1975:, Erich von Falkenhayn continued the policy of unyielding defence in 1916. Falkenhayn implied after the war that the psychology of German soldiers, shortage of manpower and lack of reserves made the policy inescapable, as the troops necessary to seal off breakthroughs did not exist. High losses incurred in holding ground by a policy of no retreat were preferable to higher losses, voluntary withdrawals and the effect of a belief that soldiers had discretion to avoid battle. When a more flexible policy was substituted later, decisions about withdrawal were still reserved to army commanders. On the Somme front, Falkenhayn's construction plan of January 1915 had been completed. Barbed wire obstacles had been enlarged from one belt 5–10 yards (4.6–9.1 m) wide to two, 30 yards (27 m) wide and about 15 yards (14 m) apart. Double and triple thickness wire was used and laid 3–5 feet (0.91–1.52 m) high. The front line had been increased from one trench line to a position of three lines 150–200 yards (140–180 m) apart, the first trench (
1812:
disproportionate casualties. The battle changed the nature of the offensive on the Somme, as French divisions were diverted to Verdun, and the main effort by the French diminished to a supporting attack for the
British. German overestimation of the cost of Verdun to the French contributed to the concentration of German infantry and guns on the north bank of the Somme. By May, Joffre and Haig had changed their expectations of an offensive on the Somme, from a decisive battle to a hope that it would relieve Verdun and keep German divisions in France, which would assist the Russian armies conducting the Brusilov Offensive. The German offensive at Verdun was suspended in July, and troops, guns, and ammunition were transferred to Picardy, leading to a similar transfer of the French Tenth Army to the Somme front. Later in the year, the Franco-British were able to attack on the Somme and at Verdun sequentially and the French recovered much of the ground lost on the east bank of the Meuse in October and December.
2035:
of pressure on the French at Verdun and the infliction of losses on the
Germans. After a five-day artillery bombardment, the British Fourth Army was to capture 27,000 yards (25,000 m) of the German first line, from Montauban to Serre and the Third Army was to mount a diversion at Gommecourt. In a second phase, the Fourth Army was to take the German second position, from Pozières to the Ancre and then the second position south of the Albert–Bapaume Road, ready for an attack on the German third position south of the road towards Flers, when the Reserve Army which included three cavalry divisions, would exploit the success to advance east and then north towards Arras. The French Sixth Army, with one corps on the north bank from Maricourt to the Somme and two corps on the south bank southwards to Foucaucourt, would make a subsidiary attack to guard the right flank of the main attack being made by the British.
2156:. The attack was made by five divisions of the French Sixth Army on the east side of the Somme, eleven British divisions of the Fourth Army north of the Somme to Serre and two divisions of the Third Army opposite Gommecourt, against the German Second Army of General Fritz von Below. The German defence south of the Albert–Bapaume road mostly collapsed and the French had "complete success" on both banks of the Somme, as did the British from the army boundary at Maricourt to the Albert–Bapaume road. On the south bank the German defence was made incapable of resisting another attack and a substantial retreat began; on the north bank the abandonment of Fricourt was ordered. The defenders on the commanding ground north of the road inflicted a huge defeat on the British infantry, who took an unprecedented number of casualties. Several truces were negotiated to recover wounded from
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2586:(1 October – 11 November). Organisational difficulties and deteriorating weather frustrated Joffre's intention to proceed by vigorous co-ordinated attacks by the Anglo-French armies, which became disjointed and declined in effectiveness during late September, at the same time as a revival occurred in the German defence. The British experimented with new techniques in gas warfare, machine-gun bombardment and tank–infantry co-operation, as the Germans struggled to withstand the preponderance of men and material fielded by the Anglo-French, despite reorganisation and substantial reinforcements of troops, artillery and aircraft from Verdun. September became the worst month for casualties for the Germans.
2086:(barrage sectors); each officer was expected to know the batteries covering his section of the front line and the batteries ready to engage fleeting targets. A telephone system was built, with lines buried 6 feet (1.8 m) deep for 5 mi (8.0 km) behind the front line, to connect the front line to the artillery. The Somme defences had two inherent weaknesses that the rebuilding had not remedied. The front trenches were on a forward slope, lined by white chalk from the subsoil and easily seen by ground observers. The defences were crowded towards the front trench with a regiment having two battalions near the front-trench system and the reserve battalion divided between the
2053:
2532:, south of Morval and because of rain. The combined attack was also intended to deprive the German defenders further west, near Thiepval of reinforcements, before an attack by the Reserve Army, due on 26 September. Combles, Morval, Lesboeufs and Gueudecourt were captured and a small number of tanks joined in the battle later in the afternoon. Many casualties were inflicted on the Germans but the French made slower progress. The Fourth Army advance on 25 September was its deepest since 14 July and left the Germans in severe difficulties, particularly in a Salients, re-entrants and pockets salient near Combles. The Reserve Army attack began on 26 September in the
3833:
3935:, Holger Herwig, William Philpott et al. wrote that there was no strategic alternative for the British in 1916 and that an understandable horror at British losses is insular, given the millions of casualties borne by the French and Russian armies since 1914. This school of thought sets the battle in a context of a general Allied offensive in 1916 and notes that German and French writing on the battle puts it in a continental perspective. Little German and French writing on this topic has been translated, leaving much of their historical perspective and detail of German and French military operations inaccessible to the English-speaking world.
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2386:
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2443:, British troops were required to advance to positions which would give observation over the German third position, ready for a general attack in mid-September. British attacks from Leuze Wood northwards to Ginchy had begun on 3 September, when the 7th Division captured the village and was then forced out by a German counter-attack. The capture of Ginchy and the success of the French Sixth Army on 12 September, in its biggest attack of the battle of the Somme, enabled both armies to make much bigger attacks, sequenced with the Tenth and Reserve armies, which captured much more ground and inflicted
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showed that such lines or metalled roads could not be built quickly enough to sustain an advance, and that pausing while communications caught up allowed the defenders to recover. On the Somme the daily carry during attacks on a 12 mi (19 km) front was 20,000 long tons (20,000 t) and a few wood roads and rail lines were inadequate for the number of lorries and roads. A comprehensive system of transport was needed, which required a much greater diversion of personnel and equipment than had been expected.
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2332:, while the centre advanced to capture the higher-lying areas of High Wood and Pozières. After the Battle of Albert the offensive had evolved to the capture of fortified villages, woods, and other terrain that offered observation for artillery fire, jumping-off points for more attacks, and other tactical advantages. The mutually costly fighting at Delville Wood eventually secured the British right flank and marked the Western Front debut of the South African
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2250:. Field artillery fired a creeping barrage and the attacking waves pushed up close behind it in no man's land, leaving them only a short distance to cross when the barrage lifted from the German front trench. Most of the objective was captured and the German defence south of the Albert–Bapaume road put under great strain but the attack was not followed up due to British communication failures, casualties and disorganisation.
2704:(13–18 November 1916), British attacks on the Somme front were stopped by the weather and military operations by both sides were mostly restricted to survival in the rain, snow, fog, mud fields, waterlogged trenches and shell-holes. As preparations for the offensive at Arras continued, the British attempted to keep German attention on the Somme front. British operations on the Ancre from
2005:) about 1,000 yards (910 m) behind the front line was also built. Communication trenches ran back to the reserve line, renamed the second position, which was as well-built and wired as the first position. The second position was beyond the range of Allied field artillery, to force an attacker to stop and move field artillery forward before assaulting the position.
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offensive had been shattered.) If such Franco-British defeats were not enough, Germany would attack the remnants of both armies and end the western alliance for good. The unexpected length of the Verdun offensive, and the need to replace many drained units at Verdun, depleted the German strategic reserve placed behind the 6th Army, which held the
Western Front from
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delay during more bad weather on the right flank of the Fourth Army and on the French Sixth Army front, until 5 November. Next day, the Fourth Army ceased offensive operations, except for small attacks intended to improve positions and divert German attention from attacks being made by the
Reserve/Fifth Army. Larger operations resumed in January 1917.
1852:, commanding the German Second Army, for a spoiling attack on the Somme. On 4 June, Russian armies attacked on a 200 mi (320 km) front, from the Romanian frontier to Pinsk and eventually advanced 93 mi (150 km), reaching the foothills of the Carpathian mountains, against German and Austro-Hungarian troops of
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though the battle had forced the
Germans to end their offensive at Verdun, attrition was damaging the British armies more than the German armies. Though Churchill was unable to suggest an alternative, a critical view of the British on the Somme has been influential in English-language writing ever since. In 2016, historian
2815:(Hindenburg Line) begin. Ludendorff rejected the proposal the next day, but British attacks on the First Army – particularly the action of Miraumont (also known as the Battle of Boom Ravine, 17–18 February) – caused Rupprecht on the night of 22 February to order a preliminary withdrawal of c. 4 mi (6.4 km) to the
2767:(Hindenburg Line) at the end of September. Withdrawing to the new line was not an easy decision and the German high command struggled over it during the winter of 1916–1917. Some members wanted to take a shorter step back to a line between Arras and Sailly, while the 1st and 2nd army commanders wanted to stay on the Somme.
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supporting attack on the south bank of the Somme. The strategic objective of a breakthrough was not achieved but the tactical gains were considerable, the front line being advanced by 2,500–3,500 yards (2,300–3,200 m) and many casualties were inflicted on the German defenders. The battle was the debut of the
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The Battle of the Somme has been called the beginning of modern all-arms warfare, during which
Kitchener's Army learned to fight the mass-industrial war in which the continental armies had been engaged for two years. This view sees the British contribution to the battle as part of a coalition war and
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who said, "There will be a national two-minute silence on Friday morning. I will be attending a service at the
Thiepval Memorial near the battlefield and it's right that the whole country pauses to remember the sacrifices of all those who fought and lost their lives in that conflict." On 1 July 2016,
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Churchill, concluding that there had been fewer German losses than Anglo-French casualties but that the ability of the German army to inflict disproportionate losses had been eroded by attrition. In 2003 British historian Gary
Sheffield wrote that the calculation by Edmonds of Anglo-French casualties
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In 1931, Hermann Wendt published a comparison of German and
British–French casualties which showed an average of 30 per cent more Allied casualties than German losses on the Somme. In the first 1916 volume of the British Official History (1932), J. E. Edmonds wrote that comparisons of casualties were
2888:. Philpott argues that the German army was exhausted by the end of 1916, with loss of morale and the cumulative effects of attrition and frequent defeats causing it to collapse in 1918, a process which began on the Somme, echoing Churchill's argument that the German soldiery was never the same again.
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The destruction of German units in battle was made worse by lack of rest. British and French aircraft and long-range guns reached well behind the front line, where trench-digging and other work meant that troops returned to the line exhausted. Despite the strategic predicament of the German army, it
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The Battle of Flers–Courcelette was the third and final general offensive mounted by the
British Army, which attacked an intermediate line and the German third line to take Morval, Lesboeufs and Gueudecourt, which was combined with a French attack on Frégicourt and Rancourt to encircle Combles and a
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when a general attack combined with the French further south, degenerated into a series of separate attacks due to communication failures, supply failures and poor weather. German bombardments and counter-attacks began on 23 July and continued until 7 August. The fighting ended with the Reserve Army
2043:
Research in German archives revealed in 2016 that the date and location of the British offensive had been betrayed to German interrogators by two politically disgruntled soldiers several weeks in advance. The German military accordingly undertook significant defensive preparatory work on the British
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heights and make Verdun untenable. The French would have to conduct a counter-offensive on ground dominated by the German army and ringed with masses of heavy artillery, leading to huge losses and bringing the French army close to collapse. The British would mount a hasty relief offensive and suffer
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at the start of the war. The British volunteers were often the fittest, most enthusiastic and best-educated citizens but were inexperienced and it has been claimed that their loss was of lesser military significance than the losses of the remaining peacetime-trained officers and men of the Imperial
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The Battle of the Ancre was the last big British operation of the year. The Fifth (formerly Reserve) Army attacked into the Ancre valley to exploit German exhaustion after the Battle of the Ancre Heights and gain ground ready for a resumption of the offensive in 1917. Political calculation, concern
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reduced the scope of operations by cancelling the Third Army plans and reducing the Reserve Army and Fourth Army attacks to limited operations, in co-operation with the French Sixth Army. Another pause followed before operations resumed on 23 October on the northern flank of the Fourth Army, with a
2034:
French losses at Verdun reduced the contribution available for the offensive on the Somme and increased the urgency for the commencement of operations on the Somme. The principal role in the offensive devolved to the British and on 16 June, Haig defined the objectives of the offensive as the relief
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December 1916) began a week after Joffre and Haig agreed to mount an offensive on the Somme. The German offensive at Verdun was intended to threaten the capture of the city and induce the French to fight an attrition battle, in which German advantages of terrain and firepower would cause the French
3416:
The Battle of the Somme was one of the costliest battles of World War I. The original Allied estimate of casualties on the Somme, made at the Chantilly Conference on 15 November 1916, was that the Germans suffered 630,000 casualties, exceeding the 485,000 suffered by the British and French. As one
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was a logical strategy for Britain against Germany, which was also at war with France and Russia. A school of thought holds that the Battle of the Somme placed unprecedented strain on the German army and that after the battle it was unable to replace casualties like-for-like, which reduced it to a
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afterwards. Thiepval Ridge was well fortified and the German defenders fought with great determination, while the British co-ordination of infantry and artillery declined after the first day, due to confused fighting in the maze of trenches, dug-outs and shell-craters. The final British objectives
1749:, intended to end the war by splitting the Anglo-French Entente in 1916, before its material superiority became unbeatable. Falkenhayn planned to defeat the large number of reserves which the Entente could move into the path of a breakthrough, by threatening a sensitive point close to the existing
2117:
The Battle of Albert was the first two weeks of Anglo-French offensive operations in the Battle of the Somme. The Allied preparatory artillery bombardment began on 24 June and the Anglo-French infantry attacked on 1 July, on the south bank from Foucaucourt to the Somme and from the Somme north to
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divisions and three of the divisions in OHL reserve behind the 6th Army. The maintenance of the strength of the 6th Army, at the expense of the 2nd Army on the Somme, indicated that Falkenhayn intended the counter-offensive against the British to be made north of the Somme front, once the British
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which was insufficient where large masses of men and guns were concentrated. When the Fourth Army advance resumed in August, the wisdom of not building light railways which would be left behind was argued by some, in favour of building standard gauge lines. Experience of crossing the beaten zone
2808:
Defensive positions held by the German army on the Somme after November 1916 were in poor condition; the garrisons were exhausted and censors of correspondence reported tiredness and low morale in front-line soldiers. The situation left the German command doubtful that the army could withstand a
2268:
was a subsidiary attack to support the Fourth Army on the Somme 80 km (50 mi) to the south, to exploit any weakening of the German defences opposite. Preparations for the attack were rushed, the troops involved lacked experience in trench warfare and the power of the German defence was
3916:
Haig and General Rawlinson have been criticised ever since 1916 for the human cost of the battle and for failing to achieve their territorial objectives. On 1 August 1916, Churchill, then out of office, criticised the British Army's conduct of the offensive to the British Cabinet, claiming that
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Enemy superiority is so great that we are not in a position either to fix their forces in position or to prevent them from launching an offensive elsewhere. We just do not have the troops.... We cannot prevail in a second battle of the Somme with our men; they cannot achieve that any more. (20
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and the second position, all within 2,000 yards (1,800 m) of no man's land and most troops within 1,000 yards (910 m) of the front line, accommodated in the new deep dugouts. The concentration of troops at the front line on a forward slope guaranteed that it would face the bulk of an
2627:
The Battle of the Ancre Heights was fought after Haig made plans for the Third Army to take the area east of Gommecourt, the Reserve Army to attack north from Thiepval Ridge and east from Beaumont Hamel–Hébuterne and for the Fourth Army to reach the Péronne–Bapaume road around Le Transloy and
2393:
The Battle of Guillemont was an attack on the village which was captured by the Fourth Army on the first day. Guillemont was on the right flank of the British sector, near the boundary with the French Sixth Army. German defences ringed the British salient at Delville Wood to the north and had
2825:, over roads in relatively good condition, which were then destroyed. The German withdrawal was helped by a thaw, which turned roads behind the British front into bogs and by disruption, to the railways, which supplied the Somme front. On the night of 12 March, the Germans withdrew from the
1967:
in early 1915 and then the BEF in December, which eventually comprised five armies with sixty divisions. The swift increase in the size of the army reduced the average level of experience within it and created an acute equipment shortage. Many officers resorted to directive command to avoid
2874:
British survivors of the battle had gained experience and the BEF learned how to conduct the mass industrial warfare which the continental armies had been fighting since 1914. The European powers had begun the war with trained armies of regulars and reservists, which were wasting assets.
