Somali Civil War - Knowledge

925: 914: 903: 892: 418: 3639:(USC) rebels had captured most towns and villages surrounding Mogadishu, which prompted some to give Barre the ironic title 'Mayor of Mogadishu.' In December the USC entered Mogadishu. Four weeks of battle between Barre's remaining troops and the USC ensued, during which the USC brought more forces into the city. By January 1991, USC rebels defeated the Red Berets, Barre's special forces, toppling Barre's hold on the government. The remainder of the government's forces then finally collapsed. Some became irregular regional forces and clan militias. After the USC's victory over Barre's troops, the other rebel groups declined to cooperate with it, as each instead drew primary support from its own constituency. Among these other opposition movements were the 4096: 4283:. The Security Council also unanimously voted to suspend Somalia's arms embargo on light weapons for one year and welcomed the Federal Government's development of a new national security strategy, urging the central authorities to accelerate the plan's implementation, further define the Somali national security forces' composition, and identify capability gaps to assist their international partners in better addressing them. While many urban areas had been seized, Al-Shabaab still controlled many rural areas, where a number of their operatives disappeared into local communities in order to more effectively exploit any mistakes by the central authorities. 4311:

Group reported that systematic abuses by Somali government officials had allowed weapons to be diverted away from Somalia's security forces into the hands of faction leaders and Al-Shabaab militants. The panel had observed various problems with the management of weapons and ammunition stockpiles, including difficulties by monitors in accessing local weapons stockpiles and obtaining information about the arms. The monitors also suggested that one key adviser to the president was involved in planning arms deliveries to Al-Shabaab and that shipments of weapons from Djibouti and Uganda could not be accounted for. Somali Chief of Army

3380: 4376: 8990: 1188: 235: 4320: 3600:, the capital and largest town of Awdal, but the SNM leadership withdrew units within 24 hours to allow discussions to take place without the threat of occupation. By February 4, SNM's control extended to the entire north of Somalia, and all prisoners and pro-government ex-soldiers were released and ordered to return to their regions of origin (mainly Ethiopia), except for Hawiye ex-soldiers and ex-civil servants, who were permitted to remain in Burco since their lives would have been at risk if they had traveled through hostile pro-Barre country on their 3497: 43: 459: 750: 739: 728: 281: 1043: 1030: 1017: 1006: 995: 984: 973: 588: 576: 1157: 1146: 1135: 1124: 1113: 1102: 1091: 1078: 1067: 1056: 958: 947: 936: 4360:. The Ministry of Defense provided ongoing reassurance and security to local residents, and supplied logistical and security support. Additionally, the Ministry of Interior was prepared to support and put into place programs to assist local administration and security. A Deputy Minister and several religious scholars were dispatched to all four towns to coordinate and supervise the federal government's stabilization initiatives. By March 26, the allied forces had liberated ten towns, including 10485: 600: 429: 10226: 9148: 3543:'s government extended its reach beyond the initial bombings in the north to encompass various regions across the country. This reproduction of aggressive strategies aimed at stifling dissent and retaining authority over the populace was a hallmark of the government's repressive actions in the South. One of the most notable instances occurred in 1991, when Barre's regime initiated a ruthless arial assault that led to the deaths of numerous innocent individuals in the town of 3620: 11719: 4494: 12303: 11118: 10240: 3730: 1462: 1450: 1439: 1428: 1417: 1404: 1345: 646: 632: 490: 870: 859: 848: 837: 12313: 11128: 10199: 10180: 10168: 10141: 9129: 9109: 9085: 9061: 1281: 1270: 1199: 1177: 881: 821: 810: 799: 788: 777: 766: 712: 701: 690: 679: 565: 546: 447: 407: 395: 358: 328: 317: 247: 223: 191: 1254: 1243: 1232: 1221: 1210: 259: 4480: 11251: 3772:; the UNOSOM-mediated Hirab reconciliation of January 1994 in Mogadishu between elders of the rival Abgal and Haber Gedir clans, which was backed by politicians from these constituencies and concluded with a pact to end hostilities, dismantle the green line partitioning the city, and remove road blocks; the UNOSOM-mediated Kismayo initiative of 1994 between the SNA, SPM, SSDF, and representatives of nineteen clans from the southern 4299:

security throughout the country and region. In November 2013, a senior Ethiopian government official announced that Ethiopia's troops deployed in Somalia would soon join AMISOM, having already forwarded a request to do so. At the time, an estimated 8,000 Ethiopian soldiers were stationed in the country. The Somali Foreign Ministry welcomed the decision, asserting that the move would galvanize AMISOM's campaign against Al-Shabaab.

1389: 1378: 1367: 1356: 1334: 1318: 1303: 1292: 619: 535: 524: 513: 479: 375: 339: 10117: 502: 4139: 4425:'s term expired in February 2021, dates had not been set for the election of a successor, and fighting subsequently broke out in Mogadishu. This fighting continued until May 2021, when the government and opposition agreed to hold elections within 60 days; after further negotiation, the presidential election was scheduled for October 10, and was actually held on 15 May 2022, with 4340:

supply, transfer or sale of arms and military equipment to individuals or entities outside of the Somali security forces. The Somali government was also required to routinely report on the structural status of the military, as well as provide information on the extant infrastructure and protocols designed to ensure the military equipment's safe delivery, storage and maintenance.

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continued support for Somalia's peace and stabilization efforts, as well as its preparedness to assist in initiatives aiming to build up Somali security forces through experience-sharing and training. The meeting concluded with a tripartite Memorandum of Understanding agreeing to promote partnership and cooperation, including a cooperative agreement to develop the police force.

4080:, and began to adopt a low-key negotiating profile with key actors. In November 2008, following repeated violations of the weapons blockade, the Security Council decided that an arms embargo could be imposed on entities involved in such breaches. After a two-year consultation process, the TFG was formed in 2004 by Somali politicians in Nairobi under the auspices of the 4264:, a joint advance against Al-Shabaab, in October 2011. This operation had reportedly been planned for nearly two years, during which time Kenyan officials sought U.S. support for the mission. After the successful conclusion of Operation Linda Nchi in May 2012, Kenyan troops were formally integrated into AMISOM in June. After Operation Linda Nchi, the port city of 4131:. In his speech, which was broadcast on national radio, Yusuf expressed regret at failing to end the country's seventeen-year conflict as his government had mandated to do. He also blamed the international community for its failure to support the government, and said that the speaker of parliament would succeed him in office per the 4124:

sustain the battle against insurgent elements in the southern part of the country. Financial support for this effort was provided by the autonomous region's government. This left little revenue for Puntland's own security forces and civil service employees, leaving the territory vulnerable to piracy and terrorist attacks.

3581:, and about 100 other Somali politicians signed a manifesto advocating reconciliation. A number of the signatories were subsequently arrested. Barre's heavy-handed tactics further strengthened the appeal of the various rebel movements, although these groups' only common goal was the overthrow of his government. 8630: 4339:

On 5 March 2014, the UN Security Council unanimously voted to extend the partial easing of the arms embargo on Somalia to 25 October. The resolution permitted the Somali government to purchase light weapons, with the stipulation that all member states must take steps to prevent the direct or indirect

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in September about the possibility. It consists of a team of fewer than five advisers, including planners and communicators between the Somali authorities and AMISOM. The cell is intended to provide consultative and planning support to the allied forces to enhance their capacity and promote peace and

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Violence flared up in Mogadishu on 17 November 1991, when the Aidid-aligned faction of the USC attacked Mahdi-aligned forces in the city. They seized part of the city, but could not push Mahdi's forces out of northern Mogadishu. In 1992, after four months of heavy fighting for control of Mogadishu, a

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According to Necrometrics, around 500,000 people are estimated to have been killed in Somalia since the start of the civil war in 1991. The Armed Conflict Location & Event Dataset estimates that 3,300 people were killed during the conflict in 2012, with the number of fatalities dropping slightly

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entered Mogadishu for the first time since being elected to office. But as Meckhaus writes, the TFG was seen "by most of the Mogadishu population as a puppet of Ethiopia, and uncontrolled TFG security forces became the principal sources of insecurity for the local population, engaging in kidnapping,

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made a pro forma denial of the allegations. He also said that a UN monitoring team had twice visited the government's weapons and ammunition storage facilities in Mogadishu, where it was shown the arms stockpiles for inspection and had expressed satisfaction. Elmi said that the government had twice

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was elected president by the parliament in October 2004. However, in March 2005 the TFG split after a brawl in parliament over deployment of peacekeepers and relocation to an interim capital. The parliamentary speaker led some members to Mogadishu while the president and others remained in Nairobi.

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in March 1995, military clashes between local factions became shorter, generally less intense, and more localized. This was in part due to the large-scale UN military intervention that had helped to curb the intense fighting between the major factions, who then began to focus on consolidating gains

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in 1988 by state forces, or to 1991, following the collapse of the Barre administration and the commencement of interclan warfare. For analytical purposes, he settles on 1991 for the start date of a new civil war, on the grounds that the fighting had begun previously, but that a major party to the

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could be catastrophic for Somalis, because of the damage the civil war has wrought on Somalia's health care, and weak provision since the 1980s. On 25 November 2020, it was reported that a CIA officer had been killed in Somalia. The death came as the US administration under Donald Trump was making

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On 15 December 2018 there were demonstrations in the city of Baidoa by supporters of Mukhtar Rowbow, a presidential candidate who had been arrested two days earlier by government forces and transferred to Mogadishu. Rowbow was a senior member of al-Shabaab. AMISOM announced that its forces did not

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Following their defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions. Some of the more radical elements, including Al-Shabaab, regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian military's presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab

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to discuss strengthening relations between the countries. Ahmed commended Ethiopia's role in the ongoing peace and stabilization process in Somalia as well as its opposition to Al-Shabaab, and welcomed the Ethiopian military's decision to join AMISOM. Desalegn in turn pledged his administration's

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requested an extension of the UN Security Council's weapons purchasing mandate for Somalia after its March expiration, saying that the Somali defence forces required better military equipment and arms to more effectively combat militants. The following month, the UN Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring

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On August 6, 2011, Al-Shabaab was forced to withdraw from most of Mogadishu. Al-Shabaab did still retain a foothold in the northern outskirts of the capital, but by January 2012, the combined efforts of Somali government and AMISOM forces had expelled them from the city completely. An ideological

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As a truce, in March 2009, Somalia's coalition government announced that it would re-implement shari'a as the nation's official judicial system. However, conflict continued in the southern and central parts of the country. Within months, the coalition government had gone from holding about 70% of

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In early March 2014, AMISOM, supported by Somali militias, launched another operation to remove Al-Shabaab from its remaining areas of control in southern Somalia. According to Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed, the government subsequently launched stabilization efforts in the newly liberated

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Due to a lack of funding and human resources, an arms embargo that made it difficult to re-establish a national security force, and general indifference on the part of the international community, President Yusuf found himself obliged to deploy thousands of troops from Puntland to Mogadishu to

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Following the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 2124, which authorized the deployment of 4,000 additional troops to augment AMISOM's 22,126 strong force, Ethiopian troops formally joined the mission in January 2014. They are mandated to work alongside the Somali National Army, with

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government was elected to office, which enacted numerous reforms. Among these, in its first 50 days in office, the new administration completed its first monthly payment of stipends to government soldiers. This government subsequently began to push back Al-Shabaab over the following years.

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The arms embargo on Somalia was amended in February 2007 to allow states to supply weapons to the TFG's security forces, provided that they received prior approval from the UN's Somalia Sanctions Committee. After long discussions, the African Union approved the initial deployment of the

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In 2007, Menkhaus wrote that 'armed conflict in Somalia has generally subsided since the early 1990s. Armed clashes continue to break out, but are nowhere near the scale and intensity of the fighting that destroyed Hargeisa in 1988–89 or Mogadishu in 1991–92.' Menkhaus, FSIP, 2007,

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and arbitrary. This caused opposition to his government to grow. Barre tried to quell the unrest by abandoning appeals to nationalism, relying more and more on his own inner circle, and exploiting historical clan animosities. By the mid-1980s, more resistance movements supported by

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regions, and northwestern parts of the country remained relatively peaceful. A number of the regional and district administrations that had been locally established in the preceding few years continued to operate in these areas. In 1994-95, factions contending for power in the

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Consequently, Aidid's faction continued its quest for hegemony in the south. In September 1995, militia forces loyal to him attacked and occupied the city of Baidoa. Aidid's forces remained in control of Baidoa from September 1995 to at least January 1996, while the local

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administration had sprung up across the country. Barre responded by ordering punitive measures against those he perceived as supporting the guerrillas, especially in the north. The clampdown included the bombing of cities, with the northwestern administrative center of

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For further details on UNOSOM-sponsored local-level community-based reconciliation conferences, see Menkhaus, 'International Peacebuilding and the Dynamics of Local and National Reconciliation in Somalia,' International Peacekeeping, Vol. 3, No. 1, Spring 1996,

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to a seven-year term on December 23, 1986, his poor health and advanced age led to speculation about who would succeed him. Possible contenders included his son-in-law General Ahmed Suleiman Abdille, then the Minister of the Interior, in addition to Samatar.

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for Somalia. The conference ended with a signed agreement calling for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops in exchange for the cessation of armed confrontation. Parliament was subsequently expanded to 550 seats to accommodate ARS members, which then elected

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In response to these humanitarian abuses, Western aid donors cut funding to the Somali regime which, at the time, was heavily reliant on foreign aid. This resulted in a rapid "retreat of the state", accompanied by a severe drop in value for the

4664: 4044:(ICU). However, the ICU won a decisive victory in June of that year. It then rapidly expanded and consolidated its power throughout southern Somalia. By August 2006, the TFG was confined to Baidoa under Ethiopian protection. (Interpeace, 104) 5852:. Metz, Helen Chapin, 1928-, Library of Congress. Federal Research Division., Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Library of Congress. Hebraic Section) (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 1993. 7790: 3317:(TFG) in 2004. The trend toward reduced conflict halted in 2005, and sustained and destructive conflict took place in the south in 2005–07, but the battle was of a much lower scale and intensity than in the early 1990s. In 2006, 6656: 1635: 3325:(ICU) and install the TFG. The ICU effectively disintegrated, and soon after a large scale insurgency began against the occupation as other Islamist groups formed and established themselves as independent actors. Most notably 3531:

border. Barre's regime responded with “systematic” human rights abuses and the genocide of thousands of Isaaq tribesmen resulting in up to 200,000 civilians slaughtered and 500,000 more people seeking refuge in neighbouring

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ceasefire was agreed between Ali Mahdi Mohamed and Mohamed Farah Aideed. Neither had seized control of the capital, and as a result, a 'greenline' was established between east and west that divided their areas of control.

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responsibility for the allied forces' operations in the southern Gedo, Bakool and Bay regions. The Ethiopian troops represent AMISOM's sixth contingent after the Djibouti, Burundi, Sierra Leone, Kenya and Uganda units.

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Aidid subsequently declared himself President of Somalia on June 15, 1995. However, his declaration received no recognition, as his rival Ali Mahdi Muhammad had already been elected interim President at a conference in

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peace agreement of June 1993 between Aidid's forces and the SSDF, which established a ceasefire between the Haber Gedir and the Majeerteen clans, opened the trade routes, and formalized the withdrawal of militants from

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Some of the militias that were then competing for power saw UNOSOM's presence as a threat to their hegemony. Consequently, gun battles took place in Mogadishu between local gunmen and peacekeepers. Among these was the

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purchased weapons since the arms embargo on Somalia was partially lifted. He also asserted that Al-Shabaab already had an adequate supply of weapons and mainly utilized explosive devices and sophisticated bombs.

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was established in August 2012, constituting the country's first permanent central government since the start of the civil war. International stakeholders and analysts subsequently began to describe Somalia as a

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as well as strategic areas in Mogadishu. Fighting in Merca eventually ended after elders intervened, but continued in Mogadishu. In August 1996, Aidid died from wounds incurred during combat in the Medina area.

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Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Somalia, S/1997/135, February 17, 1997, paragraphs 6,7, and 9. For later occurrences 1997 to 2000, see S/1997/715, S/1999/882, and S/2000/1211 (December 19,

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scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At the end of 2008, the group had captured Baidoa but not Mogadishu. On May 1, 2008, the U.S. made an

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assaults, and worse." Within weeks, an armed insurgency subsequently arose in the capital against the TFG and its Ethiopian allies. The government then relocated to the capital from its interim location in

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in most regions. In 1991 and 1998, two autonomous regional governments were also established in the northern part of the country. This led to a relative decrease in the intensity of the fighting, with the

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In March 1996, Ali Mahdi was elected chairman of the United Somali Congress/Somali Salvation Alliance (USC/SSA), based in northern Mogadishu. In the southern part of city, Aidid's forces battled those of

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Many of the opposition groups subsequently began competing for influence in the power vacuum that followed the ousting of Barre's government. In the south, armed factions led by USC commanders General

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Mohamed Ahmed Jama, “Securing Mogadishu: Neighbourhood Watches,” in Whose Peace is it anyway? Connecting Somali and International Peacemaking Approaches, Accord 21, Conciliation Resources, 2010, 66.

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began establishing the Mogadishu Coordinating Cell, which became fully operational in late December. The unit was formed at the request of the Somali government and AMISOM, who had approached U.S.

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south-central Somalia's conflict zones, territory which it had inherited from the previous Yusuf administration, to losing control of over 80% of the disputed territory to the Islamist insurgents.

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that they had made. The local peace and reconciliation initiatives that had been undertaken in the south-central part of the country between 1993 and 1995 also generally had a positive impact.

