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1101:, and in addition accumulated the portfolios of War Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He also took over (on 27 December) the functions of President until a new election could be organized early in the new year. All of these actions were in direct violation of the Constitution of 1911, which he himself had helped to draft. During the coup and the early stages of his government, Sidónio Pais enjoyed the support of various labor groups, in exchange for the release of imprisoned comrades, and because of expectations inside the influential National Workers' Union, which looked to position itself as a centre of power of the republican left.
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second shot hit the
President in the stomach, causing a wound which would prove fatal. Pais immediately fell to the ground, and a panic broke out. During the confusion, four innocent bystanders were fatally wounded by the guards; the assassin, who didn't try to escape, was arrested after being brutally beaten by the crowd. Pais was still alive at this point and was rushed toward St. Joseph Hospital, but he died of his wounds en route to the hospital shortly before midnight.
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1160:, through universal suffrage. Making use of his popularity among Catholics, he was elected on 28 April 1918, obtaining 470,831 votes, an unprecedented number. He was proclaimed President of the Republic on 9 May of the same year, without even bothering to consult Congress, and enjoying direct democratic legitimacy, which he used – unsuccessfully – to crush opposition attempts.
1171:, and the Portuguese government was unable to bring in necessary reinforcements or even maintain a regular supply of troops. The situation reached such an extreme that, even after the end of the war, Portugal was unable to transport its troops back to the country. Social conflict had increased to the point of creating a permanent state of insurrection.
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border conflicts in areas of contact between the
Portuguese and German colonies in Africa, and his own increasingly Germanophile position. Despite these difficulties, he held the position until 9 March 1916, the date on which Germany declared war on Portugal following the seizure of German ships in ports under Portuguese control.
1299:, which endures until today. It is common to see fresh flowers and religious symbols being laid at his tomb. This is mainly due to his reversal of some early republican anti-clerical laws. But it seems somewhat ironic that his name lives on most vividly in these circles since Pais was not a particularly religious man himself.
1241:. When he entered the station at around 11 PM, he was received by a Republican Guard ordered to protect the President. The earlier, failed assassination attempt on the President had led to an increase in security. However, this couldn't ruin the mood as a band played a popular song when the President entered the station.
1295:), a description that stuck in later years because it adequately symbolized his regime. Particularly among the most conservative Catholic groups, Pais entered the Portuguese imagination as a mix of a savior and a martyr, and caused the emergence of a popular cult, similar to the one existing around the figure of
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The decrees of
February and March 1918, which because their profound contradiction with the current constitution were labeled the "Constitution of 1918", profoundly altered the Portuguese Constitution of 1911 and lent the regime a clear presidential character, revamped electoral law, and changed the
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image. The
President of the Republic in effect became Head of State and leader of the Government, which, significantly, was entirely composed of state secretaries instead of (higher-ranked) ministers. In this new political architecture, which his supporters called a "New Republic", the Head of State
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in 1910. After a brief membership of the managing board of the national railway company, he was elected as a deputy of the
National Constituent Assembly that was charged with drafting the Portuguese Constitution of 1911. As a leading member of the Constituent Assembly, Pais was appointed Minister of
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on 17 August 1912. He remained in that important diplomatic post during the critical period that led to the outbreak of the war, maintaining a difficult balance between the pressures of the
Portuguese Government, with increasingly pro-war and Anglophile viewpoints, attempts to settle diplomatically
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By now considered to be a distinguished mathematician, he remained in
Coimbra, where he was appointed professor at the Faculty of Differential and Integral Calculus. He also worked as a professor at the Brotero Industrial School, where he was also a director from 1905 to 1909. On 23 October 1910 he
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The murder of Sidónio Pais heralded a traumatic time for the First
Republic. Essentially a populist, charismatic leader, Pais portrayed himself as the last hope of a doomed country, and was widely perceived as such. This explains why his assassination had such a huge, and long-lasting influence on
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Sidónio Pais amended the Law of
Separation of Church and State on 23 February 1918. This prompted an immediate, fierce reaction from traditional Republicans and Freemasons, but garnered widespread support from Catholics, moderate Republicans, and the rural population, then the vast majority of the