2794:
was unavoidable. After the loss of a considerable amount of ground around the Ancre valley to the British Fifth Army in February 1917, the German armies on the Somme were ordered on 14 February, to withdraw to reserve lines closer to Bapaume. A further retirement to the Hindenburg Line
2398:
at Combles, Guillemont, Falfemont Farm, Delville Wood and High Wood, which were mutually supporting. The battle for Guillemont was considered by some observers to be the supreme effort of the German army during the battle. Numerous meetings were held by Joffre, Haig, Foch, General Sir
3775:) that the "blood test" is a crude measure compared to manpower reserves, industrial capacity, farm productivity and financial resources and that intangible factors were more influential on the course of the war, which the Allies won despite "losing" the purely quantitative test.
1968:
delegating to novice subordinates, although divisional commanders were given great latitude in training and planning for the attack of 1 July, since the heterogeneous nature of the 1916 army made it impossible for corps and army commanders to know the capacity of each division.
2118:
Gommecourt, 2 mi (3.2 km) beyond Serre. The French Sixth Army and the right wing of the British Fourth Army inflicted a considerable defeat on the German Second Army, but from the Albert–Bapaume road to Gommecourt the British attack was a disaster where most of the
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criticised attrition warfare frequently and condemned the battle in his post-war memoirs. In the 1930s a new orthodoxy of "mud, blood and futility" emerged and gained more emphasis in the 1960s when the 50th anniversaries of the Great War battles were commemorated.
2125:
casualties were incurred. Against Joffre's wishes, Haig abandoned the offensive north of the road, to reinforce the success in the south, where the Anglo-French forces pressed forward towards the German second line, preparatory to a general attack on 14 July.
1563:
on 21 February 1916, French commanders diverted many of the divisions intended for the Somme and the "supporting" attack by the British became the principal effort. The British troops on the Somme comprised a mixture of the remains of the pre-war army, the
2634:
and Stuff Redoubts, during which bad weather caused great hardship and delay. The Marine Brigade from Flanders and fresh German divisions brought from quiet fronts counter-attacked frequently and the British objectives were not secured until 11 November.
1542:
in 1916 by the French, Russian, British and Italian armies, with the Somme offensive as the Franco-British contribution. Initial plans called for the French army to undertake the main part of the Somme offensive, supported on the northern flank by the
2760:
was to be built from Arras to St. Quentin, La Fère and Condé, with another new line between Verdun and Pont-à-Mousson. These lines were intended to limit any Allied breakthrough and to allow the German army to withdraw if attacked; work began on the
1878:. Three divisions were ordered from France to the Eastern Front on 9 June and the spoiling attack on the Somme was abandoned. Only four more divisions were sent to the Somme front before the Anglo-French offensive began, bringing the total to
1955:, which had begun forming in August 1914. Rapid expansion created many vacancies for senior commands and specialist functions, which led to many appointments of retired officers and inexperienced newcomers. In 1914, Douglas Haig had been a
2738:
on 11 March, forestalling a British attack, which was not noticed by the British until dark on 12 March; the main German withdrawal from the Noyon salient to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich) commenced on schedule on 16 March.
3973:
Philpott writes of Churchill's "snapshot of July 1916". It is not entirely clear what he means by this. He may be referring to the paper which Churchill distributed in August 1916, rather than the fuller numbers later presented in
2277:
to be withdrawn to reinforce the Somme front. The Battle of Fromelles had inflicted some losses on the German defenders but gained no ground and deflected few German troops bound for the Somme. The attack was the debut of the
2753:
Von Falkenhayn was sacked and replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the end of August 1916. At a conference at Cambrai on 5 September, a decision was taken to build a new defensive line well behind the Somme front. The
2438:
captured the German-held village. Ginchy was 1.5 km (0.93 mi) north-east of Guillemont, at the junction of six roads on a rise overlooking Combles, 4 km (2.5 mi) to the south-east. After the end of the
3770:
The high Allied casualties of July 1916 are not representative of the way attrition turned in the Allies' favour in September, although this was not sustained as the weather deteriorated. Philpott quoted Robin Prior (in
1892:
divisions. Falkenhayn, and then Hindenburg and Ludendorff, were forced to send divisions to Russia throughout the summer to prevent a collapse of the Austro-Hungarian army and then to conduct a counter-offensive against
1737:
divisions. By 31 May, the ambitious Franco-British plan for a decisive victory had been reduced to a limited offensive to relieve pressure on the French at Verdun and inflict attrition on the German armies in the west.
2407:
to co-ordinate joint attacks by the four armies, all of which broke down. A pause in Anglo-French attacks at the end of August, coincided with the largest counter-attack by the German army in the Battle of the Somme.
5860:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan.
5704:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan.
1716:
In January 1916, Joffre had agreed to the BEF making its main effort in Flanders but in February 1916 it was decided to mount a combined offensive where the French and British armies met, astride the Somme River in
2628:
Beaulencourt–Thilloy–Loupart Wood, north of the Albert–Bapaume road. The Reserve Army attacked to complete the capture of Regina Trench/Stuff Trench, north of Courcelette to the west end of Bazentin Ridge around
3521:
to German figures, supposedly to make them comparable to British criteria, was criticised as "spurious" by M. J. Williams in 1964. McRandle and Quirk in 2006 cast doubt on the Edmonds calculations but counted
3893:
p.m. Each took on temporarily the identity of a British soldier who died on the first day of the Somme and handed out information cards about that soldier. They did not talk, except for occasionally singing
5723:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London:
5051:
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survived the battle, withstood the pressure of the Brusilov Offensive and conquered almost all of Romania. In 1917, the German army in the west survived the large British and French offensives of the
5803:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO.
2394:
observation over the French Sixth Army area to the south towards the Somme river. The German defence in the area was based on the second line and numerous fortified villages and farms north from
1626:
At the end of the battle, British and French forces had penetrated 6 mi (10 km) into German-occupied territory along the majority of the front, their largest territorial gain since the
3044:
German casualties. Until the 1930s the dominant view of the battle in English-language writing was that the battle was a hard-fought victory against a brave, experienced and well-led opponent.
3453:
at Verdun and that around one eighth of their casualties were suffered on "quiet" sectors. According to the tables, between July and October 1916, German forces on the Western Front suffered
2859:
At the start of 1916, most of the British Army was an inexperienced and patchily trained mass of volunteers. The Somme was a great test for Kitchener's Army, created by Kitchener's call for
2661:
for Allied morale and Joffre's pressure for a continuation of attacks in France, to prevent German troop transfers to Russia and Italy also influenced Haig. The battle began with another
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failed, although a brigade of the 31st Division, which had attacked in the disaster of 1 July, took its objectives before being withdrawn later. South of Serre, Beaumont Hamel and
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resumption of the battle. The German defence of the Ancre began to collapse under British attacks, which on 28 January 1917 caused Rupprecht to urge that the retirement to the
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with a retirement of about 25 mi (40 km), giving up more French territory than that gained by the Allies from September 1914 until the beginning of the operation.
2608:
to allow time for a methodical bombardment, when it became clear that the German defence had recovered from earlier defeats. Haig consulted with the army commanders and on
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1766:, Falkenhayn sent only four divisions, keeping eight in the western strategic reserve. No divisions were taken from the Sixth Army, despite it holding a shorter line with
1725:
against the French army. The costly defence of Verdun forced the army to divert divisions intended for the Somme offensive, eventually reducing the French contribution to
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valley resumed in January 1917 and forced the Germans into local withdrawals to reserve lines in February before the strategic retreat by about 25 mi (40 km) in
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and the Cavalry Division, had lost most of the British pre-war regulars in the battles of 1914 and 1915. The bulk of the army was made up of volunteers of the
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north of Courcelette, then took Desire Support Trench on 18 November. Until January 1917 a lull set in, as both sides concentrated on enduring the weather.
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Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2013) . "Chapter 7: The Scientific Method: planning the Somme, 1916 and Chapter 8: Fighting on the Somme, July–November 1916".
2080:(Support line) begun in February 1916 and was almost complete on the Somme front when the battle began. German artillery was organised in a series of
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Until 1916, transport arrangements for the BEF were based on an assumption that the war of movement would soon resume and make it pointless to build
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part of a process, which took the strategic initiative from the German Army and caused it irreparable damage, leading to its collapse in late 1918.
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In Britain on 1 July 2016, 1,400 actors dressed in replica Great War British Army uniforms, walked about in streets and public open areas, from 7:00
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2273:. On 19 July, von Falkenhayn had judged the British attack to be the anticipated offensive against the 6th Army. Next day, Falkenhayn ordered the
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On the French historiography see Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century, William Philpott (2009) and
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were captured. South of the Ancre, St. Pierre Division was captured, the outskirts of Grandcourt reached and the Canadian 4th Division captured
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casualties and offer no figures for French casualties or the losses they inflicted on the Germans. Sheldon wrote that the British lost "over
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1995:. Dugouts had been deepened from 6–9 feet (1.8–2.7 m) to 20–30 feet (6.1–9.1 m), 50 yards (46 m) apart and large enough for
1698:
as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF. Haig favoured a British offensive in Flanders, close to BEF supply routes, to drive the Germans from the
3801:. For their efforts on the first day of the battle, the 1st Newfoundland Regiment was given the name "The Royal Newfoundland Regiment" by
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922:
392:
381:
370:
207:
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7385:
3805:
on 28 November 1917. The first day of the Battle of the Somme is commemorated in Newfoundland, remembering the "Best of the Best" at 11
5439:
1527:. More than three million men fought in the battle, of whom more than one million were either wounded or killed, making it one of the
7715:
2726:
the Germans fell back another 3 mi (4.8 km) on a 15 mi (24 km) front. The Germans then withdrew from much of the
1940:
1548:
1210:
7367:
3020:
The British and French had advanced about 6 mi (9.7 km) on the Somme, on a front of 16 mi (26 km) at a cost of
9043:
3495:
for woundings, which would have been counted as casualties using British criteria; Anglo-French casualties on the Somme were over
2056:
British aerial photograph of German trenches north of Thiepval, 10 May 1916, with the German forward lines to the lower left. The
8975:
8813:
8800:
8757:
8666:
8392:
8194:
8101:
8003:
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7408:
3921:
argued in a series of three television programmes that the Battle of the Somme should be regarded as a German defensive victory.
2802:
6158:
Robinson, H. (2010). "Remembering War in the Midst of Conflict: First World War Commemorations in the Northern Irish Troubles".
9293:
9167:
9157:
9025:
3859:
2358:
The Battle of Pozières began with the capture of the village by the 1st Australian Division (Australian Imperial Force) of the
8939:
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8710:
8589:
8262:
7281:
7137:
6964:
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6362:
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6005:
5966:
5884:
5808:
5789:
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5690:
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against the 6th Army and be destroyed. (Despite the certainty by mid-June of an Anglo-French attack on the Somme against the
9114:
8534:
7319:
2400:
679:
386:
8885:
8209:
7837:
7342:
2333:
2019:
1956:
932:
868:
9099:
6233:
1753:
and provoking the French into counter-attacking German positions. Falkenhayn chose to attack towards Verdun to take the
9084:
8374:
7776:
7534:
3794:
2876:
487:
6731:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery.
6197:
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6809:
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6403:
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wrote, "What remained of the old first-class peace-trained German infantry had been expended on the battlefield". A
8139:
7177:
7029:
2708:, forced the Germans back 5 mi (8.0 km) on a 4 mi (6.4 km) front, ahead of the schedule of the
1444:
748:
7091:
3503:
In the second 1916 volume of the British Official History (1938), Wilfrid Miles wrote that German casualties were
9210:
9015:
8995:
8782:
8718:
8541:
8410:
7314:
7234:
7172:
7063:
2525:
2464:
2422:
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1146:
858:
814:
672:
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Experience of the German First Army in the Somme Battle, 24 June – 26 November 1916, Below F., pp. 77–143 (1917)
6281:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8990:
8684:
7329:
7304:
7202:
6417:. Cambridge Military Histories (pbk. repr. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–191.
5721:
Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras
2195:
1931:
1793:
and reduced the German counter-offensive strategy north of the Somme to one of passive and unyielding defence.
1695:
35:
2500:
9338:
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8616:
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7448:
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7187:
7182:
6434:
Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914–1918)
5702:
Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: Sir Douglas Haig's Command to the 1st July: Battle of the Somme
2600:
The Battle of Le Transloy began in good weather and Le Sars was captured on 7 October. Pauses were made from
2359:
2052:
1528:
1168:
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1092:
9268:
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8561:
8501:
8398:
8303:
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7852:
7556:
7395:
7294:
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1630:
in 1914. The operational objectives of the Anglo-French armies were unfulfilled, as they failed to capture
1544:
1267:
1097:
927:
3789:
In the United Kingdom and Newfoundland, the Battle of the Somme became the central memory of World War I.
3472:
inexact, because of different methods of calculation by the belligerents but that British casualties were
9172:
8609:
8594:
8452:
8404:
8169:
7720:
7594:
7507:
7502:
7271:
7259:
7254:
6269:
2864:
German Army. British casualties on the first day were the worst in the history of the British Army, with
2622:
2583:
1964:
1845:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1604:
1467:
1439:
1419:
1252:
1007:
880:
875:
375:
55:
17:
7781:
7043:
5744:
German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916
4864:
3832:
2282:
on the Western Front and, according to McMullin, "the worst 24 hours in Australia's entire history". Of
2242:
on the ridge beyond. The attack was made by four divisions on a front of 6,000 yd (5.5 km) at
1634:
and Bapaume, where the German armies maintained their positions over the winter. British attacks in the
1109:
9152:
9109:
8386:
8144:
8129:
8031:
7900:
7468:
7380:
7337:
7078:
6649:
1987:) for the bulk of the front-trench garrison and the third trench for local reserves. The trenches were
1894:
1414:
1404:
1382:
1316:
1232:
1222:
1195:
1023:
31:
7101:
6035:
3862:
fired a gun every four seconds for one hundred seconds and a whistle was blown to end it. Just like a
9094:
8862:
8446:
8434:
8189:
8174:
7895:
7786:
7480:
7458:
7207:
7197:
7130:
2061:
1988:
1627:
1608:
1462:
1434:
1389:
1372:
1328:
1242:
1163:
1119:
1114:
902:
8041:
6111:
Verdun 1916 Die Angriffe Falkenhayns im Maasgebiet mit Richtung auf Verdun als strategisches Problem
3674:
2385:
2202:
1603:
road. The 57,470 casualties suffered by the British, including 19,240 killed, were the worst in the
1519:. It took place between 1 July and 18 November 1916 on both sides of the upper reaches of the river
765:
9288:
9069:
8556:
8546:
8475:
8428:
8416:
8356:
8164:
8159:
8081:
7490:
7463:
7167:
3918:
3854:
to mark the start of the battle which began 100 years earlier. A special ceremony was broadcast on
3790:
2748:
2709:
2674:
2550:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2291:
2185:
2074:) of 1915, a third defensive position another 3,000 yards (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) back from the
1960:
1921:
1763:
1580:
1429:
1367:
1343:
1247:
1173:
890:
885:
848:
755:
325:
297:
7058:
5858:
Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme
5233:"Cinema, spectatorship and propaganda: 'Battle of the Somme' (1916) and its contemporary audience"
2389:
British gunners watching German prisoners passing after the taking of Guillemont, 3 September 1916
9283:
9140:
9132:
9074:
8834:
8529:
8292:
8119:
8114:
8046:
7905:
7890:
7885:
7865:
7746:
7623:
6205:
3882:
in north Manchester in England, which was the site of a large army training camp during the war.