1621: 14351: 6360: 1454: 4391:. U.S. authorities hailed the raid as a major symbolic and operational loss for Al-Shabaab, and the Somali government offered a 45-day amnesty to all moderate members of the militant group. 5951:"Somalia: Information on the capture of the town of Belet Uen by the United Somali Congress (USC) at the end of 1990 or early 1991 and on persecution of Darod in Belet Uen by USC soldiers" 8437: 4834: 4733:

While this is the newest map, sources for it are not the best, This war rarely gets media coverage, so finding a reliable map for it is really hard to find. The discussion for this is on

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was launched, aiming to reduce insurgent-held areas along the coastline. On 1 September 2014, a U.S. drone strike carried out as part of the broader mission killed Al-Shabaab leader

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conference between the Marehan and Rahanweyn (Digil and Mirifle), which resolved conflicts over local resources; and the short-lived Digil-Mirifle Governing Council for the southern

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militia. For its part, the SNM initially refused to accept the legitimacy of the provisional government that the USC had established, but in March 1991 the SNM's former leader

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rift within Al-Shabaab's leadership also emerged after the 2011 drought and the assassination of top officials in the organization. With the majority of Mogadishu secure, the

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Most of the coup's ringleaders were rounded up and executed but some escaped and formed the Somali Salvation Democratic Front, starting the rebellion that eventually toppled

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reported at least 596 civilian casualties by August 2020. However, officials have struggled to maintain an accurate count due to flooding and COVID-19 deaths in the area.

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During negotiations from 1993 to 1995, Somali principals had some success in reconciliation and establishment of public authorities. Among these initiatives was the

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United Nations Security Council, Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council Resolution 2002 (2011), S/2012/544, p.226

5208: 4970: 7664: 7515: 13033: 12349: 8229: 7538: 6563: 2949: 7449: 14506: 12982: 8951: 4132: 3330: 1822: 4704: 13091: 6993:"Opening Annual General Assembly Debate, Secretary-General Urges Member States to Press in Tackling Poverty, Terrorism, Human Rights Abuses, Conflicts" 1236: 5180: 14747: 14105: 13792: 13284: 12514: 9212: 1776: 1700: 1547: 1214: 8590: 7243: 6356: 5461: 13096: 11638: 9421: 8804: 8264: 3303: 6765: 13749: 13744: 10017: 9362: 8912: 8745: 7265: 7039: 4808: 4280: 4186: 3131: 8429: 5827: 5408: 5304: 4830: 14936: 14762: 13155: 13004: 9431: 8814: 6913: 6790: 3741: 3719: 3715: 1393: 14795: 13756: 13218: 9662: 6630: 3931: 2435: 1035: 8503: 8163: 7686: 14652: 13374: 13106: 12912: 12519: 11958: 10470: 9601: 9205: 8462: 6996: 4465: 2314: 803: 8603: 8599: 13916: 13591: 13316: 12454: 11512: 6036: 5113: 5051: 4437: 3143: 3097: 592: 6111: 4372:

described the military advance as the most significant and geographically extensive offensive since AU troops began operations in 2007.

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in February 2009 to assume full control of the southern half of the country. To solidify its rule, the TFG formed an alliance with the

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In 2000, Ali Mahdi participated in another conference in Djibouti. He lost a re-election bid there to Barre's former Interior Minister

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National Academy of Sciences (U.S.). Committee on Human Rights, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Health and Human Rights,

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separately reported that Hussein Aideed himself had acknowledged support from both Eritrea and Uganda. Aideed's forces occupied

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from positions of power including the military, judiciary and security services, as well as harsh policies enacted against the

3290: 3286: 3124: 2159: 1694: 302: 8190: 7608: 7182: 7112: 7061: 3726:(UNOSOM I), to provide humanitarian relief and help restore order in Somalia after the dissolution of its central government. 14830: 14810: 14426: 14123: 12399: 12014: 9702: 9606: 9426: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 8809: 8719: 8552: 8399: 8311: 8063: 7724: 7213: 6396: 6237: 6105: 5762: 4512: 3808:. UN soldiers eventually withdrew altogether from the country on March 3, 1995, having incurred more significant casualties. 3723: 3278: 2490: 2319: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 1878: 1769: 1655: 1505: 292: 8341: 7846: 6206: 5572: 5431: 4987: 14926: 14140: 13844: 12989: 12887: 12792: 12433: 11525: 11342: 10846: 10066: 9631: 8643: 7091: 7020: 3038: 3033: 3023: 2369: 8624: 8547:

I. M. Lewis. A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa, Athens: Ohio University Press, 2002,

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Bøås, Morten. "Returning to realities: a building-block approach to state and statecraft in Eastern Congo and Somalia".

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From the beginning of 2020, humanitarian researchers and local medical personnel became increasingly concerned that the

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International Crisis Group, Somalia: To Move Beyond the Failed State, Africa Report N°147 – December 23, 2008, 25.

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In 2022, the 14 year long AMISOM mission came to an end in March 2022. It was replaced by a Somali-led operation, the

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temporarily collapsed, and factional fighting proliferated. In the absence of a central government, Somalia became a "

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Somalia: Personal Rule, Military Rule and Militarism (in) Hutchful and Bathily, The Military and Militarism in Africa

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who created a self-help group to improve local facilities. This was followed by the systematic efforts to remove all

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during 1993, the UN withdrew from Somalia in 1995. After the central government's collapse, there was some return to

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newly-declared-independent Somaliland region included the United Somalia Front, the Somalia Democratic Front, the

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Jutta Bakonyi. "Authority and administration beyond the state: local governance in southern Somalia, 1995–2006",

7660: 5629: 4552: 4021: 4009: 3988: 3314: 3065: 2960: 2910: 2840: 2790: 2735: 2680: 2650: 2630: 2304: 411: 30: 8221: 6560: 5018: 14931: 14687: 14071: 14060: 13970: 13150: 13018: 12967: 12929: 12862: 12825: 12556: 12481: 12194: 12157: 12100: 11839: 11648: 11347: 10539: 10402: 10258: 10131: 9982: 9887: 9882: 9857: 9772: 9732: 9481: 9034: 8666: 7235: 5457: 4595: 3978: 3505: 3490: 3374: 3318: 3247: 3082: 3070: 2845: 2725: 2720: 2690: 2575: 2530: 1846: 1585: 1467: 1360: 1296: 149: 4268:

was the last major stronghold that remained in Al-Shabaab's control. A Kenyan-led AMISOM force, backed by the

4127:

On December 29, 2008, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed announced before a united parliament in Baidoa his resignation as

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Hammond, Laura (2013). "Somalia rising: things are starting to change for the world's longest failed state".

6739:

Interpeace, 'The search for peace: A history of mediation in Somalia since 1988,' Interpeace, May 2009, 59-60

6622: 5735: 5496: 4195: 3955: 3872: 3524: 3349: 3013: 2890: 2775: 2565: 2495: 2344: 569: 163: 6718: 4033:. In February 2006, the TFG parliament met in Baidoa for the first time since March 2005. (Interpeace, 104) 3584:

In the north, fighting continued between SNM rebels and heavily armed pro-government militia in places like

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head of state for the next several months. Although Barre managed to recover enough to present himself for

2974: 2900: 2820: 2815: 2780: 2660: 2655: 2550: 2409: 1597: 743: 8086:"Somalia: President says Godane is dead, now is the chance for the members of al-Shabaab to embrace peace" 4862:"Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides" 3604: 3348:

inside Somalia. Kenyan troops were formally integrated into the multinational force in February 2012. The

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Kleist, Nauja; Edle Ali, Abdirahman; Musa, Ahmed; Hassan, Mohammed Aden; Bradbury, Mark (April 1, 2020).

4522: 4156: 4143: 3745: 3406:

plummeted and widespread discontent among his generals led to an attempted coup d'état on 10 April 1978.

3329:

rose to prominence in this period, and has since been fighting the Somali government and the AU-mandated

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Society, Security, Sovereignty and the State in Somalia: From Statelessness to Statelessness? - Page 222

6232:. Dakar: Council for the Development of Economic and Social Research in Africa (CODESRIA). p. 389. 3519:

agreed to a secret deal whereby each would cease hosting insurgencies of one another. This prompted the

14911: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14582: 14547: 14267: 14250: 14099: 14055: 14008: 13926: 13904: 13603: 13040: 12708: 12640: 12551: 12486: 11963: 11933: 11718: 11608: 11498: 11031: 10071: 10007: 9947: 9767: 9697: 9456: 9399: 8887: 8782: 7996:"Somalia: The capture of Qoryooley is critical for the operations to liberate Barawe, Amisom head says" 7507: 7433:

Fighting for Peace in Somalia: A History and Analysis of the African Union Mission (AMISOM), 2007-2017,

7036: 6832:

August 13, 2007, and HRW, 'So Much to Fear: War Crimes and the Devastation of Somalia,' December 2008.'

6761: 6450: 5881: 4804: 4191: 4117: 3797: 3710: 3259: 3163: 3119: 2996: 2880: 2810: 2570: 2485: 2124: 1946: 1800: 1728: 1715: 1258: 195: 14886: 14871: 14577: 14087: 14003: 13931: 13529: 13439: 12946: 12677: 12277: 12090: 12060: 11968: 10984: 10943: 10868: 10863: 10509: 10377: 10061: 9972: 9862: 9717: 9451: 8961: 6307:"A Proposal to the Somali National Movement: On a Framework for a Transitional Government in Somalia" 5791: 5380: 5296: 4422: 3943: 3876: 3834: 3686: 3640: 3153: 2835: 2695: 2510: 2119: 1951: 1192: 716: 6917: 6794: 6044: 6012:

The Genesis of the Civil War in Somalia: The Impact of Foreign Military Intervention on the Conflict

4051:

entered Somalia to assist the TFG against the advancing Islamic Courts Union, initially winning the

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over a period of three months. It was attended by the area's political elite, traditional elders (

14185: 13921: 13722: 13573: 13550: 13476: 13339: 13311: 12801: 12682: 12568: 12459: 12284: 12184: 12179: 12143: 12026: 11992: 11975: 11938: 11844: 11727: 11673: 10994: 10989: 10905: 10802: 10782: 10484: 10352: 10277: 10172: 10002: 9892: 9722: 9712: 9667: 9561: 9526: 9496: 8925: 8877: 8618: 8495: 5079:,' in Andersen/Moller/Stepputat (eds.), Fragile States and Insecure People,' Palgrave, 2007, 73. 4734: 4571: 4214: 4164: 3903:), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives. The 3817: 3589: 3148: 3114: 2875: 2730: 2515: 2500: 2440: 2259: 2209: 2174: 1936: 1735: 463: 362: 263: 137: 6992: 3655:

proposed a power-sharing framework between the SNM and USC under a new transitional government.

3379: 14607: 14587: 14521: 14481: 13898: 13716: 13505: 13045: 12907: 12713: 12262: 11912: 11623: 10900: 10807: 9777: 9692: 9646: 9556: 9541: 9387: 9029: 8966: 8770: 7813:"Somalia: Military chief says UN Monitoring Group wants Al Shabab to become an endless project" 4896: 4452: 4384: 4279:

In January 2013, AMISOM's mandate was extended for another year following the adoption of UNSC

3966: 3848:, as well as southwestern and central Somalia. However, despite these pockets of conflict, the 3636: 3251: 3109: 3104: 2986: 2905: 2580: 2475: 2399: 2254: 2234: 1602: 1022: 343: 321: 227: 8257: 5043: 4932:

Robinson, Colin (2016). "Revisiting the rise and fall of the Somali Armed Forces, 1960–2012".

14825: 14597: 14441: 13850: 13427: 12596: 12224: 12138: 12078: 11928: 11861: 11753: 11748: 11678: 11613: 11533: 11414: 10160: 10150: 9787: 9682: 9626: 9616: 9099: 9051: 8920: 8867: 8837: 6095: 4426: 4328: 4307: 4225:, the two main Islamist groups in opposition, began to fight amongst themselves in mid-2009. 4182: 4089: 4060: 4056: 4025: 4005: 3946:

in June 1999. By the end of the year, the Rahanweyn Resistance Army had taken control of the

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against the Barre regime and its Isaaq members, to the razing of the Isaaq majority town of

14667: 14516: 14436: 14396: 14239: 14179: 13892: 12267: 12115: 11588: 11424: 11337: 11327: 11210: 11205: 11099: 11004: 10953: 10851: 10814: 10787: 10493: 10372: 10362: 9917: 9902: 9847: 9757: 9727: 9511: 9411: 9012: 8935: 8794: 7966:"Somalia: PM hosts meeting with International Community diplomats on stabilisation efforts" 7168: 5792:"State-making at Gunpoint: The Role of Violent Conflict in Somaliland's March to Statehood" 4772: 4332: 4261: 4257: 4210: 4128: 4109: 4041: 3996: 3959: 3915: 3805: 3624: 3392: 3341: 3334: 3322: 3092: 3087: 2927: 2765: 2745: 2675: 2665: 2555: 2525: 2189: 1421: 1285: 1181: 694: 517: 483: 379: 201: 153: 8463:"Conflict Trends (No. 23) Real-time Analysis of African Political Violence, February 2014" 6388: 6381: 3631:

medium tanks left abandoned near a warehouse, photographed by U.S. forces in December 1993

3340:

In October 2011, following preparatory meetings, Kenyan troops entered southern Somalia ("

3214: 8: 14677: 14496: 14386: 14203: 13579: 13379: 13301: 13160: 12934: 12857: 12837: 12806: 12306: 12252: 12247: 12232: 12125: 11851: 11758: 11643: 11603: 11465: 11429: 11182: 11089: 11074: 11054: 11026: 10831: 10761: 10519: 10035: 9937: 9877: 9636: 9621: 9591: 9138: 9022: 5903: 5518: 4582:, and Necrometrics all assert that the conflict started in 1991, after the ouster of the 4415: 4287: 4269: 4253: 4173:

Between May 31 and June 9, 2008, representatives of Somalia's federal government and the

4092:

as president. The TFG thereafter became Somalia's internationally recognized government.

4001: 3862: 3659: 3571: 3425: 3236: 3180: 3050: 2979: 2800: 2715: 2414: 2389: 2374: 2354: 2334: 2299: 1338: 1322: 1203: 841: 683: 56: 5598: 4375: 3596:, where a battle took place and the town was destroyed. SNM militia then continued into 14612: 14572: 14461: 14456: 14431: 13585: 13368: 13345: 12703: 12496: 12404: 12189: 12095: 11593: 11392: 11220: 11046: 10948: 10888: 10777: 10514: 10387: 10382: 10367: 10312: 10126: 10040: 9807: 9641: 9581: 9576: 9119: 9094: 9075: 9017: 7489: 6822: 6416: 5875: 5819: 4949: 4914: 4319: 3749: 3682: 3678: 3282: 2750: 2625: 2394: 2379: 2289: 2284: 1669: 1307: 1274: 1247: 297: 7310: 4773:"UN senior official calls for widespread support for Somali Government reform efforts" 3496: 14562: 14391: 14325: 14169: 13839: 13698: 13633: 13145: 12962: 12917: 12766: 12718: 12687: 12384: 12316: 12312: 11997: 11628: 11583: 11568: 11474: 11446: 11404: 11127: 11094: 11064: 11009: 10979: 10529: 10076: 10025: 9687: 9611: 9586: 9566: 9516: 8852: 8548: 8533:

Barnes, Cedric, and Harun Hassan. "The rise and fall of Mogadishu's Islamic Courts".

8245: 7493: 6862: 6670: 6483: 6467: 6392: 6273: 6233: 6169: 6101: 6015: 5934: 5863: 5853: 5823: 5811: 5758: 5599:"The European Union announces more than €124 million to increase security in Somalia" 5400: 5103: 4953: 4399: 4388: 3663: 3647:

group which had been formed in the northwest to counter the Somali National Movement

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Understanding the Somalia conflagration: Identity, political Islam and peacebuilding

7569: 4887:

Fearon, James D. (2004). "Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer Than Others?".

4194:, the former ARS chairman, to office. President Sharif shortly afterwards appointed 3895:

In 1998, a homegrown constitutional conference was held in the northeastern town of

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Various start dates have been offered for when the civil war in Somalia began. The

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In June 2005, under pressure from Kenya, the remainder of the TFG left Nairobi for

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Combatant Commands Informational Series: Central Command: Somalia: Fielded Forces

6567: 6518:

See also Report of the Secretary-General on Somalia, S/1995/231 (March 28, 1995).

6464: 6364: 6267: 6200: 6066: 5737:

Decisions in Operations Other Than War: The United States Intervention in Somalia

5576: 5435: 5136: 5097: 5084: 4994: 4974: 4499: 4312: 3853: 3608: 3567: 3207: 3199: 2249: 2184: 2134: 1963: 1921: 1916: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1710: 951: 7083: 7017: 14476: 14466: 14411: 14152: 13885: 13880: 13692: 13686: 13674: 13618: 12994: 12977: 12941: 12902: 12469: 12464: 12409: 12242: 11653: 11573: 11479: 11409: 11296: 11276: 11131: 11069: 10685: 10675: 10655: 10590: 10410: 10342: 10155: 9987: 9501: 9158: 8570: 7783:"Federal government of Somalia denies the report issued by UN monitoring group" 6821:, Vol. 154, No. 4, August 2009, 8. Menkhaus says in addition: 'or details, see 6528: 5008:"Somali refugee displacements in the near region: Analysis and Recommendations" 4575: 4542: 4485: 4353: 3800:

in October 1993, part of an unsuccessful operation by U.S. troops to apprehend

3729: 3370: 3158: 3045: 3006: 2855: 2179: 1684: 1590: 940: 770: 749: 738: 727: 286: 8367: 6150:"The Emergence of a Somali State: Building Peace from Civil War in Somaliland" 5957:. Somalia: Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. November 1, 1992. 4861: 14865: 14845: 14310: 14111: 14093: 14049: 13941: 13704: 13680: 13188: 12999: 12897: 12563: 12474: 12421: 11889: 11795: 11286: 11259: 11215: 11200: 10625: 10209: 10097: 9747: 9245: 9153: 9046: 8688: 8635: 7539:"U.S. Military Advisers Deployed to Somalia: First Time Since Blackhawk Down" 6173: 6097:

Consider Somaliland: State-Building with Traditional Leaders and Institutions

5815: 5404: 5255:. Universität Konstanz Politik- und Verwaltungswissenschaften. Archived from 4910: 4705:"Somalia: Pro-ISIL militants, Al Shabaab clash in deadly Puntland infighting" 4444: 4077: 3666:, in particular, clashed as each sought to exert authority over the capital. 3354: 3270: 3173: 2545: 1156: 1145: 1134: 1123: 1112: 1101: 1090: 1077: 1066: 1055: 988: 957: 946: 935: 907: 874: 732: 650: 605: 539: 434: 34: 11310: 6412: 5867: 4414:) in December 2020. He changed the mission of American troops to assist the 4272:, then launched an offensive against Kismayo on September 28, 2012. After a 14657: 13246: 12169: 11874: 11558: 11378: 11361: 11281: 11190: 10630: 10578: 10332: 10121: 9000: 7405: 7358: 7341: 6817: 6165: 4746: 4603:

conflict was defeated. Robinson writes that the "civil war had effectively

4587: 4369: 4244: 4222: 4160: 3947: 3919: 3785: 3593: 3445: 3421: 3306:

removing Somalia from its list of major armed conflicts for 1997 and 1998.

