Company rule in Rhodesia

794: 2019:. A community of about 250 lived in the vicinity of Fort Jameson near the eastern border. In between were vast swathes of largely uninhabited bush, which lacked roads, railways and telegraph lines, making communication between the two White communities very difficult. The amalgamation of North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia in 1911 did little to improve the situation. Northern Rhodesia suffered as the result of its artificial nature—the country was not homogeneous in terms of population, history or geography—and unlike Southern Rhodesia, it never turned a profit or became self-supporting. During 1921 alone, the Company's administration of Northern Rhodesia lost it more than £1,250,000. 1270: 738:, initially comprising about 100 volunteers referred to as "pioneers", was raised by the Company during 1890. Led by Major Frank Johnson, a 23-year-old adventurer, the column was designed by the Company to be the instrument by which it would not only acquire Mashonaland, but also begin its development. Men from a wide variety of backgrounds therefore filled its ranks; according to one member, "prospectors predominate, but nearly every trade and profession under the sun is represented ... one troop is called the gentlemanly troop because the majority in it are brokers". Most of the pioneers self-identified as South African rather than British, and many of them were 55: 307: 293: 2197: 2144:(NRP). Like the BSAP, the NRP was effectively a paramilitary rather than civil organisation, with its armed constables receiving martial training under military command. Because they were not trained in the civil manner considered normal in a more developed country, most of them were illiterate. The main purpose of the force during the early 1910s was not to police Northern Rhodesia's towns, but rather to prevent and combat potential uprisings. The constables were also considered suitable for use as soldiers in the bush. It was not a large force; just before the outbreak of the 892: 1952: 836:. The pioneers were about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) short of Mount Hampden, but Pennefather climbed the kopje, surveyed the open veld and insisted that it was "magnificent", so they need go no further. He reported back to Rhodes in triumphant tones: "Site selected ... All well. Magnificent country. Natives pleased to see us". On the morning of 13 September 1890, about 10:00, the officers and men of the Pioneer Column paraded atop the kopje before an improvised flagstaff. With the column standing to attention, Lieutenant Edward Tyndale-Biscoe hoisted the 1967:, and indeed acquired its charter in part because its founders convinced Whitehall that a "second Rand" would be found and exploited in what would become Southern Rhodesia, thereby providing more than enough capital to develop the territory without help from London. Though much gold was discovered during the 1890s, these grand expectations were not met. The Company resolved after about a decade that it could not financially sustain its domain through gold mining alone, and therefore shifted its priority to the development of white agriculture. 723: 2284: 80: 821:, who had firmly aligned his country with Britain. The Ngwato provided much assistance in building the new road, but animosity soon developed between them and the whites, principally because the latter were not used to treating blacks as equals. By mutual consent, the Ngwato returned home. As the column continued its march north, Selous split off with a small section and headed east to challenge the Portuguese in Manicaland. Pennefather and Johnson continued at the head of the main force and founded 1971:

particularly high quality. To ensure that the white farmers would retain the reliable access to markets that the nascent railway network provided, tribal reserve boundaries in various relevant places were redrawn by the Company to place the railway lines outside. The new hut taxes concurrently compelled black peasants to find paid work, which could be found in the new agricultural industry, though most tribesmen were reluctant to abandon their traditional lifestyles in favour of the

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Portuguese claims inland. Neither the Company nor the British government proved eager to take practical responsibility for the Barotse; in 1894, while informing Britain of his willingness to administer on Whitehall's behalf north of the Zambezi, Rhodes stressed that he would not take Barotseland. The promised British resident at Lealui remained conspicuously absent, despite Lewandika's repeated enquiries, until the appointment by Rhodes of

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sale as slaves overseas. A more regular police force was then introduced by the Company in each of the northern territories. Because there were so few white immigrants to North-Eastern Rhodesia—and because most of them were men of the church or of business rather than potential recruits—the North-Eastern Rhodesia Constabulary was almost exclusively black, including all of its non-commissioned officers.

580:—respectively at the southern and northern tips of Africa—and the concurrent construction of a line of rail linking the two. On geopolitical maps, British territories were generally marked in red or pink, so this concept became known as the "Cape to Cairo red line". In the immediate vicinity of the Cape, this ambition was challenged by the presence of independent states to the north-east of Britain's 1931:; the gauges between Beira and Salisbury were regularised the following year. The Second Boer War then restricted the further extension of the line from Vryburg, but the completion of the Beira–Salisbury railway allowed the importation of materials. Salisbury was connected to Bulawayo and the Cape in 1902. The Vryburg–Bulawayo railway was meanwhile extended up to the Zambezi, and across when the 901: 2110:. Locally sourced black policemen were officially reintroduced to Matabeleland in 1904; that year the force nominally contained 550 whites and 500 blacks. The SRC was merged into the BSAP in 1909, putting law enforcement in Southern Rhodesia into the hands of a single authority for the first time. Following the end of Company rule in 1923, the BSAP endured as Southern Rhodesia's police force. 2081:. Its 200 members, of whom 50 were posted to Mashonaland, were trained in the Western manner, drilling and learning marksmanship. They were held in high regard by their white officers for their formidable soldiering ability, but they became hugely unpopular among the black civilian population for their perceived arrogance and abuse of the law they were supposed to uphold. At the 1896 2237:. Following the end of the South-West African Campaign in 1915, the 1st Rhodesia Regiment was dissolved; most of its men travelled to England to volunteer for the Western Front, while others joined the 2nd in East Africa. Boasting an effective strength of about 800 for the rest of its tour of duty, the 2nd Rhodesia Regiment returned home in April 1917, and disbanded in October. 790:, was inaugurated near the riverbank. Though Johnson was nominally in command of the pioneers, he was generally seen as untried and green when contrasted with the experienced, respected authority of Selous. According to most contemporary accounts, Selous was effectively in control. The officers were outwardly harmonious, but Johnson was privately troubled by pangs of jealousy. 431:. Within Northern Rhodesia, there was a separate Kingdom called Barotseland which later became a British protectorate alongside other territories under the British sphere of influence. Each territory was administered separately, with an administrator heading each territorial legislature. In Southern Rhodesia, which attracted the most white immigrants and developed fastest, a 1981:, initially just one of several crops earmarked for wholesale production, soon emerged as Southern Rhodesia's most prominent agricultural product, though its early development was far from stable: aside from the climactic uncertainties of the unfamiliar country and the mercurial quality of the product, the early industry was cursed by a debilitating 2007:

output grew in worth from £610,389 in 1901 to £2,526,007 in 1908. The territory first balanced revenue and expenditure in 1912. There were 12,586 Whites in Southern Rhodesia in 1904, and 23,606 in 1911; in 1927, four years after the end of Company rule, the Black and White populations in Southern Rhodesia were respectively 922,000 and 38,200.

2249:, famous for its martial tradition, and therefore originally named the unit the "Matabele Regiment"; however, when the ranks proved to be ethnically diverse, the name was changed. Led by White officers, the Black soldiers served with distinction in East Africa, soon becoming regarded as formidable bush fighters. Pitted against the German 2085:

with Rhodes in the Matopos Hills, the Matabele chief Somabhulana complained at length about the native police, saying they did not respect the traditional tribal structure and generally oppressed the populace, reportedly raping women on a regular basis. The parties agreed to abolish the native police

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The future administration of Northern Rhodesia, a proposition of little economic viability without its southern counterpart, was a burden the Company now endeavoured to rid itself of. Negotiations between the Company and the British government produced a settlement whereby the territory would become

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to its shareholders, and caused its development of the Rhodesias to slow. The Company now backed Southern Rhodesia's incorporation into South Africa, hoping its membership in the union could help solve both problems. However, this prospect proved largely unpopular in Southern Rhodesia, where most of

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North-Western Rhodesia attracted more white immigrants than its north-eastern counterpart, and its police force initially comprised an all-white detachment of Company police seconded from Southern Rhodesia. The unit proved expensive to maintain, however, and many of its constables fell victim to the

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In line with the terms of its royal charter, the Company formed the British South Africa Company's Police (BSACP) in late 1889. A paramilitary, mounted infantry force, the BSACP initially boasted 650 men, but it proved so expensive to maintain that it was reduced to only 40 in 1892. This rump force

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cycle that continued well into the 1920s. All the same, tobacco endured as the territory's staple crop, while the growers came to dominate Southern Rhodesian politics, holding a majority in the Legislative Council from 1911. Holding considerable political and economic power up to the end of Company

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This was in keeping with tribal custom; the royal towns of Matabele kings were never intended to be permanent. The capital moved whenever a king died, or as soon as local sources of water and food were exhausted. The old royal town was always burned when this happened to prevent the medicines kept

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The White population north of the river was far smaller, with only about 3,000 settlers spread across the 300,000 square miles (780,000 km) of Northern Rhodesia. In the same area, there were roughly 1,000,000 Black people. The Whites in Northern Rhodesia were primarily concentrated in the far

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Though the Company made good on most of the pledges it had made to local leaders in Matabeleland, the assent of Lobengula and other less prominent figures, particularly regarding mining rights, was often evaded, misrepresented or simply ignored. Company officials also demanded that Lobengula cease

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in October 1889. The Company was empowered under this charter to trade with local rulers, form banks, own and manage land and to raise and run a police force. In return for these rights, the Company would govern and develop any territory it acquired, while respecting laws enacted by extant African

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Influenced by South Africa's reluctance to use Black soldiers in what was widely considered a "White man's war", Southern Rhodesia did not recruit Blacks in large numbers until 1916, when the number of potential White volunteers not already in uniform became too small to merit further drafts. The

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North-Eastern Rhodesia was initially policed by locally recruited rank-and-filers, led by white officers from south of the river; the first force was raised in 1896. During its early years it busied itself eliminating the slave trade, in which foreign traders, mostly Arabs, captured villagers for

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motivated many White South Africans to move to Southern Rhodesia, and from about 1907 the Company's land settlement programme encouraged more immigrants to stay for good. The Southern Rhodesian mining and farming industries advanced considerably during this period; Southern Rhodesia's annual gold

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first sat in 1899, originally made up of the administrator himself, five other members nominated by the Company, and four elected by registered voters. The number of elected members rose gradually under Company rule until they numbered 13 in 1920, sitting alongside the administrator and six other

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A country where resources were scarce and tropical disease was rampant, Barotseland offered comparatively few economic opportunities for the Company and little incentive for white immigration. The main objective of Lochner's expedition was all along to clear a path towards Katanga, a mineral-rich

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To maximise the potential of new, white-run farms, the Company launched a wide-scale land settlement programme for white settlers. As part of this drive it reorganised the geographical distribution of native reserve areas, moving the reserves and often reducing them in size where the land was of

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In Northern Rhodesia, administration was entirely undertaken by the Company until 1917, when an Advisory Council was introduced, comprising five elected members. This council did little to lighten the Company's administrative burden north of the river, but endured until the end of Company rule.