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purchased the ruin of Pais' birthplace for 175,000 Euros. The architect Nuno Brandão Costa was asked in 2009 to turn the house into a museum. The basement should house a room dedicated to Pais's presidency, with a second hall devoted to his life on the ground floor. The first floor will be turned
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His personality combined attractive social qualities and strength of character. A contemporary observer described him as "half prince, half condottiere," and a member of his short-lived parliament in 1918 explained his public attractiveness by suggesting that he possessed "spiritual mimetism," an
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cloak. When the
President passed the assassin on the first floor of Rossio station, Da Costa penetrated the double police cordon that surrounded the President and fired two shots from the pistol hidden under his cloak. The first shot hit Pais in the right arm, where the bullet became lodged. The
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ability to mimic faithfully several current traits and images. His versatility was extraordinary, but what distinguished him in contemporary Portuguese politics was his readiness to discuss difficult issues openly and to admit in public that he was capable of making mistakes.
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because of his autocratic style of government and the removal of any remaining checks on the regime. The ineffectuality of his regime failed to bring the order it had promised and only contributed to the chaos of the First Republic and the undermining of its legitimacy.
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This situation marked the end of the regime's charmed existence. Between alternating strikes, conflicts, and conspiracies, from the summer of 1918 onwards attempts to end the "Sidonist" regime escalated in severity and violence, which led the President to declare a
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was placed in a position of power that had known no parallel in Portuguese history since the end of absolutism. Hence, Pessoa's epithet of a "President-King" was well-deserved. In its objectives and in many of its forms, the New Republic was a precursor of the
1082:, he led an insurrection by around 250 troops. The coup ended victoriously after three days of heavy confrontations, in which the role of civil groups was decisive for the insurgents' success. On the morning of 8 December Costa handed over power to Pais'
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Back in Portugal, he formed a natural rallying point for those who opposed Portugal's participation in the war, catalyzing the growing discontent caused by both the effects of the war effort at home and the poor results obtained by the
928:, assuming his office on 24 August 1911. In this post, which he held until 3 November 1911, he represented the government during the festivities that marked the first anniversary of the Republic in the city of
871:. In 1888, he decided upon a military career and entered the Army School, attending artillery courses. An outstanding student, he completed his courses with distinction, and was promoted to sub-lieutenant (
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on 13 October 1918. With that act, and the harsh repression of opposing movements, he was able to regain momentary control of the political situation, but his regime was clearly mortally wounded.
1357:, 1945) in 1895. The couple had five children, four sons and one daughter. Out of wedlock, he also had one daughter by one Ema Manso Preto. He is the great-grandfather in the male line of
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Upon completion of his courses at the Army School, Pais enrolled at the University of Coimbra, where he graduated in mathematics. He received his doctorate at the same university in 1898.
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Subsequently, Pais issued a set of dictatorial decrees, without consulting the Congress of the Republic, and suspended important parts of the Constitution, giving the regime a markedly
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Sidónio Pais's funeral was attended by tens of thousands of people, but multiple interruptions, some of them violent, took place as protesters mingled among the crowd. On 16 December,
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into a documentation center. The costs of the conversion are estimated to be one million Euros. There appears to have been made little to no progress after the mid-2010s, however.
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The president made his way to the Lisboa-Rossio Railway Station on the evening of 14 December 1918, after having enjoyed dinner at the restaurant Silva, located in the
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regime that controlled Portugal during much of the 20th century exploited the legacy and associations of "Sidonism" to its advantage. For instance, when the
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Portuguese politics. From then on, most political stability disappeared, leading to a permanent crisis that only ended nearly eight years later when the
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Fernando Pessoa, "A Memória do Presidente-Rei Sidónio Pais (27-2-1920)", in: Maria Isabel Rocheta and Maria Paula Mourão, eds. (1979),
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Ribeiro de Meneses, Filipe (1998). "Sidónio Pais, the Portuguese 'New Republic' and the Challenge to Liberalism in Southern Europe".