3441:
data, showing that on the Western Front between February and June 1916, the Germans had suffered
2897:
2315:
2153:
2112:
1927:
1588:
1394:
1355:
1333:
1183:
1124:
1050:
787:
743:
738:
713:
252:
8086:
5623:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015
2528:(15–22 September). The attack was postponed to combine with attacks by the French Sixth Army on
1607:. Most of the British casualties were suffered on the front between the Albert–Bapaume road and
8907:
8631:
8566:
8422:
8149:
8076:
8026:
8011:
7993:
7966:
7880:
7847:
7512:
7473:
7453:
7264:
7157:
6957:
Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914–1918
3814:
3079:
2805:
began on 16 March 1917, despite the new line being unfinished and poorly sited in some places.
2666:
2135:
1619:) was made. The battle became notable for the importance of air power and the first use of the
1576:
1409:
1377:
1338:
1306:
1237:
1205:
1178:
1151:
1060:
947:
841:
819:
797:
718:
441:
84:
6481:
The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force
6461:
A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918
6115:
Verdun 1916 The attacks by Falkenhayn in the Meuse area towards Verdun as a strategic question
1826:
1652:) in March 1917. Debate continues over the necessity, significance, and effect of the battle.
1188:
917:
836:
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8440:
8216:
8179:
8109:
8056:
7978:
7946:
7920:
7870:
7801:
7703:
7656:
7440:
7309:
7192:
6740:
6437:. Washington: United States Army, American Expeditionary Forces, Intelligence Section. 1920.
3992:
3766:
Army casualties. Philpott described German losses as "disputed", with estimates ranging from
2595:
2509:
2435:
2247:
1713:
but the British played a lesser role on the Western Front and complied with French strategy.
1671:
1535:
1524:
1512:
1424:
1399:
1257:
1139:
1043:
853:
628:
558:
536:
436:
425:
414:
403:
340:
267:
6693:
An Inter-Disciplinary Study of Learning in the 32nd Division on the Western Front, 1916–1918
2353:
792:
9247:
9162:
7842:
7816:
7766:
7123:
2559:
2475:
2440:
2380:
2274:
1746:
1742:
1552:
1311:
804:
780:
723:
454:
7791:
5385:"X. Haig versus Rawlinson-Manoeuvre versus Attrition: The British Army on the Somme, 1916"
5303:
Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (July 2003). "Flames over the Somme: A Retort to William Philpott".
3693:
at Verdun. Prior and Wilson used Churchill's research and wrote that the British suffered
8:
9229:
8368:
8232:
8184:
8061:
8021:
8016:
7644:
7638:
7539:
7073:
5192:
3858:
and all BBC radio stations participated in the silence. At the start of the silence, the
3843:
2701:
2644:
2570:
2340:
contingent), which held the wood from 15 to 20 July. When relieved, the brigade had lost
2259:
1952:
1944:
1832:
1730:
1584:
1569:
1321:
1277:
1087:
1065:
897:
775:
770:
733:
465:
88:
9182:
1534:
The French and British had committed themselves to an offensive on the Somme during the
9189:
9104:
8463:
8327:
8309:
8274:
8238:
8071:
8036:
7988:
7973:
7860:
7811:
7650:
7609:
7289:
7105:
7095:
6719:
6644:
6532:
6528:
6063:
5372:
5328:
3863:
3754:
In a commentary on the debate about Somme casualties, Philpott used Miles's figures of
3049:
3048:
had objected to the way the battle was being fought in August 1916, and Prime Minister
2649:
2563:
2367:
taking the plateau north and east of the village, overlooking the fortified village of
2320:
1821:
1675:
1639:
1538:
in December 1915. The Allies agreed upon a strategy of combined offensives against the
1294:
1134:
1055:
863:
831:
105:
67:
6925:
Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920
6839:
4913:
A Brief History of the First World War: Eyewitness Accounts of the War to End All Wars
2504:
British troops moving up to the attack during the Battle of Morval, 25 September 1916.
1033:
9222:
9216:
9177:
9079:
8912:
8495:
8350:
8333:
8134:
7956:
7936:
7771:
7756:
7686:
7674:
7375:
7352:
7299:
7006:
6989:
6979:
6960:
6933:
6923:
6909:
6887:
6879:
6865:
6845:
6824:
6805:
6783:
6764:
6732:
6700:
6676:
6654:
6630:
6624:
6606:
6577:
6555:
6538:
6514:
6485:
6479:
6464:
6438:
6432:
6418:
6399:
6380:
6358:
6334:
6310:
6273:
6241:
6209:
6175:
6135:
6118:
6095:
6069:
6041:
6020:
6001:
5982:
5962:
5943:
5920:
5901:
5880:
5861:
5842:
5823:
5804:
5785:
5766:
5747:
5728:
5705:
5686:
5667:
5648:
5640:
5626:
5607:
5590:
5573:
5554:
5548:
5406:
5376:
5364:
5332:
5320:
5284:
5252:
5084:
4012:
3928:
3851:
3784:
3733:
to the "best" German sources. Sheffield wrote that the losses were "appalling", with
3045:
2893:
2880:
2662:
2483:
2337:
2329:
2227:
2223:
2190:
1948:
1707:
1565:
1360:
1301:
1104:
959:
728:
1631:
8280:
8250:
8244:
8154:
7983:
7951:
7941:
7680:
7604:
7599:
7527:
7347:
7247:
6620:
6167:
5396:
5356:
5312:
5244:
5025:
4032:
3932:
3810:
3433:
2654:
2574:
2495:
2417:
2157:
1972:
1802:
1722:
1614:
1592:
1556:
1262:
1038:
826:
809:
498:
476:
6328:
5877:
Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century
2404:
2210:
The Fourth Army attacked the German second defensive position from the Somme past
430:
9089:
8929:
8268:
7821:
7796:
7495:
7403:
7242:
7085:
7033:
6668:
6571:
3818:
2769:
2395:
2140:
1897:, which declared war against the Central Powers on 27 August. In July there were
1849:
1649:
1504:
1492:
1484:
1457:
1129:
954:
509:
59:
7111:
Battle of the Somme (WW1 Documentary) | History Documentary | Reel Truth History
8922:
8902:
8573:
8286:
8124:
7915:
7806:
7662:
7566:
7549:
6857:
6567:
6372:
6217:
5232:
3900:
3871:
3826:
3431:
However, Churchill wrote that Allied casualties had exceeded German losses. In
3062:
2849:
2471:
1687:
1623:
in September but these were a product of new technology and proved unreliable.
1596:
1595:
on the north bank and by the Fourth Army from Maricourt to the vicinity of the
1539:
1508:
1200:
1070:
937:
612:
549:
527:
419:
190:
7110:
6065:
Lieutenant Owen William Steele of the Newfoundland Regiment: Diary and Letters
5401:
5384:
5360:
5316:
5248:
5168:"Thousands gather in Manchester to mark Battle of the Somme centenary – recap"
3449:
July and the end of the year (Appendix J); he wrote that the Germans suffered
3437:(first published in the early 1920s, reprinted in 1938), he quoted the German
2222:
on the Albert–Bapaume road. The objectives of the attack were the villages of
1611:
to the north, which was the area where the principal German defensive effort (
9262:
9033:
8321:
8315:
7751:
7668:
7579:
7068:
6736:
6704:
6596:
6559:
6396:
Writing the Great War: Sir James Edmonds and the Official Histories 1915–1948
6338:
6277:
6249:
6245:
6213:
6179:
6122:
5577:
5368:
5324:
5288:
5256:
3924:
3874:
3867:
2678:
2670:
2235:
2093:
artillery bombardment, directed by ground observers on clearly marked lines.
1721:
before the British offensive in Flanders. A week later the Germans began the
1710:
1520:
1516:
1082:
645:
595:
572:
504:
493:
482:
471:
460:
449:
408:
355:
162:
131:
118:
109:
6993:
6542:
5936:
5410:
4278:
3065:, since it would be left behind. The British relied on motor transport from
8483:
7910:
6937:
6849:
6844:. Translated by Jones, Mary Cadwalader. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
6601:
6581:
5594:
3822:
2566:
397:
6171:
6037:
The Operational Role of British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18
5895:
5273:"Learning War's Lessons: The German Army and the Battle of the Somme 1916"
3682:
Doughty wrote that French losses on the Somme were "surprisingly high" at
3421:
Somme. The whole history of the world cannot contain a more ghastly word.
2558:
The Battle of Thiepval Ridge was the first large offensive mounted by the
1758:
similar losses. Falkenhayn expected the relief offensive to fall south of
1690:
to move troops between fronts during lulls. In December 1915, General Sir
8694:
8599:
8297:
7725:
7146:
6506:
6324:
3879:
3678:
Dead German soldiers in a captured German trench near Ginchy, August 1916
2513:
2328:
The Battle of Delville Wood was an operation to secure the British right
1782:
1686:
by the Franco-British armies were to be carried out to deny time for the
282:
101:
7053:
6266:"The Somme in Oral Histories of the First World War: Veterans 1914–1918"
4888:
2219:
1660:
6307:
The Guardsmen: Harold Macmillan, Three Friends, and The World They Made
2822:
2616:
2211:
2057:
1786:
1750:
942:
7026:
6959:. Cambridge Military Histories. New York: Cambridge University Press.
4924:
4922:
4489:
8489:
8256:
6906:
The Great War: July 1, 1916: The First Day of the Battle of the Somme
6901:
5647:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University.
5440:"The Somme from the German side of the wire (From The Northern Echo)"
3066:
2517:
2239:
2231:
2024:
1699:
237:
6484:. Vol. II (N & M Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press.
3870:
after the silence. The silence was announced during a speech by the
8749:
7106:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
7096:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
7003:
The Battles of the Somme: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography
5550:
The Unquiet Western Front: Britain's Role in Literature and History
5347:
Philpott, William (2006). "The Anglo-French Victory on the Somme".
5272:
4919:
3802:
2916:
2854:
Progress of the Battle of the Somme between 1 July and 18 November.
2821:(R. I Position). On 24 February the Germans withdrew, protected by
2368:
6691:
5206:
2309:
664:
7049:
The British Army in the Great War: The Battles of the Somme, 1916
6626:
Ragtime Soldiers: the Rhodesian Experience in the First World War
5841:(Arms & Armour Press ed.). London: Weidenfeld Military.
4800:
4798:
4585:
2885:
2589:
2529:
1992:
1718:
1706:
threat from Belgian waters. Haig was not formally subordinate to
1600:
312:
6463:(London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
5142:"Battle of the Somme to be commemorated with two-minute silence"
4768:
4766:
4764:
2831:
between Bapaume and Achiet le Petit and the British reached the
975:
5645:
Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operation in the Great War
3809:
am on the Sunday nearest to 1 July. The Somme is remembered in
2458:
2215:
1848:
absorbed the extra forces that had been requested on 2 June by
1703:
1523:
in France. The battle was intended to hasten a victory for the
222:
7115:
4795:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4259:
3526:
casualties on the Western Front from July to December against
1674:
from 6th to 8th December 1915. Simultaneous offensives on the
8917:
4761:
2837:(R. II Position) on 13 March. The withdrawal took place from
2206:
Soldiers digging a communication trench through Delville Wood
1790:
1759:
1754:
1635:
1560:
5685:(Phoenix 2007 ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
4453:
4429:
2539:
6929:
6801:
5917:
Forgotten Victory, The First World War: Myths and Realities
5724:
5494:
4994:
4958:
4687:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4626:
4624:
4609:
4513:
4405:
4163:
3855:
3511:"fresh data" from the French and German official accounts.
2479:
1620:
6355:
Blood in the Trenches: A Memoir of the Battle of the Somme
5820:
The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918
5166:
Slater, Chris; Britton, Paul; Coyle, Simon (1 July 2016).
4934:
4648:
4393:
4381:
4333:
4321:
4309:
4175:
4151:
2554:
British Mark I male tank near Thiepval, 25 September 1916.
5981:(Pen & Sword Military ed.). London: Leo Cooper.
5482:
5121:
4982:
4815:
4813:
4103:
4057:
4055:
3950:
List of World War I memorials and cemeteries in the Somme
2508:
The Battle of Morval was an attack by the Fourth Army on
2347:
1991:
and had sentry-posts in concrete recesses built into the
6415:
Foch in Command: The Making of a First World War General
5470:
5196:
Saturday 2 July 2016, bottom of page 1, with photograph.
4970:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4660:
4621:
4597:
4501:
4465:
4297:
4235:
4127:
2344:, similar to the casualties of many brigades on 1 July.
6780:
The French on the Somme – From Serre to the River Somme
5518:
5458:
4854:
4852:
4837:
4728:
4573:
4441:
4417:
4369:
4187:
4115:
3847:
2453:
2179:
5625:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
5006:
4810:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4716:
4636:
4561:
4525:
4223:
4052:
2788:
and that half measures were futile, retreating to the
2638:
2374:
7039:
Records and images from the UK Parliament Collections
6673:
The Great War Generals on the Western Front 1914–1918
5506:
5109:
4825:
4778:
4211:
4091:
3837:
Thiepval Memorial to the British Missing of the Somme
2450:
casualties on the German defenders during the month.
2060:
appearance of the trenches is due to the presence of
27:
WWI battle pitting France and Britain against Germany
6377:
The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First World War
5419:"Historiographical Essay on the Battle of the Somme"
5097:
4946:
4849:
4704:
4549:
4537:
4477:
4357:
4345:
4199:
4139:
4067:
3476:
total British casualties in France in the period of
2617:
Battle of the Ancre Heights, 1 October – 11 November
2489:
2304:
9329:
Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
6132:
If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West
6062:Steele, O. W. (2003). Facey-Crowther, D. R. (ed.).
5683:
Through German Eyes: The British and the Somme 1916
4740:
4247:
3945:
List of Canadian battles during the First World War
3797:commemorate the battle on 1 July each year, at the
2653:Mametz, Western Front, a winter scene, painting by
2362:, the only British success in the Allied fiasco of
6014:
5935:
5165:
5054:. The Daily Telegraph. 2 July 2014. Archived from
4591:
3531:was correct but the one for German casualties was
2718:Manoeuvre/Operation Alberich) and eventually took
2253:
4079:
1785:, 18 km (11 mi) south-west of Arras to
9260:
5237:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television
2411:
1670:Allied war strategy for 1916 was decided at the
198:
8092:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
6134:(Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber.
2310:Battle of Delville Wood, 14 July – 15 September
2047:
7000:
6798:Report of the Battles of the Somme (Cmnd 1138)
6554:(3rd ed.). London: Book Club Associates.