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in Mashonaland. The Company forcibly put down this uprising during 1897, and afterwards took significant steps to demilitarise the tribal population and improve relations with the local chiefs. Small pockets of Mashona unrest continued sporadically until 1903, but peace endured in Matabeleland.

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agreed to meet Rhodes and three companions in the Matopos Hills. At this meeting, the insurgents vehemently protested against their prior treatment under Company rule, prompting Rhodes to walk away from the other whites and to sit among the Matabele instead, apparently intending to symbolically

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signed in Lisbon on 11 June 1891: prominent among the numerous territorial revisions was the integration of Manicaland into the Company domain as part of Mashonaland. Britain concurrently recognised Portugal's authority over the entire Mozambican coast, putting an end to Rhodes's designs for a

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The commissioned ranks in the BSAP were entirely white, but the number of black constables in its ranks gradually rose, with many being recruited abroad. This kind of recruitment was not uncommon in colonial Africa, as many white officials of the day believed that blacks who policed their own

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there from falling into the hands of witches. The Bulawayo burned on 3 November 1893 was the second of Lobengula's royal towns; the first, also called Bulawayo, was founded in 1870 and destroyed in 1881. The name "Bulawayo" dated back even further; Lobengula's father, Mzilikazi, took it from

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The Company did little to fulfil Britain's obligations to Lewandika; having failed in Katanga, its hierarchy saw Barotseland as an unworkable inconvenience that might later be exchanged with Portugal. Whitehall, by contrast, regarded Lewandika's domain as an important buffer against further

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chief, Mtassa, on 14 September 1890, and agreed with him a concession whereby Mtassa promised not to ally with any other foreign power, and granted the Company exclusive rights to mine within his territory, as well as to build railways, bridges, canals and other projects typical of colonial

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wires across the territory it governed. These respective arteries of transport and communication, vital both for the successful development of the new country and for the realisation of Rhodes's Cape to Cairo dream, were laid across the previously bare Rhodesian landscape with great speed.

2178:, and repeatedly refused offers of safe passage in return for surrender. Captain "Sandy" Butters, the Rhodesian commanding officer, encouraged his men with shouts towards the Boers that "Rhodesians never surrender!" The Rhodesia Regiment was disbanded later that year, shortly after the 2057:

Following the formation of the Matabeleland Mounted Police in 1895 with 150 members, it and the Mashonaland force were collectively referred to as the Rhodesia Mounted Police. This was run directly by the Company until 1896, when it was reorganised into an independent entity called the

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Following the start of the war in August 1914, the Rhodesia Regiment was reformed in October, initially comprising 20 officers and 500 men, mostly Southern Rhodesians. This force, which became called the 1st Rhodesia Regiment, was sent to the Cape to fight alongside the South Africans

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was renamed the Mashonaland Mounted Police. With its size regularly fluctuating, it and other more irregular units—prominently the Bulawayo Field Force, including figures such as Selous and Burnham as commanders—proceeded to play a central role in the two Matabele Wars of the 1890s.

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rode to Mtassa's aid from Salisbury, quickly routed the Portuguese, and thereupon advanced all the way to Beira, securing further concessions from local chiefs along the way to build a railroad. Tense negotiations between Britain and Portugal followed, finally concluding with

2093:—and 680 in Mashonaland, of whom 100 should be black. In practice, the "Native Contingent" in Mashonaland numbered 120. The BSAP thereafter operated alongside the Southern Rhodesian Constabulary (SRC), a town police force covering Salisbury, Bulawayo, Fort Victoria, 1148:(liberation war), began in March 1896. Over the following three months the Matabele killed hundreds of isolated settlers and their families, but Bulawayo itself held out. When the Company mustered reinforcements from South Africa, the Matabele retreated into the 655:. However, the exceedingly lethargic pace of local Portuguese colonisation and development was such that even in the 1880s, Portugal's dominions in Mozambique comprised only a few scattered ports, harbours and plantations, all of which were administered from the 2216:

With its fledgling White population largely characterised by youth, hardiness and Imperial patriotism, Southern Rhodesia proved a bountiful source of volunteers during the First World War, in which about 40% of Southern Rhodesian White males of service age

1788:. The Company officially adopted the name Rhodesia in 1895, and three years later the UK government followed suit. "It is not clear why the name should have been pronounced with the emphasis on the second rather than the first syllable," the late historian 678:

chiefs. Rhodes believed that the Portuguese claim to Mozambique was tenuous enough that he could win much of it without provoking major ire: "the occupation of the Portuguese even along the coast line is in most places merely a paper one," he wrote to

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also taking part, drawing most of its men from the Southern Rhodesia Volunteers. Rhodesia contributed approximately 1,000 men in all, about 20% of the white male population at the time. Rhodesia contributed part of the British garrison at the

1085:(regiments). Enraged by what he perceived as slights against his authority, Lobengula made war on Mashonaland in 1893. Matabele warriors began the wholesale slaughter of Mashonas near Fort Victoria in July that year. The Company organised an 2330:, Section 150 of which explicitly provisioned for the accession of territories governed by the British South Africa Company. The Company originally stood against Southern Rhodesia's addition, fearing the territory might become dominated by 2097:

and Umtali. The constabulary was far smaller than the BSAP—in 1898 it included only 156 officers and men, black and white—and it was run by local magistrates, as opposed to the paramilitary BSAP, which had a military-style structure.

1023:—which violently clashed with the obstreperous Msiri, and eventually shot him dead when an attempt to arrest him turned into a firefight. Msiri had been in the habit of displaying the heads of his enemies atop poles outside his 1129:

at the end of 1895 had severely depleted the Company's garrison in Matabeleland, and the settlers in Bulawayo had little to defend themselves with. Mlimo convinced his followers that the white man was responsible for all their

770:, and then march north to its destination. It would build a road as it went, founding minor forts along the way, and establish a major town in Mashonaland, whereupon the pioneers would be released to farm, prospect and trade. 2256:—who was mounting a successful guerrilla campaign against the far larger Allied forces—they remained in East Africa for the rest of the war, returning home only in December 1918, soon after von Lettow-Vorbeck surrendered at 1236:

has been estimated to have taken around 8,450 lives; roughly 8,000 blacks died, and about 450 whites, of whom 372 were locally based settlers. The rest were soldiers in Company or British service from outside Rhodesia.

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The Company initially referred to each territory it acquired by its respective name—Mashonaland, Matabeleland and so on—but there was no official term for them collectively. Rhodes preferred the name "Zambesia" while

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As the number of elected members in the Legislative Council rose, power in Southern Rhodesia gradually transferred from complete Company rule to effective self-government by the growing number of white settlers. In a

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unfamiliar tropical diseases of Barotseland. Local black constables were introduced in 1900 after the Company unsuccessfully attempted to recruit more whites. In 1902, the Barotse Native Police was formed, with

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Southern Rhodesia was duly annexed by the Empire on 12 September 1923, and granted full self-government on 1 October the same year. The new Southern Rhodesian government immediately purchased the land from the

1029:(enclosure), and the expedition's men hoisted his own head alongside them in an attempt to strike fear into the locals. The country promptly capitulated to the Free State, ending the Company's expansion north. 1840: 742:. At Rhodes's insistence, several sons of the Cape Colony's leading families were also included. Each pioneer was promised 3,000 acres (12 km) of land and 15 mining claims in return for his service. 968:, which gave the Company rights to mine, trade and build railways in Barotseland in return for British protection over his domain from external threats, and a British resident in Lewandika's court at 2338:

in London ruled that unalienated land in the Rhodesias belonged to the British Crown rather than to the Company. This removed the longstanding stream of Company revenue created by the sale of land.

2070:, because Britain did not yet formally consider that the country's name, despite the Company's official adoption of it the year before. This anomaly was resolved in 1898 but the BSAP name remained. 1118:

made peace with the Company soon after. Bulawayo was rebuilt as a Company-run city atop the ruins of the former Matabele capital. Rhodes subsequently funded education for three of Lobengula's sons.

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communities were easily corruptible, and often not inclined to properly ensure the payment of colonial institutions such as hut tax. In Southern Rhodesia, many constables came from Barotseland,

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White immigration to the Company realm was initially modest, but intensified during the 1900s and early-1910s, particularly south of the Zambezi. The economic slump in the Cape following the

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Strategically planned, the railways were not intended or expected to turn a profit during their early years; their construction was largely subsidised by the Company. The telegraph line from

2464:, generally rendered "Sindebele" in English. For clarity, consistency and ease of reading, this article uses the term "Matabele" to refer to the people, and calls their language "Sindebele". 1860:

Company officials in the 20-member Legislative Council. The Company's Royal Charter was originally due to run out in October 1914, but it was renewed for a further ten years in 1915.

5433: 4617: 2245:(RNR) was formed in that year to join the 2nd Rhodesia Regiment in East Africa, and included 2,507 men by 1918. Organisers expected that most Black volunteers would come from the 1106:, Lobengula fled, torching it as he went. Company troops were despatched to bring him back, and the resultant pursuit north ended with the ambush and annihilation of the 34-man 2417:

property, and half the proceeds from future sales of land in what had been North-Western Rhodesia. Northern Rhodesia duly became an Imperial protectorate on 1 April 1924, with

1138:, drought and so on—and that he and other tribal prophets could ensure the success of a massed rebellion by turning the settlers' bullets into water. This uprising, called the 1198:

demonstrate empathy and a spirit of reconciliation. He told the Matabele that he was on their side, and that he would personally ensure the non-recurrence of any abuses. The

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Police forces in Southern Rhodesia were initially all-white, but this changed over time: the Native Police Force, first raised in May 1895, was made up entirely of Matabele

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in South Africa reached Salisbury—one third of the way from Cape Town to Cairo—in February 1892. Just under six years later, in December 1897, the Bechuanaland railway from

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in late 1889, "and if this has not been recognised by international agreement I think it might be left open." But contrary to Rhodes's opinion, general consensus at the

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was fired, and three cheers were given for the Queen. Work then began on the fort, which was completed by the end of September. The Pioneer Column was then disbanded.

