 242:Automobiles 218:World War I 194:interbellum 162:Promiscuous 58:Estado Novo 12166:Categories 11757:Philippine 11674:Philosophy 11659:Philosophy 11632:Literature 11259:Rio Treaty 10770:Relativism 10728:Liberalism 10694:Empiricism 10646:Philosophy 10634:Secularism 10585:Philosophy 10522:Literature 10316:Capitalism 8732:Accounting 7754:Bangladesh 7691:Bangladesh 7335:Gilded Age 7087:Depression 7039:Stagnation 6839:Bonus Army 6741:By country 6308:Viking Age 6123:Prehistory 5708:Bloomsbury 5390:Overy, R J 5100:14 October 4482:3 November 4459:3 November 4025:"Review". 3908:2 December 3007:influence… 2945:References 2638:hispanismo 2366:Ahmet Zogu 2355:Suez Canal 2339:Suez Canal 2083:after the 2058:Dodecanese 2052:after the 2044:movement, 1865:Kodachrome 1828:after the 1810:plebiscite 1729:Communists 1567:World Expo 1347:socialists 1343:Communists 1236:militarism 892:Depression 858:appliances 850:telephones 754:began and 628:; Italy's 582:Dawes Plan 498:asymmetric 468:." In the 446:air forces 426:mechanized 386:Bolsheviks 363:Bessarabia 285:Kuomintang 212:months, 21 107:White Army 56:about the 11914:Abrahamic 11809:Vajrayana 11799:Theravada 11654:Mythology 11627:Languages 11415:Silk Road 11374:Old World 11204:Five Eyes 11199:EU–UK TCA 11041:Democracy 10930:Old Norse 10819:Abrahamic 10776:Peritrope 10758:Tolerance 10738:Socialism 10568:Mythology 10556:Classical 10505:Languages 10483:Astrology 10331:Modernism 10145:Old World 9990:Recession 8983:1840–1870 8560:(2020–21) 8097:(c. 1865) 7986:1840–1870 7794:Singapore 7749:Australia 7726:Sri Lanka 7686:Australia 7632:Australia 7458:Australia 7448:1926–1927 7445:1923–1924 7411:(1913–14) 7387:1899–1900 7243:1807–1810 7240:1802–1804 7221:1785–1788 7146:Sahm rule 7077:Recession 6978:Inflation 6974:Deflation 6753:Australia 6748:Argentina 6717:Dust Bowl 6355:Feudalism 6326:Catalonia 5419:11 August 5414:949747872 5392:(2015) . 5376:162747279 5341:161584922 5306:144085742 5224:149372568 5184:145309305 5060:144182598 4689:Mussolini 4047:146638943 3894:"Fascism" 2904:Timelines 2872:Dust Bowl 2657:in 1923. 2568:Nicaragua 2393:took the 2200:Macedonia 2153:Gibraltar 1944:Lithuania 1893:Anschluss 1755:in 1926. 1647:in 1936. 1641:rebellion 1571:Agfacolor 1569:in 1937 ( 1503:Palestine 1476:King Fuad 1436:in 1919. 1363:world war 1355:Catholics 1345:and many 1193:Manchukuo 888:Al Capone 791:in 1922. 558:Lithuania 482:doctrines 442:artillery 430:motorized 394:Near East 392:. 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