6240:. The South African Military History Society.
4279:"The Somme 1916 – From Both Sides of the Wire"
3758:casualties and the French official figures of
2590:Battle of Le Transloy, 1 October – 11 November
2269:"gravely" underestimated, the attackers being
2106:
2101:
2013:
1864:. During the offensive the Russians inflicted
1583:suffered a serious defeat opposite the French
288:
258:
9324:Battles of World War I involving South Africa
7131:
6068:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
5801:Transportation on the Western Front 1914–1918
5666:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
5604:Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918
5052:"Was bloody Somme a success for the British?"
3829:and others commemorate the battle on 1 July.
3799:Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme
2524:, which had been the final objectives of the
2218:, north-west along the crest of the ridge to
2096:
991:
680:
243:
92:(4 months, 2 weeks and 3 days)
9319:Battles of World War I involving New Zealand
7005:. London and Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
6549:
6527:
6017:The First World War: The War to End All Wars
5959:The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army
5919:(Review ed.). London: Hodder Headline.
5133:
3817:and commemorated by veterans' groups and by
3507:and Anglo-French casualties were just under
2832:
2826:
2816:
2810:
2796:
2789:
2762:
2755:
2733:
2727:
2713:
2689:
2629:
2459:Battle of Flers–Courcelette, 15–22 September
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2038:
2000:
1999:. An intermediate line of strongpoints (the
1982:
1976:
1859:
1853:
1643:
1612:
9334:Battles involving the French Foreign Legion
8582:
6862:The Guinness Book of More Military Blunders
6643:
6015:Simkins, P.; Jukes, G.; Hickey, M. (2003).
5893:
5026:"Verdun: France's sacred symbol of healing"
4804:
4654:
3955:Order of battle for the Battle of the Somme
2696:Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917
2403:(commander of the British Fourth Army) and
228:
9299:Battles of World War I involving Australia
9274:Battles of the Western Front (World War I)
7138:
7124:
6878:
6777:
6758:
6619:
6412:
6379:(repr. ed.). Henry Holt and Company.
5620:
5601:
5500:
5302:
4898:
3907:
3904:. This event was called "Ghost Soldiers".
3793:with the British Embassy in Paris and the
2198:attack on Bazentin le Petit, 14 July 1916.
998:
984:
687:
673:
66:
7044:Battle of the Somme, maps and photo essay
6973:
6718:
6667:
6595:
6566:
5956:
5933:
5914:
5584:
5476:
5400:
4988:
4976:
4928:
4874:
4772:
4669:
4630:
4459:
4435:
4411:
4399:
4387:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4265:
4193:
4157:
4002:
2540:Battle of Thiepval Ridge, 26–28 September
1981:) occupied by sentry groups, the second (
1971:Despite considerable debate among German
1934:marching to the front line, 28 June 1916.
1655:
346:
303:
9309:Battles of World War I involving Germany
8381:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
6761:The Somme 1916 Touring the French Sector
6689:
6195:
6157:
6089:
5874:
5836:
5798:
5567:
5524:
5464:
5382:
5346:
5127:
5000:
4964:
4894:
4882:
4843:
4734:
4698:
4681:
4615:
4531:
4519:
4447:
4423:
4375:
4351:
4169:
4109:
4061:
4046:
4026:
4006:
3831:
3673:
3535:, quoting the official German figure of
3464:by the British; German forces inflicted
2848:
2773:von Fuchs on 20 January 1917 said that,
2684:
2648:
2549:
2499:
2421:
2384:
2319:
2201:
2189:
2160:north of the road. The Fourth Army took
2139:
2051:
2023:
1920:
1916:
1825:
1659:
331:
213:
9314:Battles of World War I involving France
9304:Battles of World War I involving Canada
8758:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
7054:New Zealand and the Battle of the Somme
6837:
6371:
6352:
6033:
5995:
5976:
5699:
5661:
5639:
5416:
5076:
5012:
4940:
4819:
4722:
4642:
4567:
4555:
4229:
4217:
4181:
4097:
4018:
3998:
2168:were killed. The French Sixth Army had
273:
72:Complete map of the Battle of the Somme
14:
9261:
7064:The Somme – Northern Ireland Remembers
6951:
6884:Somme 1 July 1916: Tragedy and Triumph
6782:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.
6763:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.
6725:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919
6505:
6323:
6061:
5979:The German Army on the Somme 1914–1916
5817:
5760:
5512:
5230:
5115:
5103:
4878:
4789:
4042:
4022:
3715:Harris wrote that British losses were
2348:Battle of Pozières, 23 July – 7 August
2152:beginning with the opening day of the
8711:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
8047:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
7119:
7027:Battle of the Somme Personnel Records
6900:
6856:
6477:
6458:
6393:
6234:"The South Africans at Delville Wood"
6129:
6108:
5855:
5741:
5718:
5680:
5488:
5383:Deverell, Christopher (Spring 2005).
5270:
4952:
4870:
4858:
4755:
4710:
4603:
4579:
4543:
4507:
4495:
4483:
4471:
4363:
4303:
4253:
4241:
4205:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4038:
3086:British, French and German casualties
2569:and was intended to benefit from the
1926:Men of the 10th (Service) Battalion,
1905:in Russia and in November there were
1815:
979:
668:
9115:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
6800:(N & M Press ed.). London:
6304:
6238:Military History Journal (S Afr MHJ)
6117:] (in German). Berlin: Mittler.
5779:
5763:Douglas Haig and the First World War
5546:
5080:Newfoundland and Labrador: a history
4916:. 1914–18, Hachette UK, 2014. P. 154
4831:
4085:
4073:
2454:Third phase: September–November 1916
2180:Battle of Bazentin Ridge, 14–17 July
9279:Military history of Hauts-de-France
9044:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
7838:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
6094:(repr. ed.). London: Cassell.
6000:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books.
5139:
3860:King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery
3773:Churchill's World Crisis As History
2639:Battle of the Ancre, 13–18 November
2375:Battle of Guillemont, 3–6 September
2020:Mines on the first day of the Somme
1901:divisions on the Western Front and
1796:
694:
30:For the battle fought in 1918, see
24:
7777:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
6298:
6092:Douglas Haig: The Educated Soldier
5765:(repr. ed.). Cambridge: CUP.
3842:On 1 July 2016, at 7:28 a.m.
3795:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
2742:
25:
9350:
7069:Official website of Delville Wood
7020:
6699:(PhD). University of Birmingham.
5839:The Somme: The Day-by-Day Account
5746:(pbk. ed.). Cambridge: CUP.
5269:On the German historiography see
5207:"'we're here because we're here'"
4498:, pp. 447–456 & 460–466.
2877:Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria
2490:Battle of Morval, 25–28 September
2305:Second phase: July–September 1916
1572:, a force of wartime volunteers.
1005:
8140:Second Battle of the Piave River
7762:Russian invasion of East Prussia
7001:van Hartsveldt, Fred R. (1996).
6823:(1st ed.). London: Cassel.
5572:(repr. ed.). London: Dent.
4592:Simkins, Jukes & Hickey 2003
3813:due to the participation of the
3778:
2906:BEF railway tonnage, France 1916
2044:section of the Somme offensive.
1963:and was promoted to command the
644:
627:
611:
594:
571:
557:
548:
535:
526:
503:
492:
481:
470:
459:
448:
435:
424:
413:
402:
391:
380:
369:
348:
333:
319:
305:
290:
275:
260:
245:
230:
215:
200:
183:
9211:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
8411:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
7145:
6864:. London: Guinness Publishing.
6629:. Bulawayo: Books of Zimbabwe.
5822:. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
5432:
5339:
5295:
5263:
5231:Reeves, Nicholas (March 1997).
5224:
5199:
5185:
5159:
5083:. University of Toronto Press.
5070:
5044:
5018:
4904:
4271:
3967:
3821:/Protestant groups such as the
2254:Battle of Fromelles, 19–20 July
2248:hurricane artillery bombardment
2148:The Battle of the Somme lasted
2144:British objectives, 1 July 1916
1682:by the Italian army and on the
9034:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
8893:Deportations from East Prussia
8690:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
7092:The Battle of the Somme (film)
6552:History of the First World War
5894:Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (2005).
5345:On British historiography see
3540:
3240:
2902:
2172:, and the 2nd German Army had
2029:Map of the Valley of the Somme
659:31,396 men captured by British
13:
1:
9294:Tunnel warfare in World War I
8945:Ukrainian Canadian internment
6978:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
6550:Liddell Hart, B. H. (1973) .
6333:. New York: George H. Doran.
5606:(2nd ed.). London: CUP.
5570:Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches
5534:
5211:we're here because we're here
5077:Cadigan, Sean Thomas (2009).
3896:We're here because we're here
3738:
3727:
3716:
3705:
3698:
3697:from 1 July to mid-November (
3663:
3648:
3635:
3620:
3515:
3485:
3480:French Somme casualties were
3083:
3073:
2706:10 January – 22 February 1917
2444:
2412:Battle of Ginchy, 9 September
2119:
1872:
1865:
657:41,605 men captured by French
650:
633:
617:
9100:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
8399:Estonian War of Independence
8067:Southern Palestine offensive
6357:. Pen & Sword Military.
6160:20th Century British History
3985:
3056:
2434:In the Battle of Ginchy the
2129:
2048:German defences on the Somme
1678:by the Russian army, on the
1507:fought by the armies of the
1503:, was a major battle of the
7:
9054:USA against Austria-Hungary
8453:Turkish War of Independence
8405:Latvian War of Independence
8130:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
7721:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
7059:Peronne Great War Historial
6841:Foch, The Winner of The War
6690:Mitchell, S. B. T. (2013).
6270:Library and Archives Canada
6188:
6150:
5277:Journal of Military History
3938:
3662:
3647:
3634:
3619:
3611:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3514:The addition by Edmonds of
3409:
3406:
3401:
3384:
3381:
3368:
3365:
3354:
3351:
3337:
3323:
3309:
3298:
3295:
3281:
3267:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2844:
2623:Battle of the Ancre Heights
2584:Battle of the Ancre Heights
2582:were not reached until the
2526:Battle of Flers–Courcelette
2482:of the Heavy Branch of the
2465:Battle of Flers–Courcelette
2107:Battle of Albert, 1–13 July
2102:First phase: 1–17 July 1916
2014:Anglo-French plan of attack
1941:British Expeditionary Force
1861:Armeegruppe Archduke Joseph
1694:replaced Field Marshal Sir
1665:The Western Front 1915–1916
1605:history of the British Army
1549:British Expeditionary Force
1468:Western Front tactics, 1917
624:(95,675 killed or missing)
10:
9355:
9137:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
8685:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
8145:Second Battle of the Marne
8032:Second battle of the Aisne
7901:Second Battle of Champagne
7742:German invasion of Belgium
6650:The First Day on the Somme
5998:The German Army at Cambrai
5349:Diplomacy & Statecraft
4931:, pp. 1, 427, 1, 004.
3782:
3387:
3357:
3301:
3077:
2746:
2693:
2642:
2620:
2593:
2543:
2493:
2462:
2415:
2378:
2351:
2313:
2257:
2183:
2133:
2110:
2097:Battles of the Somme, 1916
2068:After the Autumn Battles (
2017:
2008:
1819:
1800:
709:Battles of the Somme, 1916
640:(50,729 killed or missing)
32:Second Battle of the Somme
29:
9243:
9202:
9123:
9062:
9024:
8968:
8957:
8918:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
8861:
8833:
8781:
8703:
8677:
8629:
8522:
8515:
8447:Irish War of Independence
8343:
8225:
8190:Armistice of Villa Giusti
8175:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
8100:
8002:
7929:
7830:
7787:First Battle of the Marne
7734:
7696:
7631:
7622:
7565:
7439:
7428:
7394:
7366:
7328:
7280:
7233:
7226:
7153:
6605:. London: Penguin Books.
6537:. Boston, Little, Brown.
6309:. London: HarperCollins.
5900:. Yale University Press.
5879:. London: Little, Brown.
5799:Henniker, A. M. (2009) .
5585:Churchill, W. S. (1938).
5568:Boraston, J. H. (1920) .
5402:10.1080/14702430500097317
5361:10.1080/09592290600943262
5317:10.1191/0968344503wh281oa
5271:Foley, Robert T. (2011).
5249:10.1080/01439689700260601
3866:silence, a bugler played
3731: 500,000, according
3491:to which should be added
3392:
2690:Ancre, January–March 1917
2324:Positions on 14 July 1916
2280:Australian Imperial Force
2039:Betrayal of British plans
1855:Armeegruppe von Linsingen
1628:First Battle of the Marne
1531:in all of human history.
1015:
706:
604:
515:
362:
172:
76:
65:
53:
48:
34:. For the 1916 film, see
9070:Constantinople Agreement
8363:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
8226:Co-belligerent conflicts
8195:Second Romanian campaign
8165:Third Transjordan attack
7876:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
7782:Battle of Grand Couronné
7032:13 November 2016 at the
6928:(1st ed.). London:
6534:Foch: The Man of Orleans
6513:. London: Random House.
5700:Edmonds, J. E. (1993) .
5602:Chickering, R. (2004) .
5539:
5417:Coleman, Joseph (2014).
3960:
3791:The Royal British Legion
3543:Western Front casualties
2900:, though at great cost.
2665:being detonated beneath
2546:Battle of Thiepval Ridge
2534:Battle of Thiepval Ridge
2186:Battle of Bazentin Ridge
1876: 407,000 prisoners
1840:The Brusilov offensive (
9133:Modus vivendi of Acroma
9085:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
8393:Greater Poland Uprising
8293:National Protection War
8170:Meuse–Argonne offensive
8120:German spring offensive
8115:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
7891:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
7866:Second Battle of Artois
7747:Battle of the Frontiers
6576:. New York: Macmillan.
6353:Dugmore, A. R. (2014).
6330:The Battle of the Somme
6206:Australian War Memorial
6198:"Disaster at Fromelles"
5961:. London: Aurum Press.
5915:Sheffield, G. (2002) .
5761:Harris, J. P. (2009) .
5621:Clodfelter, M. (2017).
5172:Manchester Evening News
4805:Prior & Wilson 2005
4655:Prior & Wilson 2005
3908:Histories of the battle
3878:a ceremony was held in
3726:and German losses were
3499:German casualties were
3484:German casualties were
3445:against the French and
2316:Battle of Delville Wood
2292:5th Australian Division
2113:Battle of Albert (1916)
1928:East Yorkshire Regiment
1869: 1,500,000 losses
1835:at Battle of the Somme.
1589:Foucaucourt-en-Santerre
1356:German spring offensive
37:The Battle of the Somme
9158:Paris Peace Conference
9146:Ukraine–Central Powers
8940:Massacres of Albanians
8908:Late Ottoman genocides
8715:Bulgarian occupations
8423:Third Anglo-Afghan War
8387:Hungarian–Romanian War
8205:Naval Victory Bulletin
8200:Armistice with Germany
8150:Hundred Days Offensive
8077:Battle of La Malmaison
8027:Second battle of Arras
7994:Battle of Transylvania
7848:Second Battle of Ypres
7716:Sarajevo assassination
7605:South African Republic
6976:Pals on the Somme 1916
6974:Wilkinson, R. (2006).
6778:O'Mara, David (2018).
6759:O'Mara, David (2018).
6478:Jones, H. A. (2002) .
6459:James, E. A. (1990) .
6398:. London: Frank Cass.
6130:Wynne, G. C. (1976) .
6090:Terraine, J. (2005) .
6040:. London: Spellmount.
5957:Sheffield, G. (2011).
5934:Sheffield, G. (2003).
5837:McCarthy, C. (1995) .