268: 396:, raised its own armed forces and carved out a huge bloc of territory through treaties, concessions and occasional military action, most prominently overcoming the 1819:

The overall centre of Company administration was Salisbury, which was also the Southern Rhodesian capital. The administrative centre in North-Eastern Rhodesia was

972:. The British government thereupon chartered the Company to defend Barotseland, as well as all country to the east as far as Nyasaland, and to the north as far as 2089:

On its reconstitution in 1896, the BSAP was authorised to recruit 600 officers and men in Matabeleland—all of whom were white because of Rhodes's promise at the

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The Company originally hoped that gold prospecting between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers would reveal mineral deposits comparable to those of the South African

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The head of government in each territory under Company rule was in effect a regional administrator appointed by the Company. In Southern Rhodesia, a ten-man

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from 1907. Livingstone became the capital of Northern Rhodesia when the two northern territories joined in 1911, and remained so at the end of Company rule.

774:, a famed hunter with intimate knowledge of Mashonaland, was made the column's "intelligence officer". He chose as its intended destination an open patch of 782:. The proposed site was about 650 kilometres (400 mi) to the north-east of Macloutsie. The column departed on 28 June 1890, and on 11 July crossed the 6591: 5440: 5333: 4629: 4531: 2401:

2 million. The Company retained mineral rights in the country until 1933, when they were bought by the colonial government, also for £2 million.

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in August 1900, during which a 500-man force made up principally of Australians and Rhodesians held off attacks from a far larger Boer army under General

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would be fully restored to the status they had held under Lobengula, he said, and there would be no retribution against those who had taken part in the

4495: 1782:", after Rhodes; this was common enough usage by 1891 for it to be used in newspapers. In 1892 it was used in the name of Salisbury's first newspaper, 699:" around this time, laying claim to the very corridor of land between Angola and Mozambique that Rhodes desired. The British government issued a firm 458:, responsible for law enforcement in Southern Rhodesia, was established in 1896. A number of police forces north of the river amalgamated to form the 6586: 1557: 435:

was established in 1898. This comprised a blend of Company-nominated officials and elected members, with the numbers of each fluctuating over time.

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The Matabele rose again in 1896 at the behest of Mlimo, a spiritualist leader who was revered as a god by much of the local populace. The botched

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of 1884–85 had made Portugal's hold over the Mozambican coastline very secure. The Portuguese had expanded inland during the late 1880s, creating

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to the area in 1836 precipitated a conflict that saw the Matabele migrate further north in 1838. They established themselves across the

88: 5294: 2209: 6418: 5704: 4908: 1566: 1563: 1500: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 46: 865:(or Tsonga) people. Portugal despatched a small force to militarily overwhelm Mtassa and reclaim the area in early November 1890. 666:

Rhodes quietly planned to annex some of Mozambique into the Company domain so he could establish a major port at the mouth of the

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to secure a Company concession over the area were furiously rebuffed by Msiri in late 1890, and ultimately foiled by the 1891–92

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After North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia merged into Northern Rhodesia in 1911, the police forces were amalgamated as the

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against the Portuguese claims in January 1890; Lisbon swiftly acquiesced and left the area open for the Company's drive north.

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and Ila recruits making up most of the ranks. Minor forces of white policemen were formed in the towns north of the Zambezi.

2322:, a lawyer based in Bulawayo, led the RGA from 1919. The RGA opposed the proposed integration of Southern Rhodesia into the 6191: 5569: 5428: 5325: 4691: 4622: 4523: 1316: 961: 4237:

Manipulating the Market: Understanding Economic Sanctions, Institutional Change, and the Political Unity of White Rhodesia

2370:—and responsible government won the day. Just under 60% of voters backed responsible government from a turnout of 18,810; 1181:

Starting in August 1896, Rhodes personally played a key role in ending the Matabele insurgency. With one of the widows of

6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6313: 4893: 4547: 2363: 2234: 2063: 1430: 751:(advisors) were fiercely against it, seeing it as an appropriation of Matabele territory. Wary that one or more of these 475: 1206:. After four hours, it was agreed to continue the talks. Bitterness endured among some of the rebels, but three further 6232: 6107: 5933: 5875: 5856: 5677: 5518: 5307: 5081: 5023: 4804: 4451: 4248: 4225: 4177: 4131: 4058: 4041: 3988: 3887: 3864: 2367: 2303: 2291: 2274: 1850: 1753: 1644: 1608: 6328: 5750: 5445: 5423: 4883: 4834: 4612: 4481: 4320: 4271: 4150: 4109: 4011: 3955:

The Birth of a Plural Society: The Development of Northern Rhodesia Under the British South Africa Company, 1894-1914

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Matabeleland and Mashonaland, both of which lay south of the Zambezi, were officially referred to collectively as "

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to crush attacks by the far larger Matabele army as it rode south-west. As the whites approached his royal town at

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Teresa Pinto Coelho, (2006). Lord Salisbury´s 1890 Ultimatum to Portugal and Anglo-Portuguese Relations, pp. 6-7.

6561: 5992: 5492: 5114: 4840: 1634: 1623: 1603: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 964:. Rhodes sent Elliot Lochner north to negotiate with Lewanika in late 1889, and in June 1890 the king signed the 874: 643:, coastal territories respectively to the west and east of this general area, were over three centuries old, and 2485:

around 1823. They initially settled in the Transvaal, becoming known as the Ndebele or Matabele. The arrival of

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Chief among the endeavours pursued by the Company during its early years were the construction of railroads and

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The Company moved on Lobengula during October and early November 1893, and used the inexorable firepower of its

1000:, whose representatives Rhodes hoped to beat there. "I want you to get Msiri's," Rhodes told one of his agents, 5765: 5640: 4960: 4747: 3935: 1443: 1986:

rule in 1923, the Southern Rhodesian tobacco industry retained its prominent position for decades afterwards.

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of Britain in October that year. Northern Rhodesia became a directly-run British protectorate in April 1924.

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of the 1890s. By the turn of the century, Rhodes's Company held a vast, land-locked country, bisected by the

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In 1890, Lobengula's kingdom was about half a century old. The Matabele had previously made up part of the

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until it numbered 500 men, headed by Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Pennefather, an officer seconded from the

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The British South Africa Company Historical Catalogue & Souvenir of Rhodesia. Empire Exhibition 1936

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No Insignificant Part: The Rhodesia Native Regiment and the East Africa Campaign of the First World War

3856: 2230: 1878: 1719: 1374: 3589: 2421:

installed as the inaugural governor. British South Africa Company rule in Rhodesia was thereby ended.

766:

The column was to move roughly east from Macloutsie, a small camp near the border of Matabeleland and

5599: 5533: 5475: 5358: 5187: 4903: 4659: 4000:

Rabadia Ratšhatšha: Studies in African Language Literature, Linguistics, Translation and Lexicography

3879: 3718: 3701:

Masodja: The History of the Rhodesian African Rifles and its forerunner the Rhodesian Native Regiment

3661:. Harare: Mashonaland Branch of the History Society of Zimbabwe. 25–26 September 1993. Archived from 2502: 2460: 2074: 1789: 1153: 1001: 916: 755:

might turn rogue and attack the pioneers, the Company gradually enlarged the escorting detachment of

648: 134: 4143:

A History of Africa, Volume One: African societies and the establishment of colonial rule, 1800–1915

3662: 6323: 6066: 5943: 5866: 5841: 5806: 5730: 5645: 5460: 5280: 5217: 4950: 4644: 2242: 2196: 2141: 2119: 652: 479: 459: 60: 2528:

Rhodes chose to accompany him Johannes Colenbrander, who acted as an interpreter, a reporter from

5913: 5760: 5662: 5657: 5650: 5227: 5061: 4955: 4394: 4312: 4286: 4217: 4003: 2443: 2253: 1975:

labour market. Managers at farms and mines often had great trouble sourcing sufficient manpower.

1713: 861:

100 in total), and a promise of protection against attacks by the Portuguese or the neighbouring

627:

The projected Company sphere was initially Matabeleland and its immediate neighbours between the

397: 2757: 446:

lines were laid across previously barren Rhodesia with great speed, linking South Africa to the

6433: 6423: 6211: 6135: 5667: 5502: 4810: 4742: 4417:

So far and no further! Rhodesia's bid for independence during the retreat from empire 1959–1965

4407: 2516: 2311: 2208:, England in November 1914. In the centre of the second row sit Captain J B Brady and the 1809: 1805: 1792:

commented, "but this appears to have been the custom from the beginning and it never changed."

1613: 1422: 1126: 1067: 869: 700: 491: 424: 420: 389: 204: 6470: 6443: 6372: 6288: 6011: 5775: 5740: 5735: 5682: 5630: 5589: 5574: 5552: 5174: 5161: 4970: 4898: 4873: 4858: 4822: 4732: 3925: 2327: 2323: 2307: 2295: 2225:(in Belgium and France). The Company raised exclusively Rhodesian units for African service. 1932: 1784: 1775: 1598: 1369: 997: 927: 640: 577: 528: 507: 499: 439: 3751:(Second ed.). Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam: East African Educational Publishers. 2314:" to its colonies in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa as a precursor to full 763:. To Johnson's chagrin, the Imperial officer was also given ultimate command of the column. 6458: 6453: 6247: 5836: 5801: 5618: 5604: 5564: 4846: 4784: 4715: 4686: 4169: 4145:(First ed.). Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam: East African Educational Publishers. 1916: 1628: 1260: 1020: 891: 656: 957: 8: 6465: 6438: 6387: 6303: 6293: 6257: 6242: 6220: 6100: 5997: 5966: 5880: 5789: 5770: 5718: 5465: 5396: 5349: 5147: 5028: 4996: 4965: 4888: 4649: 4585: 4440:

Robert Thorne Coryndon: Proconsular Imperialism in Southern and Eastern Africa, 1897–1925

4420: 3807: 3771: 1828: 1384: 1224: 1139: 1057: 948:, had been settled by a modest number of British missionaries for about a decade, and in 674:, the area directly to Matabeleland's north-east where Lobengula held dominion over many 565: 542: 412:

river. It officially named this land Rhodesia in 1895, and ran it until the early 1920s.