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Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses (1998). "Sidónio Pais, the Portuguese 'New Republic' and the Challenge to Liberalism in Southern Europe".
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Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses (1998). "Sidónio Pais, the Portuguese 'New Republic' and the Challenge to Liberalism in Southern Europe".
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Douglas Wheeler tries to explain Pais' attractiveness as a leader (and later, a cult figure) by pointing to his character:
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Portuguese population. This decision also re-established diplomatic relations with the Vatican, which appointed Monsignor
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After the fall of the Chagas government, he kept his place in government by taking up the post of Finance Minister in
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939:' "Government of concentration". Taking office on 7 November 1911, he held on to this position until 16 June 1912.
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Instead of starting the usual consultation for the formation of a new government, the rebels took power, removing
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of the United Kingdom, who attempted to play down Sidónio Pais' previous, and well-known, pro-German attitudes.
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was inaugurated in 1966, the authorities had Pais's body transferred to it from the Room of the Chapter of the
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904:, Pais had given vent to his republican ideals. During this period he also belonged for a short period to a
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1706:"CIDADÃOS NACIONAIS AGRACIADOS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS – Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas"
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As the year came to an end, the political situation did not improve, despite the end of fighting with the
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Fernando Pessoa (1918). "À memoria do Presidente-Rei Sidónio Pais". Quoted in Darlene Joy Sadler (1998),
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laws on the separation of Church and State and the very distribution of power among the organs of state.
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in 1918. One of the most divisive figures in modern Portuguese history, he was referred to by the writer
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In another unconstitutional move, Pais on 11 March 1918 decreed the direct election of the President by
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As a leading Republican, Pais was catapulted into active political life after the establishment of the
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141:
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Juntes Militars versus Juntes de Defensa. Militarisme a Espanya i Portugal al final de la Gran Guerra.
851:, where he lived between the ages of 7 and 11, and completed his secondary education at the Lyceum of
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Pais was born in Caminha, 1 May 1872, the eldest child of Sidónio Alberto Marrocos Pais, a notary of
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2011:
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Diego Palacios Cerezales (2004). "Verdes e Vermelhos. Portugal e a Guerra no Ano de Sidónio Pais".
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Sidónio Pais page in the English version of the site of the Portuguese Presidency of the Republic
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1398:, as President of the Republic and Grand-Master of the Portuguese Honorific Orders (1917–1918)
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as the "President-King", a description that stuck in later years and symbolizes his regime.
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Moving images of Sidónio Pais on the day of his inauguration as President of the Republic
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attempt on 5 December 1918, during the award ceremony for survivors of the navy trawler
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and forcing his exile. Subsequently, on 11 December 1917, Sidónio Pais took over as
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However, in April 1918, the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps was slaughtered at the
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1233:. He was accompanied by his brother and his son, planning to take the train to
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An Introduction to Fernando Pessoa: Modernism and the Paradoxes of Authorship
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Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. See particularly pp. 139–154.
1918:
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993: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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by the Congress of the Republic rather than through a new plebiscite.
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descent, and Rita Júlia Cardoso da Silva, both natives of Caminha.
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in Coimbra, although he does not appear to have been very active.
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Orden en Portugal: la República Nova de Sidónio Pais (1917–1919).
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already made themselves felt, Pais was appointed to the post of
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Already during his time in Coimbra, in the waning years of the
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was appointed vice-chancellor of the university, under Rector
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16:
4th President of the First Portuguese Republic (May–Dec 1918)
1186:, an event accompanied by an affectionate message from King
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At a moment when international tensions that would lead to
1766:
Sidónio e Sidonismo. Vol. 2, história de um caso político.