3274: 3266: 3239:

began engaging in combat against various armed rebel groups, including the

1409: 1162: 1106: 1095: 1071: 1060: 962: 863: 852: 825: 506: 73: 12327: 7872:"UN Security Council Extends Arms Embargo lift on Somalia to eight months" 7631:"Comment on Ethiopian troops formally join AMISOM peacekeepers in Somalia" 5705: 3744:

was unanimously passed on December 3, 1992, which approved a coalition of

3673:

conference of April–May 1991, the SNM declared an independent Republic of

3619: 14672: 14647: 14637: 14567: 14320: 14315: 13865: 13639: 13394: 12389: 10723: 10660: 9005: 8220:

Correspondent, Jim Sciutto, Chief National Security (November 25, 2020).

6529:"Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Somalia (S/1996/42)" 4590:

argues that the start of the conflict could be dated to 1981, when armed

4295: 3845: 3777: 3424:

for head injuries, broken ribs and shock for a month. Lieutenant General

3345: 3333:

peacekeeping force for control of the country. Somalia topped the annual

2991: 1117: 7374:"Kenya: Defense Minister appointed as acting Internal Security Minister" 6823:

Human Rights Watch, 'Shell-shocked: Civilians under siege in Mogadishu,'

6135:

State formation in Somaliland: Bringing deliberation to institutionalism

4687:"ISIL's First East African Affiliate Conducts Attacks in Somalia, Kenya" 4493: 3918:. Aidid Jr. denied the claims, saying that the Ethiopian Prime Minister 3360: 14662: 14501: 14486: 13936: 12237: 11832: 11827: 11800: 11521: 11059: 10733: 10665: 10566: 10544: 10397: 10107: 8576:

McGregor, Andrew. "The Leading Factions Behind the Somali Insurgency".

6454: 6376: 5381:"The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab" 4583: 4448: 4345: 4040:, a coalition of U.S.-backed militia leaders, confronted the ascendant 4036:

A battle for Mogadishu followed in the first half of 2006 in which the

3884: 3773: 3674: 3644: 3628: 3551: 3544: 3540: 3512: 3501: 3486: 3410: 3399: 3384: 3232: 3168: 3028: 3001: 1150: 1139: 1128: 86: 11490: 5625: 5007: 4306:

In January 2014, at an African Union Summit in Addis Ababa, President

4213:, other members of the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, and 3972: 3737:

points to identify a sniper's possible firing position (January 1994).

1643: 14557: 14446: 11822: 11790: 11553: 11548: 11291: 10635: 10561: 10327: 10102: 8372: 7124: 6714: 6657:"Somalia: Puntland's Experience in Peace-building and State-building" 3734: 3706: 3559: 3417: 3220: 1083: 11142: 6341:, Volume 2, (Library Information and Research Service: 1999), p.327. 5936:

The Somali State and Foreign Aid...United States Department of State

4627:"Al-Shabaab leader's fate unclear after suspected U.S. drone strike" 4410:

to remove the majority of the 700 U.S. troops in Somalia (many from

14840: 14727: 14697: 14421: 13762: 13483: 13235: 12628: 11894: 11773: 11173: 10738: 10728: 10713: 10690: 10620: 10549: 10269: 10204: 10184: 9133: 9114: 8995: 7508:"U.S. military advisers deployed to Somalia to help African forces" 6269:

The collapse of the Somali state: the impact of the colonial legacy

5432:"Failed States Index 2014: Somalia Displaced as Most-Fragile State" 4599: 4361: 4357: 4178: 3923: 3904: 3826: 3781: 3533: 3528: 3474: 3459: 3450: 3429: 1497: 869: 858: 847: 836: 623: 400: 8430:"AU starts second phase of discussion over new mission in Somalia" 8191:"COVID-19: A Looming humanitarian disaster for Somali East Africa" 7750:"Somali Government official denies U.N arms diversion allegations" 6941:"USCIRF Annual Report 2009 – The Commission's Watch List: Somalia" 6791:"Profile: Somali's newly resigned President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed" 6456:

Humanitarianism Under Fire: The US and UN Intervention in Somalia,

6357:

The search for peace: A history of mediation in Somalia since 1988

5492: 5099:

Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents, Volume 20

3289:

missions. Following an armed conflict between Somali factions and

3269:

and turmoil that followed, particularly in the south. In 1990–92,

11434: 10718: 10300: 10179: 10167: 10140: 9128: 9084: 9060: 4365: 4265: 3927: 3841: 3769: 3470: 3416:

In May 1986, Barre suffered serious injuries in a car crash near

3403: 3224: 1280: 1269: 1198: 1176: 880: 820: 809: 798: 787: 776: 765: 711: 700: 689: 678: 564: 545: 446: 406: 357: 327: 316: 246: 222: 190: 125: 7906:"U.N. extends partial easing of Somalia arms embargo to October" 7843:"Ethiopia: The Prime Minister of Somalia On a Visit to Ethiopia" 5334:. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 5215:. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 4327:

In February 2014, a delegation led by Prime Minister of Somalia

14367:

Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States

11884: 11879: 10650: 10615: 8164:"AU force in Somalia says not involved in ex-al-Shabaab arrest" 4218: 4205:

With the help of AMISOM, the coalition government also began a

4065: 4030: 3951: 3939: 3935: 3896: 3837:

militia continued to engage his forces in the town's environs.

3789: 3702: 3601: 3597: 3555: 3298: 159:

Conflict between radical Islamists and the government continues

7401:"Kenyan troops launch beach assault on Somali city of Kismayo" 5684:

Scientists and human rights in Somalia: report of a delegation

5237:

Ken Menkhaus, "Local Security Systems in Somali East Africa,"

4138: 3681:

before independence and unification with the former colony of

11869: 11563: 11195: 10670: 10610: 10534: 7139:"Somalia President, Parliament Speaker dispute over TFG term" 4591: 4349: 4146:, an Islamist group waging war against the federal government 4037: 3992: 3888: 3764: 3670: 3648: 3585: 3577:

In 1990, as fighting intensified, Somalia's first President,

3489:

regime and was one of the main causes of the breakout of the

3482: 3478: 7936:"Somalia: Federal Govt, AMISOM troops clash with Al Shabaab" 7342:"Kenya at war: Al-Shabaab and its enemies in Eastern Africa" 7058:"UN boss urges support for Somalia ahead of Istanbul summit" 6914:"Hardline Islamist Militia Group Shabbab Emerges in Somalia" 3265:

Various armed factions began competing for influence in the

2957: 11980: 10819: 10645: 10640: 8400:"Somalia elects new president after long overdue elections" 8342:"Somalia to hold indirect presidential election October 10" 7570:"Somalia: Ethiopia Decides to Join Amisom Force in Somalia" 5325: 5206: 5170: 4088:(TFIs), and concluded in October 2004 with the election of 3849: 3454: 3294: 3281:

UN military observers in July 1992, followed by the larger

6375: 5519:"Communiqué on Secretary-General's Mini-Summit on Somalia" 5253:"Identifying Causes of State failure: The Case of Somalia" 3868: 3696: 6484:"United Nations Operation In Somalia I – (Unosom I)" 5546:"New Approaches Are Needed for State-Building in Somalia" 4395:

assist in Rowbow's arrest and his transfer to Mogadishu.

4084:(IGAD). The process also led to the establishment of the 3840:

Fighting continued in the later half of 1995 in southern

8631:

United Nations Sanctions Committee on Somalia: Documents

8188: 7601:"Somali government welcomes Ethiopia AMISOM integration" 4518:

American military intervention in Somalia (2007–present)

3733:

An American soldier at the main entrance to the Port of

103: Contested between Somali government and Al-Shabaab 11599:

Postage stamps and postal history of British Somaliland

7717:"Somalia diverting arms to al-Shabab, UN report claims" 7687:"Mohamud wants UN to extend weapons purchasing mandate" 6793:. News.xinhuanet.com. December 29, 2008. Archived from 5669:

Arthur S. Banks, Thomas C. Muller, William Overstreet,

4657:"U.S. drone strike in Somalia targets al-Shabab leader" 3829:

and recognized as such by the international community.

3614: 8026:"Somalia: Elbur town falls for Somali Army and Amisom" 6916:. Jamestown Foundation. August 8, 2006. Archived from 6037:"Aden Abdulle Osman — First President of Somalia" 4977:

for SNA, SRRC, USC, SNM, ARS/UIC and Al-Shabaab tolls.

14917:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa

13233: 8312:"Somalia to hold elections within 60 days-Gov't says" 7210:"Could Somali famine deal a fatal blow to al-Shabab?" 6969:. Garoweonline.com. December 25, 2008. Archived from 6671:"Somalia: IRIN interview with Hussein Aideed, 5/4/99" 5754:

Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991

4831:"Richard B. Cheney - George H.W. Bush Administration" 4403:

plans to withdraw more than 600 troops from Somalia.

3361:

Decline and Fall of Siad Barre's government (1978–91)

3254:

in the south. The clan-based armed opposition groups

7292:"Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission" 5573:"Failed States Index 2013: What Were You Expecting?" 4475: 3466:(SNM) stronghold, among the targeted areas in 1988. 1784: 9227: 8952:

2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash

8567:

Somalia: State collapse and the threat of terrorism

3973:

TFG, Islamic Courts Union, and Ethiopia (2006–2009)