405: 4473: 3829: 2413:. The Company would concurrently keep the country's mineral rights, extensive tracts of 40: 6490: 6413: 6276: 6262: 6024: 5961: 5450: 5386: 5109: 4634: 4575: 4162: 4026: 3903:

Empire: the rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power

3726: 2179: 2067: 1912:

reached Bulawayo, making it possible to travel between the Cape and Rhodesia by train.

1691: 1156:, an American scout long in Company service, discovered and killed Mlimo in June 1896. 1092: 1049: 745:

Lobengula gave his approval to the ostensibly non-military expedition, but many of his

660: 401: 388:

in 1890. Empowered by its charter to acquire, govern and develop the area north of the

2505:. Lobengula once told an English visitor that "The proper name for my people is Zulu." 936:

Representatives of the Company crossed the Zambezi to venture even further north. The

793: 6514: 6428: 6382: 6342: 6237: 6201: 6178: 6170: 6116: 5851: 5831: 5826: 5745: 5470: 5413: 5337: 5321: 5261: 5091: 4863: 4789: 4654: 4602: 4535: 4519: 4447: 4424: 4375: 4358: 4352: 4339: 4316: 4290: 4267: 4244: 4221: 4209: 4195: 4173: 4146: 4127: 4105: 4099: 4081: 4062: 4052: 4037: 4007: 3984: 3967: 3939: 3911: 3883: 3860: 3849: 3835: 3811: 3788: 3752: 3744: 3730: 3704: 2387: 2383: 2359: 2166: 1920: 1892: 1813: 1801: 1365: 1339: 1308: 692: 684: 636: 428: 416: 351: 300: 286: 221: 208: 4404:

Source Book of Parliamentary Elections and Referenda in Southern Rhodesia, 1898–1962

6475: 6081: 6076: 5244: 5232: 4934: 4095: 2043: 1946: 1709: 1025: 993: 977: 923: 771: 695:, a port on Rhodes's proposed Pungwe site, in 1890. Portugal issued the so-called " 451: 125: 3929: 2283: 1778:

proposed "Charterland". Many of the first settlers instead called their new home "

6530: 6495: 6485: 6480: 5401: 5391: 5371: 4942: 4816: 4590: 4580: 4560: 2418: 2406: 2310:

for Southern Rhodesia within the Empire, just as Britain had previously granted "

2246: 2162: 2003: 1779: 1618: 1251: 1107: 1053: 1034: 973: 937: 857:

settlement. In return, the Company gave Mtassa rifles and other equipment (worth

832:

The site of Salisbury was a naturally flat and marshy meadow, bounded by a rough

597: 463: 369: 190: 153: 84: 2374:

was the only district to favour the union option, doing so by 443 votes to 433.

730:. The column was mostly South African and spanned almost all corners of society. 670:. He thought this might make an ideal sea outlet for his proposed settlement in 470:; about 40% of Southern Rhodesian white men fought in the latter, mostly on the 6448: 6364: 6354: 6056: 6029: 5918: 5811: 5579: 5381: 5207: 5182: 5066: 4794: 4570: 4187: 4119: 4021: 3897: 2414: 2398: 2175: 1935:

opened in 1905. Continuing through North-Western Rhodesia, the railway reached

858: 810: 787: 735: 727: 717: 609: 585: 573: 495: 381: 377: 239: 176: 142: 138: 130: 3876:

The Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Land Warfare: An Illustrated World View

2497:. Zulu customs and military traditions endured among the Matabele, as did the 1951: 462:

in 1911. Northern and Southern Rhodesians fought alongside the British in the

6550: 6535: 6071: 5908: 5755: 5239: 5222: 5056: 4696: 4343: 3839: 3619: 2498: 2490: 2257: 2016: 1982: 1964: 1940: 1841:

Administrative posts of the British South Africa Company in Southern Rhodesia

1170: 1149: 1008: 909: 862: 853: 841: 814: 779: 628: 605: 447: 373: 4124:

With Captain Stairs to Katanga: Slavery and Subjugation in the Congo 1891–92

3981:

Blue and Old Gold: The History of the British South Africa Police, 1889–1980

5923: 5903: 5898: 5890: 5071: 5051: 5046: 5038: 4362: 4304: 3901: 2494: 2474: 2134: 2130: 2103: 1122: 1110:

by the remnants of Lobengula's army on 4 December 1893. The king died from

1016: 989: 767: 760: 675: 667: 589: 569: 546: 524: 393: 4354:

The Story of the Cape to Cairo Railway & River Route from 1887 to 1922

4192:

Bulawayo Burning: The Social History of a Southern African City, 1893–1960

3851:

Colonialism in Africa 1870–1960. Volume Four: The Economics of Colonialism

3749:

General History of Africa. VII: Africa under Colonial Domination 1880–1935

3636: 2038: 1927:

after six years. Umtali and Salisbury were linked in 1899, on a different

616: 5482: 3971: 3907: 3784: 2394: 2145: 2062:(BSAP). The word "Rhodesia" was omitted at the insistence of the British 1928: 1923:

was begun by the Portuguese in 1892, and reached the Rhodesian border at

1883: 1210:

progressed well, and the Matabele rising ended amicably in October 1896.

1062: 949: 945: 722: 671: 581: 550: 467: 385: 2358:

on the colony's future was held on 27 October 1922—at the suggestion of

2341:

The loss of this source of income hampered the Company's ability to pay

1994: 537: 5951: 5099: 5006: 1972: 1936: 1900: 1185:(Lobengula's father) acting as a go-between, the Company and the rebel 1159: 1144: 1135: 837: 798: 783: 688: 558: 443: 4078:

Own Goals – National pride and defeat in war: the Rhodesian experience

3931:

Crown and Charter: The Early Years of the British South Africa Company

2458:), whence comes the English term "Matabele". Their language is called 2260:

in Northern Rhodesia on 25 November. The RNR was thereupon dissolved.

6019: 5982: 5169: 5137: 2530: 2486: 2478: 2371: 2331: 2205: 1182: 1099: 1091:(tribal conference) to try to end the conflict, but this failed. The 1071: 941: 818: 739: 593: 568:

during the 1880s, the South African-based businessman and politician

273: 5272: 5928: 5341: 5329: 5303: 5076: 4666: 4539: 4527: 4504: 2405:

a protectorate under Whitehall, with government transferred to the

2347: 2342: 2315: 2233:. The 2nd Rhodesia Regiment, raised a month later, was sent to the 2107: 2012: 1905: 1324: 1111: 1103: 953: 822: 696: 622: 333: 6127: 1812:, which were governed separately, and amalgamated in 1911 to form 4701: 4101:

Ragtime Soldiers: the Rhodesian Experience in the First World War

2165:

of 1899–1902 in its paramilitary capacity, with the newly formed

1978: 1909: 1834: 1820: 1215: 1131: 900: 632: 409: 2268: 1947:

Agriculture and land distribution: the rise of Rhodesian tobacco

600:

on mining rights from Lobengula in October 1888, Rhodes and his

16:

Rule of the British South Africa Company in Rhodesia (1888–1964)

6158: 5986: 5141: 5120: 1956: 1924: 1888: 1824: 1220: 1165: 1087: 1015:—a multinational force in Leopold's service, led by a Canadian 969: 826: 802: 747: 644: 328: 115: 4054:

Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884–1902

3834:(First ed.). New York & London: Funk & Wagnalls. 350:

Southern Rhodesia began to call itself Rhodesia in 1964, then

2758:

http://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/files/windsor/6_pintocoelho.pdf

2482: 2094: 2027: 985: 833: 554: 3699:

Binda, Alexandre (November 2007). Heppenstall, David (ed.).

3585:"British South Africa Company (BSAC, BSACO, or BSA Company)" 2086:

in Matabeleland, and Rhodes promised not to reintroduce it.

3650: 2853: 1081: 775: 2346:

the settlers wanted self-government rather than rule from

706: 4503: 4283:

African Police and Soldiers in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1923–80

4332:

The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume Four

3692:

The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith

2350:, and came to vote for the RGA in large numbers. In the 2151: 926:

into the Company sphere, but were thwarted by agents of

852:

Instructed by Rhodes to hurry east, Selous met with the

3652:"1893 Sequence of Events; The Wilson (Shangani) Patrol" 3583: 2625: 2481:, Lobengula's father, had exiled with his followers by 1989: 1795: 617:

North to the Zambezi; territorial rivalry with Portugal

2849: 2847: 2845: 1040: 778:

he had discovered during his travels, which he called

2334:, but abruptly changed its stance when, in 1918, the 613:

rulers, and upholding free trade within its borders.

3979:

Gibbs, Peter; Phillips, Hugh; Russell, Nick (2009).