1591:. Introdução e organização de Joel Serrão). Lisboa: Ática.
1226:. Nine days later, however, he fell victim to the second.
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This was legitimized by Decree No. 3701, on the same day.
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at the front. He became the main leader of opposition to
1508:. Gainesville etc.: University of Florida Press, p. 45.
1738:, Photobiography of Sidónio Pais, Círculo de Leitores.
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Sidónio Pais is sworn in as President of the Republic.
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President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister)
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Cáceres: Junta de Extremadura, Consejería de Cultura.
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admiringly referred to Pais as the "President-King" (
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National presidents assassinated in the 20th century
1805:
Republican Portugal. A Political History, 1910–1926.
1662:
Republican Portugal. A Political History, 1910–1926
1777:Repositório Cientfico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal
1759:Sidónio e Sidonismo. Vol. 1, história de uma vida.
1664:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, p. 142.
1554:Sidónio e Sidonismo. Vol. 1, história de uma vida
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1489:"Sidónio Pais, Museu da Presidência da República"
2704:
1277:set up the ensuing forty years of dictatorship.
1248:was waiting for him, concealing a pistol in his
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1556:. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra.
1345:Pais married Maria dos Prazeres Martins Bessa (
1317:Pais must carry some of the responsibility for
33: and the second or paternal family name is
1823:Sidónio Pais at the Fundação Mário Soares page
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1120:In an attempt to normalize relations with the
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1934:
1768:Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra.
1761:Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra.
802:; 1 May 1872 – 14 December 1918) was a
1800:. Lisboa: Museu da Presidência da República.
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466:4 September 1911 – 12 November 1911
154:11 December 1917 – 14 December 1918
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1306:Street sign for Avenida de Sidónio Pais in
1244:Inside the station, the left-wing activist
211:8 December 1917 – 11 December 1917
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1948:
1941:
1927:
924:Public Works in the government chaired by
364:17 September 1912 – 10 March 1916
1340:
1337:, where it had been interred previously.
1053:Learn how and when to remove this message
1511:
1396:Sash and Grand-Cross of the Three Orders
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1203:
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863:in order to take preparatory courses in
783:Sidónio Bernardino Cardoso da Silva Pais
545:Sidónio Bernardino Cardoso da Silva Pais
519:15 June 1911 – 26 November 1912
414:12 November 1911 – 16 June 1912
1789:Rodríguez Gaytán de Ayala, Ana (2006).
644:
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1675:"Web site for the Pais Museum project"
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847:He completed his primary education in
312:11 December 1917 – 9 May 1918
262:11 December 1917 – 9 May 1918
98:9 May 1918 – 14 December 1918
2798:Politicians assassinated in the 1910s
2793:Assassinated heads of state in Europe
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1746:Ph.D. Thesis Pompeu Fabra University.
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948:Minister Plenipotentiary (ambassador)
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454:Minister of Commerce and Public Works
991:adding citations to reliable sources
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2788:20th-century Portuguese politicians
2753:Assassinated Portuguese politicians
1771:Malheiro da Silva, Antonio (2009).
1764:Malheiro da Silva, Antonio (2006).
1757:Malheiro da Silva, Antonio (2006).
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1832:(Portugal – Historical Dictionary)
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1552:António Malheiro da Silva (2006).
14:
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2813:20th-century presidents in Europe
2803:Assassinated presidents in Europe
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1208:Assassination of Sidónio Pais on
352:Ambassador of Portugal to Germany
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630:Maria dos Prazeres Martins Bessa
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1830:Portugal – Dicionário Histórico
1786:, Vol. 28(1), pp. 109–130.
1741:Carles i Pomar, Angéls (2011).