3469:In December 1981, unrest was triggered in Northern 12405:Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 8493: 8112:"Pentagon Confirms Death of Somalia Terror Leader" 7661:"Ethiopian Forces formally integrated into AMISOM" 7106: 6380: 5179:. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 5138:The civil war in Somalia: its genesis and dynamics 4533:Consolidation of states within Somalia (1998–2006) 3337:for six years from 2008 up to and including 2013. 2007: 1645:United Nations Intervention in Somalia (1992–1995) 8604:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 8368:"Somalia to hold presidential election on May 15" 8138:"US Says Airstrike in Somalia Killed 8 Militants" 7866: 7864: 7777: 7775: 7446:"United Nations Security Council Resolution 2093" 7268:. Kenya High Commission, Tanzania. Archived from 4331:met in Addis Ababa with Ethiopian Prime Minister 3440:In an effort to hold on to power, Barre's ruling 3357:" that is making some progress toward stability. 14863: 11639:List of colonial governors of British Somaliland 8056:"Somalia, AU troops close in on key Shebab base" 7988: 7899: 7897: 7805: 7438: 7339: 7311:"Leaked cables confirm U.S. role in Somalia war" 6579: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6071:. Life & Peace Institute. 1991. p. 14. 5987:. Somalia: Human Rights Watch. January 1, 1990. 3304:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 8615:"Preserving American Security Ties to Somalia," 8271: 5273:"Somalia: A failed state is back from the dead" 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 4187:Special Representative of the Secretary General 4116:on the border town of Dobley. According to the 3554:'s repressive policies occurred in the city of 3402:in March 1978, the president's popularity with 13156:Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus 8665: 8193:. Diaspora Humanitarianism in Complex Crises. 8088:. Raxanreeb. September 5, 2014. Archived from 7861: 7772: 7266:"Joint Communique – Operation Linda Nchi" 6815:Ken Menkhaus, 'Somalia: What went wrong?' The 6476: 6383:Battle Ready:Study in Command Commander Series 5450: 4150: 3910:In 1999, Eritrea was alleged to be supporting 3792:regions, which was established in March 1995. 3742:United Nations Security Council Resolution 794 3643:(SPM) and Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA), a 1844: 14352: 13219: 12343: 11506: 11158: 10285: 9663:2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu 9213: 8651: 8457: 8455: 8219: 8078: 7894: 6631:International Institute for Strategic Studies 6344: 5901: 4099:Political situation in Somalia following the 3932:International Institute for Strategic Studies 2943: 1993: 1830: 1770: 1629: 1555: 1513: 9602:2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer 8279:"Trump orders most US troops out of Somalia" 7835: 7744: 7742: 7530: 7392: 6521: 6246: 5157: 5077:Local Security Systems in Somali East Africa 4466:United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia 3504:in Somaliland, left behind wrecked from the 12357: 9363:Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa 8746:Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa 8018: 7958: 7903: 7623: 7500: 7366: 7201: 7055: 7011: 6985: 6785: 6783: 6265: 6259: 5649: 5647: 5202: 5200: 5198: 4438:African Union Transition Mission in Somalia 4323:Political situation in Somalia in July 2017 3473:by the arrest of 30 Isaaq professionals in 14816:History of the Central Intelligence Agency 14801:Length of U.S. participation in major wars 14359: 14345: 13226: 13212: 12350: 12336: 11513: 11499: 11165: 11151: 10292: 10278: 9220: 9206: 8658: 8644: 8625:Changed Arab attitudes to Somalia Conflict 8452: 8309: 8195:Danish Institute for International Studies 8048: 7928: 7561: 7399:Chonghaile, Clar Ni (September 28, 2012). 7398: 7130: 6967:"Somalia: Guide to Puntland Election 2009" 6337:Library Information and Research Service, 6254:Somalia: issues, history, and bibliography 6034: 5319: 5102:. Africa Research Limited. p. B-394. 5071: 5069: 4383:In August 2014, the Somali government-led 4082:Intergovernmental Authority on Development 3527:on Northern Somalia from its bases on the 2950: 2936: 2000: 1986: 1837: 1823: 1777: 1763: 1636: 1622: 1562: 1548: 1520: 1506: 41: 8263:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8222:"CIA officer killed in combat in Somalia" 7739: 7679: 7357: 7340:Anderson, David; McKnight, Jacob (2015). 7333: 7302: 7284: 6849: 6847: 6663: 6649: 6582:"Aidid troops kill Somalis, capture city" 5789: 5750: 5543: 5537: 5270: 5141:. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. p. 24. 5128: 4900: 4833:. US Office of the Secretary of Defense. 4564: 4175:Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia 4169:Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia 3758:Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter 3235:during the 1980s. From 1988 to 1990, the 13375:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 10435:Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009) 9743:2015 Ministry of Higher Education attack 8494:Human Rights Watch (December 23, 2020), 8104: 7709: 7653: 7536: 7465: 7228: 7157: 6780: 6198: 5751:Kapteijns, Lidwien (December 18, 2012). 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5665: 5663: 5644: 5544:Balthasar, Dominik (November 19, 2014). 5511: 5355: 5353: 5328:"Somalia - Government - Judicial branch" 5294: 5209:"Somalia - Government - Judicial branch" 5195: 5134: 4931: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4443:In 2023, fighting broke out between the 4374: 4368:. UN Special Representative for Somalia 4318: 4137: 4135:of the Transitional Federal Government. 4094: 4000: 3930:in their separate conflict. However the 3867: 3728: 3618: 3495: 3378: 13917:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) 13592:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis 13117:Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor 11520: 9798:December 2016 Mogadishu suicide bombing 8114:. Associated Press. September 5, 2014. 7916:from the original on September 24, 2015 7592: 7568:Tekle, Tesfa-Alem (November 12, 2013). 7518:from the original on September 24, 2015 7471: 7413:from the original on September 29, 2013 7308: 7258: 7207: 6888:"Background and Political Developments" 6768:from the original on September 10, 2009 6756: 6754: 6707: 6609: 6607: 6592:from the original on September 11, 2015 6580:Associated Press (September 19, 1995). 6298: 6093: 5733: 5676: 5570: 5564: 5429: 5378: 5295:Anderson, Jon Lee (December 14, 2009). 5066: 3942:. However, they were driven out by the 3697:United Nations intervention (1992–1995) 3677:in the region that had constituted the 3344:") to fight al-Shabaab and establish a 14864: 12853:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 11619:Italian invasion of British Somaliland 8873:Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007) 8440:from the original on February 24, 2023 8232:from the original on November 26, 2020 8170:from the original on December 18, 2018 8144:from the original on December 18, 2018 8118:from the original on September 6, 2014 7849:from the original on February 22, 2014 7727:from the original on February 16, 2014 7697:from the original on February 21, 2014 7321:from the original on February 22, 2014 7175: 7136: 7046:, Reuters (FT.com), December 29, 2008. 6947:from the original on February 22, 2014 6844: 6541:from the original on February 22, 2014 6369: 6199:Drysdale, John Gordon Stewart (1991). 6059: 6009: 5981:"Human Rights Watch World Report 1989" 5932: 5657:, (World of Information: 1987), p.213. 5283:from the original on September 8, 2017 5024:from the original on September 1, 2022 4886: 4429:being declared the new president in a 4202:, as the nation's new Prime Minister. 3922:had requested that he mediate between 3811: 3754:United Nations Operation in Somalia II 3748:led by the United States. Forming the 16:Ongoing conflict in the Horn of Africa 14937:Separatist rebellion-based civil wars 14340: 14106:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict 14027:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes 13207: 12331: 11494: 11172: 11146: 10273: 9703:2013 Mogadishu Turkish embassy attack 9607:December 2018 airstrikes in Gandarshe 9201: 8639: 7882:from the original on January 13, 2016 7580:from the original on January 13, 2014 7567: 7549:from the original on January 12, 2014 7294:. Standardmedia.co.ke. Archived from 7246:from the original on January 29, 2013 7236:"Kenya launches offensive in Somalia" 7165:"Security Council Meeting on Somalia" 7094:from the original on October 26, 2009 6959: 6933: 6880: 6764:. Globalpolicy.org. August 14, 2007. 6721:from the original on October 29, 2013 6209:from the original on February 7, 2023 6202:Somaliland 1991: Report and Reference 6180:from the original on February 7, 2023 6147: 6132: 6114:from the original on February 7, 2023 6094:Renders, Marleen (January 20, 2012). 5914:from the original on October 13, 2020 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5771:from the original on February 7, 2023 5729: 5727: 5689: 5660: 5525:from the original on October 19, 2013 5485: 5464:from the original on January 29, 2013 5458:"Kenya launches offensive in Somalia" 5379:Mueller, Jason C. (January 2, 2018). 5350: 5271:Fergusson, James (January 13, 2013). 5145:from the original on January 25, 2015 5116:from the original on January 25, 2015 5095: 5089: 4849: 4811:from the original on January 15, 2017 4715:from the original on January 26, 2016 4667:from the original on October 19, 2017 4548:IIDA Women's Development Organisation 4513:Somali Relief and Development Society 4221:militia. Furthermore, Al-Shabaab and 4177:(ARS) participated in peace talks in 3724:United Nations Operation in Somalia I 2931: 1981: 1818: 1758: 1617: 1543: 1501: 49:current phase of the Somali Civil War 14796:Timeline of U.S. military operations 10299: 10067:Abdiaziz Abdinur Ibrahim controversy 9632:2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia 8580:, Volume V, Issue 8, April 26, 2007. 8542:Conflict, Security & Development 8291:from the original on January 6, 2021 7904:Charbonneau, Louis (March 6, 2014). 7309:Azikiwe, Abayomi (January 4, 2012). 6856:"Arms flows and conflict in Somalia" 6751: 6604: 6339:The Middle East: Abstracts and index 6331: 6266:Ciisa-Salwe, Cabdisalaam M. (1996). 6227: 6068:Horn of Africa Bulletin, Volumes 3–4 6014:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 121. 5939:. United States Department of State. 5790:Balthasar, Dominik (July 26, 2017). 5757:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 5671:Political Handbook of the World 2008 5575:. The Fund for Peace. Archived from 5434:. The Fund for Peace. 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This precipitated the arrival of 1569: 1527: 1455:Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurash 14196:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict 14147:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 13663:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 13184:Dissident Irish republican campaign 13058:Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency 12530:Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso 12380:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 9873:28 February 2019 Mogadishu bombings 9793:November 2016 Mogadishu car bombing 9395:2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive 9378:Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts 8883:Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007) 8778:2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive 8761:Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts 8609:Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned 8506:from the original on April 24, 2022 8475:from the original on March 16, 2014 8392: 8348:from the original on April 13, 2022 7819:. February 17, 2014. Archived from 7789:. February 15, 2014. Archived from 7756:. February 15, 2014. Archived from 7667:from the original on March 30, 2014 7637:. February 14, 2014. Archived from 7598: 7537:Martinez, Luis (January 10, 2014). 7452:from the original on April 10, 2019 7216:from the original on April 10, 2018 7183:"Al-Shabaab Evicted from Mogadishu" 7137:Online, Garowe (January 12, 2011). 7084:"Islamists break Somali port truce" 6853: 6304: 6286:from the original on April 15, 2015 6035:Bloomfield, Steve (June 11, 2007). 6028: 6010:Yuusuf, Muuse (December 29, 2022). 5991:from the original on April 24, 2024 5961:from the original on April 24, 2024 5623: 5372: 5307:from the original on March 28, 2015 4868:from the original on April 26, 2011 4406:President Donald Trump ordered the 4379:Al-Shabaab Offensive (2022-present) 3985:Advance of the Islamic Courts Union 3914:forces led by the late Aidid's son 3562:community residing in these areas. 3227:. It grew out of resistance to the 3211: 116:1981/1988/1991 (disputed) – present 13: 13911:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict 13447:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 12624:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 12602:Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria 12395:Central African Republic Civil War 9998:Mogadishu military academy bombing 9843:2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing 9818:14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings 9487:2010 Kenya–Al-Shabaab border clash 8560:Journal of Eastern African Studies 8535:Journal of Eastern African Studies 8520: 8201:from the original on April 6, 2020 7474:Journal of Eastern African Studies 7208:Chothia, Farouk (August 9, 2011). 7141:. Garoweonline.com. Archived from 7060:. Horseedmedia.net. Archived from 7018:"Somalia's president quits office" 6677:from the original on March 4, 2016 6490:from the original on April 8, 2011 5888: 5734:Nannini, Vance J. (January 1994). 5724: 5686:, (National Academies: 1988), p.9. 5632:from the original on April 2, 2015 5624:Kay, Nicholas (January 29, 2015). 5552:from the original on June 26, 2015 5499:from the original on April 2, 2013 5239:Fragile States and Insecure People 4637:from the original on June 30, 2015 4580:Office of the Secretary of Defense 3720:UN Security Council Resolution 746 3716:UN Security Council Resolution 733 1444:Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi 83:Control of the Self-declared state 14: 14958: 14553:American–Algerian War (1785–1795) 14141:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 13845:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 12973:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency 12843:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency 12434:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 10031:Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt 9868:4 February 2019 Mogadishu bombing 9823:28 October 2017 Mogadishu attacks 9803:2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings 9738:Garissa University College attack 9537:Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt 9462:Battle for Central Somalia (2009) 9417:Somali Reconciliation Conferences 8800:Somali Reconciliation Conferences 8584: 8410:from the original on May 16, 2022 8322:from the original on May 28, 2021 7599:Ali, Hassan (November 12, 2013). 6999:from the original on May 11, 2011 6379:; Tony Zinni; Tony Koltz (2005). 6075:from the original on May 19, 2014 5830:from the original on June 5, 2021 5712:from the original on July 4, 2014 5605:from the original on May 24, 2015 5250: 5183:from the original on July 1, 2014 4837:from the original on May 18, 2015 4805:"Somalia - UNOSOM II: Background" 4753:from the original on May 18, 2015 4607:by 1987", referring to Compagnon. 4418:in its fight against al-Shabaab. 4412:Special Operations Command Africa 4086:Transitional Federal Institutions 4059:raged, TFG President and founder 3428:, then Vice President, served as 3313:was established, followed by the 3241:Somali Salvation Democratic Front 1433:Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi 13971:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 12990:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 12983:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq 12848:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 12311: 12302: 12301: 11717: 11249: 11126: 11117: 11116: 10483: 10238: 10224: 10197: 10178: 10166: 10139: 10115: 9968:October 2022 Beledweyne bombings 9963:September 2022 Beledweyne attack 9943:February 2022 Beledweyne bombing 9908:2020 Mogadishu army base bombing 9146: 9127: 9107: 9083: 9059: 8988: 8591:Somalia's Struggle for Stability 8487: 8422: 8380:from the original on May 7, 2022 8360: 8334: 8303: 8213: 8182: 8156: 8130: 8062:. March 22, 2014. Archived from 8032:. March 26, 2014. Archived from 8002:. March 22, 2014. Archived from 7972:. March 12, 2014. Archived from 7942:. March 11, 2014. Archived from 7462:S/RES/2093 (2013), March 6, 2013 7425: 7185:. Somalia Report. Archived from 7167:. Somaliweyn.org. Archived from 7037:"Somali President Yusuf resigns" 6695:Strategic Survey 1999-2000, 264. 6423:from the original on May 4, 2023 6413:"Somalia: No Mercy in Mogadishu" 6359:,' Interpeace, May 2009, 13–14. 6272:. HAAN Publishing. p. 104. 6256:, (Nova Publishers: 2002), p.19. 5904:"Somalia and the Horn of Africa" 5571:Messner, J. J. (June 24, 2013). 5385:Terrorism and Political Violence 4538:Factions in the Somali Civil War 4492: 4478: 4074:African Union Mission to Somalia 4018:Transitional National Government 3319:Ethiopian troops invaded Somalia 3311:Transitional National Government 3216:al-ḥarb al-’ahliyya aṣ-ṣūmāliyya 1788:Rise of the Islamic Courts Union 1751:Consolidation Period (1995-2006) 1460: 1448: 1437: 1426: 1415: 1402: 1387: 1376: 1365: 1354: 1343: 1332: 1316: 1301: 1290: 1279: 1268: 1252: 1241: 1230: 1219: 1208: 1197: 1186: 1175: 1155: 1144: 1133: 1122: 1111: 1100: 1089: 1076: 1065: 1054: 1041: 1028: 1015: 1004: 993: 982: 971: 956: 945: 934: 923: 912: 901: 890: 879: 868: 857: 846: 835: 819: 808: 797: 786: 775: 764: 748: 737: 726: 710: 699: 688: 677: 644: 630: 617: 598: 586: 574: 563: 544: 533: 522: 511: 500: 488: 477: 457: 445: 427: 416: 405: 393: 373: 356: 337: 326: 315: 279: 257: 245: 233: 221: 189: 13988:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 12821:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 12802:Internal conflict in Bangladesh 10403:Somaliland War of Independence 9978:October 2022 Mogadishu bombings 9933:November 2021 Mogadishu bombing 9898:December 2019 Mogadishu bombing 9853:December 2018 Mogadishu bombing 9828:February 2018 Mogadishu attacks 9813:February 2017 Mogadishu bombing 9597:November 2017 Somalia airstrike 9492:Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011) 9229:Somali civil war (2009–present) 9187:Somali Civil War (2009–present) 9090:Transitional Federal Parliament 7076: 7049: 7030: 6924: 6906: 6835: 6809: 6762:"Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia" 6742: 6733: 6698: 6689: 6639: 6616: 6573: 6554: 6512: 6502: 6444: 6435: 6405: 6221: 6192: 6148:Walls, Michael (July 1, 2009). 6141: 6126: 6087: 6003: 5973: 5943: 5926: 5842: 5783: 5744: 5617: 5591: 5476: 5430:Messner, J.J. (June 24, 2014). 5423: 5363: 5244: 5231: 5036: 5000: 4980: 4960: 4934:Defense & Security Analysis 4925: 4880: 4553:Conflicts in the Horn of Africa 4508:Somali Civil War (2009–present) 4239:Somali Civil War (2009–present) 4022:Transitional Federal Government 4010:Transitional Federal Government 3989:Transitional Federal Government 3570:and mass military desertion by 3315:Transitional Federal Government 3204:Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya 412:Transitional Federal Government 31:conflicts in the Horn of Africa 14897:Civil wars of the 21st century 14892:Civil wars of the 20th century 14831:List of anti-war organizations 12863:Sectarian violence in Pakistan 12788:Islamic State–Taliban conflict 12557:Ethnic violence in South Sudan 12482:Ethnic violence in South Sudan 10132:Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki 9983:Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel 9888:24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing 9883:22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing 9858:Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack 9773:February 2016 Mogadishu attack 9733:Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack 9353:History of Somalia (1991–2006) 9035:Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki 8736:History of Somalia (1991–2006) 8611:by Kenneth Allard (CCRP, 1995) 7435:Oxford University Press, 2018. 7027:, BBC News, December 29, 2008. 