3978: 3768:

Handbook to the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

3313: 3311: 3227: 3225: 3216: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 1004:; "I mean Katanga ... You must go and get Katanga." 2842: 2077:and men, many of whom were veterans of Lobengula's 1219:(spiritualist prophets), most prominently Mukwati, 1079:the habitual raids on Mashona villages by Matabele 1070:on 25 October 1893, 700 Company soldiers with five 847: 4214:The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power 4161: 4025: 3964:A History of Northern Rhodesia: Early Days to 1953 3848: 3073: 3071: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2588: 2409:in London, which would henceforth appoint a local 2377: 2042:H Troop of the Bulawayo Field Force, commanded by 1823:, while in North-Western Rhodesia the capital was 809:The column was initially accompanied by about 200 3610: 3308: 3222: 3197: 3195: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2685: 1955:White farming on the Pioneer Citrus Estate, near 6548: 4391:An Introduction to the History of Central Africa 2725: 2723: 2721: 2654: 2652: 2446:'s term for themselves in their own language is 2366:, continuing the initiative of his preprocessor 2113: 1245: 1114:while on his way north in January 1894, and his 3068: 2803: 2801: 2664: 992:. Katanga was also coveted by the owner of the 588:, and to the north of these was the Kingdom of 3192: 2920: 2918: 2762: 2279:Southern Rhodesian government referendum, 1922 2156: 1919:towards Salisbury from the Mozambican port of 1835:Administrative posts, politics and legislature 6143: 5288: 4489: 3781:Military badges of the British Empire 1914–18 3630:(1). Lusaka: Northern Rhodesia Society: 9–17. 3434: 3422: 3242: 3240: 3029: 2876: 2874: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2740: 2738: 2718: 2649: 2354:, the RGA won ten of the 13 seats contested. 2269:1922 Southern Rhodesian government referendum 1872: 1754: 691:in the eastern Mashona country. They founded 4408:University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 4050: 3634: 3317: 3258: 3231: 3201: 3186: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3058: 3056: 2993: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2798: 2712: 2700: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 502:. The Company's charter was duly revoked by 6592:1924 disestablishments in Southern Rhodesia 4829:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress 4469:Charter of the British South Africa Company 4357:. Chicago: The Pioneer Publishing Company. 3846: 3347: 3102: 3100: 3098: 2983: 2981: 2954: 2915: 2859: 2830: 2788: 2786: 2658: 2454:indicating the plural form of the singular 438:Partially motivated by Rhodes's dream of a 392:in southern Africa, the Company, headed by 6150: 6136: 5295: 5281: 4496: 4482: 4094: 4057:. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario: 3997: 3847:Duignan, Peter; Gann, L. H., eds. (1975). 3392: 3365: 3237: 3118: 3017: 2871: 2813: 2735: 2562: 2543:It did so, retaining its name, until 1980. 2028:Evolution of the Southern Rhodesian police 1761: 1747: 930:. Rhodes's drive north was thereby halted. 380:of the United Kingdom, and began with the 78: 4280: 4257: 3924: 3765: 3446: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3269: 3267: 3246: 3212: 3210: 3136: 3053: 3041: 2999: 2966: 2936: 2898: 2679: 2630: 2612: 2600: 2570: 786:into Matabeleland. Its first settlement, 354:in 1979. It has been Zimbabwe since 1980. 6587:1890 establishments in Southern Rhodesia 5705:Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth of Nations 4350: 4303: 4028:The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History 3896: 3801: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3404: 3353: 3182: 3180: 3095: 3089: 2978: 2948: 2924: 2865: 2836: 2783: 2594: 2508: 2467: 2436: 2282: 2195: 2185: 2037: 1993: 1950: 1882: 1158: 1061: 944:, far to the north-east on the banks of 878:Company port on the Mozambique Channel. 792: 721: 536: 506:in 1923, and Southern Rhodesia became a 347:Northern Rhodesia became Zambia in 1964. 6597:Former countries of the interwar period 4406:. Salisbury: Department of Government, 4401: 4369: 4239:(First ed.). Ann Arbor, Michigan: 4208: 4159: 4118: 4075: 4020: 3873: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3047: 3035: 3023: 2960: 2892: 2824: 2807: 2744: 2729: 2643: 2606: 2566: 2424: 2326:, which had been formed in 1910 by the 1895:on the Mozambican coast—opened in 1899. 1668:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 707:Territorial expansion and consolidation 6549: 5441:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 4909:Chemical weapons and biological agents 4630:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 4374:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. 4329: 4309:The First World War, Volume I: To Arms 4186: 3983:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. 3824: 3743: 3703:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. 3689: 3543: 3371: 3341: 3329: 3296: 3279: 3264: 3207: 3147: 3077: 3062: 2972: 2909: 2880: 2582: 2263: 2022: 1845:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council 825:, Fort Charter, and, on 12 September, 576:of a bloc of territory connecting the 549:as a giant astride Africa, connecting 6131: 5302: 5276: 4477: 4442:(First ed.). Waterloo, Ontario: 4388: 4140: 3717: 3698: 3659:Centenary of the Matabele War of 1893 3635:Tawse-Jollie, Ethel (May–June 1936). 3555: 3495: 3470: 3464: 3452: 3359: 3177: 3171: 2987: 2792: 2773: 2152:Rhodesian military involvement abroad 2011:west, along the railway line between 757:British South Africa Company's Police 415:The area south of the Zambezi became 6192:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 4437: 4414: 4372:P. K. van der Byl: African Statesman 4234: 3961: 3952: 3617: 3567: 3483: 3302: 3290: 3273: 3159: 3130: 3106: 3011: 2777: 2306:(RGA) was formed. This party sought 2148:in 1914, it had only 800 personnel. 1990:Immigration and economic performance 1939:in Katanga—by this time part of the 1796:Administrative divisions and centres 962:Paris Evangelical Missionary Society 474:in Europe. Black soldiers served in 427:, which were joined in 1911 to form 6157: 5429:Rhodesia–Nyasaland federation 4080:. Northampton: Paragon Publishing. 3778: 3637:"The Chartered Company in Rhodesia" 3380: 2493:, in what henceforth became called 1998:Statue of Rhodes in Bulawayo, 1920s 881: 651:Britain formally dated back to the 13: 5857:Zimbabwe at the Commonwealth Games 4805:Responsible Government Association 3806:(First English ed.). Moscow: 3217:Gibbs, Phillips & Russell 2009 2304:Responsible Government Association 2292:Responsible Government Association 2275:Responsible Government Association 1851:Constitutional history of Zimbabwe 545:", a figurative 1892 depiction of 14: 6608: 4835:Southern Rhodesia Communist Party 4462: 3874:Farwell, Byron (September 2001). 3576: 2352:1920 Legislative Council election 1240: 1074:defeated 3,500 Matabele warriors. 711: 572:envisioned the annexation to the 419:, while that to the north became 368:'s administration of what became 6210: 5534:Cricket crisis (2003–2007) 4444:Wilfrid Laurier University Press 4264:Wilfrid Laurier University Press 4164:A New History of Southern Africa 3690:Berlyn, Phillippa (April 1978). 2854:History Society of Zimbabwe 1993 2534:of London and a personal friend. 2192:Southern Rhodesia in World War I 1645:Zimbabwe African People's Union 1635:Zimbabwe African National Union 1268: 899: 890: 848:Eastern skirmishes with Portugal 518: 305: 291: 266: 53: 39: 4841:Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party 4402:Willson, F. M. G., ed. (1963). 4122:(2007) . Saffery, David (ed.). 4104:. Bulawayo: Books of Zimbabwe. 4076:Marston, Roger (January 2010). 4059:McGill-Queen's University Press 3682: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3458: 3410: 3398: 3335: 3323: 3252: 3165: 3153: 3124: 3112: 3083: 3005: 2942: 2930: 2886: 2750: 2706: 2537: 2522: 2378:Self-government vs. direct rule 2204:Rhodesian Platoon, pictured at 1887:The railroad from Salisbury to 1624:United African National Council 998:King Leopold II of the Belgians 928:King Leopold II of the Belgians 220:• Direct British rule for 5641:Capital punishment in Zimbabwe 5456:1975 Victoria Falls Conference 4640:1975 Victoria Falls Conference 4419:. Victoria, British Columbia: 4334:(Second ed.). Cambridge: 3966:. New York: Humanities Press. 3957:. Manchester University Press. 3936:University of California Press 3766:Brelsford, W. V., ed. (1960). 3611:Newspaper and journal articles 3590:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2576: 2556: 1867: 1213:Around the same time, Mashona 1: 5751:Zimbabwean dollar (2019–2024) 5434:Malayan Emergency involvement 4853:United National Federal Party 4618:Malayan Emergency involvement 4438:Youé, Christopher P. (1986). 4370:Wessels, Hannes (July 2010). 4330:Walker, Eric A., ed. (1963). 4287:University of Rochester Press 4051:Keppel-Jones, Arthur (1983). 3855:(First ed.). Cambridge: 3646:. Johannesburg: Leader: 5–31. 3624:The Northern Rhodesia Journal 2550: 2114:Policing north of the Zambezi 1317:Rhodesia–Nyasaland Federation 1232:Including both theatres, the 6557:British South Africa Company 6197:Monuments and historic sites 4753:Ministry of External Affairs 4505:Southern Rhodesia / Rhodesia 4415:Wood, J. R. T. (June 2005). 4241:University of Michigan Press 4126:. London: Jeppestown Press. 3779:Cox, Reginald H. W. (1982). 3620:"Kalomo–Livingstone in 1907" 3595:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 2626:Encyclopædia Britannica 2012 1677:Ministry of External Affairs 602:British South Africa Company 533:British South Africa Company 498:over incorporation into the 490:, Southern Rhodesians chose 366:British South Africa Company 105:British South Africa Company 73:"Justice, Commerce, Freedom" 7: 5746:Dollar (suspended currency) 4393:(Second ed.). Oxford: 4281:Stapleton, Timothy (2011). 4258:Stapleton, Timothy (2006). 4168:(Second ed.). London: 4034:University of Chicago Press 4002:. Stellenbosch: Sun Media, 3802:Davidson, Apollon (1988) . 3694:. Salisbury: M. O. Collins. 2157:Second Boer War (1899–1902) 2060:British South Africa Police 2034:British South Africa Police 1007:The efforts of Thomson and 578:Cape of Good Hope and Cairo 456:British South Africa Police 102:Chartered territory of the 10: 6613: 6582:1920s in Southern Rhodesia 6577:1910s in Southern Rhodesia 6572:1900s in Southern Rhodesia 6567:1890s in Southern Rhodesia 5488:2008–2009 cholera outbreak 4336:Cambridge University Press 4216:(First ed.). Oxford: 3998:Groenewald, P. S. (2007). 