5742:Foley, R. T. (2007) .
5664:The Brusilov Offensive
3839:
3815:36th (Ulster) Division
3720: 420,000, French
3679:
3429:
3426:Friedrich Steinbrecher
3417:German officer wrote,
3080:World War I casualties
2856:
2833:
2827:
2817:
2811:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2763:
2756:
2734:
2728:
2714:
2667:Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt
2657:
2630:
2555:
2505:
2431:
2390:
2325:
2234:which was adjacent to
2207:
2199:
2145:
2136:First day on the Somme
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2065:
2031:
2001:
1983:
1977:
1936:
1860:
1854:
1837:
1807:The Battle of Verdun (
1667:
1656:Strategic developments
1644:
1613:
1591:south of the Somme to
1577:first day on the Somme
1496:
1488:
442:Joseph Alfred Micheler
363:Commanders and leaders
161:Bulge driven into the
9168:Treaty of St. Germain
9141:Russia–Central Powers
9095:Sykes–Picot Agreement
8923:Pontic Greek genocide
8898:Destruction of Kalisz
8874:Eastern Mediterranean
8435:Polish–Lithuanian War
8217:Armistice of Belgrade
8180:Armistice of Salonica
8110:Operation Faustschlag
8057:Third Battle of Oituz
7979:Baranovichi offensive
7947:Lake Naroch offensive
7921:Battle of Robat Karim
7896:Vistula–Bug offensive
7871:Battles of the Isonzo
7802:First Battle of Ypres
7084:30 April 2020 at the
7079:CWGC: 1916: The Somme
6196:McMullin, R. (2006).
6109:Wendt, H. L. (1931).
6034:Simpson, A. (2005) .
5977:Sheldon, J. (2006) .
5875:Philpott, W. (2009).
5444:Thenorthernecho.co.uk
4877:, pp. 194, 197;
4268:, pp. 21, 64–65.
4005:, pp. 194, 197;
3835:
3742: 204,000 French
3722:casualties were over
3709: 280,000 German
3677:
3419:
2898:Third Battle of Ypres
2852:
2775:
2685:Subsequent operations
2675:Beaucourt-sur-l'Ancre
2652:
2596:Battle of Le Transloy
2553:
2503:
2425:
2388:
2323:
2294:; German losses were
2290:were incurred by the
2205:
2196:British 21st Division
2193:
2143:
2123: 60,000 British
2055:
2027:
1924:
1917:Tactical developments
1842:4 June – 20 September
1829:
1663:
1513:French Third Republic
1499:), also known as the
1497:Schlacht an der Somme
605:Casualties and losses
9339:November 1916 events
9163:Treaty of Versailles
8879:Mount Lebanon famine
8794:in the United States
8762:Russian occupations
8476:Turkish–Armenian War
8417:Polish–Ukrainian War
8357:Ukrainian–Soviet War
8304:Central Asian Revolt
8087:Armistice of Focșani
7817:Battle of Sarikamish
7767:Battle of Tannenberg
7163:Military engagements
6838:Recouly, R. (1920).
5996:Sheldon, J. (2009).
5662:Dowling, T. (2008).
5491:, pp. 324, 327.
4775:, pp. 194, 197.
3713:400,000" casualties.
3032:casualties, against
2476:New Zealand Division
2441:Battle of Guillemont
2381:Battle of Guillemont
2334:1st Infantry Brigade
2284:7,080 BEF casualties
2246:after a five-minute
2174:10,000–12,000 losses
1747:Erich von Falkenhayn
1743:German General Staff
1672:Chantilly Conference
1579:(1 July) the German
1553:Imperial German Army
1536:Chantilly Conference
1489:Bataille de la Somme
1463:French Army mutinies
1458:1914 Christmas truce
1228:Hohenzollern Redoubt
869:Butte de Warlencourt
488:Rupprecht of Bavaria
455:Erich von Falkenhayn
132:50.01556°N 2.69750°E
112:Départements, France
9269:Battle of the Somme
9230:They shall not pass
9153:Treaty of Bucharest
9110:Treaty of Bucharest
9049:USA against Germany
9026:Declarations of war
8730:German occupations
8643:British casualties
8502:Soviet–Georgian War
8429:Egyptian Revolution
8369:Armeno-Georgian War
8233:Somaliland campaign
8185:Armistice of Mudros
8062:Battle of Caporetto
8052:Battle of Mărășești
8022:Zimmermann telegram
8017:February Revolution
7962:Battle of the Somme
7886:Bug-Narew Offensive
7861:Battle of Gallipoli
7853:Sinking of the RMS
7645:Scramble for Africa
7639:Franco-Prussian War
7295:Sinai and Palestine
6821:The First World War
6720:Nicholson, G. W. L.
6653:. London: Penguin.
6529:Liddell Hart, B. H.
6511:The First World War
6172:10.1093/tcbh/hwp047
5942:. London: Cassell.
5856:Miles, W. (1992) .
5818:Herwig, H. (1996).
5784:. London: Cassell.
5719:Falls, C. (1992) .
5193:The Daily Telegraph
5003:, pp. 600–602.
4967:, pp. 601–602.
4943:, pp. 496–497.
4885:, pp. 602–603.
4807:, pp. 300–301.
4701:, pp. 602–603.
4684:, pp. 436–437.
4618:, pp. 150–151.
4606:, pp. 570–572.
4522:, pp. 148–162.
4510:, pp. 476–477.
4474:, pp. 458–459.
4462:, pp. 130–131.
4438:, pp. 112–124.
4306:, pp. 100–103.
4244:, pp. 100–101.
4184:, pp. xv, 163.
4172:, pp. 412–413.
4136:, pp. 206–207.
4124:, pp. 248–249.
4049:, pp. 602–603.
4009:, pp. 602–603.
3844:British Summer Time
3768:400,000 to 680,000.
3704:day) in inflicting
3547:
3537:500,000 casualties.
3455:537,919 casualties,
3349:Total Commonwealth
3245:
3090:
2909:
2702:Battle of the Ancre
2645:Battle of the Ancre
2520:held by the German
2275:Guard Reserve Corps
2266:Battle of Fromelles
2260:Battle of Fromelles
1833:British Indian Army
1481:Battle of the Somme
1452:Associated articles
1169:Hartmannswillerkopf
1029:Invasion of Belgium
912:Associated articles
466:Paul von Hindenburg
128: /
49:Battle of the Somme
9190:Treaty of Lausanne
9105:Paris Economy Pact
9039:UK against Germany
8969:Entry into the war
8935:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
8654:Ottoman casualties
8464:Franco-Turkish War
8344:Post-War conflicts
8328:Russian Revolution
8310:Invasion of Darfur
8275:Kelantan rebellion
8263:Kurdish rebellions
8239:Mexican Revolution
8072:October Revolution
8037:Kerensky offensive
8012:Capture of Baghdad
7989:Monastir offensive
7974:Brusilov offensive
7812:Battle of Kolubara
7651:Russo-Japanese War
7100:William Philpott:
6886:. Oxford: Osprey.
6819:Prior, R. (1999).
6573:The Old Front Line
6394:Green, A. (2003).
6019:. Oxford: Osprey.
5681:Duffy, C. (2006).
5589:. London: Odhams.
4582:, pp. 95–107.
4414:, pp. 98–100.
4112:, pp. 81, 86.
4029:, p. 602–603.
3927:, Gary Sheffield,
3864:Remembrance Sunday
3852:two minute silence
3840:
3695:420,000 casualties
3691:377,231 casualties
3680:
3545:July–December 1916
3541:
3519: 30 per cent
3466:794,238 casualties
3460:by the French and
3451:278,000 casualties
3443:270,000 casualties
3296:23,000
3282:24,029
3241:
3088:July–November 1916
3084:
3050:David Lloyd George
3028:British and about
2903:
2871:whom were killed.
2866:57,470 casualties,
2857:
2803:Operation Alberich
2749:Operation Alberich
2658:
2564:Lieutenant General
2556:
2506:
2432:
2391:
2354:Battle of Pozières
2338:Southern Rhodesian
2326:
2208:
2200:
2146:
2083:Sperrfeuerstreifen
2066:
2032:
1957:lieutenant-general
1937:
1838:
1822:Brusilov offensive
1816:Brusilov offensive
1668:
1640:Operation Alberich
108:and south-eastern
9256:
9255:
9239:
9238:
9223:The Golden Virgin
9217:Mutilated victory
9198:
9197:
9178:Treaty of Trianon
9173:Treaty of Neuilly
9080:Damascus Protocol
8953:
8952:
8913:Armenian genocide
8870:Allied blockades
8842:Belgian refugees
8625:
8624:
8535:Strategic bombing
8511:
8510:
8496:Franco-Syrian War
8470:Greco-Turkish War
8458:Anglo-Turkish War
8441:Polish–Soviet War
8375:German Revolution
8351:Russian Civil War
8334:Finnish Civil War
8160:Battle of Megiddo
8135:Battle of Goychay
8082:Battle of Cambrai
8042:Battle of Mărăști
7957:Battle of Jutland
7937:Erzurum offensive
7792:Siege of Przemyśl
7772:Siege of Tsingtao
7757:Battle of Galicia
7687:Second Balkan War
7675:Italo-Turkish War
7632:Pre-War conflicts
7618:
7617:
7508:Portuguese Empire
7424:
7423:
7386:German New Guinea
7368:Asian and Pacific
7102:Somme, Battles of
6966:978-0-52188-101-2
6915:978-0-393-08880-9
6789:978-1-52-672240-9
6770:978-1-47-389770-0
6746:on 26 August 2011
6470:978-0-948130-18-2
6424:978-1-107-63385-8
6364:978-1-78346-311-4
6316:978-0-00-653163-0
6305:Ball, S. (2004).
6026:978-1-84176-738-3
6007:978-1-84415-944-4
5968:978-1-84513-691-8
5886:978-1-4087-0108-9
5810:978-1-84574-765-7
5791:978-0-304-36735-1
5780:Hart, P. (2006).
5772:978-0-521-89802-7
5753:978-0-521-04436-3
5692:978-0-7538-2202-9
5673:978-0-253-35130-2
5632:978-0-7864-7470-7
5547:Bond, B. (2002).
5503:, pp. 70–71.
5130:, pp. 86–87.
5090:978-0-8020-4465-5
5058:on 28 August 2014
4834:, pp. 1–104.
4402:, pp. 94–96.
4390:, pp. 94–95.
4342:, pp. 79–85.
4330:, pp. 41–69.
4318:, pp. 76–78.
4160:, pp. 18–19.
4076:, pp. 27–37.
3929:Christopher Duffy
3898:" to the tune of
3785:Thiepval Memorial
3672:
3671:
3546:
3458:288,011 inflicted
3414:
3413:
3310:7,408
3239:
3238:
3089:
3046:Winston Churchill
3018:
3017:
2908:
2894:Nivelle Offensive
2812:Siegfriedstellung
2798:Siegfriedstellung
2791:Siegfriedstellung
2764:Siegfriedstellung
2757:Siegfriedstellung
2710:Alberich Bewegung
2484:Machine Gun Corps
2336:(incorporating a
2296:1,600–2,000, with
2228:Bazentin le Grand
2224:Bazentin le Petit
2162:57,470 casualties
1949:Territorial Force
1809:21 February – 16
1741:The Chief of the
1645:Siegfriedstellung
1566:Territorial Force
1529:deadliest battles
1476:
1475:
1302:Nivelle offensive
1076:Trouée de Charmes
973:
972:
960:Thiepval Memorial
815:Flers–Courcelette
663:
662:
168:
167:
137:50.01556; 2.69750
16:(Redirected from
9346:
9183:Treaty of Sèvres
9075:Treaty of London
8966:
8965:
8744:Northeast France
8675:
8674:
8647:Parliamentarians
8580:
8579:
8542:Chemical weapons
8520:
8519:
8281:Senussi campaign
8251:Muscat rebellion
8245:Maritz rebellion
8213:
8155:Vardar offensive
7984:Battle of Romani
7952:Battle of Asiago
7942:Battle of Verdun
7906:Kosovo offensive
7681:First Balkan War
7629:
7628:
7528:Russian Republic
7437:
7436:
7231:
7230:
7173:Economic history
7140:
7133:
7126:
7117:
7116:
7090:Nicholas Hiley:
7016:
6997:
6970:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6919:
6908:. W. W. Norton.
6897:
6875:
6853:
6834:
6815:
6793:
6774:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6745:
6739:. Archived from
6730:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6698:
6686:
6675:. Magpie Books.
6664:
6640:
6616:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6563:
6546:
6524:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6474:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6428:
6409:
6390:
6368:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6320:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6280:. Archived from
6261:
6259:
6257:
6252:on 20 April 2009
6248:. Archived from
6229:
6227:
6225:
6216:. Archived from
6202:Wartime Magazine
6183:
6145:
6126:
6105:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6030:
6011:
5992:
5972:
5953:
5941:
5930:
5911:
5890:
5871:
5852:
5833:
5814:
5795:
5776:
5757:
5738:
5715:
5696:
5677:
5658:
5636:
5617:
5598:
5587:The World Crisis
5581:
5564:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5414:
5404:
5380:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5203:
5197:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5140:Wilcock, David.
5137:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4917:
4908:
4902:
4892:
4886:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4808:
4802:
4793:
4787:
4776:
4770:
4759:
4753:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4050:
4045:, pp. 271;
4036:
4030:
4025:, pp. 271;
4016:
4010:
3996:
3979:
3976:The World Crisis
3971:
3933:Roger Chickering
3892:
3888:
3811:Northern Ireland
3808:
3769:
3765:
3762:Army losses and
3761:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3702: 3,600 per
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3668:
3667: 1,666,289
3665:
3653:
3650:
3640:
3637:
3625:
3622:
3548:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:on the Entente.
3467:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3434:The World Crisis
3427:
3246:
3091:
3085:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
2910:
2904:
2881:war of attrition
2870:
2867:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2820:
2814:
2800:
2793:
2784:
2783:Hermann von Kuhl
2766:
2759:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2669:. The attack on
2633:
2611:
2607:
2604:due to rain and
2603:
2580:
2496:Battle of Morval
2449:
2446:
2418:Battle of Ginchy
2365:
2343:
2300:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2272:
2245:
2175:
2171:
2170:1,590 casualties
2167:
2163:
2154:Battle of Albert
2151:
2124:
2121:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2004:
1998:
1986:
1980:
1953:Kitchener's Army
1912:
1909:in the west and
1908:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1843:
1810:
1803:Battle of Verdun
1797:Battle of Verdun
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1736:
1728:
1723:Battle of Verdun
1647:
1618:
1570:Kitchener's Army
1557:Battle of Verdun
1551:(BEF). When the
1415:St Quentin Canal
1010:
1000:
993:
986:
977:
976:
918:Hébuterne (1915)
881:Schwaben Redoubt
701:
699:
689:
682:
675:
666:
665:
655:
652:
649:
648:
638:
635:
632:
631:
622:
619:
616:
615:
599:
598:
586:
585:
581:
576:
575:
562:
561:
553:
552:
540:
539:
531:
530:
508:
507:
499:Max von Gallwitz
497:
496:
486:
485:
477:Erich Ludendorff
475:
474:
464:
463:
453:
452:
440:
439:
429:
428:
418:
417:
407:
406:
396:
395:
385:
384:
374:
373:
358:
354:
352:
351:
343:
339:
337:
336:
324:
323:
322:
315:
311:
309:
308:
300:
296:
294:
293:
285:
281:
279:
278:
270:
266:
264:
263:
255:
251:
249:
248:
240:
236:
234:
233:
225:
221:
219:
218:
210:
206:
204:
203:
193:
189:
187:
186:
143:
142:
140:
139:
138:
133:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
104:, north-central
89:18 November 1916
78:
77:
70:
46:
45:
21:
9354:
9353:
9349:
9348:
9347:
9345:
9344:
9343:
9289:Battles in 1916
9259:
9258:
9257:
9252:
9235:
9194:
9126:
9119:
9090:Treaty of Darin
9058:
9020:
8976:Austria-Hungary
8962:
8949:
8930:Rape of Belgium
8857:
8829:
8777:
8771:Western Armenia
8766:Eastern Galicia
8699:
8673:
8637:
8636:Civilian impact
8635:
8621:
8578:
8507:
8339:
8269:Ovambo Uprising
8221:
8207:
8096:
7998:
7925:
7843:Battle of Łomża
7826:
7822:Christmas truce
7797:Race to the Sea
7730:
7692:
7614:
7585:Austria-Hungary
7561:
7496:Empire of Japan
7433:
7431:
7420:
7404:U-boat campaign
7390:
7362:
7324:
7276:
7222:
7203:Popular culture
7149:
7144:
7086:Wayback Machine
7034:Wayback Machine
7023:
7013:
6986:
6967:
6942:
6940:
6922:
6916:
6894:
6872:
6831:
6818:
6812:
6796:
6790:
6771:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6728:
6709:
6707:
6696:
6683:
6661:
6645:Middlebrook, M.