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978:needs additional citations for
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2783:19th-century Portuguese people
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1475:"Chefes do Governo desde 1821"
1068:Portuguese Expeditionary Corps
1:
2758:Deaths by firearm in Portugal
2748:Finance ministers of Portugal
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1200:Assassination of Sidónio Pais
1184:Armistice of 11 November 1918
857:Santa Maria Maior High School
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244:Himself (Prime Minister)
70:
2768:Portuguese military officers
1803:Wheeler, Douglas L. (1978).
1660:Wheeler, Douglas L. (1978).
1331:Portuguese National Pantheon
1237:in order to confer with the
7:
2763:People murdered in Portugal
2743:Prime ministers of Portugal
2259:Prime ministers of Portugal
2101:António de Oliveira Salazar
1798:Sidónio Pais. Fotobiografia
1736:Fotobiografias do Século XX
1349:, São Gonçalo, 1868/1869 –
1297:José Tomás de Sousa Martins
1145:in Lisbon on 25 July 1918.
1115:António de Oliveira Salazar
895:
396:José Maria Lambertini Pinto
250:Minister of Foreign Affairs
10:
2829:
2216:Interim presidents are in
1901:Prime Minister of Portugal
1784:European History Quarterly
1649:European History Quarterly
1589:Da República (1910 - 1935)
1576:European History Quarterly
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859:), after which he went to
142:Prime Minister of Portugal
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1956:
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1754:, 171), pp. 469–472.
1651:, Vol.28(1), pp. 109–130.
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1095:President of the Republic
959:Government and presidency
921:First Portuguese Republic
826:First Portuguese Republic
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677:Liceu de Viana do Castelo
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589:Manner of death
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2728:1918 murders in Portugal
2590:National Salvation Junta
2156:Francisco da Costa Gomes
2112:Francisco Craveiro Lopes
1773:Sidónio Pais na história
1450:
1319:subsequent dictatorships
1239:Northern Military Juntas
1127:Benedetto Aloisi Masella
448:António Vicente Ferreira
294:Francisco Xavier Esteves
25:, the first or maternal
2723:1918 crimes in Portugal
2206:Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
2022:António José de Almeida
1602:"Death of Sidónio Pais"
1275:28 May 1926 coup d'état
1262:chosen as his successor
1129:(later to be nuncio in
799:[siˈðɔnjuˈpajʃ]
489:Manuel de Brito Camacho
2738:Presidents of Portugal
2521:
2012:João do Canto e Castro
1950:Presidents of Portugal
1911:João do Canto e Castro
1884:João do Canto e Castro
1625:. 2013. Archived from
1341:Family and descendants
1314:
1258:João do Canto e Castro
1213:
1210:Rossio railway station
1153:
937:Augusto de Vasconcelos
500:Estêvão de Vasconcelos
425:Augusto de Vasconcelos
345:João Tamagnini Barbosa
191:João do Canto e Castro
135:João do Canto e Castro
2520:
2166:António Ramalho Eanes
2085:Manuel Gomes da Costa
2075:José Mendes Cabeçadas
2032:Manuel Teixeira Gomes
1874:President of Portugal
1796:Samara, Alice (2006.
1710:ordens.presidencia.pt
1578:, Vol.28(1), 111-113.