3880:W. W. Norton & Company 3857:Cambridge University Press 3831:The Boer Fight For Freedom 3725:(First ed.). London: 2597:, pp. 99–101, 112–113 2381: 2272: 2189: 2172:Battle of the Elands River 2117: 2044:Frederick Courteney Selous 2031: 2015:and Élisabethville in the 1876: 1873:Railways and the telegraph 1848: 1838: 1249: 1047: 984:area further north, where 952:, to the north-west, King 772:Frederick Courteney Selous 715: 620: 522: 513: 87:under Company rule in the 6508: 6409: 6400: 6350: 6341: 6284: 6275: 6228: 6219: 6208: 6169: 6094: 6047: 6010: 5975: 5942: 5889: 5874: 5865: 5797: 5788: 5726: 5717: 5626: 5617: 5560: 5551: 5529:Cricket (1992–2006) 5511: 5476:Lancaster House Agreement 5357: 5348: 5340:under UDI; 1980–present: 5314: 5257: 5200: 5160: 5130: 5090: 5037: 5022: 5015: 4992: 4983: 4930: 4923: 4723: 4714: 4682: 4675: 4660:Lancaster House Agreement 4546: 4538:under UDI; 1980–present: 4512: 3804:Cecil Rhodes and His Time 2075:non-commissioned officers 1589:African National Congress 1154:Frederick Russell Burnham 1041:Matabele Wars; the First 635:. Portugal's colonies in 342: 321: 245: 235: 231: 218: 201: 187: 173: 163: 159: 149: 121: 111: 98: 77: 69: 35: 30: 23: 4894:Leader of the Opposition 4194:. Oxford: James Currey. 3962:Gann, Lewis H. (1969) . 3934:. Berkeley, California: 2429: 2243:Rhodesia Native Regiment 2202:King's Royal Rifle Corps 2142:Northern Rhodesia Police 2120:Northern Rhodesia Police 1431:Leader of the Opposition 1163:Rhodes and the Matabele 1134:, forced work, locusts, 480:Rhodesia Native Regiment 460:Northern Rhodesia Police 179:; start of Company rule 4395:Oxford University Press 4313:Oxford University Press 4285:. Rochester, New York: 4235:Rowe, David M. (2001). 4218:Oxford University Press 4004:Stellenbosch University 3953:Gann, Lewis H. (1958). 3080:, pp. 538, 788–789 2659:Duignan & Gann 1975 2254:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 2161:The BSAP served in the 1227:, instigated their own 384:'s march north-east to 91:Encyclopædia Britannica 6562:North-Eastern Rhodesia 5600:Wards (municipalities) 5461:1976 Geneva Conference 4811:Rhodesian Action Party 4645:1976 Geneva Conference 4351:Weinthal, Leo (1923). 4160:Parsons, Neil (1993). 2312:responsible government 2299: 2213: 2210:Marquess of Winchester 2050: 1999: 1960: 1896: 1891:—ultimately bound for 1879:Beira–Bulawayo railway 1810:North-Eastern Rhodesia 1614:Rhodesian Action Party 1178: 1075: 1068:Battle of the Shangani 1035:Robert Thorne Coryndon 806: 731: 653:1386 Treaty of Windsor 561: 492:responsible government 454:province by 1910. The 425:North-Eastern Rhodesia 205:Responsible government 5741:Zimbabwean bond notes 5736:Zimbabwean bond coins 5700:2007 political crisis 4884:Deputy Prime Minister 4859:United Rhodesia Party 4823:Rhodesia Labour Party 4687:Chimanimani Mountains 4389:Wills, A. J. (1967). 4262:. Waterloo, Ontario: 4032:. Chicago, Illinois: 3723:A History of Rhodesia 3593:. Chicago, Illinois: 2501:, which evolved into 2328:South Africa Act 1909 2324:Union of South Africa 2286: 2199: 2186:World War I (1914–18) 2041: 1997: 1954: 1933:Victoria Falls Bridge 1886: 1776:Leander Starr Jameson 1380:Deputy Prime Minister 1162: 1065: 805:on 13 September 1890. 796: 725: 596:. Having secured the 584:: there were several 540: 529:Cape to Cairo Railway 508:self-governing colony 500:Union of South Africa 440:Cape to Cairo Railway 122:Common languages 5565:Chimanimani District 4937:(currency from 1970) 4847:United Federal Party 4785:Central Africa Party 4738:Legislative Assembly 4170:Macmillan Publishers 4141:Okoth, Assa (2006). 3618:Hunt, B. L. (1959). 3014:, pp. 9, 12, 17 2425:Notes and references 2231:in South-West Africa 1917:narrow gauge railway 1629:United Federal Party 1415:Legislative Assembly 1261:Politics of Rhodesia 1021:William Grant Stairs 659:, just north of the 657:island of Mozambique 406:Second Matabele Wars 61:Company coat of arms 5585:Place name renaming 5466:Internal Settlement 5397:Second Matabele War 4650:Internal Settlement 4586:Second Matabele War 4421:Trafford Publishing 4024:(September 2002) . 3808:Progress Publishers 2419:Sir Herbert Stanley 2320:Sir Charles Coghlan 2288:Sir Charles Coghlan 2264:End of Company rule 2023:Military and police 1857:Legislative Council 1785:The Rhodesia Herald 1510:Legislative Council 1407:Legislative Council 1246:The name "Rhodesia" 1225:Nehanda Nyakasikana 1193:for 21 August: the 1175:Robert Baden-Powell 1140:Second Matabele War 1058:Second Matabele War 922:attempted to bring 566:Scramble for Africa 543:The Rhodes Colossus 433:legislative council 6378:Telecommunications 5766:Telecommunications 5503:2019 fuel protests 5493:2016–2017 protests 5387:First Matabele War 4997:List of Rhodesians 4961:Telecommunications 4945:(currency to 1970) 4576:First Matabele War 4210:Rotberg, Robert I. 4190:(September 2010). 4188:Ranger, Terence O. 4120:Moloney, Joseph A. 4022:Hopkins, Donald R. 3926:Galbraith, John S. 3668:on 30 January 2021 3570:, pp. 191–192 3320:, pp. 590–599 3234:, pp. 408–410 3189:, pp. 428–429 3038:, pp. 111–114 2951:, pp. 302–308 2732:, pp. 312–319 2703:, pp. 163–172 2682:, pp. 143–153 2646:, pp. 304–312 2609:, pp. 179–181 2364:Colonial Secretary 2300: 2235:East African Front 2214: 2180:relief of Mafeking 2068:Joseph Chamberlain 2064:Colonial Secretary 2051: 2000: 1961: 1897: 1179: 1169:make peace in the 1100:Maxim machine guns 1093:First Matabele War 1076: 1072:Maxim machine guns 1050:First Matabele War 966:Lochner Concession 807: 732: 661:Mozambique Channel 562: 6544: 6543: 6504: 6503: 6396: 6395: 6337: 6336: 6314:Political parties 6309:National Assembly 6299:Foreign relations 6271: 6270: 6202:Northern Rhodesia 6179:History of Zambia 6125: 6124: 6090: 6089: 6043: 6042: 6006: 6005: 5852:Sport in Zimbabwe 5822:Human trafficking 5784: 5783: 5713: 5712: 5673:Political parties 5636:Foreign relations 5613: 5612: 5547: 5546: 5524:Cricket (to 1992) 5471:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 5414:Southern Rhodesia 5338:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 5322:Southern Rhodesia 5270: 5269: 5253: 5252: 5196: 5195: 5156: 5155: 4979: 4978: 4919: 4918: 4790:Confederate Party 4780:Political parties 4758:Mission in Lisbon 4728:Political history 4710: 4709: 4655:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 4603:Southern Rhodesia 4536:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 4520:Southern Rhodesia 4430:978-1-4120-4952-8 4381:978-1-920143-49-7 4307:(February 2003). 4296:978-1-58046-380-5 4201:978-1-84701-020-9 4096:McLaughlin, Peter 4087:978-1-899820-81-8 4068:978-0-7735-0534-6 3917:978-0-465-02329-5 3710:978-1-920143-03-9 3318:Keppel-Jones 1983 3259:Keppel-Jones 1983 3232:Keppel-Jones 1983 3202:Keppel-Jones 1983 3187:Keppel-Jones 1983 2713:Tawse-Jollie 1936 2701:Keppel-Jones 1983 2388:Northern Rhodesia 2384:Southern Rhodesia 2362:, then Britain's 2360:Winston Churchill 2167:Rhodesia Regiment 1814:Northern Rhodesia 1802:Southern Rhodesia 1771: 1770: 1682:Mission in Lisbon 1661:Foreign relations 1583:Political parties 1340:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1309:Southern Rhodesia 1283:Political history 1173:, as depicted by 1019:officer, Captain 1013:Stairs Expedition 958:François Coillard 685:Berlin Conference 429:Northern Rhodesia 417:Southern Rhodesia 362: 361: 352:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 317: 316: 313: 312: 301:Southern Rhodesia 287:Northern Rhodesia 279: 278: 222:Northern Rhodesia 209:Southern Rhodesia 165:• Chartered 6604: 6524: 6517: 6476:List of Zambians 6407: 6406: 6368: 6348: 6347: 6282: 6281: 6233:Cities and towns 6226: 6225: 6214: 6187: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6129: 6128: 6110: 6103: 5887: 5886: 5872: 5871: 5795: 5794: 5724: 5723: 5624: 5623: 5570:Cities and towns 5558: 5557: 5498:2017 coup d'état 5424:Second World War 5419:colonial history 5355: 5354: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5274: 5273: 5178: 5035: 5034: 5020: 5019: 4990: 4989: 4946: 4938: 4928: 4927: 4763:Centre in Sydney 4721: 4720: 4692:Cities and towns 4680: 4679: 4613:Second World War 4608:colonial history 4498: 4491: 4484: 4475: 4474: 4457: 4434: 4411: 4398: 4385: 4366: 4347: 4326: 4300: 4277: 4254: 4231: 4212:(October 1988). 4205: 4183: 4167: 4156: 4137: 4115: 4091: 4072: 4047: 4031: 4017: 3994: 3975: 3958: 3949: 3921: 3893: 3870: 3854: 3843: 3821: 3798: 3775: 3762: 3740: 3714: 3695: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3667: 3656: 3647: 3641: 3631: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3455:, pp. 17–25 3450: 3444: 3443:, pp. 31–40 3438: 3432: 3431:, pp. 20–22 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3395:, pp. 15–18 3390: 3384: 3378: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3277: 3271: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3235: 3229: 3220: 3214: 3205: 3199: 3190: 3184: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3109:, pp. 65–69 3104: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3066: 3060: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2963:, pp. 16–17 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2913: 2907: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2883:, pp. 14–17 2878: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2811: 2805: 2796: 2790: 2781: 2780:, pp. 20–24 2771: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2733: 2727: 2716: 2715:, pp. 11–12 2710: 2704: 2698: 2683: 2677: 2662: 2656: 2647: 2641: 2628: 2623: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2560: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2526: 2520: 2517:the Zulu capital 2512: 2506: 2471: 2465: 2440: 2395:British Treasury 2294:'s campaign for 1763: 1756: 1749: 1704:National symbols 1687:Centre in Sydney 1671: 1648: 1638: 1569: 1537: 1503: 1421: 1413: 1405: 1344: 1338: 1336: 1323: 1315: 1307: 1301:BSA Company rule 1299: 1272: 1256: 1255: 994:Congo Free State 903: 894: 882:North to Katanga 813:provided by the 801:was raised over 726:Officers of the 309: 308: 295: 294: 283: 282: 270: 269: 263: 262: 247: 246: 135:Northern Ndebele 107: 82: 57: 43: 21: 20: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6500: 6392: 6366: 6333: 6329:Vice Presidents 6267: 6215: 6206: 6185: 6165: 6156: 6126: 6121: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6086: 6039: 6002: 5971: 5938: 5878: 5861: 5847:Public holidays 5780: 5709: 5609: 5543: 5507: 5407:First World War 5402:Second Boer War 5392:Shangani Patrol 5372:Rudd Concession 5344: 5310: 5301: 5271: 5266: 5249: 5192: 5177:(South African) 5176: 5152: 5126: 5086: 5026: 5011: 5002:Public holidays 4975: 4944: 4936: 4915: 4904:Security Forces 4817:Rhodesian Front 4706: 4671: 4596:First World War 4591:Second Boer War 4581:Shangani Patrol 4561:Rudd Concession 4542: 4508: 4502: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4431: 4382: 4323: 4297: 4274: 4251: 4228: 4202: 4180: 4153: 4134: 4112: 4088: 4069: 4044: 4014: 3991: 3946: 3918: 3898:Ferguson, Niall 3890: 3867: 3826:Davitt, Michael 3818: 3795: 3759: 3747:, ed. (1992) . 