6312:. Wardheernews. Archived from 5850:Somalia : a country study 4823: 4797: 4765: 4739: 4727: 4697: 4679: 4649: 4619: 4528:History of Somalia (1991–2006) 3907:was subsequently established. 3506:Somaliland War of Independence 3491:Somaliland War of Independence 3375:Somaliland War of Independence 3083:Somaliland War of Independence 2811:Beledweyne and Mogadishu (Mar) 1586:Somaliland War of Independence 1468:Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi 1361:Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki 1297:Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki 978:Francisco Caetano Jose Madeira 897:Francisco Caetano Jose Madeira 70:Presence/Control of Al-Shabaab 1: 14743:War against the Islamic State 14289:2014 Lesotho political crisis 14246:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) 13410:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 13112:Syrian–Turkish border clashes 13034:Iran–Israel conflict in Syria 12816:Insurgency in Northeast India 12612:Religious violence in Nigeria 12592:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 11226:Trust Territory of Somaliland 10393:Trust Territory of Somaliland 10146:Federal Government of Somalia 10057:Death of Noramfaizul Mohd Nor 9763:January 2016 Mogadishu attack 9708:Westgate shopping mall attack 8972:2008 Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings 8957:February 2008 Bosaso bombings 7242:. Reuters. October 16, 2011. 6623:Air Command and Staff College 5808:10.1080/13698249.2017.1343411 5653:World of Information (Firm), 5460:. Reuters. October 16, 2011. 5397:10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 4946:10.1080/14751798.2016.1199122 4613: 4458: 4232: 4196:Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke 4112:, and followed on 3 May with 4008:, one of the founders of the 3960:Southwestern State of Somalia 3958:subsequently established the 3956:Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud 3873:Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud 3442:Supreme Revolutionary Council 3389:Supreme Revolutionary Council 3350:Federal Government of Somalia 1492:2,000,000–3,800,000 displaced 570:Federal Government of Somalia 14283:SADC intervention in Lesotho 13886:OLA insurgency, 2018–present 13840:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) 13597:ECOWAS military intervention 13317:2011–2014 factional violence 12925:Conflicts in the Philippines 12535:Jihadist insurgency in Niger 11634:1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion 9958:August 2022 Mogadishu attack 9953:April 2022 Mogadishu bombing 9923:March 2021 Mogadishu bombing 9838:July 2018 Mogadishu bombings 9833:March 2018 Mogadishu bombing 9753:Jazeera Palace Hotel bombing 8600:Somali – U.S. Relations 8595:The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer 7663:. AMISOM. January 22, 2014. 7486:10.1080/17531055.2012.755316 7056:Kamaal says (May 22, 2010). 6748:Interpeace, May 2009, 60-61. 6137:. University College London. 5902:Menkhaus, Ken (April 2011). 5626:"Somalia's Year of Delivery" 5369:Menkhaus 2007, op. cit., 76. 4431:peaceful transition of power 4103:withdrawal, February 3, 2009 3954:provinces. The RRA's leader 3550:Another notable instance of 3139:Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict 2975:Eritrean War of Independence 1598:Mogadishu riots of July 1989 96:Control of the Islamic State 7: 14927:Revolution-based civil wars 13960:Puntland–Somaliland dispute 13816:Insurgency in Northern Chad 13166:Russian invasion of Ukraine 13075:DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey 13070:Maoist insurgency in Turkey 12668:Jamaican political conflict 12619:Conflict in the Niger Delta 11664:Declaration of Independence 9993:2023 Mogadishu hotel attack 9928:June 2021 Mogadishu bombing 9913:2020 Mogadishu hotel attack 9783:June 2016 Mogadishu attacks 9678:May 2010 Mogadishu bombings 9522:Battle of Beledweyne (2011) 9477:Battle of Beledweyne (2010) 8893:Battle of Beledweyne (2008) 8843:Battle of Beledweyne (2006) 8310:AfricaNews (May 27, 2021). 7118:September 22, 2012, at the 6828:September 17, 2014, at the 5706:"Somalia — Government" 5673:, (CQ Press: 2008), p.1198. 4749:. Central Bank of Somalia. 4471: 4157:Al-Shabaab (militant group) 4151:Coalition government (2009) 4020:(TNG) was established. The 3887:for control of the port of 3746:United Nations peacekeepers 3722:led to the creation of the 3607:September 25, 2021, at the 3602:return to Mogadishu Somalia 3539:The clampdown initiated by 3413:from power 13 years later. 3215: 10: 14963: 14733:War in North-West Pakistan 14583:Second Sumatran expedition 14548:American Revolutionary War 14251:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 14072:Abyei conflict (2022–2023) 13927:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict 13793:Djotodia period, 2013–2014 13604:Western Togoland Rebellion 13151:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 13041:Kurdish separatism in Iran 13019:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 12968:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 12826:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 12709:Ecuadorian security crisis 12641:Western Togoland Rebellion 12552:Sudanese nomadic conflicts 11609:Somaliland campaign (1920) 10259:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 10072:Daallo Airlines Flight 159 10008:Mogadishu tea shop bombing 9948:March 2022 Somalia attacks 9768:Daallo Airlines Flight 159 9698:June 2013 Mogadishu attack 9457:Battle of Mogadishu (2009) 9400:Battle of Mogadishu (2006) 8888:Battle of Mogadishu (2008) 8667:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 8544:10, no. 4 (2010): 443–464. 7845:. Government of Ethiopia. 7042:December 31, 2008, at the 6363:February 22, 2014, at the 5083:February 22, 2014, at the 4596:launch small-scale attacks 4236: 4192:Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 4154: 4118:International Crisis Group 3982: 3979:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 3976: 3711:Battle of Mogadishu (1993) 3700: 3444:(SRC) became increasingly 3364: 2901:Dhanaane Busley base (Mar) 2571:Daallo Airlines Flight 159 1848:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 1259:Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan 196:Somali Democratic Republic 14942:Wars involving Somaliland 14922:Religion-based civil wars 14902:Modern history of Somalia 14778: 14578:First Sumatran expedition 14540: 14379: 14372: 14303: 14260: 14232: 14223: 14162: 14133: 14088:Second Sudanese Civil War 14080: 14042: 13996: 13952: 13873: 13864: 13832: 13803: 13772: 13732: 13649: 13626: 13617: 13566: 13540: 13514: 13493: 13456: 13402: 13393: 13361: 13332: 13294: 13254: 13245: 13176: 13138: 13131: 13029:Hezbollah–Israel conflict 12955: 12947:South Thailand insurgency 12913:Conflict in Rakhine State 12873: 12775: 12759: 12743: 12736: 12696: 12678:Salvadoran gang crackdown 12660: 12653: 12584: 12520:Insurgency in the Maghreb 12507: 12442: 12372: 12365: 12297: 12223: 12165: 12156: 12086: 12077: 11924: 11920: 11911: 11860: 11739: 11735: 11726: 11715: 11687: 11541: 11532: 11459: 11400: 11391: 11369: 11360: 11318: 11309: 11267: 11258: 11247: 11181: 11112: 11045: 10975: 10966: 10896: 10887: 10773: 10769: 10760: 10704: 10601: 10505: 10501: 10492: 10481: 10453: 10320: 10311: 10253: 10085: 10062:London Somalia Conference 10049: 10016: 9973:2022 Kismayo hotel attack 9863:Nairobi Latema Road blast 9718:2014 Villa Somalia attack 9655: 9452:Battle of South Mogadishu 9442: 9407:Ethiopian–Somali conflict 9345: 9254: 9235: 9181: 8980: 8962:Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre 8944: 8911: 8825: 8790:Ethiopian–Somali conflict 8728: 8697: 8684:Ethiopian–Somali conflict 8673: 8629:Security Council Report, 8573:No. 364, Routledge, 2008. 8537:1, no. 2 (2007): 151–160. 8496:"Somalia: Events of 2020" 7023:January 24, 2012, at the 6841:Interpeace, May 2009, 61. 6635:Military Balance 1994-95. 6613:S/1996/42, 26, 27, 28, 29 6458:Kumarian Press, July 2008 5601:. European Commissioner. 4889:Journal of Peace Research 4423:Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed 3962:regional administration. 3944:Rahanweyn Resistance Army 3905:Puntland State of Somalia 3877:Rahanweyn Resistance Army 3835:Rahanweyn Resistance Army 3687:Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur 3669:In the northwest, at the 3641:Somali Patriotic Movement 3014:Ethiopian–Somali conflict 2970: 2019: 1856: 1796: 1706:UN killings of protestors 1651: 1581: 1539: 1479: 1474: 1193:Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur 1000:Tigabu Yilma Wondlmhunean 919:Tigabu Yilma Wondlmhunean 717:Hussein Sheikh Abdirahman 665: 176: 108: 40: 28: 23: 14532:2021 U.S. Capitol attack 14492:Battle of Blair Mountain 14191:2008 invasion of Anjouan 13788:Civil War (2012–present) 13757:Pool Department conflict 12607:Nigerian bandit conflict 12487:Insurgency in Mozambique 12455:Ethiopian civil conflict 12415:Western DR Congo clashes 12015:House of Representatives 10245:Islamic State in Somalia 9673:2009 Hotel Shamo bombing 9532:Battle of Kismayo (2012) 9472:Battle of Kismayo (2009) 8903:Battle of Kismayo (2008) 8783:2006 Battle of Mogadishu 8562:, Vol. 7, Issue 2, 2013. 6890:. AMISOM. Archived from 5135:Bongartz, Maria (1991). 5044:"Somalia Complex crisis" 4911:10.1177/0022343304043770 4558: 4243:In November 2010, a new 4200:Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke 3912:Somali National Alliance 3859:Somali National Movement 3802:Somali National Alliance 3579:Aden Abdullah Osman Daar 3521:Somali National Movement 3464:Somali National Movement 3245:Somali National Movement 3223:that is taking place in 3144:Ethiopian civil conflict 2911:Mogadishu tea shop (Aug) 14791:Wars involving the U.S. 14628:Philippine–American War 14512:1960s ghetto rebellions 14186:Hanish Islands conflict 13723:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion 13574:Guinea-Bissau Civil War 13416:Herder–farmer conflicts 13340:Western Sahara conflict 12683:Honduran gang crackdown 12574:Western Saharan clashes 12569:Western Sahara conflict 12525:Insurgency in the Sahel 12359:Ongoing armed conflicts 11674:2022 Waheen Market fire 10353:Sultanate of the Geledi 10003:2023 Beledweyne bombing 9893:2019 Kenya bus shooting 9723:2014 Hotel Amalo attack 9713:2013 Beledweyne attacks 9668:2009 Beledweyne bombing 9562:Battle of Janale (2015) 9527:Battle of Yurkud (2012) 9497:Battle of Jubbada Hoose 8926:Battle of Bargal (2007) 8878:Battle of Bargal (2007) 8619:The Heritage Foundation 6861:. SIPRI. Archived from 6715:"August 2000 – Somalia" 6566:March 16, 2012, at the 6463:March 10, 2020, at the 6133:Walls, Michael (2011). 5708:. Library of Congress. 5297:"The Most Failed State" 4594:clan militias began to 4572:Central Bank of Somalia 4523:Somalia War (2006–2009) 4110:airstrike on Dhusamareb 3515:and Ethiopian dictator 3398:After Somalia lost the 3212:الحرب الأهلية الصومالية 3115:Hanish Islands conflict 2861:Buloburde and Jalalaqsi 1485:350,000–500,000+ killed 1011:Augustine Magnus Kailie 930:Augustine Magnus Kailie 744:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 144:Consolidation of states 14907:Wars involving Somalia 14836:Conscientious objector 14738:First Libyan Civil War 14608:Second Fiji expedition 14588:Ivory Coast expedition 14522:1992 Los Angeles riots 14482:Colorado Coalfield War 14374:Listed chronologically 14009:Somali–Kenyan conflict 13905:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 13899:Second Afar insurgency 13506:Sierra Leone Civil War 13005:Saudi–led intervention 12833:Insurgency in Pakistan 12714:Insurgency in Paraguay 11624:Somaliland Camel Corps 9778:Baidoa suicide bombing 9693:2011 Mogadishu bombing 9647:Battle of Buulo Mareer 9557:Battle of Leego (2015) 9542:Operation Indian Ocean 9030:al-Itihaad al-Islamiya 8967:2008 Mogadishu bombing 6551:, page 2, paragraph 7. 6228:Adam, Hussein (1998). 5933:Rawson, David (1993). 5880:: CS1 maint: others ( 4993:March 4, 2016, at the 4973:June 28, 2013, at the 4464:in 2013 to 3,150. The 4453:2023 Las Anod conflict 4385:Operation Indian Ocean 4380: 4344:areas, which included 4324: 4147: 4104: 4013: 3967:Abdiqasim Salad Hassan 3879: 3738: 3637:United Somali Congress 3632: 3508: 3395: 3252:United Somali Congress 3243:in the northeast, the 3203: 3120:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 3105:Second Afar insurgency 2997:Somali–Kenyan conflict 2987:1961 revolt in Somalia 2891:Mogadishu market (Mar) 2235:Operation Indian Ocean 2111:Operations and battles 1701:Pakistani Peacekeepers 1023:Mohamed El-Amine Souef 666:Commanders and leaders 14932:Coup-based civil wars 14806:Territorial evolution 14786:Conflicts in the U.S. 14708:Intervention in Haiti 14598:First Fiji expedition 14268:Bophuthatswana crisis 13932:Oromia–Somali clashes 13851:Boko Haram insurgency 13811:Civil War (2005–2010) 13428:Boko Haram insurgency 13351:Clashes, 2020–present 12793:Republican insurgency 12597:Boko Haram insurgency 11679:Outline of Somaliland 11614:1922 Burao Tax Revolt 10161:Mohamed Sheikh Hassan 10151:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud 9788:2016 Galkayo bombings 9683:2010 Kampala bombings 9627:2021 Galmudug clashes 9617:2021 Mogadishu mutiny 9100:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 9052:Aden Hashi Farah Aero 8921:Battle of Ras Kamboni 8868:Battle of Ras Kamboni 8838:Battle of Bandiradley 8140:. December 15, 2018. 7723:. February 14, 2014. 7315:Pan-African News Wire 6995:. Unis.unvienna.org. 5251:Jamal, Ahmad Rashid. 5096:Legum, Colin (1989). 4711:. December 24, 2015. 4427:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud 4408:Department of Defense 4378: 4329:Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed 4322: 4308:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud 4292:Department of Defense 4286:In October 2013, the 4183:Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah 4141: 4098: 4090:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 4061:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 4057:Battle of Ras Kamboni 4026:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 4012:, established in 2004 4006:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 4004: 3983:Further information: 3871: 3818:UNOSOM II's departure 3732: 3653:Ahmed Mohamed Silanyo 3622: 3517:Mengistu Haile Mariam 3499: 3382: 3019:1963 Ogaden Rebellion 2963:in the Horn of Africa 2896:Mogadishu hotel (Mar) 2541:Ministry of Education 2345:Awdheegle and Bariire 1475:Casualties and losses 1383:Mukhtar Abu Ali Aisha 1372:Mohamed Ibrahim Hayle 1226:Shukri Weyrah Kaariye 886:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 782:Mohamed Afrah Qanyare 755:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 14668:Bay of Pigs Invasion 14623:Spanish–American War 14593:Mexican–American War 14517:Kent State shootings 14507:Puerto Rican revolts 14437:American Indian Wars 14240:Mozambican Civil War 14200:Burundian conflicts 14180:Djiboutian Civil War 13893:Insurgency in Ogaden 13521:Liberian Civil Wars 13434:Niger Delta conflict 13107:Russian intervention 13097:Inter-rebel conflict 13051:Western Iran clashes 13024:Gaza–Israel conflict 11845:Sa'ad ad-Din Islands 11589:Habr Yunis Sultanate 11211:Warsangali Sultanate 11206:Majeerteen Sultanate 10442:(2009–present) 10373:Warsangali Sultanate 10363:Majeerteen Sultanate 10173:Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a 9918:2020 Galkayo bombing 9903:2020 Afgooye bombing 9848:Sahafi Hotel attacks 9758:Sahafi Hotel attacks 9728:Central Hotel attack 9512:Operation Linda Nchi 9412:Insurgency in Ogaden 9013:Islamic Courts Union 8936:Dhusamareb airstrike 8795:Insurgency in Ogaden 8621:, December 26, 1989. 8530:. Pluto Press, 2010. 8092:on September 6, 2014 7823:on February 22, 2014 7793:on February 22, 2014 7760:on February 16, 2014 7693:. January 31, 2014. 7641:on February 21, 2014 7514:. January 10, 2014. 7359:10.1093/afraf/adu082 7189:on February 22, 2014 7090:. October 21, 2009. 6920:on October 10, 2008. 6797:on November 15, 2013 6534:. January 19, 1996. 6387:. Penguin. pp. 6252:Nina J. Fitzgerald, 6166:10.1093/afraf/adp019 6047:on December 21, 2013 4747:"Board of Directors" 4693:. December 29, 2015. 4333:Hailemariam Desalegn 4262:Operation Linda Nchi 4258:Kenya Defence Forces 4215:Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a 4211:Islamic Courts Union 4165:Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a 4129:President of Somalia 4042:Islamic Courts Union 3997:Islamic Courts Union 3916:Hussein Farrah Aidid 3625:Somali National Army 3393:President of Somalia 3342:Operation Linda Nchi 3335:Fragile States Index 3323:Islamic Courts Union 3133:OEF – Horn of Africa 3093:Insurgency in Ogaden 3088:Djiboutian Civil War 2551:Jazeera Palace Hotel 2410:Dhanaane Busley base 1422:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 1286:Mohamed Farrah Aidid 1182:Mohamed Farrah Aidid 695:Mohammad Ali Samatar 518:Ras Kamboni Brigades 484:Islamic Courts Union 464:Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a 439:Allied armed groups: 380:Islamic Courts Union 154:Islamic Courts Union 14683:Invasion of Grenada 14678:Dominican Civil War 14279:Lesothan conflicts 14204:1993–2005 Civil War 13922:Afar–Somali clashes 13710:2022–2024 offensive 13705:2012–2013 rebellion 13547:Ivorian Civil Wars 13380:Tunisian revolution 13322:2014–2020 civil war 13302:2008 Kufra conflict 13239:conflicts in Africa 13161:Russo-Ukrainian War 12858:Insurgency in Sindh 12838:Insurgency in Sindh 12515:Insurgency in Egypt 12460:Afar–Somali clashes 11949:Diplomatic missions 11649:War of Independence 11644:State of Somaliland 11604:Somaliland campaign 10036:2013 raid on Barawe 9938:2022 Mandera attack 9878:Asasey Hotel attack 9622:2021 Golweyn ambush 9592:2017 Golweyn ambush 9139:Mohamed Warsame Ali 9023:Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 7611:on December 2, 2013 7171:on January 5, 2014. 6854:Wezeman, Pieter D. 6561:Djibouti Conference 4864:. Users.erols.com. 4735:the maps talk page. 4661:The Washington Post 4416:Somali Armed Forces 4288:U.S. Africa Command 4270:Raskamboni movement 4254:Somali Armed Forces 4142:The battle flag of 3863:United Somali Party 3812:USC/SSA (1995–2000) 3806:Mohamed Farah Aidid 3798:Battle of Mogadishu 3660:Mohamed Farah Aidid 3426:Mohamed Ali Samatar 3237:Somali Armed Forces 3181:Al-Fashaga conflict 3066:Puntland–Somaliland 3051:Ethiopian Civil War 2980:Eritrean civil wars 1339:Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 1323:Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 1204:Mohamed Abshir Muse 842:Girma Wolde-Giorgis 684:Mohammed Siad Barre 215:Armed rebel groups: 47:Alleged map of the 14947:Cold War conflicts 14723:War in Afghanistan 14693:Invasion of Panama 14688:Lebanese Civil War 14613:Formosa Expedition 14573:Second Barbary War 14527:2020 racial unrest 14462:Johnson County War 14457:Lincoln County War 14432:American Civil War 14427:Harpers Ferry raid 14402:Turner's Rebellion 14326:Colour revolutions 14124:Sudanese civil war 13976:2009–present phase 13717:Batwa–Luba clashes 13586:Casamance conflict 13463:Tuareg rebellions 13423:Religious violence 13369:Algerian Civil War 13285:Terrorism in Egypt 13046:Iran–PJAK conflict 12908:Karen–Mon conflict 12704:Colombian conflict 12497:Operation Atalanta 12400:Insurgency in Chad 12134:Telecommunications 11594:British Somaliland 11221:Italian Somaliland 10744:South West Somalia 10388:British Somaliland 10383:Italian Somaliland 10368:Sultanate of Hobyo 10127:Hassan Dahir Aweys 10041:2017 raid on Barii 9808:Dayah Hotel attack 9642:Battle of Runirgod 9582:2017 raid on Barii 9577:Battle of Kulbiyow 9120:Mohamud Muse Hersi 9095:Ali Mohammed Ghedi 9076:Mohamed Omar Habeb 9018:Hassan Dahir Aweys 8617:by Michael Johns, 8526:Afyare Abdi Elmi. 8256:has generic name ( 7431:Williams, Paul D. 7298:on March 14, 2012. 7272:on August 16, 2012 7113:Shariah in Somalia 6894:on August 21, 2011 6586:The Register-Guard 6486:. United Nations. 6419:. March 26, 1992. 6417:Human Rights Watch 6305:Silanyo, Ahmed M. 5521:. United Nations. 5332:The World Factbook 5213:The World Factbook 5177:The World Factbook 4988:non-state conflict 4807:. United Nations. 4778:. United Nations. 