1305:
1216:Pais escaped a first
1207:
1151:
1122:Roman Catholic Church
1078:government, and from
759:Years of service
692:University of Coimbra
577:St. Joseph Hospital,
234:(Prime Minister)
86:President of Portugal
2485:Domingues dos Santos
2317:Constitutional Junta
1837:Sidónio Pais in the
1828:Sidónio Pais at the
1623:"Alentejo assassins"
1080:5 to 8 December 1917
987:improve this article
817:, who served as the
2773:Portuguese atheists
2733:People from Caminha
2605:Pinheiro de Azevedo
2196:Aníbal Cavaco Silva
1894:Revolutionary Junta
1681:on 30 December 2016
1629:on 18 November 2018
1376:In 2002, Caminha's
1335:Jeronimos Monastery
1246:José Júlio da Costa
1223:Augusto de Castilho
902:Portuguese Monarchy
614:National Republican
507:Chamber of Deputies
402:Minister of Finance
386:Viscount of Pindela
333:Revolutionary Junta
283:Revolutionary Junta
199:Revolutionary Junta
179:Revolutionary Junta
2522:
2146:António de Spínola
2042:Bernardino Machado
1992:Bernardino Machado
1867:Bernardino Machado
1859:Political offices
1315:
1214:
1177:state of emergency
1154:
1091:Bernardino Machado
605:, Lisbon, Portugal
220:Bernardino Machado
123:Bernardino Machado
2700:
2699:
2641:Freitas do Amaral
2359:Tamagnini Barbosa
2313:Pimenta de Castro
2225:
2224:
1972:Manuel de Arriaga
1917:
1916:
1908:Succeeded by
1881:Succeeded by
1841:(Lusophone Lives)
1446:(4 December 1943)
1414:(27 January 1919)
1366:Bernardo Sassetti
1169:Battle of the Lys
1093:from the post of
1063:
1062:
1055:
1037:
914:Manuel de Arriaga
780:
779:
659:Bernardo Sassetti
603:National Pantheon
375:Manuel de Arriaga
197:President of the
69:Pais in uniform,
2820:
2567:Oliveira Salazar
2537:Mendes Cabeçadas
2480:Rodrigues Gaspar
2469:Ginestal Machado
2308:Azevedo Coutinho
2252:
2245:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2203:
2193:
2183:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2143:
2119:
2109:
2092:
2082:
2072:
2054:
2039:
2029:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1891:Preceded by
1864:Preceded by
1856:
1855:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1702:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1677:. Archived from
1671:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
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1613:
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1566:
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1550:
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1539:
1524:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1437:
1430:(5 October 1933)
1421:
1405:
1394:
1378:Câmara Municipal
1143:apostolic nuncio
1076:Democratic Party
1058:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1036:
995:
971:
963:
853:Viana do Castelo
811:military officer
801:
796:
792:
751:
749:
748:
733:
731:
730:
718:Military service
705:
688:Military Academy
661:(great-grandson)
648:
646:
642:
574:
571:14 December 1918
554:
552:
536:Personal details
517:
497:
485:
473:
464:
445:
433:
421:
412:
393:
383:
371:
362:
341:
329:
319:
310:
291:
279:
269:
260:
241:
228:
209:
187:
175:
168:Himself (acting)
152:
131:
119:
105:
96:
75:
72:
67:
40:
39:
31:Cardoso da Silva
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2610:Almeida e Costa
2576:
2529:Second Republic
2523:
2512:
2381:Fernandes Costa
2321:Pinheiro Chagas
2280:Pinheiro Chagas
2261:
2256:
2226:
2221:
2210:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2126:
2117:
2107:
2090:
2080:
2070:
2061:Second Republic
2055:
2046:
2037:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1967:
1952:
1947:
1913:
1904:
1896:
1886:
1877:
1869:
1839:Vidas Lusófonas
1814:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1712:(in Portuguese)
1704:
1703:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1512:
1503:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1438:Officer of the
1408:Order of Christ
1387:
1374:
1343:
1289:Fernando Pessoa
1285:
1270:
1202:
1196:
1059:
1048:
1042:
1039:
996:
994:
984:
972:
961:
950:of Portugal in
898:
838:
830:Fernando Pessoa
794:
785:
753:Portuguese Army
746:
744:
728:
726:
690:
650:
638:
634:
631:
610:Political party
576:
572:
556:
550:
548:
547:
546:
518:
513:
495:
483:
471:
465:
460:
443:
431:
419:
413:
408:
391:
381:
369:
363:
358:
339:
327:
317:
311:
306:
300:Minister of War
289:
277:
267:
261:
256:
239:
226:
210:
205:
185:
173:
167:
153:
148:
129:
117:
103:
97:
92:
76:
73:
58:
50:
47:
38:
23:Portuguese name
17:
12:
11:
5:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:Pinto Balsemão
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:Nobre da Costa
2618:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2582:Third Republic
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2542:Gomes da Costa
2539:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:Barros Queirós