3737: 3711: 3685: 3680: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3654: 3639: 3613: 3608: 3599: 3597: 3579: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3393:McLaughlin 1980 3391: 3387: 3379: 3372: 3366:McLaughlin 1980 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3280: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3238: 3230: 3223: 3215: 3208: 3200: 3193: 3185: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3119:McLaughlin 1980 3117: 3113: 3105: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3069: 3061: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2814: 2810:, pp. ix–x 2806: 2799: 2791: 2784: 2776:, p. 234; 2772: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2686: 2678: 2665: 2657: 2650: 2642: 2631: 2624: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2563:Groenewald 2007 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2509: 2472: 2468: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2407:Colonial Office 2390: 2382:Main articles: 2380: 2308:self-government 2296:self-government 2281: 2273:Main articles: 2271: 2266: 2247:Matabele people 2194: 2188: 2163:Second Boer War 2159: 2154: 2122: 2116: 2047:(front, seated) 2036: 2030: 2025: 2004:Second Boer War 1992: 1949: 1881: 1875: 1870: 1853: 1847: 1839:Main articles: 1837: 1827:initially, and 1798: 1767: 1738: 1734:Other countries 1725: 1724: 1705: 1697: 1696: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1636: 1619:Rhodesian Front 1594:Communist Party 1584: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1547: 1538: 1515: 1504: 1454: 1446: 1436: 1435: 1427: 1420:1970–1979 1419: 1412:1924–1970 1411: 1404:1899–1923 1403: 1398: 1390: 1389: 1357: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1334: 1333: 1322:1965–1979 1321: 1314:1953–1963 1313: 1306:1923–1980 1305: 1298:1890–1923 1297: 1284: 1263: 1254: 1252:Rhodesia (name) 1248: 1243: 1108:Shangani Patrol 1060: 1054:Shangani Patrol 1048:Main articles: 1046: 974:Lake Tanganyika 938:Shire Highlands 934: 933: 932: 931: 906: 905: 904: 896: 895: 884: 850: 720: 714: 709: 625: 619: 604:were granted a 598:Rudd Concession 535: 523:Main articles: 521: 516: 488:1922 referendum 468:First World War 464:Second Boer War 358: 357: 338: 306: 292: 267: 224: 211: 194: 180: 166: 154:New Imperialism 129: 103: 94: 65: 64: 63: 58: 50: 49: 44: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6610: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6526: 6525: 6518: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6373:Stock Exchange 6370: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6324:Prime Minister 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6253:National parks 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6155: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6132: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6112: 6111: 6104: 6096: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6053: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6016: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5884: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5817:Child marriage 5814: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5776:Transportation 5773: 5768: 5763: 5761:Stock exchange 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5695:Prime Minister 5692: 5691: 5690: 5688:Vice-President 5680: 5678:Heads of State 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5580:Great Zimbabwe 5577: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5519:Constitutional 5515: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5382:Pioneer Column 5374: 5369: 5363: 5361: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5300: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5277: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5043: 5041: 5032: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4971:Transportation 4968: 4963: 4958: 4956:Stock Exchange 4953: 4948: 4940: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4879:Prime Minister 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4797: 4795:Dominion Party 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4770:Municipalities 4767: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4571:Pioneer Column 4563: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: articles 4501: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4464: 4463:External links 4461: 4459: 4458: 4453:978-0889201989 4452: 4435: 4429: 4412: 4399: 4386: 4380: 4367: 4348: 4327: 4321: 4301: 4295: 4278: 4272: 4255: 4250:978-0472111879 4249: 4232: 4227:978-0195049688 4226: 4206: 4200: 4184: 4179:978-0841953192 4178: 4157: 4151: 4138: 4133:978-0955393655 4132: 4116: 4110: 4092: 4086: 4073: 4067: 4048: 4043:978-0226351681 4042: 4018: 4012: 3995: 3990:978-1920143350 3989: 3976: 3959: 3950: 3944: 3922: 3916: 3900:(April 2004). 3894: 3889:978-0393047707 3888: 3871: 3866:978-0521086417 3865: 3844: 3822: 3816: 3799: 3793: 3776: 3763: 3757: 3745:Boahen, A. Adu 3741: 3735: 3715: 3709: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3678: 3648: 3632: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3606: 3580: 3578: 3577:Online sources 3575: 3573: 3572: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3500: 3488: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3441:Stapleton 2006 3433: 3429:Stapleton 2006 3421: 3417:Stapleton 2006 3409: 3397: 3385: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3307: 3295: 3278: 3263: 3251: 3247:Stapleton 2011 3236: 3221: 3206: 3191: 3176: 3164: 3152: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3094: 3082: 3067: 3052: 3040: 3028: 3016: 3004: 3000:Brelsford 1960 2992: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2937:Galbraith 1974 2929: 2914: 2897: 2885: 2870: 2858: 2856:, pp. 5–6 2841: 2829: 2812: 2797: 2782: 2761: 2749: 2734: 2717: 2705: 2684: 2680:Galbraith 1974 2663: 2648: 2629: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2575: 2571:Stapleton 2011 2565:, p. 52; 2554: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2536: 2521: 2507: 2466: 2444:Ndebele people 2434: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2379: 2376: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2187: 2184: 2176:Koos de la Rey 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2118:Main article: 2115: 2112: 2032:Main article: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 1991: 1988: 1959:, in the 1910s 1948: 1945: 1937:Élisabethville 1877:Main article: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1836: 1833: 1797: 1794: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1758: 1751: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1643: 1641: 1633: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1609:Rhodesia Party 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1514: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1453: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1425: 1417: 1409: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1375:Prime Minister 1372: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1331: 1319: 1311: 1303: 1295: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1250:Main article: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1241:Administration 1239: 1045: 1039: 1002:Joseph Thomson 917:Joseph Thomson 908: 907: 898: 897: 889: 888: 887: 886: 885: 883: 880: 870:Patrick Forbes 849: 846: 827:Fort Salisbury 803:Fort Salisbury 736:Pioneer Column 728:Pioneer Column 718:Pioneer Column 716:Main article: 713: 712:Pioneer Column 710: 708: 705: 621:Main article: 618: 615: 610:Queen Victoria 586:Boer Republics 574:British Empire 520: 517: 515: 512: 496:British Empire 442:, railway and 382:Pioneer Column 378:Queen Victoria 360: 359: 356: 355: 348: 344: 343: 340: 339: 337: 336: 331: 325: 323: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 310: 303: 297: 296: 289: 280: 277: 276: 271: 259: 258: 253: 243: 242: 240:Pound sterling 237: 233: 232: 229: 228: 225: 219: 216: 215: 212: 202: 199: 198: 195: 189:• Named " 188: 185: 184: 181: 177:Pioneer Column 174: 171: 170: 167: 164: 161: 160: 157: 156: 151: 150:Historical era 147: 146: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 100: 96: 95: 83: 75: 74: 67: 66: 59: 52: 51: 45: 38: 37: 36: 33: 32: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6609: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6289:Defence Force 6287: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6184:Company rule 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6153: 6148: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5877: 5876:Ethnic groups 5873: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5756:Zimbabwe Gold 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5328:; 1965–1979: 5327: 5324:; 1953–1963: 5323: 5320:; 1923–1980: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5286: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5025: 5024:Ethnic groups 5021: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4941: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4800:Federal Party 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4703: 4702:Zambezi River 4700: 4698: 4697:Limpopo River 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4506: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4455: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4322:9780191608346 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4305:Strachan, Hew 4302: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4273:9780889204980 4269: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4165: 4158: 4154: 4152:9789966253576 4148: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4111:0-86920-232-4 4107: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4013:9781920109721 4009: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3945:0-520-02693-4 3941: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3852: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3817:5-01-001828-4 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3794:9780510000820 3790: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3758:9966-46-747-5 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3736:9780413283504 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719:Blake, Robert 3716: 3712: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3687: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3615: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3569: 