4381: 4325: 4148: 4105: 4101:Ethiopian military 4047:In December 2006, 4014: 3880: 3780:regions; the 1994 3750:Unified Task Force 3739: 3683:Italian Somaliland 3679:British Somaliland 3633: 3623:Three knocked-out 3509: 3396: 3387:, Chairman of the 3110:Gedeo–Guji clashes 2776:Bal'ad and Dinsoor 2761:Mogadishu (16 Aug) 2726:Mogadishu (24 Jul) 2721:Mogadishu (22 Jul) 2706:Mogadishu (28 Feb) 2641:Mogadishu (28 Oct) 2636:Mogadishu (14 Oct) 1308:Hassan Dahir Aweys 1275:Ali Mahdi Muhammad 1248:Aden Abdullahi Nur 298:Unified Task Force 150:Ethiopian invasion 57:Control of Somalia 14912:Conflicts in 2022 14859: 14858: 14821:Casualties of war 14653:Russian Civil War 14618:Korean Expedition 14563:First Barbary War 14442:Brooks–Baxter War 14397:Fries's Rebellion 14392:Whiskey Rebellion 14334: 14333: 14299: 14298: 14219: 14218: 14170:Rwandan Civil War 14118:Blue Nile clashes 14100:Nomadic conflicts 14056:Nomadic conflicts 13860: 13859: 13699:March 23 Movement 13634:Angolan Civil War 13613: 13612: 13389: 13388: 13201: 13200: 13197: 13196: 13146:Abkhazia conflict 13127: 13126: 12963:Abkhazia conflict 12918:Rohingya conflict 12888:Myanmar civil war 12767:Xinjiang conflict 12732: 12731: 12719:Peruvian conflict 12688:Gang war in Haiti 12649: 12648: 12385:Anglophone Crisis 12325: 12324: 12293: 12292: 12152: 12151: 12073: 12072: 12069: 12068: 12022:Political parties 11998:Somaliland Police 11944:Foreign relations 11907: 11906: 11903: 11902: 11713: 11712: 11659:National Movement 11629:Somaliland Scouts 11584:Battle of Berbera 11569:Sultanate of Ifat 11488: 11487: 11455: 11454: 11387: 11386: 11356: 11355: 11333:Foreign relations 11305: 11304: 11140: 11139: 11108: 11107: 10962: 10961: 10883: 10882: 10879: 10878: 10847:Political parties 10837:Political history 10793:Foreign relations 10756: 10755: 10752: 10751: 10530:Guardafui Channel 10479: 10478: 10418:(1986–1992) 10405:(1981–1991) 10267: 10266: 10077:Awdiinle massacre 10026:2009 Baraawe raid 9688:Muna Hotel attack 9612:Camp Simba attack 9587:Battle of Af Urur 9567:Battle of El Adde 9517:Battle of Deynile 9195: 9194: 8853:Fall of Mogadishu 8578:Terrorism Monitor 8553:978-0-8214-1495-8 8436:. June 30, 2020. 8404:www.aljazeera.com 8066:on March 23, 2014 8036:on March 26, 2014 8006:on March 22, 2014 7976:on March 12, 2014 7946:on March 11, 2014 7878:. March 6, 2014. 6629:, drawing on the 6398:978-0-425-19892-6 6239:978-2-86978-069-9 6107:978-90-04-21848-2 5764:978-0-8122-0758-3 5548:. Fair Observer. 4400:COVID-19 pandemic 4389:Muktar Abu Zubeyr 4114:another airstrike 3685:in 1960 electing 3664:Ali Mahdi Mohamed 3592:) to the town of 3231:which was led by 3189: 3188: 3164:Benishangul-Gumuz 2925: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2756:Mogadishu (8 Aug) 2701:Mogadishu (4 Feb) 2696:Nairobi Latema Rd 2671:Mogadishu (2 Sep) 2621:Mogadishu (2 Jan) 2531:Makka al-Mukarama 2491:Mogadishu embassy 1977: 1976: 1952:Al-Hidayah Mosque 1814: 1813: 1747: 1746: 1613: 1612: 1496: 1495: 1350:Ahmed Abdi Godane 793:Musa Sudi Yalahow 706:Omar Haji Mohamed 529:Jabhatul Islamiya 172: 171: 146:from 1998 to 2006 14954: 14887:2010s civil wars 14872:Somali Civil War 14811:Military history 14770:Yemeni civil war 14703:Somali Civil War 14603:Second Opium War 14472:Homestead strike 14387:Shays' Rebellion 14361: 14354: 14347: 14338: 14337: 14274:Caprivi conflict 14230: 14229: 14209:2015–2018 unrest 14015:Likoni massacres 14004:Ethnic conflicts 13966:Somali Civil War 13871: 13870: 13669:Second Congo War 13624: 13623: 13400: 13399: 13279:Post-coup unrest 13273:Sinai insurgency 13252: 13251: 13228: 13221: 13214: 13205: 13204: 13136: 13135: 13087:Daraa insurgency 13082:Syrian civil war 13012:Yemeni Civil war 12883:Myanmar conflict 12741: 12740: 12724:Mapuche conflict 12673:Mexican drug war 12658: 12657: 12547:Sinai insurgency 12492:Somali Civil War 12370: 12369: 12352: 12345: 12338: 12329: 12328: 12315: 12305: 12304: 12205:Independence Day 12163: 12162: 12129: 12084: 12083: 11988: 11922: 11921: 11918: 11917: 11737: 11736: 11733: 11732: 11721: 11539: 11538: 11515: 11508: 11501: 11492: 11491: 11468: 11398: 11397: 11367: 11366: 11316: 11315: 11265: 11264: 11253: 11167: 11160: 11153: 11144: 11143: 11130: 11120: 11119: 10973: 10972: 10939: 10926:Mineral industry 10916:Economic history 10894: 10893: 10827: 10771: 10770: 10767: 10766: 10503: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10487: 10443: 10436: 10419: 10406: 10378:Dervish movement 10338:Walashma dynasty 10318: 10317: 10294: 10287: 10280: 10271: 10270: 10257:Previous phase: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10230: 10228: 10227: 10203: 10201: 10200: 10190:Abdi Hasan Awale 10183: 10182: 10171: 10170: 10144: 10143: 10120: 10119: 10118: 9637:Battle of Bal'ad 9572:Qandala campaign 9547:Galgala campaign 9482:2010 Ayn clashes 9368:Somali Civil War 9241:Somali Civil War 9222: 9215: 9208: 9199: 9198: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9132: 9131: 9113: 9111: 9110: 9088: 9087: 9071:Abdi Hasan Awale 9064: 9063: 8994: 8992: 8991: 8931:Dobley airstrike 8848:Battle of Jowhar 8833:Battle of Baidoa 8751:Somali Civil War 8679:Somali Civil War 8660: 8653: 8646: 8637: 8636: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8491: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8474: 8467: 8459: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8261: 8255: 8251: 8249: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8108: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7901: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7868: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7779: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7746: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7607:. Archived from 7596: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7469: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7442: 7436: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7134: 7128: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7064:on June 19, 2010 7053: 7047: 7034: 7028: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6937: 6931: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6867: 6860: 6851: 6842: 6839: 6833: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6787: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6758: 6749: 6746: 6740: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6711: 6705: 6702: 6696: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6653: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6620: 6614: 6611: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6577: 6571: 6558: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6540: 6533: 6525: 6519: 6516: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6480: 6474: 6448: 6442: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6386: 6373: 6367: 6353: 6342: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6318: 6311: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6263: 6257: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6205:. Global-Stats. 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6160:(432): 371–389. 6145: 6139: 6138: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6043:. Archived from 6032: 6026: 6025: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5899: 5886: 5885: 5879: 5871: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5731: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5702: 5687: 5680: 5674: 5667: 5658: 5651: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5579:on June 26, 2015 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5489: 5483: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5361: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5338:on March 4, 2016 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5248: 5242: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5204: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5168: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5093: 5087: 5073: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5023: 5012: 5004: 4998: 4984: 4978: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4904: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4858: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4623: 4608: 4568: 4502: 4497: 4496: 4488: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4274:three-day battle 4207:counteroffensive 4053:Battle of Baidoa 4049:Ethiopian troops 3875:, leader of the 3523:(SNM) to launch 3367:Somali Rebellion 3260:Barre government 3248:in the northwest 3219:) is an ongoing 3218: 3213: 3196:Somali Civil War 3056:Somali Civil War 2965: 2952: 2945: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2906:Lido Beach (Aug) 2831:Beledweyne (Oct) 2826:Beledweyne (Sep) 2806:Beledweyne (Feb) 2014: 2010:Somali civil war 2002: 1995: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1912:Mogadishu (fall) 1851: 1849: 1839: 1832: 1825: 1816: 1815: 1791: 1789: 1779: 1772: 1765: 1756: 1755: 1716:Checkpoint Pasta 1646: 1638: 1631: 1624: 1615: 1614: 1576: 1574: 1573:Somali Rebellion 1564: 1557: 1550: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1532: 1531:Somali Civil War 1522: 1515: 1508: 1499: 1498: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1284: 1283: 1273: 1272: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1237:Gedi Ugas Madhar 1235: 1234: 1233: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1202: 1201: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1180: 1179: 1160: 1159: 1149: 1148: 1138: 1137: 1127: 1126: 1116: 1115: 1105: 1104: 1094: 1093: 1081: 1080: 1070: 1069: 1059: 1058: 1049:Hillary Sao Kanu 1046: 1045: 1044: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1009: 1008: 1007: 998: 997: 996: 987: 986: 985: 976: 975: 974: 961: 960: 950: 949: 939: 938: 928: 927: 926: 917: 916: 915: 906: 905: 904: 895: 894: 893: 884: 883: 873: 872: 862: 861: 851: 850: 840: 839: 824: 823: 815:Abdi Hasan Awale 813: 812: 802: 801: 791: 790: 780: 779: 769: 768: 753: 752: 742: 741: 731: 730: 715: 714: 704: 703: 693: 692: 682: 681: 658:Wilayat al Somal 649: 648: 647: 635: 634: 633: 622: 621: 620: 604: 602: 601: 591: 590: 589: 579: 578: 577: 568: 567: 549: 548: 538: 537: 536: 527: 526: 525: 516: 515: 514: 505: 504: 503: 493: 492: 491: 482: 481: 480: 462: 461: 460: 450: 449: 433: 431: 430: 421: 420: 419: 410: 409: 399: 397: 396: 378: 377: 376: 361: 360: 342: 341: 340: 331: 330: 320: 319: 285: 283: 282: 262: 261: 260: 250: 249: 238: 237: 236: 226: 225: 194: 193: 110: 109: 102: 93: 80: 67: 54: 45: 24:Somali Civil War 21: 20: 14962: 14961: 14957: 14956: 14955: 14953: 14952: 14951: 14882:2000s conflicts 14877:1990s conflicts 14862: 14861: 14860: 14855: 14774: 14633:Boxer Rebellion 14536: 14417:Bleeding Kansas 14375: 14368: 14365: 14335: 14330: 14295: 14256: 14225:Southern Africa 14215: 14158: 14129: 14076: 14061:Ethnic violence 14038: 14033:Baragoi clashes 13992: 13948: 13856: 13828: 13818:(2016–present) 13799: 13774: 13773:Central African 13768: 13734: 13728: 13657:First Congo War 13645: 13609: 13562: 13536: 13510: 13501:Ndogboyosoi War 13489: 13452: 13436:(2003–present) 13412:(1998–present) 13385: 13357: 13342:(1970–present) 13328: 13290: 13268:2011 revolution 13262:Egyptian Crisis 13241: 13232: 13202: 13193: 13172: 13123: 13102:Rojava conflict 13092:Desert campaign 12951: 12893:Kachin conflict 12875: 12869: 12783:Afghan conflict 12771: 12755: 12751:Korean conflict 12728: 12692: 12645: 12634:Azawad conflict 12580: 12503: 12438: 12361: 12356: 12326: 12321: 12289: 12219: 12200:Public holidays 12175:National emblem 12148: 12127: 12065: 12010:House of Elders 11982: 11899: 11856: 11786:Golis Mountains 11781:Mountain ranges 11764:Greater Somalia 11722: 11709: 11683: 11579:Isaaq Sultanate 11528: 11519: 11489: 11484: 11471: 11464: 11451: 11383: 11352: 11301: 11272:Greater Somalia 11254: 11245: 11177: 11171: 11141: 11136: 11104: 11041: 11032:Public holidays 10958: 10937: 10875: 10821: 10748: 10700: 10696:Woqooyi Galbeed 10681:Middle Shebelle 10597: 10557:Mountain ranges 10525:Greater Somalia 10488: 10475: 10449: 10441: 10434: 10417: 10404: 10358:Isaaq Sultanate 10307: 10298: 10268: 10263: 10249: 10239: 10237: 10225: 10223: 10198: 10196: 10177: 10165: 10138: 10116: 10114: 10081: 10045: 10012: 9651: 9552:Battle of Baure 9507:Battle of Elwaq 9467:Battle of Wabho 9444: 9438: 9358:Greater Somalia 9341: 9250: 9231: 9226: 9196: 9191: 9177: 9171:Yoweri Museveni 9147: 9145: 9126: 9108: 9106: 9082: 9058: 8989: 8987: 8976: 8940: 8907: 8898:Siege of Baidoa 8863:Fall of Kismayo 8858:Battle of Jilib 8821: 8741:Greater Somalia 8724: 8693: 8669: 8664: 8587: 8523: 8521:Further reading 8518: 8509: 8507: 8492: 8488: 8478: 8476: 8472: 8465: 8461: 8460: 8453: 8443: 8441: 8428: 8427: 8423: 8413: 8411: 8398: 8397: 8393: 8383: 8381: 8376:. May 5, 2022. 8366: 8365: 8361: 8351: 8349: 8340: 8339: 8335: 8325: 8323: 8308: 8304: 8294: 8292: 8277: 8276: 8272: 8262: 8253: 8252: 8243: 8242: 8235: 8233: 8218: 8214: 8204: 8202: 8187: 8183: 8173: 8171: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8147: 8145: 8136: 8135: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8095: 8093: 8084: 8083: 8079: 8069: 8067: 8054: 8053: 8049: 8039: 8037: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8009: 8007: 7994: 7993: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7934: 7933: 7929: 7919: 7917: 7902: 7895: 7885: 7883: 7870: 7869: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7841: 7840: 7836: 7826: 7824: 7811: 7810: 7806: 7796: 7794: 7781: 7780: 7773: 7763: 7761: 7748: 7747: 7740: 7730: 7728: 7715: 7714: 7710: 7700: 7698: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7670: 7668: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7644: 7642: 7635:Foreign Affairs 7629: 7628: 7624: 7614: 7612: 7597: 7593: 7583: 7581: 7566: 7562: 7552: 7550: 7535: 7531: 7521: 7519: 7506: 7505: 7501: 7470: 7466: 7455: 7453: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7430: 7426: 7416: 7414: 7397: 7393: 7383: 7381: 7380:. June 19, 2012 7372: 7371: 7367: 7346:African Affairs 7338: 7334: 7324: 7322: 7307: 7303: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7264: 7263: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7217: 7206: 7202: 7192: 7190: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7148: 7146: 7145:on May 14, 2011 7135: 7131: 7120:Wayback Machine 7111: 7107: 7097: 7095: 7082: 7081: 7077: 7067: 7065: 7054: 7050: 7044:Wayback Machine 7035: 7031: 7025:Wayback Machine 7016: 7012: 7002: 7000: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6976: 6974: 6973:on May 14, 2011 6965: 6964: 6960: 6950: 6948: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6929: 6925: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6897: 6895: 6886: 6885: 6881: 6871: 6869: 6868:on June 2, 2013 6865: 6858: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6830:Wayback Machine 6814: 6810: 6800: 6798: 6789: 6788: 6781: 6771: 6769: 6760: 6759: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6738: 6734: 6724: 6722: 6713: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6699: 6694: 6690: 6680: 6678: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6640: 6621: 6617: 6612: 6605: 6595: 6593: 6578: 6574: 6568:Wayback Machine 6559: 6555: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6465:Wayback Machine 6449: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6399: 6374: 6370: 6365:Wayback Machine 6354: 6345: 6336: 6332: 6322: 6320: 6319:on May 11, 2012 6316: 6309: 6303: 6299: 6289: 6287: 6280: 6264: 6260: 6251: 6247: 6240: 6226: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6181: 6154:African Affairs 6146: 6142: 6131: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6108: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6048: 6041:The Independent 6033: 6029: 6022: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5931: 5927: 5917: 5915: 5900: 5889: 5873: 5872: 5860: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5765: 5749: 5745: 5732: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5690: 5681: 5677: 5668: 5661: 5652: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5622: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5542: 5538: 5528: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5502: 5500: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5439: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5286: 5284: 5277:The Independent 5262: 5260: 5259:on May 22, 2015 5249: 5245: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5219:on May 19, 2015 5205: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5169: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5110: 5094: 5090: 5085:Wayback Machine 5075:Ken Menkhaus, ' 5074: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4995:Wayback Machine 4985: 4981: 4975:Wayback Machine 4965: 4961: 4930: 4926: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4860: 4859: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4640: 4638: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4500:Politics portal 4498: 4491: 4484: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4461: 4451:leading to the 4421:When President 4313:Dahir Adan Elmi 4281:Resolution 2093 4241: 4235: 4171: 4153: 3999: 3981: 3975: 3854:Middle Shabelle 3814: 3804:faction leader 3713: 3701:Main articles: 3699: 3617: 3609:Wayback Machine 3568:Somali Shilling 3377: 3365:Main articles: 3363: 3192: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3125:border conflict 3039:2022 Al-Shabaab 2966: 2962: 2958: 2956: 2926: 2917: 2881:Mogadishu (Sep) 2871:Mogadishu (Jul) 2866:Mogadishu (Jun) 2846:Mogadishu (Nov) 2841:Mogadishu (Oct) 2821:Mogadishu (Aug) 2816:Mogadishu (Apr) 2791:Mogadishu (Nov) 2786:Mogadishu (Jun) 2781:Mogadishu (Mar) 2736:Mogadishu (Dec) 2711:Mogadishu (Mar) 2691:Nairobi DusitD2 2681:Mogadishu (Dec) 2661:Mogadishu (Jul) 2656:Mogadishu (Mar) 2651:Mogadishu (Feb) 2631:Mogadishu (Feb) 2611:Mogadishu (Dec) 2606:Mogadishu (Nov) 2601:Mogadishu (Aug) 2586:Mogadishu (Jun) 2576:Mogadishu (Feb) 2566:Mogadishu (Jan) 2424: 2422: 2108: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2006: 1973: 1883: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1810: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1754: 1743: 1729:Black Hawk Down 1711:Abdi House raid 1647: 1644: 1642: 1609: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1403: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1333: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1278: 1277: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1253: 1251: 1250: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1231: 1229: 1228: 1220: 1218: 1217: 1215:Ahmed Omar Jess 1209: 1207: 1206: 1196: 1195: 1187: 1185: 1184: 1174: 1173: 1154: 1153: 1143: 1142: 1132: 1131: 1121: 1120: 1110: 1109: 1099: 1098: 1088: 1087: 1075: 1074: 1064: 1063: 1053: 1052: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1005: 1003: 1002: 994: 992: 991: 983: 981: 980: 972: 970: 968: 965: 955: 954: 952:Donald Rumsfeld 944: 943: 933: 932: 924: 922: 921: 913: 911: 910: 902: 900: 899: 891: 889: 888: 878: 877: 867: 866: 856: 855: 845: 844: 834: 833: 828: 818: 817: 807: 806: 796: 795: 785: 784: 774: 773: 763: 762: 757: 747: 746: 736: 735: 725: 724: 719: 709: 708: 698: 697: 687: 686: 676: 675: 645: 643: 641: 631: 629: 618: 616: 615: 599: 597: 596: 587: 585: 584: 575: 573: 572: 562: 561: 543: 542: 534: 532: 531: 523: 521: 520: 512: 510: 509: 501: 499: 498: 489: 487: 486: 478: 476: 475: 458: 456: 444: 437: 428: 426: 425: 417: 415: 414: 404: 403: 394: 392: 391: 374: 372: 371: 355: 354: 338: 336: 335: 325: 324: 314: 313: 280: 278: 277: 258: 256: 244: 234: 232: 220: 213: 188: 187: 128: 104: 100: 98: 91: 89: 78: 76: 65: 63: 52: 46: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14960: 14950: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14857: 14856: 14854: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14826:Peace movement 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14782: 14780: 14776: 14775: 14773: 14772: 14767: 14766: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14544: 14542: 14538: 14537: 14535: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14477:Pullman Strike 14474: 14469: 14467:Coal Creek War 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14412:Dorr Rebellion 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14383: 14381: 14377: 14376: 14373: 14370: 14369: 14364: 14363: 14356: 14349: 14341: 14332: 14331: 14329: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14307: 14305: 14304:Related topics 14301: 14300: 14297: 14296: 14294: 14293: 14292: 14291: 14286: 14277: 14271: 14264: 14262: 14258: 14257: 14255: 14254: 14253:(2017–present) 14248: 14243: 14236: 14234: 14227: 14221: 14220: 14217: 14216: 14214: 14213: 14212: 14211: 14206: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14177: 14166: 14164: 14160: 14159: 14157: 14156: 14153:Kasese clashes 14150: 14149:(1996–present) 14144: 14143:(1987–present) 14137: 14135: 14131: 14130: 14128: 14127: 14126:(2023–present) 14121: 14115: 14109: 14103: 14102:(2009–present) 14097: 14091: 14084: 14082: 14078: 14077: 14075: 14074: 14069: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14046: 14044: 14040: 14039: 14037: 14036: 14030: 14024: 14018: 14012: 14011:(1963–present) 14006: 14000: 13998: 13994: 13993: 13991: 13990: 13985: 13984: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13963: 13962:(1998–present) 13956: 13954: 13950: 13949: 13947: 