2434:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:Canto e Castro
2351:
2346:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2267:First Republic
2263:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2188:
2178:
2168:
2158:
2148:
2137:
2135:
2134:(1974–present)
2132:Third Republic
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2104:
2097:
2087:
2077:
2066:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2024:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1984:
1974:
1963:
1961:
1958:First Republic
1954:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1812:External links
1810:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1752:Análise Social
1748:
1739:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1692:
1666:
1653:
1640:
1614:
1593:
1580:
1567:
1558:
1545:
1528:"Sidónio Pais"
1510:
1494:
1480:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1431:
1422:Knight of the
1415:
1406:Knight of the
1399:
1386:
1383:
1373:
1370:
1342:
1339:
1293:Presidente-Rei
1282:
1269:
1266:
1198:Main article:
1195:
1192:
1084:military junta
1061:
1060:
1002:"Sidónio Pais"
975:
973:
966:
960:
957:
897:
894:
837:
834:
778:
777:
774:
773:
768:
764:
763:
760:
756:
755:
742:
741:Branch/service
738:
737:
724:
720:
719:
715:
714:
713:President-King
711:
707:
706:
699:
695:
694:
685:
679:
678:
675:
671:
670:
667:
663:
662:
656:
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651:
636:
632:
629:
628:
626:
622:
621:
611:
607:
606:
600:
596:
595:
590:
586:
585:
575:(aged 46)
569:
565:
564:
544:
542:
538:
537:
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
521:
520:
510:
509:
505:Member of the
502:
501:
498:
492:
491:
486:
480:
479:
474:
472:Prime Minister
468:
467:
457:
456:
450:
449:
446:
440:
439:
434:
428:
427:
422:
420:Prime Minister
416:
415:
405:
404:
398:
397:
394:
388:
387:
384:
378:
377:
372:
366:
365:
355:
354:
348:
347:
342:
336:
335:
330:
324:
323:
320:
318:Prime Minister
314:
313:
303:
302:
296:
295:
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286:
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280:
274:
273:
270:
268:Prime Minister
264:
263:
253:
252:
246:
245:
242:
236:
235:
229:
223:
222:
217:
213:
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202:
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194:
193:
188:
182:
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176:
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169:
160:
156:
155:
145:
144:
138:
137:
132:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
106:
104:Prime Minister
100:
99:
89:
88:
82:
81:
78:
77:
68:
60:
59:
51:
48:
45:His Excellency
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2825:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
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2751:
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2744:
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2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Passos Coelho
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:Santana Lopes
2670:
2668:
2667:Durão Barroso
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:Leite Pereira
2499:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2392:Leite Pereira
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2369:Leite Pereira
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
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2330:
2328:
2325:
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2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
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2289:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2186:Jorge Sampaio
2184:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2122:Américo Tomás
2120:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2095:Óscar Carmona
2093:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1982:Teófilo Braga
1980:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1844:
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1840:
1835:
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1824:
1821:
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1756:
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1733:
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1603:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1533:
1532:Porto Editora
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1517:
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1507:
1501:
1499:
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1470:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1445:
1441:
1440:Order of Aviz
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1424:Order of Aviz
1420:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1369:
1368:(1970–2012).