3564: 3558:, p. 213 3557: 3552: 3546:, p. 103 3545: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3522:, p. 115 3521: 3516: 3510:, p. 111 3509: 3504: 3498:, p. 123 3497: 3492: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3467:, p. 179 3466: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3407:, p. 501 3406: 3405:Strachan 2003 3401: 3394: 3389: 3383:, p. 134 3382: 3377: 3375: 3367: 3362: 3356:, p. 498 3355: 3354:Strachan 2003 3350: 3344:, p. 443 3343: 3338: 3332:, p. 663 3331: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3261:, p. 578 3260: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3204:, p. 512 3203: 3198: 3196: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3174:, p. 371 3173: 3168: 3162:, p. 133 3161: 3156: 3150:, p. 664 3149: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3133:, p. 134 3132: 3127: 3120: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3092:, p. 726 3091: 3090:Weinthal 1923 3086: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3065:, p. 669 3064: 3059: 3057: 3049: 3044: 3037: 3032: 3026:, p. 101 3025: 3020: 3013: 3008: 3002:, p. 619 3001: 2996: 2990:, p. 144 2989: 2984: 2982: 2975:, p. 106 2974: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2949:Davidson 1988 2945: 2939:, p. 304 2938: 2933: 2927:, p. 302 2926: 2925:Davidson 1988 2921: 2919: 2912:, p. 105 2911: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2895:, p. 191 2894: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2868:, p. 188 2867: 2866:Ferguson 2004 2862: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2839:, p. 187 2838: 2837:Ferguson 2004 2833: 2827:, p. 539 2826: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2795:, p. 243 2794: 2789: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2759: 2753: 2747:, p. 300 2746: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2681: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2661:, p. 258 2660: 2655: 2653: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2595:Davidson 1988 2591: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2569:, p. v; 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2540: 2533: 2532: 2525: 2519:of the 1820s. 2518: 2511: 2504: 2500: 2499:Zulu language 2496: 2492: 2491:Limpopo River 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2435: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2336:Privy Council 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2302:In 1917, the 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2223:Western Front 2220: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2200:The original 2198: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2048: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2020: 2018: 2017:Belgian Congo 2014: 2008: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1984: 1983:boom and bust 1980: 1976: 1974: 1968: 1966: 1958: 1953: 1944: 1942: 1941:Belgian Congo 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1842: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806:North-Western 1803: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1665: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1649: 1642: 1639: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1604:Liberal Party 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1440: 1439: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1416: 1410: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1394: 1393: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1341: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1304: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1238: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1176: 1172: 1171:Matopos Hills 1168: 1167: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1150:Matopos Hills 1147: 1146: 1142:or the First 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1009:Alfred Sharpe 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 929: 925: 921: 918: 914: 911: 910:Alfred Sharpe 902: 893: 879: 876: 871: 866: 864: 860: 855: 845: 843: 842:21-gun salute 839: 835: 830: 828: 824: 823:Fort Victoria 820: 816: 812: 804: 800: 795: 791: 789: 785: 781: 780:Mount Hampden 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 749: 743: 741: 737: 729: 724: 719: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 649:alliance with 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 629:Limpopo River 624: 614: 611: 607: 606:Royal Charter 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 534: 530: 526: 519:Rhodes' dream 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 483: 481: 477: 473: 472:Western Front 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 448:Belgian Congo 445: 441: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 421:North-Western 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 353: 349: 346: 345: 341: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 324: 322:Today part of 320: 304: 302: 299: 298: 290: 288: 285: 284: 281: 275: 272: 265: 264: 261: 260: 257: 254: 252: 249: 248: 244: 241: 238: 234: 230: 226: 223: 217: 213: 210: 206: 200: 196: 192: 186: 182: 178: 172: 168: 162: 158: 155: 152: 148: 145:widely spoken 144: 140: 136: 132: 127: 124: 120: 117: 114: 110: 106: 101: 97: 93: 92: 86: 81: 76: 72: 68: 62: 56: 48: 42: 34: 29: 22: 19: 6434:Demographics 6424:Coat of arms 6355:Central bank 6183: 6067:Coat of arms 5867:Demographics 5842:Prostitution 5807:Architecture 5731:Central bank 5646:Human rights 5377:Company rule 5376: 5367:Pre-colonial 5318:Company rule 5317: 5218:Coat of arms 5016:Demographics 4951:Reserve Bank 4566:Company rule 4565: 4556:Pre-colonial 4516:Company rule 4515: 4439: 4416: 4403: 4390: 4371: 4353: 4331: 4308: 4282: 4259: 4236: 4213: 4191: 4163: 4142: 4123: 4100: 4077: 4053: 4027: 3999: 3980: 3963: 3954: 3930: 3906:. New York: 3902: 3878:. New York: 3875: 3850: 3830: 3803: 3780: 3767: 3748: 3727:Eyre Methuen 3722: 3700: 3691: 3683:Bibliography 3670:. Retrieved 3663:the original 3658: 3643: 3627: 3623: 3598:. Retrieved 3588: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3534:, p. 46 3532:Willson 1963 3527: 3520:Willson 1963 3515: 3508:Willson 1963 3503: 3491: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3419:, p. 19 3412: 3400: 3388: 3368:, p. 49 3361: 3349: 3337: 3325: 3305:, p. 75 3298: 3293:, p. 74 3276:, p. 69 3254: 3167: 3155: 3126: 3121:, p. 74 3114: 3085: 3050:, p. 18 3048:Wessels 2010 3043: 3036:Willson 1963 3031: 3024:Willson 1963 3019: 3007: 2995: 2968: 2961:Wessels 2010 2956: 2944: 2932: 2893:Hopkins 2002 2888: 2861: 2832: 2825:Farwell 2001 2808:Moloney 2007 2752: 2745:Rotberg 1988 2730:Rotberg 1988 2708: 2644:Rotberg 1988 2607:Parsons 1993 2602: 2590: 2585:, p. 99 2578: 2573:, p. 41 2567:Marston 2010 2558: 2539: 2529: 2524: 2510: 2495:Matabeleland 2475:Zulu Kingdom 2469: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450:(the prefix 2447: 2438: 2403: 2391: 2356:A referendum 2340: 2301: 2251:Generalmajor 2250: 2239: 2227: 2215: 2160: 2139: 2127: 2123: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2009: 2001: 1977: 1969: 1962: 1914: 1898: 1862: 1854: 1821:Fort Jameson 1818: 1799: 1790:Robert Blake 1783: 1772: 1599:Labour Party 1543:Referendums 1368: / 1364: / 1300: 1290: 1233: 1228: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1189:arranged an 1186: 1180: 1164: 1143: 1123:Jameson Raid 1120: 1115: 1097: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1042: 1031: 1024: 1017:British Army 1006: 990:Yeke Kingdom 982: 935: 919: 912: 867: 851: 831: 808: 768:Bechuanaland 765: 761:British Army 752: 746: 744: 733: 668:Pungwe River 665: 626: 590:Matabeleland 570:Cecil Rhodes 563: 547:Cecil Rhodes 525:Cecil Rhodes 484: 450:'s southern 437: 414: 400:army in the 394:Cecil Rhodes 363: 256:Succeeded by 255: 250: 90: 71:Motto: 70: 47:Company flag 18: 6471:LGBT rights 5919:Rusape Jews 5658:Land reform 5651:LGBT rights 5483:Gukurahundi 5316:1890–1923: 5067:Rusape Jews 4526:; 1965–79: 4522:; 1953–63: 4518:; 1923–80: 4514:1890–1923: 3908:Basic Books 3785:Ernest Benn 3672:10 November 3544:Berlyn 1978 3486:, p. 8 3342:Davitt 1902 3330:Walker 1963 3249:, p. 4 3219:, p. 3 3148:Walker 1963 3078:Walker 1963 3063:Walker 1963 2973:Boahen 1992 2910:Boahen 1992 2881:Ranger 2010 2583:Berlyn 1978 2372:Marandellas 2368:Lord Milner 2146:World War I 1929:track gauge 1868:Development 1829:Livingstone 1714:other flags 1397:Legislature 1343:(under UDI) 1095:had begun. 950:Barotseland 672:Mashonaland 592:, ruled by 582:Cape Colony 494:within the 476:East Africa 386:Mashonaland 376:in 1889 by 251:Preceded by 6551:Categories 6459:Childbirth 6454:Healthcare 6367:(currency) 6319:Presidents 6248:Ecoregions 6186:(Rhodesia) 5967:Portuguese 5952:Afrikaners 5683:Presidents 5668:Parliament 5359:Chronology 5326:Federation 5100:Afrikaners 5007:Rhodesiana 4743:Parliament 4623:Federation 4524:Federation 4311:. Oxford: 3783:. London: 3770:. London: 3556:Blake 1977 3496:Okoth 2006 3465:Blake 1977 3453:Binda 2007 3172:Wills 1967 2988:Blake 1977 2793:Okoth 2006 2774:Okoth 2006 2551:References 2487:Afrikaners 2483:King Shaka 2461:isiNdebele 2448:amaNdebele 2332:Afrikaners 2190:See also: 1973:capitalist 1943:—in 1910. 1849:See also: 1423:Parliament 1356:Government 1337:1979 1234:Chimurenga 1229:Chimurenga 1204:Chimurenga 1145:Chimurenga 1136:rinderpest 1043:Chimurenga 988:ruled the 946:Lake Nyasa 838:Union Jack 799:Union Jack 784:Tuli River 740:Afrikaners 689:Manicaland 641:Mozambique 128:(official) 6466:Languages 6439:Education 6388:Transport 6360:Companies 6304:Judiciary 6294:Elections 6258:Provinces 6243:Districts 6221:Geography 6035:Sindebele 6020:Afrikaans 6012:Languages 5983:Coloureds 5631:Elections 5590:Provinces 5575:Districts 5553:Geography 5170:Afrikaans 5162:Languages 5138:Coloureds 4899:Provinces 4874:President 4748:Elections 4733:Districts 4676:Geography 4344:560778129 3840:457453010 3568:Gann 1969 3484:Wood 2005 3303:Gann 1958 3291:Gann 1958 3274:Gann 1958 3160:Gann 1958 3131:Gann 1958 3107:Rowe 2001 3012:Hunt 1959 2778:Youé 1986 2531:The Times 2503:Sindebele 2479:Mzilikazi 2343:dividends 2206:Sheerness 2049:, c. 1893 1901:telegraph 1444:Elections 1370:President 1183:Mzilikazi 1127:Transvaal 1037:in 1897. 942:Nyasaland 788:Fort Tuli 701:ultimatum 681:Whitehall 594:Lobengula 564:Amid the 559:telegraph 504:Whitehall 478:with the 444:telegraph 390:Transvaal 374:chartered 274:Mthwakazi 116:Salisbury 31:1888–1924 6531:Category 6491:Religion 6414:Abortion 6277:Politics 6263:Wildlife 6163:articles 6117:Category 5929:Tokaleya 5881:diaspora 5837:Polygamy 5802:Abortion 5663:Military 5619:Politics 5605:Wildlife 5539:Military 5512:By topic 5451:Bush War 5446:Rhodesia 5342:Zimbabwe 5336:; 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