13946: 13945: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13914: 13908: 13902: 13896: 13890: 13889: 13888: 13881:Oromo conflict 13877: 13875: 13868: 13862: 13861: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13854: 13853:(2009–present) 13848: 13847:(1987–present) 13842: 13836: 13834: 13830: 13829: 13827: 13826: 13825: 13824: 13822:2021 offensive 13813: 13807: 13805: 13801: 13800: 13798: 13797: 13796: 13795: 13785: 13778: 13776: 13770: 13769: 13767: 13766: 13760: 13754: 13753: 13752: 13747: 13738: 13736: 13730: 13729: 13727: 13726: 13720: 13714: 13713: 13712: 13707: 13696: 13695:(2009–present) 13693:Ituri conflict 13690: 13687:Dongo conflict 13684: 13683:(2004–present) 13678: 13675:Ituri conflict 13672: 13666: 13665:(1996–present) 13660: 13653: 13651: 13647: 13646: 13644: 13643: 13642:(1975–present) 13637: 13630: 13628: 13621: 13619:Central Africa 13615: 13614: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13607: 13606:(2020–present) 13601: 13600: 13599: 13589: 13588:(1982–present) 13583: 13580:Guinea clashes 13577: 13570: 13568: 13564: 13563: 13561: 13560: 13559: 13558: 13553: 13544: 13542: 13538: 13537: 13535: 13534: 13533: 13532: 13527: 13518: 13516: 13512: 13511: 13509: 13508: 13503: 13497: 13495: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13487: 13486:(2012–present) 13481: 13480: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13460: 13458: 13454: 13453: 13451: 13450: 13449:(2021–present) 13444: 13443: 13442: 13431: 13430:(2009–present) 13425: 13420: 13419: 13418: 13406: 13404: 13397: 13391: 13390: 13387: 13386: 13384: 13383: 13377: 13372: 13365: 13363: 13359: 13358: 13356: 13355: 13354: 13353: 13348: 13346:War, 1975–1991 13336: 13334: 13333:Western Sahara 13330: 13329: 13327: 13326: 13325: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13312:2011 civil war 13304: 13298: 13296: 13292: 13291: 13289: 13288: 13287:(2013–present) 13282: 13276: 13275:(2011–present) 13270: 13265: 13258: 13256: 13249: 13243: 13242: 13231: 13230: 13223: 13216: 13208: 13199: 13198: 13195: 13194: 13192: 13191: 13186: 13180: 13178: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13170: 13169: 13168: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13142: 13140: 13133: 13129: 13128: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13121: 13120: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13079: 13078: 13077: 13067: 13066: 13065: 13055: 13054: 13053: 13048: 13038: 13037: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13016: 13015: 13014: 13009: 13008: 13007: 12997: 12995:Qatif conflict 12987: 12986: 12985: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12959: 12957: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12949: 12944: 12942:Papua conflict 12939: 12938: 12937: 12932: 12922: 12921: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12903:Karen conflict 12900: 12895: 12890: 12879: 12877: 12871: 12870: 12868: 12867: 12866: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12812: 12811: 12810: 12809: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12795: 12790: 12779: 12777: 12773: 12772: 12770: 12769: 12763: 12761: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12753: 12747: 12745: 12738: 12734: 12733: 12730: 12729: 12727: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12700: 12698: 12694: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12664: 12662: 12655: 12651: 12650: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12643: 12638: 12637: 12636: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12615: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12588: 12586: 12582: 12581: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12576: 12566: 12561: 12560: 12559: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12538: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12517: 12511: 12509: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12501: 12500: 12499: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12478: 12477: 12472: 12470:Oromo conflict 12467: 12465:OLA insurgency 12462: 12452: 12450:ADF insurgency 12446: 12444: 12440: 12439: 12437: 12436: 12431: 12430: 12429: 12419: 12418: 12417: 12412: 12410:Ituri conflict 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12376: 12374: 12367: 12363: 12362: 12355: 12354: 12347: 12340: 12332: 12323: 12322: 12320: 12319: 12309: 12298: 12295: 12294: 12291: 12290: 12288: 12287: 12282: 12281: 12280: 12275: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12229: 12227: 12221: 12220: 12218: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12166: 12160: 12154: 12153: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12087: 12081: 12075: 12074: 12071: 12070: 12067: 12066: 12064: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12047: 12046: 12039:Vice-President 12036: 12035: 12034: 12024: 12019: 12018: 12017: 12012: 12002: 12001: 12000: 11990: 11978: 11973: 11972: 11971: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11925: 11915: 11909: 11908: 11905: 11904: 11901: 11900: 11898: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11866: 11864: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11854: 11849: 11848: 11847: 11837: 11836: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11805: 11804: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11778: 11777: 11776: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11740: 11730: 11724: 11723: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11691: 11689: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11669:Border dispute 11666: 11661: 11656: 11654:Isaaq genocide 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11574:Adal Sultanate 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11545: 11543: 11536: 11530: 11529: 11518: 11517: 11510: 11503: 11495: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11477: 11470: 11469: 11461: 11460: 11457: 11456: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11444: 11443: 11442: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11401: 11395: 11389: 11388: 11385: 11384: 11382: 11381: 11376: 11370: 11364: 11358: 11357: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11319: 11313: 11307: 11306: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11297:Cape Guardafui 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11277:Horn of Africa 11274: 11268: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11243: 11241:Border dispute 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11187: 11185: 11179: 11178: 11176: articles 11170: 11169: 11162: 11155: 11147: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11134: 11124: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11051: 11049: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11018: 11017: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10985:Child marriage 10982: 10976: 10970: 10964: 10963: 10960: 10959: 10957: 10956: 10954:Transportation 10951: 10946: 10944:Communications 10941: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10897: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10874: 10873: 10872: 10871: 10864:Prime Minister 10861: 10860: 10859: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10817: 10812: 10811: 10810: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10774: 10764: 10758: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10710: 10708: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10686:Lower Shebelle 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10607: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10593: 10591:Bajuni Islands 10583: 10582: 10581: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10564: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10547: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10506: 10496: 10490: 10489: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10457: 10455: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10438: 10426: 10421: 10413: 10411:Isaaq genocide 10408: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10343:Adal Sultanate 10340: 10335: 10330: 10324: 10322: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10297: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10274: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10261: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10247: 10235: 10231:United States 10221: 10216: 10215: 10214: 10213: 10212: 10194: 10193: 10192: 10175: 10163: 10158: 10156:Omar Sharmarke 10153: 10136: 10135: 10134: 10129: 10112: 10111: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10089: 10087: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10053: 10051: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10022: 10020: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9988:Mahas bombings 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9502:Battle of Gedo 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9448: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9436: 9435: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9349: 9347: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9258: 9256: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9248: 9243: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9225: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9202: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9189: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9163: 9162: 9161: 9159:Jendayi Frazer 9143: 9142: 9141: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9104: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9049: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9010: 9009: 9008: 9003: 8984: 8982: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8917: 8915: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8829: 8827: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8701: 8699: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8674: 8671: 8670: 8663: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8627: 8622: 8612: 8606: 8597: 8586: 8585:External links 8583: 8582: 8581: 8574: 8571:Adelphi Papers 8565:Ken Menkhaus. 8563: 8556: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8486: 8451: 8421: 8391: 8359: 8344:. Al Jazeera. 8333: 8302: 8270: 8212: 8181: 8155: 8129: 8103: 8077: 8047: 8017: 7987: 7957: 7927: 7893: 7860: 7834: 7804: 7771: 7738: 7708: 7678: 7652: 7622: 7591: 7560: 7529: 7499: 7480:(1): 183–193. 7464: 7437: 7424: 7391: 7365: 7332: 7301: 7283: 7257: 7227: 7200: 7174: 7156: 7129: 7105: 7075: 7048: 7029: 7010: 6984: 6958: 6932: 6923: 6905: 6879: 6843: 6834: 6808: 6779: 6750: 6741: 6732: 6706: 6697: 6688: 6662: 6648: 6638: 6615: 6603: 6572: 6553: 6520: 6511: 6501: 6475: 6451:Ken Rutherford 6443: 6434: 6404: 6397: 6368: 6343: 6330: 6297: 6279:978-1874209911 6278: 6258: 6245: 6238: 6220: 6191: 6140: 6125: 6106: 6086: 6058: 6027: 6020: 6002: 5972: 5942: 5925: 5887: 5858: 5841: 5782: 5763: 5743: 5723: 5688: 5675: 5659: 5643: 5616: 5590: 5563: 5536: 5510: 5484: 5475: 5449: 5438:on May 4, 2015 5422: 5391:(1): 116–141. 5371: 5362: 5349: 5318: 5301:The New Yorker 5243: 5230: 5194: 5156: 5127: 5108: 5088: 5065: 5035: 4999: 4979: 4959: 4940:(3): 237–252. 4924: 4902:10.1.1.19.3818 4895:(3): 275–301. 4879: 4848: 4822: 4796: 4764: 4738: 4726: 4696: 4678: 4648: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4576:United Nations 4562: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4543:Mogadishu Line 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4489: 4486:Somalia portal 4473: 4470: 4460: 4457: 4260:next launched 4237:Main article: 4234: 4231: 4152: 4149: 3977:Main article: 3974: 3971: 3813: 3810: 3698: 3695: 3689:as president. 3616: 3613: 3383:Major General 3371:Isaaq genocide 3362: 3359: 3321:to depose the 3229:military junta 3187: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3159:OLA insurgency 3156: 3151: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3053: 3048: 3046:Oromo conflict 3043: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3011: 3010: 3009: 3004: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2955: 2954: 2947: 2940: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2429: 2428: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2012:(2009–present) 2005: 2004: 1997: 1990: 1982: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1959:2nd Beledweyne 1956: 1955: 1954: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1902:1st Beledweyne 1899: 1894: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1842: 1841: 1834: 1827: 1819: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1767: 1759: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1732: 1725: 1722:Gothic Serpent 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1685:Somalia affair 1667: 1666: 1665: 1662:Provide Relief 1652: 1649: 1648: 1641: 1640: 1633: 1626: 1618: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1591:Isaaq genocide 1582: 1579: 1578: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1552: 1544: 1537: 1536: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1510: 1502: 1494: 1493: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1166: 941:George W. Bush 771:Botan Ise Alin 668: 667: 663: 662: 661: 660: 640: 639: 608: 554: 553: 468: 467: 466: 454: 383: 382: 365: 347: 346: 307: 306: 305: 300: 295: 287:United Nations 269: 268: 267: 266: 254: 242: 230: 206: 205: 204: 179: 178: 174: 173: 170: 169: 168: 167: 166:formed in 2012 164:New government 161: 156: 147: 134: 130: 129: 124: 122: 118: 117: 114: 106: 105: 99: 90: 77: 64: 51: 38: 37: 26: 25: 19: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14959: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14869: 14867: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14846:War on terror 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14783: 14781: 14777: 14771: 14768: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14745: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14545: 14543: 14539: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14384: 14382: 14378: 14371: 14362: 14357: 14355: 14350: 14348: 14343: 14342: 14339: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14311:War on terror 14309: 14308: 14306: 14302: 14290: 14287: 14284: 14281: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14272: 14269: 14266: 14265: 14263: 14259: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14241: 14238: 14237: 14235: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14222: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14201: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14181: 14178: 14175: 14171: 14168: 14167: 14165: 14161: 14154: 14151: 14148: 14145: 14142: 14139: 14138: 14136: 14132: 14125: 14122: 14119: 14116: 14113: 14112:Heglig Crisis 14110: 14107: 14104: 14101: 14098: 14095: 14094:War in Darfur 14092: 14089: 14086: 14085: 14083: 14079: 14073: 14070: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14051: 14050:Heglig Crisis 14048: 14047: 14045: 14041: 14034: 14031: 14028: 14025: 14022: 14021:Kenyan crisis 14019: 14016: 14013: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14001: 13999: 13995: 13989: 13986: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13968: 13967: 13964: 13961: 13958: 13957: 13955: 13951: 13943: 13942:War in Amhara 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13919: 13918: 13915: 13912: 13909: 13906: 13903: 13900: 13897: 13894: 13891: 13887: 13884: 13883: 13882: 13879: 13878: 13876: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13863: 13852: 13849: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13837: 13835: 13831: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13808: 13806: 13802: 13794: 13791: 13790: 13789: 13786: 13783: 13780: 13779: 13777: 13771: 13764: 13761: 13758: 13755: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13742: 13740: 13739: 13737: 13731: 13724: 13721: 13718: 13715: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13694: 13691: 13688: 13685: 13682: 13681:Kivu conflict 13679: 13676: 13673: 13670: 13667: 13664: 13661: 13658: 13655: 13654: 13652: 13648: 13641: 13638: 13635: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13616: 13605: 13602: 13598: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13590: 13587: 13584: 13581: 13578: 13575: 13572: 13571: 13569: 13565: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13546: 13545: 13543: 13541:Côte d'Ivoire 13539: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13522: 13520: 13519: 13517: 13513: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13498: 13496: 13492: 13485: 13482: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13464: 13462: 13461: 13459: 13455: 13448: 13445: 13441: 13440:2016 conflict 13438: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13417: 13414: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13407: 13405: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13392: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13370: 13367: 13366: 13364: 13360: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13337: 13335: 13331: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13309: 13308: 13307:Libyan Crisis 13305: 13303: 13300: 13299: 13297: 13293: 13286: 13283: 13280: 13277: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13263: 13260: 13259: 13257: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13237: 13229: 13224: 13222: 13217: 13215: 13210: 13209: 13206: 13190: 13189:Loyalist feud 13187: 13185: 13182: 13181: 13179: 13175: 13167: 13164: 13163: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13137: 13134: 13130: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13083: 13080: 13076: 13073: 13072: 13071: 13068: 13064: 13061: 13060: 13059: 13056: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13043: 13042: 13039: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13021: 13020: 13017: 13013: 13010: 13006: 13003: 13002: 13001: 13000:Yemeni crisis 12998: 12996: 12993: 12992: 12991: 12988: 12984: 12981: 12980: 12979: 12978:Iraq conflict 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12960: 12958: 12954: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12927: 12926: 12923: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12898:Kalay clashes 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12885: 12884: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12872: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12835: 12834: 12831: 12830: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12808: 12805: 12804: 12803: 12800: 12799: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12785: 12784: 12781: 12780: 12778: 12774: 12768: 12765: 12764: 12762: 12758: 12752: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12742: 12739: 12735: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12695: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12665: 12663: 12659: 12656: 12652: 12642: 12639: 12635: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12594: 12593: 12590: 12589: 12587: 12583: 12575: 12572: 12571: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12564:War in Darfur 12562: 12558: 12555: 12554: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12542:Libyan Crisis 12540: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12522: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12510: 12506: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12476: 12475:War in Amhara 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12457: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12441: 12435: 12432: 12428: 12427:M23 offensive 12425: 12424: 12423: 12422:Kivu conflict 12420: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12407: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12375: 12371: 12368: 12364: 12360: 12353: 12348: 12346: 12341: 12339: 12334: 12333: 12330: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12308: 12300: 12299: 12296: 12286: 12283: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12230: 12228: 12226: 12222: 12216: 12215:Supreme Court 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12167: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12155: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12088: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12076: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12045: 12042: 12041: 12040: 12037: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12006: 12003: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11923: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11910: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11859: 11853: 11850: 11846: 11843: 11842: 11841: 11838: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11810: 11809: 11806: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11796:Ogo Mountains 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11783: 11782: 