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
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1309:
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1259:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1218:assassination
1211:
1206:
1201:
1194:Assassination
1191:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1165:
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1159:
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1146:
1144:
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1123:
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1092:
1087:
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1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1057:
1054:
1046:
1043:December 2019
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004: –
1003:
999:
998:Find sources:
992:
988:
982:
981:
976:This section
974:
970:
965:
964:
956:
953:
949:
945:
940:
938:
933:
931:
927:
922:
917:
915:
909:
907:
906:masonic lodge
903:
893:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
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791:
788:
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769:
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743:
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712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
693:
689:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
627:
623:
619:
615:
612:
608:
604:
601:
599:Resting place
597:
594:
593:Assassination
591:
587:
584:
580:
570:
566:
563:
559:
543:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
516:
511:
508:
503:
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493:
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487:
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478:
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469:
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458:
455:
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429:
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389:
385:
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304:
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297:
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259:
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107:
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95:
90:
87:
83:
79:
66:
61:
57:
54:
46:
41:
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
2657:Cavaco Silva
2595:Palma Carlos
2557:Ivens Ferraz
2348:
2217:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2176:Mário Soares
2170:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2116:
2106:
2099:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2036:
2026:
2016:
2006:
2002:Sidónio Pais
2001:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1899:
1872:
1838:
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392:Succeeded by
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186:Succeeded by
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2718:1918 deaths
2713:1872 births
2636:Sá Carneiro
2403:Ramos Preto
2286:Vasconcelos
2063:(1933–1974)
1960:(1910–1926)
1685:29 December
1633:29 December
1607:29 December
1538:14 December
1534:. Infopédia
1327:Estado Novo
1287:The writer
1111:Estado Novo
944:World War I
926:João Chagas
877:) in 1892,
865:mathematics
484:Preceded by
477:João Chagas
432:Preceded by
382:Preceded by
328:Preceded by
278:Preceded by
227:Preceded by
174:Preceded by
118:Preceded by
74: 1918
27:family name
2707:Categories
2692:Montenegro
2631:Pintasilgo
2626:Mota Pinto
2458:Cunha Leal
2453:Maia Pinto
2386:Sá Cardoso
2375:Sá Cardoso
1905:1917–1918
1878:1917–1918
1456:References
1158:plebiscite
1139:camerlengo
1013:newspapers
879:lieutenant
869:philosophy
836:Early life
807:politician
804:Portuguese
795:pronounced
723:Allegiance
683:Alma mater
555:1 May 1872
551:1872-05-01
164:ex officio
2600:Gonçalves
2490:Guimarães
2474:A. Castro
2420:A. Castro
2327:J. Castro
889:in 1916.
881:in 1895,
822:president
762:1888–1918
698:Signature
674:Education
655:Relations
515:In office
462:In office
410:In office
360:In office
308:In office
258:In office
216:President
207:In office
162:Cabinet (
159:President
150:In office
108:Himself (
94:In office
2677:Sócrates
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2562:Oliveira
2398:Baptista
1716:7 August
1444:Portugal
1428:Portugal
1412:Portugal
1363:composer
1347:Amarante
1250:Alentejo
1188:George V
1135:cardinal
896:Politics
815:diplomat
735:Portugal
710:Nickname
666:Children
618:Sidonist
583:Portugal
562:Portugal
110:de facto
21:In this
2572:Caetano
2552:Freitas
2547:Carmona
2431:Machado
2338:Almeida
2302:Machado
2218:italics
1850:YouTube
1385:Honours
1359:pianist
1027:scholar
883:captain
874:alferes
861:Coimbra
824:of the
790:OA CavA
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558:Caminha
322:Himself
272:Himself
56:OA CavA
2651:Soares
2615:Soares
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2414:Granjo
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1355:Lisbon
1268:Legacy
1231:Chiado
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842:Jewish
819:fourth
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527:Aveiro
2687:Costa
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2291:Leite
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2182:XVIII
1451:Notes
1351:Porto
1312:Macao
1308:Macau
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1034:JSTOR
1020:books
930:Porto
887:major
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771:Major
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2118:XIII
2038:VIII
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1361:and
1325:The
1260:was
1006:news
867:and
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767:Rank
645:1895
568:Died
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