6637:
6613:
6586:
6584:
6521:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6471:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6431:
6425:
6406:
6387:
6365:
6343:
6341:
6317:
6301:
6299:Further reading
6296:
6287:
6285:
6264:
6255:
6253:
6232:
6223:
6221:
6191:
6186:
6153:
6148:
6142:
6102:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6027:
6008:
5989:
5969:
5950:
5927:
5908:
5887:
5868:
5849:
5830:
5811:
5792:
5773:
5754:
5735:
5712:
5693:
5674:
5655:
5633:
5614:
5561:
5553:. London: CUP.
5542:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5523:
5519:
5511:
5507:
5501:Chickering 2004
5499:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5475:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5449:
5447:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5423:
5421:
5389:Defense Studies
5344:
5340:
5300:
5296:
5268:
5264:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5190:
5186:
5176:
5174:
5164:
5160:
5150:
5148:
5146:The Independent
5138:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5075:
5071:
5061:
5059:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5035:
5033:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5011:
5007:
4999:
4995:
4991:, p. 1427.
4987:
4983:
4975:
4971:
4963:
4959:
4951:
4947:
4939:
4935:
4927:
4920:
4909:
4905:
4901:, pp. 398.
4899:Clodfelter 2017
4897:, p. 438;
4893:
4889:
4881:, p. 271;
4869:
4865:
4857:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4830:
4826:
4818:
4811:
4803:
4796:
4788:
4779:
4771:
4762:
4754:
4741:
4733:
4729:
4721:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4697:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4668:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4641:
4637:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4570:, pp. 4–5.
4566:
4562:
4554:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4530:
4526:
4518:
4514:
4506:
4502:
4494:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4470:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4362:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4338:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4286:
4285:. 3 August 2016
4277:
4276:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4168:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4060:
4053:
4041:, p. 246;
4037:
4033:
4021:, p. 309;
4017:
4013:
4001:, p. 398;
3997:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3941:
3910:
3890:
3886:
3838:
3806:
3787:
3781:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3756:419,654 British
3755:
3748:
3741:
3735:419,000 British
3734:
3730:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3666:
3651:
3638:
3631:
3623:
3608:
3544:
3536:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3508:
3505:660,000–680,000
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3489: 445,322,
3488:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:390,000 between
3446:
3442:
3428:
3425:
3403:
3256:
3243:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3059:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
2868:
2865:
2855:
2847:
2838:
2785:
2782:
2770:Generalleutnant
2751:
2745:
2743:Hindenburg Line
2724:22/23 February,
2723:
2720:5,284 prisoners
2719:
2705:
2698:
2692:
2687:
2647:
2641:
2625:
2619:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2578:
2548:
2542:
2498:
2492:
2467:
2461:
2456:
2447:
2426:A young German
2420:
2414:
2401:Henry Rawlinson
2383:
2377:
2371:from the rear.
2363:
2356:
2350:
2341:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2298:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2271:outnumbered 2:1
2270:
2262:
2256:
2243:
2188:
2182:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2149:
2138:
2132:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2089:Stützpunktlinie
2077:Stützpunktlinie
2050:
2041:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2011:
2002:Stützpunktlinie
1996:
1935:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1850:Fritz von Below
1841:
1836:
1824:
1818:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1734:
1726:
1666:
1658:
1650:Hindenburg Line
1505:First World War
1501:Somme offensive
1477:
1472:
1449:
1253:Vimy Ridge 1916
1130:Race to the Sea
1098:1st St. Quentin
1020:
1011:
1006:
1004:
974:
969:
955:Leipzig Salient
923:Order of Battle
909:
702:
698:Somme Offensive
697:
695:
693:
658:
656:
653:
643:
639:
636:
626:
625:
623:
620:
610:
593:
592:
588:
583:
579:
578:
570:
569:
556:
555:
547:
546:
542:
534:
533:
525:
524:
510:Fritz von Below
502:
501:
491:
490:
480:
479:
469:
468:
458:
457:
447:
444:
434:
433:
423:
422:
412:
411:
401:
400:
390:
389:
387:Henry Rawlinson
379:
378:
368:
349:
347:
334:
332:
330:
320:
318:
306:
304:
291:
289:
276:
274:
261:
259:
246:
244:
231:
229:
216:
214:
201:
199:
195:
194:
184:
182:
181:
157:
136:
134:
130:
127:
122:
119:
117:
115:
114:
113:
91:
71:
60:First World War
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9352:
9342:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9284:1916 in France
9281:
9276:
9271:
9254:
9253:
9251:
9250:
9244:
9241:
9240:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9233:
9226:
9219:
9214:
9206:
9204:
9200:
9199:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9192:
9187:
9186:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9155:
9150:
9149:
9148:
9143:
9135:
9129:
9127:
9125:Peace treaties
9124:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9066:
9064:
9060:
9059:
9057:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9030:
9028:
9022:
9021:
9019:
9018:
9013:
9011:United Kingdom
9008:
9003:
9001:Ottoman Empire
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8972:
8970:
8963:
8958:
8955:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8926:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8905:
8903:Sack of Dinant
8900:
8895:
8890:
8889:
8888:
8883:
8882:
8881:
8867:
8865:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8855:
8854:
8853:
8851:United Kingdom
8848:
8839:
8837:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8827:
8826:
8825:
8820:
8811:
8805:POW locations
8803:
8798:
8797:
8796:
8787:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8775:
8774:
8773:
8768:
8760:
8755:
8754:
8753:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8728:
8727:
8726:
8721:
8713:
8707:
8705:
8701:
8700:
8698:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8681:
8679:
8672:
8671:
8670:
8669:
8664:
8656:
8651:
8650:
8649:
8640:
8638:
8630:
8627:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8619:
8614:
8613:
8612:
8605:United Kingdom
8602:
8600:Ottoman Empire
8597:
8592:
8586:
8584:
8577:
8576:
8574:Trench warfare
8571:
8570:
8569:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8538:
8537:
8526:
8524:
8517:
8513:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8505:
8499:
8493:
8487:
8481:
8480:
8479:
8473:
8467:
8461:
8450:
8444:
8438:
8432:
8426:
8420:
8414:
8408:
8402:
8396:
8390:
8384:
8378:
8372:
8366:
8360:
8354:
8347:
8345:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8331:
8325:
8319:
8313:
8307:
8301:
8295:
8290:
8287:Volta-Bani War
8284:
8278:
8272:
8266:
8260:
8254:
8248:
8242:
8236:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8219:
8214:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8125:Zeebrugge Raid
8122:
8117:
8112:
8106:
8104:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8008:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7933:
7931:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7923:
7918:
7916:Battle of Loos
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7834:
7832:
7828:
7827:
7825:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7807:Black Sea raid
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7738:
7736:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7709:Historiography
7700:
7698:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7684:
7678:
7672:
7666:
7663:Bosnian Crisis
7660:
7657:Tangier Crisis
7654:
7648:
7642:
7635:
7633:
7626:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7590:Ottoman Empire
7587:
7582:
7577:
7571:
7569:
7567:Central Powers
7563:
7562:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7550:British Empire
7545:United Kingdom
7542:
7537:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7525:
7523:Russian Empire
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7499:
7498:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7445:
7443:
7441:Entente Powers
7434:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7409:North Atlantic
7400:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7372:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7334:
7332:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7320:Central Arabia
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7286:
7284:
7282:Middle Eastern
7278:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7257:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7239:
7237:
7228:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7183:Historiography
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7143:
7142:
7135:
7128:
7120:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7098:
7088:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7022:
7021:External links
7019:
7018:
7017:
7011:
6998:
6984:
6971:
6965:
6949:
6920:
6914:
6898:
6892:
6880:Robertshaw, A.
6876:
6870:
6854:
6835:
6829:
6816:
6810:
6794:
6788:
6775:
6769:
6756:
6716:
6687:
6681:
6665:
6659:
6641:
6635:
6621:McLaughlin, P.
6617:
6611:
6593:
6564:
6547:
6525:
6519:
6503:
6490:
6475:
6469:
6456:
6443:
6429:
6423:
6410:
6404:
6391:
6385:
6369:
6363:
6350:
6321:
6315:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6262:
6230:
6220:on 9 June 2007
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6140:
6127:
6106:
6100:
6087:
6074:
6059:
6046:
6031:
6025:
6012:
6006:
5993:
5987:
5974:
5967:
5954:
5948:
5931:
5925:
5912:
5906:
5891:
5885:
5872:
5866:
5853:
5847:
5834:
5828:
5815:
5809:
5796:
5790:
5777:
5771:
5758:
5752:
5739:
5733:
5716:
5710:
5697:
5691:
5678:
5672:
5659:
5653:
5641:Doughty, R. A.
5637:
5631:
5618:
5612:
5599:
5582:
5565:
5559:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:, p. 625.
5517:
5515:, p. 249.
5505:
5493:
5481:
5479:, p. 188.
5477:Sheffield 2002
5469:
5467:, p. 230.
5457:
5446:. 18 July 2016
5431:
5395:(1): 124–137.
5355:(4): 731–751.
5338:
5311:(3): 335–342.
5305:War in History
5294:
5283:(2): 471–504.
5262:
5223:
5198:
5184:
5158:
5132:
5120:
5118:, p. 192.
5108:
5096:
5089:
5069:
5043:
5017:
5015:, p. 398.
5005:
4993:
4989:Churchill 1938
4981:
4979:, p. 151.
4977:Sheffield 2003
4969:
4957:
4955:, p. 553.
4945:
4933:
4929:Churchill 1938
4918:
4910:Lewis, Jon E.
4903:
4887:
4875:Sheffield 2011
4873:, p. xv;
4863:
4861:, p. 246.
4848:
4846:, p. 161.
4836:
4824:
4822:, p. 309.
4809:
4794:
4792:, p. 271.
4777:
4773:Sheffield 2011
4760:
4739:
4737:, p. 179.
4727:
4725:, p. 398.
4715:
4713:, p. 326.
4703:
4686:
4674:
4672:, p. 156.
4670:Sheffield 2003
4659:
4657:, p. 119.
4647:
4645:, p. 483.
4635:
4633:, p. 186.
4631:Sheffield 2003
4620:
4608:
4596:
4594:, p. 119.
4584:
4572:
4560:
4548:
4546:, p. 115.
4536:
4524:
4512:
4500:
4488:
4486:, p. 474.
4476:
4464:
4460:Sheffield 2003
4452:
4450:, p. 383.
4440:
4436:Sheffield 2003
4428:
4426:, p. 355.
4416:
4412:Sheffield 2003
4404:
4400:Sheffield 2003
4392:
4388:Sheffield 2003
4380:
4378:, p. 251.
4368:
4366:, p. 133.
4356:
4344:
4340:Sheffield 2003
4332:
4328:Sheffield 2003
4320:
4316:Sheffield 2003
4308:
4296:
4270:
4266:Sheffield 2003
4258:
4246:
4234:
4232:, p. 223.
4222:
4210:
4208:, p. 555.
4198:
4194:Sheffield 2003
4186:
4174:
4162:
4158:Sheffield 2003
4150:
4148:, p. 104.
4138:
4126:
4114:
4102:
4100:, p. 291.
4090:
4078:
4066:
4064:, p. 438.
4051:
4031:
4011:
4003:Sheffield 2011
3990:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3937:
3909:
3906:
3901:Auld Lang Syne
3872:prime minister
3836:
3827:British Legion
3780:
3777:
3749:600,000 German
3670:
3669:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652: 719,000
3646:
3642:
3641:
3639: 947,289
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624: 434,000
3618:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3524:729,000 German
3509:630,000, using
3501:under 600,000.
3423:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3265:United Kingdom
3262:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3078:Main article:
3075:
3072:
3063:infrastructure
3058:
3055:
3030:200,000 French
3016:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2834:R. II Stellung
2780:
2747:Main article:
2744:
2741:
2735:R. II Stellung
2694:Main article:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2643:Main article:
2640:
2637:
2621:Main article:
2618:
2615:
2594:Main article:
2591:
2588:
2544:Main article:
2541:
2538:
2494:Main article:
2491:
2488:
2486:on the Somme.