11779: 11775: 11772: 11771: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11738: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11725: 11720: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11686: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11516: 11511: 11509: 11504: 11502: 11497: 11496: 11493: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11472: 11467: 11463: 11462: 11458: 11448: 11445: 11441: 11438: 11437: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11402: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11390: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11359: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11308: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11287:Nugaal Valley 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11269: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11257: 11252: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11216:Dervish state 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11184: 11180: 11175: 11168: 11163: 11161: 11156: 11154: 11149: 11148: 11145: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11123: 11115: 11114: 11111: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11044: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11016: 11015:Mental health 11013: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10977: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10965: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10898: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10886: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10865: 10862: 10858: 10855: 10854: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10772: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10759: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10703: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10600: 10592: 10589: 10588: 10587: 10584: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10558: 10555: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10504: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10491: 10486: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10452: 10444: 10439: 10437: 10432: 10431: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10348:Ajuran Empire 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10295: 10290: 10288: 10283: 10281: 10276: 10275: 10272: 10260: 10256: 10255: 10252: 10246: 10236: 10234: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10211: 10210:Abdiweli Gaas 10208: 10207: 10206: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10123: 10113: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10098:Mukhtar Robow 10096: 10095: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10084: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10048: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10015: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9748:Garowe attack 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9441: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9393: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9253: 9247: 9246:War on terror 9244: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9230: 9223: 9218: 9216: 9211: 9209: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9188: 9184: 9183: 9180: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9155: 9154:United States 9144: 9140: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9047:Mukhtar Robow 9045: 9044: 9043: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9028: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9014: 9011: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8979: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8910: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8824: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8727: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8696: 8690: 8689:War on terror 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8675: 8672: 8668: 8661: 8656: 8654: 8649: 8647: 8642: 8641: 8638: 8632: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8579: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8490: 8471: 8464: 8458: 8456: 8439: 8435: 8434:Garowe Online 8431: 8425: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8395: 8379: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8363: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8306: 8290: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8274: 8266: 8259: 8247: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8216: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8185: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8091: 8087: 8081: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8021: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7945: 7941: 7940:Garowe Online 7937: 7931: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7900: 7898: 7881: 7877: 7876:Horseed Media 7873: 7867: 7865: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7778: 7776: 7759: 7755: 7754:Horseed Media 7751: 7745: 7743: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7682: 7666: 7662: 7656: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7579: 7575: 7574:Sudan Tribune 7571: 7564: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7468: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7434: 7428: 7417:September 28, 7412: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7395: 7379: 7378:Garowe Online 7375: 7369: 7360: 7355: 7352:(454): 1–27. 7351: 7347: 7343: 7336: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7287: 7276:September 25, 7271: 7267: 7261: 7245: 7241: 7240:National Post 7237: 7231: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7144: 7140: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7109: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7063: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7033: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7014: 6998: 6994: 6988: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6848: 6838: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6812: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6784: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6755: 6745: 6736: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6701: 6692: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6658: 6652: 6642: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6619: 6610: 6608: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6557: 6537: 6530: 6524: 6515: 6505: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6472:1-56549-260-9 6469: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6438: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6400: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6355:Interpeace, ' 6352: 6350: 6348: 6340: 6334: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6262: 6255: 6249: 6241: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6195: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6136: 6129: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6090: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6062: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6023: 6021:9780755642410 6017: 6013: 6006: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5938: 5937: 5929: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5883: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5859:0-8444-0775-5 5855: 5851: 5845: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5747: 5739: 5738: 5730: 5728: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5685: 5679: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5656: 5655:Africa Review 5650: 5648: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5498: 5494: 5493:"Kenya – KDF" 5488: 5479: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5234: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5131: 5115: 5111: 5109:9780841905580 5105: 5101: 5100: 5092: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5020: 5016: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4983: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4968:UCDP datasets 4963: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4781: 4774: 4768: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4714: 4710: 4709:Garowe Online 4706: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4671:September 12, 4666: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4618: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4490: 4487: 4476: 4469: 4467: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4445:Khatumo State 4441: 4439: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4377: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4217:, a moderate 4216: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4078:Villa Somalia 4075: 4069: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4016:In 2000, the 4011: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3830: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3635:By mid-1990, 3630: 3626: 3621: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3590:26th Division 3587: 3582: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3453:'s communist 3452: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3355:fragile state 3351: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3309:In 2000, the 3307: 3305: 3300: 3299:religious law 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3271:customary law 3268: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3174:War in Amhara 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3154:Oromia–Somali 3152: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2526:Central Hotel 2524: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2511:Villa Somalia 2509: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2427:Major attacks 2426: 2425: 2423: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2305:November 2017 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2160:Kenyan border 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2013: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1947:3rd Mogadishu 1945: 1943: 1942:2nd Mogadishu 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1932:1st Mogadishu 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1738: 1737: 1736:United Shield 1733: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1575: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1489: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1458: 1456: 1445: 1434: 1423: 1412: 1411: 1399: 1395: 1384: 1373: 1362: 1351: 1340: 1328: 1324: 1313: 1309: 1298: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1271: 1264: 1260: 1249: 1238: 1227: 1216: 1205: 1200: 1194: 1183: 1178: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1147: 1141: 1136: 1130: 1125: 1119: 1114: 1108: 1103: 1097: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1068: 1062: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1038: 1037: 1025: 1024: 1012: 1001: 990: 989:Simon Mulongo 979: 969: 967:2009–present: 964: 959: 953: 948: 942: 937: 931: 920: 909: 908:Simon Mulongo 898: 887: 882: 876: 875:Siraj Fegessa 871: 865: 860: 854: 849: 843: 838: 831: 827: 822: 816: 811: 805: 800: 794: 789: 783: 778: 772: 767: 760: 756: 751: 745: 740: 734: 733:Kurt Waldheim 729: 722: 718: 713: 707: 702: 696: 691: 685: 680: 673: 670: 669: 664: 659: 656: 655: 654: 652: 651:Islamic State 638: 628: 627: 626: 625: 613: 609: 607: 606:United States 594: 582: 571: 566: 559: 556: 555: 552: 547: 541: 540:Muaskar Anole 530: 519: 508: 497: 496: 485: 473: 469: 465: 455: 453: 448: 443: 442: 441: 440: 436: 435:United States 424: 413: 408: 402: 389: 385: 384: 381: 369: 366: 364: 359: 352: 349: 348: 345: 334: 329: 323: 318: 311: 308: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 290: 289: 288: 275: 271: 270: 265: 255: 253: 248: 243: 241: 231: 229: 224: 219: 218: 217: 216: 211: 207: 203: 200: 199: 198: 197: 192: 185: 181: 180: 175: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 140: 139: 135: 132: 131: 127: 123: 120: 119: 115: 112: 111: 107: 97: 88: 84: 75: 71: 62: 58: 50: 44: 39: 36: 35:War on terror 32: 27: 22: 14702: 14658:World War II 14452:Hamburg riot 14172: / 13965: 13735:of the Congo 13494:Sierra Leone 13247:North Africa 13063:2015–present 12491: 12233:Architecture 12210:Calling code 12180:Demographics 12096:Central Bank 11984: 11964:Human rights 11934:Constitution 11875:Maroodi Jeex 11559:Land of Punt 11415:Demographics 11323:Constitution 11235: 11191:Land of Punt 11055:Architecture 10995:Demographics 10990:Coat of arms 10931:Oil industry 10906:Central Bank 10823: 10803:Human rights 10783:Constitution 10428: 10333:Land of Punt 10122:Hizbul Islam 10050:Other events 9367: 9240: 9239:Part of the 9185:Next phase: 9001:Meles Zenawi 8945:Other events 8750: 8678: 8677:Part of the 8577: 8566: 8559: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8508:, retrieved 8499: 8489: 8477:. Retrieved 8442:. Retrieved 8433: 8424: 8412:. Retrieved 8403: 8394: 8382:. Retrieved 8371: 8362: 8350:. Retrieved 8336: 8324:. Retrieved 8315: 8305: 8295:December 11, 8293:. Retrieved 8282: 8273: 8236:November 26, 8234:. Retrieved 8225: 8215: 8203:. Retrieved 8194: 8184: 8174:December 17, 8172:. Retrieved 8158: 8148:December 17, 8146:. Retrieved 8132: 8122:September 6, 8120:. Retrieved 8106: 8096:September 6, 8094:. Retrieved 8090:the original 8080: 8068:. Retrieved 8064:the original 8059: 8050: 8038:. Retrieved 8034:the original 8029: 8020: 8008:. Retrieved 8004:the original 7999: 7990: 7978:. Retrieved 7974:the original 7969: 7960: 7948:. Retrieved 7944:the original 7939: 7930: 7918:. Retrieved 7909: 7884:. Retrieved 7875: 7853:February 17, 7851:. Retrieved 7837: 7827:February 18, 7825:. Retrieved 7821:the original 7816: 7807: 7797:February 17, 7795:. Retrieved 7791:the original 7786: 7764:February 17, 7762:. Retrieved 7758:the original 7753: 7731:February 17, 7729:. Retrieved 7720: 7711: 7701:February 17, 7699:. Retrieved 7690: 7681: 7671:February 14, 7669:. Retrieved 7655: 7645:February 16, 7643:. Retrieved 7639:the original 7634: 7625: 7615:February 16, 7613:. Retrieved 7609:the original 7605:Dalsan Radio 7604: 7594: 7582:. Retrieved 7573: 7563: 7551:. Retrieved 7542: 7532: 7522:February 17, 7520:. Retrieved 7511: 7502: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7454:. Retrieved 7440: 7432: 7427: 7415:. Retrieved 7406:The Guardian 7404: 7394: 7382:. Retrieved 7377: 7368: 7349: 7345: 7335: 7325:February 16, 7323:. Retrieved 7314: 7304: 7296:the original 7286: 7274:. Retrieved 7270:the original 7260: 7250:February 15, 7248:. Retrieved 7239: 7230: 7218:. Retrieved 7203: 7193:February 14, 7191:. Retrieved 7187:the original 7177: 7169:the original 7159: 7147:. Retrieved 7143:the original 7132: 7123: 7108: 7096:. Retrieved 7087: 7078: 7066:. Retrieved 7062:the original 7051: 7032: 7013: 7001:. Retrieved 6987: 6975:. Retrieved 6971:the original 6961: 6951:February 15, 6949:. Retrieved 6935: 6926: 6918:the original 6908: 6898:February 11, 6896:. Retrieved 6892:the original 6882: 6872:February 10, 6870:. Retrieved 6863:the original 6837: 6818:RUSI Journal 6816: 6811: 6801:September 5, 6799:. Retrieved 6795:the original 6770:. Retrieved 6744: 6735: 6723:. Retrieved 6709: 6700: 6691: 6679:. Retrieved 6665: 6651: 6641: 6634: 6618: 6594:. Retrieved 6585: 6575: 6556: 6545:February 14, 6543:. Retrieved 6523: 6514: 6504: 6492:. Retrieved 6478: 6455: 6446: 6437: 6425:. Retrieved 6407: 6382: 6371: 6338: 6333: 6323:February 15, 6321:. Retrieved 6314:the original 6300: 6290:November 12, 6288:. Retrieved 6268: 6261: 6253: 6248: 6229: 6223: 6211:. Retrieved 6201: 6194: 6182:. Retrieved 6157: 6153: 6143: 6134: 6128: 6116:. Retrieved 6096: 6089: 6079:November 12, 6077:. Retrieved 6067: 6061: 6051:December 21, 6049:. Retrieved 6045:the original 6040: 6030: 6011: 6005: 5993:. Retrieved 5984: 5975: 5963:. Retrieved 5954: 5945: 5935: 5928: 5916:. Retrieved 5907: 5849: 5844: 5832:. Retrieved 5799: 5795: 5785: 5773:. Retrieved 5753: 5746: 5736: 5716:February 15, 5714:. Retrieved 5683: 5678: 5670: 5654: 5634:. Retrieved 5628:. Goobjoog. 5619: 5607:. Retrieved 5593: 5581:. Retrieved 5577:the original 5566: 5554:. Retrieved 5539: 5527:. Retrieved 5513: 5501:. Retrieved 5487: 5478: 5466:. Retrieved 5452: 5440:. Retrieved 5436:the original 5425: 5415:December 29, 5413:. Retrieved 5388: 5384: 5374: 5365: 5340:. Retrieved 5336:the original 5331: 5321: 5309:. Retrieved 5300: 5285:. Retrieved 5276: 5261:. Retrieved 5257:the original 5246: 5238: 5233: 5221:. Retrieved 5217:the original 5212: 5185:. Retrieved 5176: 5149:November 12, 5147:. Retrieved 5137: 5130: 5120:November 12, 5118:. Retrieved 5098: 5091: 5056:. Retrieved 5047: 5038: 5026:. Retrieved 5014: 5002: 4982: 4962: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4870:. Retrieved 4839:. Retrieved 4825: 4813:. Retrieved 4799: 4787:. Retrieved 4767: 4755:. Retrieved 4741: 4729: 4717:. Retrieved 4708: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4669:. Retrieved 4660: 4651: 4641:September 2, 4639:. Retrieved 4630: 4621: 4588:James Fearon 4566: 4462: 4442: 4435: 4420: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4382: 4370:Nicholas Kay 4342: 4338: 4326: 4305: 4301: 4285: 4278: 4250: 4245:technocratic 4242: 4227: 4223:Hizbul Islam 4204: 4181:brokered by 4172: 4161:Hizbul Islam 4126: 4122: 4106: 4070: 4046: 4035: 4015: 3964: 3920:Meles Zenawi 3909: 3900: 3894: 3881: 3839: 3831: 3823: 3815: 3794: 3762: 3740: 3714: 3691: 3668: 3657: 3634: 3583: 3576: 3564: 3549: 3538: 3525:an offensive 3510: 3500:A destroyed 3468: 3446:totalitarian 3439: 3422:Saudi Arabia 3415: 3408: 3397: 3339: 3308: 3275:failed state 3267:power vacuum 3264: 3195: 3193: 3132: 3076:2009–present 3055: 2676:Sahafi Hotel 2556:Sahafi Hotel 2486:Mogadishu UN 2421: 2390:Hilowle Gaab 1885: 1884: 1858: 1749: 1734: 1727: 1720: 1693: 1678: 1672:Restore Hope 1671: 1660: 1604:Eastern Exit 1603: 1529: 1487: 1480: 1466: 1410:Ahmad Diriye 1408: 1398:2009–present 1397: 1394:Mohamed Mire 1326: 1311: 1262: 1169: 1168: 1163:Lloyd Austin 1161: 1107:Leon Panetta 1096:Robert Gates 1082: 1072:Donald Trump 1061:Barack Obama 1047: 1034: 1021: 966: 963:Robert Gates 864:Kuma Demeksa 853:Meles Zenawi 829: 826:Omar Finnish 758: 720: 671: 653:(from 2015) 642: 612:2009–present 611: 610: 583:(until 2022) 558:2009–present 557: 507:Hizbul Islam 471: 470: 438: 387: 386: 367: 350: 309: 273: 272: 214: 209: 208: 183: 182: 177:Belligerents 152:against the 136: 29:Part of the 14713:Bosnian War 14673:Vietnam War 14648:World War I 14638:Banana Wars 14568:War of 1812 14321:Arab Winter 14316:Arab Spring 14285:(1998–1999) 14276:(1994–1999) 14242:(1977–1992) 14182:(1991–1994) 14176:(1990–1994) 14120:(2022–2023) 14108:(2011–2020) 14096:(2003–2020) 14090:(1983–2005) 14068:(2013–2020) 14043:South Sudan 14029:(2012–2013) 14023:(2007–2008) 13913:(2000–2018) 13907:(1998–2000) 13901:(1995–2018) 13895:(1994–2018) 13866:East Africa 13784:(2004–2007) 13765:(2016–2017) 13759:(2002–2003) 13741:Civil wars 13725:(2016–2019) 13719:(2013–2018) 13677:(1999–2007) 13671:(1998–2003) 13659:(1996–1997) 13640:Cabinda War 13636:(1975–2002) 13576:(1998–1999) 13395:West Africa 13382:(2010–2011) 13371:(1991–2002) 13281:(2013–2014) 13264:(2011–2014) 12390:Cabinda War 12091:Agriculture 12061:Visa policy 10901:Agriculture 10808:LGBT rights 10724:Hirshabelle 10661:Middle Juba 10086:Key players 9445:and battles 9388:Disarmament 9006:Gabre Heard 8981:Key players 8771:Disarmament 8254:|last= 7584:January 12, 7553:January 12, 6494:January 29, 6377:Clancy, Tom 5918:October 13, 5834:October 13, 5775:October 13, 5241:, 2007, 73. 4719:January 28, 4691:DefenseNews 4296:Chuck Hagel 3846:Juba Valley 3778:Middle Juba 3572:Somali army 3346:buffer zone 3149:Afar–Somali 2992:Bale revolt 2626:Dayah Hotel 2516:Hotel Amalo 2446:Hotel Shamo 2120:S Mogadishu 1969:2nd Kismayo 1927:Ras Kamboni 1922:1st Kismayo 1897:Bandiradley 1679:Deliverance 1118:Chuck Hagel 1036:Sam Okiding 595:(from 2022) 14866:Categories 14851:War crimes 14718:Kosovo War 14663:Korean War 14643:Border War 14502:Bonus Army 14497:Tulsa riot 14487:Red Summer 14407:Mormon War 14233:Mozambique 13937:Tigray War 12248:Literature 12128:(currency) 12005:Parliament 11954:Government 11833:Dul Madoba 11828:Buur Dhaab 11801:Buur Dhaab 11769:Waterfalls 11542:Chronology 11522:Somaliland 11430:Literature 11343:Parliament 11075:Literature 10938:(currency) 10842:Parliament 10798:Government 10734:Somaliland 10666:Lower Juba 10567:Buur Dhaab 10545:Iskushuban 10540:Waterfalls 10416:Rebellion 10398:Ogaden War 10321:Chronology 10108:Fuad Qalaf 10093:Al-Shabaab 9443:Operations 9383:Propaganda 9346:Background 9042:al-Shabaab 8766:Propaganda 8729:Background 8444:August 25, 8352:August 30, 8316:Africanews 6943:. 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