2472:Canadian Corps
2463:Main article:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2448: 130,000
2416:Main article:
2413:
2410:
2379:Main article:
2376:
2373:
2352:Main article:
2349:
2346:
2314:Main article:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2258:Main article:
2255:
2252:
2184:Main article:
2181:
2178:
2134:Main article:
2131:
2128:
2111:Main article:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2071:Herbstschlacht
2049:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2028:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
1973:staff officers
1959:in command of
1925:
1918:
1915:
1831:Troops of the
1830:
1820:Main article:
1817:
1814:
1801:Main article:
1798:
1795:
1688:Central Powers
1664:
1657:
1654:
1540:Central Powers
1509:British Empire
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1448:
1447:
1445:Lys and Escaut
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1292:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1176:
1174:Neuve Chapelle
1171:
1166:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1147:Winter actions
1144:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1110:Grand Couronné
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1003:
1002:
995:
988:
980:
971:
970:
968:
967:
962:
957:
952:
951:
950:
948:Hawthorn Ridge
945:
940:
930:
925:
920:
908:
907:
906:
905:
903:Beaumont-Hamel
895:
894:
893:
888:
883:
873:
872:
871:
866:
861:
851:
849:Thiepval Ridge
846:
845:
844:
839:
834:
824:
823:
822:
812:
807:
802:
801:
800:
790:
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
756:Bazentin Ridge
753:
752:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
707:
704:
703:
692:
691:
684:
677:
669:
661:
660:
654: 440,000
641:
637: 200,000
621: 420,000
607:
606:
602:
601:
564:
518:
517:
513:
512:
445:
420:Ferdinand Foch
365:
364:
360:
359:
344:
329:
328:
316:
301:
286:
271:
256:
241:
226:
211:
208:United Kingdom
191:British Empire
180:
179:
178:
175:
174:
170:
169:
166:
165:
159:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
100:
98:
94:
93:
82:
74:
73:
63:
62:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9351:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9249:
9246:
9245:
9242:
9232:
9231:
9227:
9225:
9224:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9212:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9201:
9191:
9188:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9128:
9122:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9067:
9065:
9061:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9027:
9023:
9017:
9016:United States
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8956:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8910:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8887:
8884:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8875:
8872:
8871:
8869:
8868:
8866:
8864:
8860:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8843:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8836:
8832:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8795:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8780:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8752:
8751:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8731:
8729:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8702:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8682:
8680:
8676:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8633:
8628:
8618:
8617:United States
8615:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8581:
8575:
8572:
8568:
8567:Convoy system
8565:
8564:
8563:
8562:Naval warfare
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8521:
8518:
8514:
8503:
8500:
8497:
8494:
8491:
8488:
8485:
8482:
8477:
8474:
8471:
8468:
8465:
8462:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8454:
8451:
8448:
8445:
8442:
8439:
8436:
8433:
8430:
8427:
8424:
8421:
8418:
8415:
8412:
8409:
8406:
8403:
8400:
8397:
8394:
8391:
8388:
8385:
8382:
8379:
8376:
8373:
8370:
8367:
8364:
8361:
8358:
8355:
8352:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8342:
8335:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8322:Kaocen revolt
8320:
8317:
8316:Easter Rising
8314:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8288:
8285:
8282:
8279:
8276:
8273:
8270:
8267:
8264:
8261:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8249:
8246:
8243:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8218:
8215:
8211:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8005:
8001:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7928:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7881:Great Retreat
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7829:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7752:Battle of Cer
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7695:
7688:
7685:
7682:
7679:
7676:
7673:
7670:
7669:Agadir Crisis
7667:
7664:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7634:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7621:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7564:
7558:
7557:United States
7555:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7475:
7474:French Empire
7472:
7471:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7438:
7435:
7427:
7417:
7416:Mediterranean
7414:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7396:Naval warfare
7393:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7272:Italian Front
7270:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7260:Eastern Front
7258:
7256:
7255:Western Front
7253:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7225:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7213:Puppet states
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7148:
7141:
7136:
7134:
7129:
7127:
7122:
7121:
7118:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7031:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7014:
7012:0-313-29386-4
7008:
7004:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6985:1-84415-393-2
6981:
6977:
6972:
6968:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6926:
6921:
6917:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6893:1-84603-038-2
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6871:0-85112-728-2
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6836:
6832:
6830:0-304-35984-X
6826:
6822:
6817:
6813:
6811:1-84342-196-8
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6785:
6781:
6776:
6772:
6766:
6762:
6757:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6717:
6706:
6702:
6695:
6694:
6688:
6684:
6682:1-84119-863-3
6678:
6674:
6670:
6669:Neillands, R.
6666:
6662:
6660:0-14-139071-9
6656:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6636:0-86920-232-4
6632:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6612:0-14-017867-8
6608:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6597:MacDonald, L.
6594:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6568:Masefield, J.
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6520:0-09-180178-8
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6493:
6491:1-84342-413-4
6487:
6483:
6482:
6476:
6472:
6466:
6462:
6457:
6446:
6444:5-87296-917-1
6440:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6426:
6420:
6416:
6411:
6407:
6405:0-7146-8430-9
6401:
6397:
6392:
6388:
6386:0-8050-8127-5
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6360:
6356:
6351:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6312:
6308:
6303:
6302:
6284:on 6 May 2019
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6194:
6193:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6166:(1): 80–101.
6165:
6161:
6156:
6155:
6143:
6141:0-8371-5029-9
6137:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6103:
6101:0-304-35319-1
6097:
6093:
6088:
6077:
6075:0-7735-2428-2
6071:
6067:
6066:
6060:
6049:
6047:1-86227-292-1
6043:
6039:
6038:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6018:
6013:
6009:
6003:
5999:
5994:
5990:
5988:1-84415-269-3
5984:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5955:
5951:
5949:0-304-36649-8
5945:
5940:
5939:
5932:
5928:
5926:0-7472-6460-0
5922:
5918:
5913:
5909:
5907:0-300-10694-7
5903:
5899:
5898:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5869:
5867:0-901627-76-3
5863:
5859:
5854:
5850:
5848:1-85409-330-4
5844:
5840:
5835:
5831:
5829:0-34057-348-1
5825:
5821:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5802:
5797:
5793:
5787:
5783:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5745:
5740:
5736:
5734:0-89839-180-6
5730:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5711:0-89839-185-7
5707:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5654:0-67401-880-X
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5624:
5619:
5615:
5613:0-52154-780-6
5609:
5605:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5560:0-52180-995-9
5556:
5552:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5526:
5525:Philpott 2009
5521:
5514:
5509:
5502:
5497:
5490:
5485:
5478:
5473:
5466:
5465:Terraine 2005
5461:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5420:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5266:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5195:
5194:
5188:
5173:
5169:
5162:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5128:Robinson 2010
5124:
5117:
5112:
5106:, p. 10.
5105:
5100:
5092:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5073:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5032:. 28 May 2016
5031:
5027:
5021:
5014:
5009:
5002:
5001:Philpott 2009
4997:
4990:
4985:
4978:
4973:
4966:
4965:Philpott 2009
4961:
4954:
4949:
4942:
4937:
4930:
4925:
4923:
4915:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4896:
4895:Philpott 2009
4891:
4884:
4883:Philpott 2009
4880:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4860:
4855:
4853:
4845:
4844:Henniker 2009
4840:
4833:
4828:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4806:
4801:
4799:
4791:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4774:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4758:, p. xv.
4757:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4736:
4735:Henniker 2009
4731:
4724:
4719:
4712:
4707:
4700:
4699:Philpott 2009
4695:
4693:
4691:
4683:
4682:Philpott 2009
4678:
4671:
4666:
4664:
4656:
4651:
4644:
4639:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4617:
4616:Philpott 2009
4612:
4605:
4600:
4593:
4588:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4557:
4552:
4545:
4540:
4534:, p. 64.
4533:
4532:Boraston 1920
4528:
4521:
4520:McCarthy 1995
4516:
4509:
4504:
4497:
4492:
4485:
4480:
4473:
4468:
4461:
4456:
4449:
4448:Philpott 2009
4444:
4437:
4432:
4425:
4424:Philpott 2009
4420:
4413:
4408:
4401:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4377:
4376:Philpott 2009
4372:
4365:
4360:
4353:
4352:McMullin 2006
4348:
4341:
4336:
4329:
4324:
4317:
4312:
4305:
4300:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4267:
4262:
4256:, p. 86.
4255:
4250:
4243:
4238:
4231:
4226:
4220:, p. 34.
4219:
4214:
4207:
4202:
4196:, p. 27.
4195:
4190:
4183:
4178:
4171:
4170:Philpott 2009
4166:
4159:
4154:
4147:
4142:
4135:
4130:
4123:
4118:
4111:
4110:Philpott 2009
4106:
4099:
4094:
4088:, p. 37.
4087:
4082:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4062:Philpott 2009
4058:
4056:
4048:
4047:Philpott 2009
4044:
4040:
4035:
4028:
4027:Philpott 2009
4024:
4020:
4015:
4008:
4007:Philpott 2009
4004:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3977:
3970:
3966:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3925:John Terraine
3922:
3920:
3914:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3883:
3881:
3876:
3875:David Cameron
3873:
3869:
3868:The Last Post
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3779:Commemoration
3776:
3774:
3760:154,446 Sixth
3752:
3747:
3676:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3644:
3643:
3629:
3628:
3616:
3615:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3534:
3512:
3474:419,654, from
3469:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3422:
3418:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3219:
3218:
3199:
3198:
3179:
3178:
3159:
3158:
3139:
3138:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3081:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3010:
3009:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2862:
2851:
2842:
2835:
2829:
2828:R. I Stellung
2824:
2819:
2818:R. I Stellung
2813:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2779:
2778:January 1917)
2774:
2772:
2771:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2729:R. I Stellung
2716:
2711:
2703:
2697:
2682:
2680:
2679:Regina Trench
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2655:Frank Crozier
2651:
2646:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2614:
2606:13–18 October
2597:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2552:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2451:
2442:
2437:
2436:16th Division
2429:
2424:
2419:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2387:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2361:
2355:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2317:
2302:
2293:
2281:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2236:Delville Wood
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2177:
2159:
2158:no man's land
2155:
2142:
2137:
2127:
2114:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2006:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1939:The original
1933:
1932:31st Division
1929:
1923:
1914:
1913:in the east.
1907:121 divisions
1896:
1862:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1846:Eastern Front
1834:
1828:
1823:
1813:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1711:Joseph Joffre
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:Belgian coast
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:Western Front
1681:
1680:Italian Front
1677:
1676:Eastern Front
1673:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:German Empire
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Meuse-Argonne
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Passchendaele
1332:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:2nd Champagne
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:1st Champagne
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:Great Retreat
1081:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1008:Western Front
1001:
996:
994:
989:
987:
982:
981:
978:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
933:Mines, 1 July
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
914:
913:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
892:
891:Regina Trench
889:
887:
886:Stuff Redoubt
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
876:Ancre Heights
874:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
855:
852:
850:
847:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
825:
821:
818:
817:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
799:
796:
795:
794:
791:
789:
788:Delville Wood
786:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
754:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
715:
712:
711:
710:
705:
700:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
671:
670:
667:
647:
642:
630:
614:
609:
608:
603:
597:
591:
590:July–November
574:
568:
565:
560:
551:
545:
544:July–November
538:
529:
523:
520:
519:
514:
511:
506:
500:
495:
489:
484:
478:
473:
467:
462:
456:
451:
446:
443:
438:
432:
431:Émile Fayolle
427:
421:
416:
410:
409:Joseph Joffre
405:
399:
394:
388:
383:
377:
372:
367:
366:
361:
357:
345:
342:
327:
317:
314:
302:
299:
287:
284:
272:
269:
257:
254:
242:
239:
227:
224:
212:
209:
197:
196:
192:
177:
176:
171:
164:
163:Noyon salient
160:
155:
154:
150:
147:
146:
141:
111:
110:Pas-de-Calais
107:
103:
99:
96:
95:
90:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
69:
64:
61:
57:
56:Western Front
52:
47:
44:
40:
38:
33:
19:
9228:
9221:
9209:
8816: /
8748:
8583:Conscription
8547:Cryptography
8484:Iraqi Revolt
7961:
7911:Siege of Kut
7854:
7432:participants
7381:German Samoa
7315:South Arabia
7002:
6975:
6956:
6941:. Retrieved
6924:
6905:
6883:
6861:
6840:
6820:
6797:
6779:
6760:
6748:. Retrieved
6741:the original
6724:
6708:. Retrieved
6692:
6672:
6648:
6625:
6600:
6585:. Retrieved
6572:
6551:
6533:
6510:
6495:. Retrieved
6480:
6460:
6450:13 September
6448:. Retrieved
6433:
6414:
6395:
6376:
6354:
6342:. Retrieved
6329:
6306:
6286:. Retrieved
6282:the original
6254:. Retrieved
6250:the original
6237:
6222:. Retrieved
6218:the original
6201:
6163:
6159:
6131:
6114:
6110:
6091:
6079:. Retrieved
6064:
6051:. Retrieved
6036:
6016:
5997:
5978:
5958:
5937:
5916:
5896:
5876:
5857:
5838:
5819:
5800:
5781:
5762:
5743:
5720:
5701:
5682:
5663:
5644:
5622:
5603:
5586:
5569:
5549:
5520:
5508:
5496:
5484:
5472:
5460:
5448:. Retrieved
5443:
5434:
5422:. Retrieved
5392:
5388:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5280:
5276:
5265:
5240:
5236:
5226:
5214:. Retrieved
5210:
5201:
5191:
5187:
5175:. Retrieved
5171:
5161:
5149:. Retrieved
5145:
5135:
5123:
5111:
5099:
5079:
5072:
5062:21 September
5060:. Retrieved
5056:the original
5046:
5036:21 September
5034:. Retrieved
5029:
5020:
5013:Sheldon 2006
5008:
4996:
4984:
4972:
4960:
4948:
4941:Edmonds 1993
4936:
4912:
4906:
4890:
4866:
4839:
4827:
4820:Doughty 2005
4730:
4723:Sheldon 2009
4718:
4706:
4677:
4650:
4643:Edmonds 1993
4638:
4611:
4599:
4587:
4575:
4568:Sheldon 2009
4563:
4558:, p. 4.
4556:Sheldon 2009
4551:
4539:
4527:
4515:
4503:
4491:
4479:
4467:
4455:
4443:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4383:
4371:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4323:
4311:
4299:
4287:. Retrieved
4282:
4273:
4261:
4249:
4237:
4230:Sheldon 2006
4225:
4218:Simpson 2005
4213:
4201:
4189:
4182:Dowling 2008
4177:
4165:
4153:
4141:
4129:
4117:
4105:
4098:Doughty 2005
4093:
4081:
4069:
4034:
4019:Doughty 2005
4014:
3999:Sheldon 2006
3994:
3975:
3969:
3923:
3919:Peter Barton
3915:
3911:
3899:
3895:
3889:a.m. to 7:00
3884:
3841:
3823:Orange Order
3788:
3772:
3764:48,131 Tenth
3753:
3751:casualties.
3745:
3737:casualties,
3684:202,567 men,
3681:
3658:
3632:Anglo-French
3532:
3513:
3470:
3439:Reichsarchiv
3438:
3432:
3430:
3420:
3415:
3397:
3377:
3335:Newfoundland
3321:South Africa
3255:Killed &
3249:Nationality
3060:
3019:
2905:
2890:
2873:
2858:
2839:16–20 March,
2807:
2787:
2776:
2768:
2752:
2699:
2659:
2626:
2602:8–11 October
2599:
2577:by starting
2567:Hubert Gough
2560:Reserve Army
2557:
2507:
2468:
2433:
2428:Sommekämpfer
2427:
2392:
2360:Reserve Army
2357:
2327:
2288:5,533 losses
2265:
2263:
2209:
2147:
2116:
2067:
2042:
2033:
1970:
1938:
1911:76 divisions
1903:52 divisions
1839:
1806:
1740:
1727:13 divisions
1715:
1702:and end the
1692:Douglas Haig
1669:
1625:
1574:
1533:
1515:against the
1500:
1480:
1478:
1451:
1450:
1410:Saint-Mihiel
1378:Belleau Wood
1361:
1349:
1348:
1339:La Malmaison
1295:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1248:Kink Salient
1216:
1215:
1211:Gas: Wieltje
1157:
1156:
1017:
911:
910:
798:Mouquet Farm
744:La Boisselle
739:Contalmaison
708:
696:
600:50 divisions
589:
566:
563:48 divisions
554:50 divisions
543:
541:11 divisions
532:13 divisions
521:
398:Hubert Gough
376:Douglas Haig
298:Newfoundland
268:South Africa
173:Belligerents
151:Inconclusive
54:Part of the
43:
36:
8846:Netherlands
8823:Switzerland
8704:Occupations
8695:Spanish flu
8472:(1919–1922)
8466:(1918–1921)
8460:(1918–1923)
8449:(1919–1921)
8443:(1919–1921)
8437:(1919–1920)
8413:(1918–1920)
8407:(1918–1920)
8401:(1918–1920)
8383:(1918–1920)
8365:(1918–1920)
8359:(1917–1921)
8353:(1917–1921)
8300:(1916-1918)
8298:Arab Revolt
8289:(1915–1917)
8283:(1915–1917)
8271:(1914-1917)
8265:(1914–1917)
8259:(1914–1921)
8253:(1913–1920)
8241:(1910–1920)
8235:(1900–1920)
8208: [
7726:July Crisis
7647:(1880–1914)
7310:Mesopotamia
7188:Home fronts
7147:World War I
6750:27 December
6373:Gilbert, M.
6344:15 December
6288:9 September
5513:Herwig 1996
5424:26 February
5243:(1): 5–28.
5116:Steele 2003
5104:Steele 2003
4879:Harris 2009
4790:Harris 2009
4289:11 February
4043:Harris 2009
4023:Harris 2009
3880:Heaton Park
3850:observed a
3724:200,000 men
3687:54 per cent
3659:Grand total
3533:discredited
3497:600,000 and
3493:27 per cent
3482:194,451 and
3307:New Zealand
3244:casualties
3040:or perhaps
2823:rear guards
2571:Fourth Army
2514:Gueudecourt
2364:22/23 July,
2164:, of which
2058:crenellated
1978:Kampfgraben
1943:(BEF) of 6
1789:, south of
1783:Hannescamps
1696:John French
1615:Schwerpunkt
1545:Fourth Army
1430:2nd Cambrai
1268:Boar's Head
1258:Mont Sorrel
965:Ancre, 1917
928:Boar's Head
854:Le Transloy
842:Gueudecourt
820:Martinpuich
766:Trônes Wood
253:New Zealand
156:Territorial
135: /
102:Somme River
85:1 July 1916
18:Somme, 1916
9263:Categories
9063:Agreements
8863:War crimes
8739:Luxembourg
8632:Casualties
7503:Montenegro
7338:South West
7218:Technology
7208:Propaganda
7198:Opposition
6953:Watson, A.
6710:1 December
6507:Keegan, J.
6325:Buchan, J.
6268:. Ottawa:
5535:References
5489:Duffy 2006
4953:Miles 1992
4871:Miles 1992
4859:Wendt 1931
4756:Miles 1992
4711:Duffy 2006
4604:Miles 1992
4580:Falls 1992
4544:Falls 1992
4508:Miles 1992
4496:Miles 1992
4484:Miles 1992
4472:Miles 1992
4364:Miles 1992
4304:Wynne 1976
4254:Miles 1992
4242:Wynne 1976
4206:Miles 1992
4146:Wynne 1976
4134:Foley 2007
4122:Foley 2007
4039:Wendt 1931
3783:See also:
3528:631,000 by
3293:Australia
3074:Casualties
2700:After the
2610:17 October
2573:attack at
2301:prisoner.
2212:Guillemont
2166:19,240 men
2018:See also:
1984:Wohngraben
1965:First Army
1899:112 German
1871:including
1751:front line
1735:20 British
1733:, against
1731:Sixth Army
1609:Gommecourt
1585:Sixth Army
1555:began the
1243:Wulverghem
1206:3rd Artois
1184:2nd Artois
1152:1st Artois
805:Guillemont
749:Gommecourt
123:02°41′51″E
120:50°00′56″N
8960:Diplomacy
8667:Olympians
8590:Australia
8557:Logistics
8490:Vlora War
8419:(1918–19)
8395:(1918–19)
8389:(1918–19)
8377:(1918–19)
8324:(1916–17)
8306:(1916–17)
8257:Zaian War
8247:(1914–15)
7967:first day
7855:Lusitania
7683:(1912–13)
7677:(1911–12)
7665:(1908–09)
7659:(1905–06)
7641:(1870–71)
7430:Principal
7290:Gallipoli
7193:Memorials
7178:Geography
7168:Aftermath
6902:Sacco, J.
6858:Regan, G.
6804:. 1994 .
6737:557523890
6705:894593861
6560:819218074
6375:(2006) .
6339:699175025
6278:439730254
6246:0026-4016
6214:1328-2727
6180:1477-4674
6123:503838028
5938:The Somme
5897:The Somme
5782:The Somme
5578:633614212
5377:153318860
5369:1557-301X
5333:159609046
5325:1477-0385
5289:1543-7795
5257:0143-9685
4832:Bond 2002
4086:Hart 2006
4074:Hart 2006
3986:Footnotes
3575:September
3302:< 200
3160:September
3067:railheads
3057:Transport
2987:September
2869:19,240 of
2518:Lesboeufs
2342:2,536 men
2299:150 taken
2244:3:25 a.m.
2240:High Wood
2232:Longueval
2130:First day
2062:traverses
1989:traversed
1945:divisions
1844:) on the
1593:Maricourt
1425:5th Ypres
1405:2nd Somme
1383:2nd Marne
1373:3rd Aisne
1322:The Hills
1317:2nd Aisne
1278:Fromelles
1273:1st Somme
1223:The Bluff
1189:Hébuterne
1179:2nd Ypres
1140:1st Ypres
1120:1st Aisne
1115:1st Marne
1088:Le Cateau
1066:Charleroi
1051:Frontiers
938:Lochnagar
781:High Wood
776:Fromelles
761:Longueval
724:Montauban
719:First day
587:divisions
238:Australia
9248:Category
8835:Refugees
8801:Italians
8790:Germans
8750:Ober Ost
8530:Aviation
7624:Timeline
7595:Bulgaria
7376:Tsingtao
7353:Togoland
7300:Caucasus
7235:European
7227:Theatres
7082:Archived
7030:Archived
6994:64746633
6955:(2008).
6932:. 1922.
6904:(2013).
6882:(2006).
6860:(1993).
6722:(1962).
6671:(2004).
6647:(1971).
6623:(1980).
6599:(1983).
6570:(1917).
6543:16161900
6531:(1932).
6509:(1998).
6497:9 August
6327:(1917).
6224:14 April
6189:Websites
6151:Journals
6081:8 August
5643:(2005).
5450:1 August
5411:55201531
5030:BBC News
3939:See also
3819:unionist
3803:George V
3612:513,289
3599:December
3591:November
3578:115,056
3562:196,081
3478:498,054.
3462:249,908
3424:—
3402:465,000–
3385:146,404
3382:623,907
3352:419,654
3268:350,000+
3257:missing
3200:November
3097:British
3011:December
3003:November
2931:February
2896:and the
2861:recruits
2845:Analysis
2781:—
2715:Alberich
2631:Schwaben
2579:24 hours
2522:1st Army
2396:Maurepas
2369:Thiepval
2220:Pozières
2150:141 days
1764:2nd Army
1581:2nd Army
1511:and the
1435:Courtrai
1390:Soissons
1329:Messines
1296:Alberich
1105:Maubeuge
1061:Ardennes
1056:Lorraine
1024:Moresnet
859:Eaucourt
837:Lesbœufs
793:Pozières
771:Ovillers
734:Fricourt
516:Strength
326:Rhodesia
97:Location
8986:Germany
8886:Germany
8814:Germany
8734:Belgium
8719:Albania
8678:Disease
8658:Sports
8610:Ireland
8523:Warfare
8516:Aspects
7704:Origins
7697:Prelude
7600:Senussi
7580:Germany
7575:Leaders
7513:Romania
7454:Belgium
7449:Leaders
7348:Kamerun
7330:African
7265:Romania
7243:Balkans
7158:Outline
6943:27 June
6938:1318955
6850:2036520
6587:27 June
6582:1183536
6256:23 July
6053:19 July
5595:4945014
3746:perhaps
3689:of the
3609:British
3602:13,803
3594:46,238
3586:66,852
3583:October
3570:75,249
3410:72,901
3407:164,055
3404:600,000
3366:204,253
3355:95,675
3232:434,500
3229:618,257
3226:202,567
3223:415,690
3180:October
3172:140,000
3169:177,460
3163:101,313
3132:103,000
3129:208,645
3123:158,786
3115:total)
3108:German
3100:French
3042:600,000
3038:500,000
3034:465,181
3026:432,000
3022:419,654
2995:October
2923:January
2886:militia
2732:to the
2530:Combles
2430:in 1916
2405:Fayolle
2238:, with
2009:Prelude
1993:parapet
1961:I Corps
1930:of the
1895:Romania
1887:⁄
1787:St Eloi
1775:⁄
1729:in the
1719:Picardy
1708:Marshal
1642:to the
1632:Péronne
1601:Bapaume
1587:, from
1575:On the
1559:on the
1547:of the
1400:Ailette
1368:The Lys
1362:Michael
1344:Cambrai
1238:Hulluch
1233:St Eloi
1125:Antwerp
864:Le Sars
832:Combles
582:⁄
356:Germany
313:Bermuda
158:changes
58:of the
9006:Russia
8981:France
8809:Canada
8724:Serbia
8595:Canada
8552:Horses
8504:(1921)
8498:(1920)
8492:(1920)
8486:(1920)
8478:(1920)
8431:(1919)
8425:(1919)
8371:(1918)
8336:(1918)
8330:(1917)
8318:(1916)
8312:(1916)
8277:(1915)
7689:(1913)
7671:(1911)
7653:(1905)
7610:Darfur
7535:Serbia
7518:Russia
7481:Greece
7469:France
7459:Brazil
7305:Persia
7248:Serbia
7104:, in:
7094:, in:
7009:
6992:
6982:
6963:
6936:
6912:
6890:
6868:
6848:
6827:
6808:
6786:
6767:
6735:
6703:
6679:
6657:
6633:
6609:
6580:
6558:
6541:
6517:
6488:
6467:
6441:
6421:
6402:
6383:
6361:
6337:
6313:
6276:
6244:
6212:
6204:. AU:
6178:
6138:
6121:
6098:
6072:
6044:
6023:
6004:
5985:
5965:
5946:
5923:
5904:
5883:
5864:
5845:
5826:
5807:
5788:
5769:
5750:
5731:
5708:
5689:
5670:
5651:
5629:
5610:
5593:
5576:
5557:
5409:
5375:
5367:
5331:
5323:
5287:
5255:
5216:22 May
5177:22 May
5151:1 July
5087:
4283:BBC TV
3891:
3887:
3846:, the
3825:. The
3807:
3645:German
3630:Total:
3617:French
3567:August
3551:Month
3398:German
3378:Allied
3369:50,729
3363:French
3338:2,000+
3324:3,000+
3299:
3279:Canada
3212:45,000
3209:59,913
3206:20,129
3203:39,784
3192:78,500
3189:95,348
3186:37,626
3183:57,722
3166:76,147
3152:68,000
3149:76,891
3146:18,806
3143:58,085
3140:August
3126:49,859
3113:Allied
3105:total
3094:Month
3014:5,202
3006:5,107
2998:5,324
2990:4,913
2982:4,804
2979:August
2974:4,478
2966:4,265
2958:3,391
2950:3,121
2942:2,877
2934:2,535
2926:2,484
2913:Month
2575:Morval
2510:Morval
2474:, the
2216:Ginchy
1997:25 men
1704:U-boat
1597:Albert
1568:, and
1525:Allies
1493:German
1485:French
1440:Sambre
1395:Amiens
1263:Verdun
1093:Étreux
1039:Dinant
827:Morval
810:Ginchy
729:Mametz
714:Albert
567:1 July
522:1 July
353:
341:France
338:
310:
295:
280:
265:
250:
235:
223:Canada
220:
205:
188:
148:Result
39:(film)
9203:Other
8996:Japan
8991:Italy
8818:camps
8662:Rugby
8212:]
7491:Japan
7486:Italy
7464:China
7358:North
6744:(PDF)
6729:(PDF)
6697:(pdf)
6602:Somme
6113:[
5540:Books
5373:S2CID
5329:S2CID
3961:Notes
3607:Total
3242:Somme
3235:70.3
3220:Total
3215:75.0
3195:82.3
3175:78.9
3155:88.4
3135:49.4
3111:(% of
2947:April
2939:March
2801:) in
2722:. On
2671:Serre
2480:tanks
2330:flank
1791:Ypres
1760:Arras
1755:Meuse
1636:Ancre
1561:Meuse
1521:Somme
1307:Arras
1290:Ancre
1044:Namur
1034:Liège
943:Y Sap
898:Ancre
283:India
106:Somme
8783:POWs
8102:1918
8004:1917
7930:1916
7831:1915
7735:1914
7540:Siam
7343:East
7007:ISBN
6990:OCLC
6980:ISBN
6961:ISBN
6945:2013
6934:OCLC
6930:HMSO
6910:ISBN
6888:ISBN
6866:ISBN
6846:OCLC
6825:ISBN
6806:ISBN
6802:HMSO
6784:ISBN
6765:ISBN
6752:2012
6733:OCLC
6712:2014
6701:OCLC
6677:ISBN
6655:ISBN
6631:ISBN
6607:ISBN
6589:2013
6578:OCLC
6556:OCLC
6539:OCLC
6515:ISBN
6499:2014
6486:ISBN
6465:ISBN
6452:2013
6439:ISBN
6419:ISBN
6400:ISBN
6381:ISBN
6359:ISBN
6346:2014
6335:OCLC
6311:ISBN
6290:2009
6274:OCLC
6258:2009
6242:ISSN
6226:2007
6210:ISSN
6176:ISSN
6136:ISBN
6119:OCLC
6096:ISBN
6083:2014
6070:ISBN
6055:2014
6042:ISBN
6021:ISBN
6002:ISBN
5983:ISBN
5963:ISBN
5944:ISBN
5921:ISBN
5902:ISBN
5881:ISBN
5862:ISBN
5843:ISBN
5824:ISBN
5805:ISBN
5786:ISBN
5767:ISBN
5748:ISBN
5729:ISBN
5725:HMSO
5706:ISBN
5687:ISBN
5668:ISBN
5649:ISBN
5627:ISBN
5608:ISBN
5591:OCLC
5574:OCLC
5555:ISBN
5452:2016
5426:2015
5415:and
5407:OCLC
5365:ISSN
5321:ISSN
5285:ISSN
5253:ISSN
5218:2022
5179:2022
5153:2016
5085:ISBN
5064:2019
5038:2019
4291:2020
3856:BBC1
3744:and
3559:July
3554:No.
3260:POW
3252:No.
3120:July
3103:Sub-
2971:July
2963:June
2663:mine
2516:and
2478:and
2264:The
2230:and
2214:and
2194:The
1951:and
1858:and
1621:tank
1479:The
1350:1918
1312:Vimy
1284:1917
1217:1916
1201:Loos
1158:1915
1135:Yser
1071:Mons
1018:1914
81:Date
6168:doi
6164:XXI
5397:doi
5357:doi
5313:doi
5245:doi
3036:to
3024:to
2955:May
2562:of
577:10
9265::
8210:It
6988:.
6272:.
6236:.
6208:.
6200:.
6174:.
6162:.
5727:.
5442:.
5405:.
5391:.
5387:.
5381:,
5371:.
5363:.
5353:17
5351:.
5327:.
5319:.
5309:10
5307:.
5281:75
5279:.
5275:.
5251:.
5241:17
5239:.
5235:.
5209:.
5170:.
5144:.
5028:.
4921:^
4851:^
4812:^
4797:^
4780:^
4763:^
4742:^
4689:^
4662:^
4623:^
4281:.
4054:^
3931:,
3848:UK
3739:c.
3728:c.
3717:c.
3706:c.
3699:c.
3664:c.
3649:c.
3636:c.
3621:c.
3516:c.
3486:c.
3388:-
3372:-
3358:-
3344:-
3330:-
3316:-
3288:-
3274:-
2917:LT
2536:.
2512:,
2445:c.
2286:,
2226:,
2176:.
2120:c.
1880:10
1873:c.
1866:c.
1768:17
1745:,
1495::
1491:;
1487::
651:c.
634:c.
618:c.
87:–
8634:/
7139:e
7132:t
7125:v
7015:.
6996:.
6969:.
6947:.
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6896:.
6874:.
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5973:}
5971:.
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5929:.
5910:.
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5832:.
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5379:.
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5291:.
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5155:.
5093:.
5066:.
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4354:.
4293:.
3978:.
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3341:-
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2795:(
2712:(
2064:.
1889:2
1885:1
1882:+
1777:2
1773:1
1770:+
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1483:(
999:e
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985:v
688:e
681:t
674:v
584:2
580:1
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